Evening Star Newspaper, May 19, 1929, Page 29

WELLAND CANAL PLAN RIVALS ANCIENT BOAST Canadian Engineers Propose to Move . Shores of Atlantic Miles Inland. BY FARLE W. GAGE. | RCHIMEDES of old called his | disciples _together and held | them spellbound while he | promised to “single-handed | move the world” if they would | \but provide “a lever long enough and a prop strong enough.” The spectators vis- | ualized a stirring drama in the making. | and sent forth a small army of ex- plorers in quest of the necessary para- | phernalia to equip the philosopher. But | he had set the stakes so high that| achievement was impossible, and thus | it was that he lived to ripe age without having his bluff called Now. several centuries later, a com- | pany of Canadian engineers is rivaling Archimedes. It is as if a titanic hand were moving the shores of the Atlantic Ocean more than 1.900 miles inland, so that the eastern rim rested ciose to the heart of the American continent. It means that thousands of farmers, till- ing the acres of the central plains of the United States and the prairies of Western. Canada, will have a front seat close to tidewater. Let Archimedes beat that! | Remove Natural Barriers, The economic significance of casting | naside natural barriers and making way | for the uninterruted sailing of the Jargest Great Lakes vessels from the heart of the continent to the St. Law-| yence River can scarcely be estimated, | even by those to whom this service will render the greatest service. That it will play a conspicuous role in the fu- | ships are- being conveyed through the T 1,900 the sills, or nearly four times as great as those in the original canal | Water for the operation of the locks | is drawn from ponds beside the lifts | instead of directly from the canal | above, thus avoiding the formation of | objectionable currents and surges while | locks. This requires vast water sup- plies, the ponds which serve the various locks being from 150 to 200 acres in area, while the concrete culverts and valves which serve the reservoirs are so arranged as to permit filling the locks with water in eight minutes Three of the locks are twins, permit- | ting passage of long “lakers” without any loss of time. The twin locks are similiar to {hose used at the Panama Canal; while the Gatun locks have an 85-foot lift. those on the Welland Canal | have a lift on 1391 feet. At the | highest point in the lock walls, which is between locks 4 and 5, the huge structure fowers more than 130 fect i the air. The water is controlled by giant steel gates, the lower leaf of which weighs nearly 500 tons.gIn order to operate these, more thi 15300 horsepower of energy will be required. Safely Gate at Erie, Since the water level of Lake Erie varies as much as 12 feet at differ- ent seasons of the year, it was found necessary to construct a special guard | gate and safety weir about a mile above lock 7. This also acts as a safety measure to withhold water on the sum- mit level, in the event of an accident | HE SUNDAY TR S T ¢ than | ance were recently blazed across the | pletely to the republican era. imperial regime. Walter Rathenau was mann, the Bismarck of the new order, risen from relative obscurity to be the | in C an, esent situation as a | Dr. Schacht does not run true to the | Pruseia until 1866 and retroceded a German. His mother was Co fam- Jens Jjalmar, There is little sugges BY WILLIAM L. McPHERSON. R. HJALMAR SCHACHT, whose | D seven seas and the six conti- nents, is one of the makers of ‘The war produced Hindenburg. | Seeckt and Groener. Ebert was a a leader in pre-war industry. But | Schacht emerged only after the war. | he is a man of the last decade—the decade since the armistice. | dominating force in German finance | and economics. His prestige there is| borrower and debtor nation such dom- | inance is of more consequence than | accepted and traditional German_type. He is of Danish blood, a native of North | Denmark under the Ve of 1919, He is not Frelin von Eggers, and his wife ily name is Sowa. His daughter tion of eith Prussia or South Ger- many in these xcerpts from the political indiscretions at Paris the new Germany. He belongs com- preminent political figure under t Even to a greater degree than Strese- In an incredibly bricf period he has something Mr. Mellon's here. And | corresponding dominance in politics. | Schl a region not annexed by | Deutsch,” a Scandinavian tismal name is Inge and his son family Bible. fure of the United States and Canada | 1o tho gates of the flight locks, which | The head of the Reichsbank received 1s obvious. Yot this is precisely what the new Avelland Canal, by carving an almost straight line across the Niagara Penin- &ula. in Ontario, will achieve. It re- moves the last r, and its concrete 'walls will provide the essential link in joining the inland seas of the Great| Lakes chain into one great transporta- | tion route { The world's Jargest locks become lelevators in lowering the fleet of grain- Jaden ships down the 236-foot drop of the Niagara escapment, provision hav- ing been made in the twin locks for handling 600-foot ships. traveling in opposite directions. . Efficiency and «conomy become the rule in this new ghort water route. | Ever since the daring voyagers of three centurles ago fared westward | ‘through the tidal river gateway to the mysterious unnamed, untamed wilder- ness empire, seeking that mythical western route {o China. man has dreamed of the day when Niagara Pen- insula might be spanned by a canal system, thus providing a natural detour | to compensate for the barrier upthrust | avhen the Niagara cataracts were cre- ated to hold the awe-inspired specta- | tors spellbound and act as a natural | wall against the progress of craft. Canal Begun in 1824. For two centuries the picturesque woyagers, the coureurs du bois, and the | pathfinders of the fur trade, who blazed | the trails of the pioneer settlers, port- | azed across Niagara peninsula, carrying | their birch canocs, while dodging ar- xows from the unfriendly red men. | Then, in 1824, under the pressure of Increased traffic between East and West, the first link was forged when the first | Welland Canal was started, to be com- leted in 1829. Until that date all | freight had to be transported overland from Queenston, on the lower Niagara River, to Chippewa Creek, leading to Lake Erie. That waterway, y, of a century ago, was ‘routed by way of the Twelve-Mile Creek from_Port Dalhousie, on Ontario, to Port Robinson, on Chippewa Creek. At 'the latter point the boats descended the creek to the Niagara River and thence 'to_Lake Erie. There were 40 wooden locks dotting 4he 27-mile route from lake to lake, lwhich overcame the barrier interposed | +by the Niagara escapement. These locks convey ships up or down the 328-foot escapement. Whereas the lower gates of each of the seven flight locks will be 81 feet 6 inches high by 48 feet wide, and the upper gates 35 feet 6 inches high, the guard gates are 44 feet high. Lock 8, at Lake Erie entrance, is the longest in the world, 1.380 feet in length. This is approached only by those on the American side of the St. Marys River at Sault Ste. Marie, both being 1 feet long. ‘Ships entering the canal at the Port Colborne terminal leave Lake Erie and enter a protected area, 500 feet wide, protected by a breakwater 2,000 feet long, constructed of concrete crib work, reinforced with® rock fill, resting on solid rock. The construction of the cribs was a masterful piece of engineer- ing, since each of the structures is 110 feet long by 50 feet wide, ranging in height from 31 to 16 feet. Build Artificial Harbors. These were built 20 miles from the | breakwater site, towed and sunk by opening valves in the bottom, the rock filling following immediately after they were in position. A reinforced light- house, erected at the south end of the breakwater, insures safe passage to ships entering the protected area. At the Port Weller, Lake Ontario, terminal, an artificial harbor was formed by the construction of two em- bankments extending out into the lake nearly a mile and a half. The harbor entrance is 400 feet wide and widens out at a bottom width of 800 feet at the harbor, providing a safe refuge for ships, which is 150 acres in area. “This canal forms a vital link in the shipping route from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic, which, when others on the St. Lawrence reaches are enlarged, will enable vessels of considerable ton- nage to ply direct between Duluth, at the head of Lake Superior, and the ports of the Atlantic seaboart de- clared J. Alex, engineer in charge. “Lake Superior is 200 feet above sea level. and Duluth, at its western ex- tremity, is 2,339 miles from the Straits of Belle Isle. Below Lake Superior is Lake Huron, at a level of 581 feet above sea level, shipping passing between the two by means of the Saulte Ste. Marie canals of the United States and Can- ada. This trafic consists of grain and ore, constituting the densest canal and lock traffic in the world, for the season his education in the free city of Ham- burg. with its Hanseatic traditions and Scandinavian associations, Hamburg looks toward the north and west, rather than toward the south. It is essentially maritime and highly tive to foreign influences. place where many of the inhal wear English plaids and betting is con- ducted the year around on British foot ball matches and horse races. Almost An American, Dr. Schacht also narrowly escaped | being an American. His full name is Hjalmar Horace Greeley Schacht, al- though he does not sign it that way and the German “Wer " suppresscs the Horace Greeley part of it. His father was a Danish subject until 1866. He spoke Danish, not German, and after Prussia and Austria quarreled over Holstein and Schleswig. taken m Denmark in 1864, and Prussia’s victory gave her both, the senior Schacht emigrated to_the United States. t is A bitants | | father returned to Germany. He was | in the employ of the Equitable Life | Assurance Society for 35 years and | draws a pension from the corporation at the present time.” Thus only through the accident of si s—a trifling vagary of destiny— | he came into the world a German | instead of an American, and his | | extraordinary financial talents were |lost to Wall Street and the United States. 1t was, however, through his father’s American associations that his career in Germany as madec possible. The | Germany of the Hohenzollerns seemed to offer him meager opportunity for | distinction. He was poo without DR. HJALMAR SC | before e was 35. He found work in New York, and in 1870 sent for his fancee to join him. The latter was 70 days coming from Copenhagen to America, suffering many influential relatives and a Schleswiger— & member of an oppressed and sub- merged racial minority. Offsetting these disadvantages, the elder Schacht had the good luck to be hardships on & voyage made sensa- | tl(a)n‘il l‘)’)’ violent storms, shortage of | selected by the Equitable as the secre- food and water, an outbreak of small- | tary of its branch establishment in pox and a long quarantine. Berlin. That made an opening for his The marriage took place in Brooklyn. | clever son. when the latter had finished Dr. Schacht's elder brother, Edward, | his schooling. The boy was precocious Wwas born there. Dr. Schacht himself | and versatile.” He wrote poetry while was born in 1877 at Tinglefl, north of | at school and succeeded in getting it Flensburg, a year after his parents had | published. That was an indiscretion returned to Schleswig. He said in an | which the master financier has tried to interview in this city on October | live down, just as he has discarded the 19, 1926 perhaps similarly compromising Horace My father was a citizen of the | Greeley section of his name. In 1926 . he felt obliged to bring suit against a publisher who was seeking to put out a new edition of “The Minstrel’s Waltz,” United States and my elder brother was born in Brooklyn. But my mother’s health was not good here and my BY HENRY W. BUNN. The following is a brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended May 18: Moscow were unusually effeciive. An effigy of Trotsky acted the part of the | devii of vice in"the medieval pageants, | They are absolute loafers, appropriat- | with Berlin, and German technical and one of Sir Austen Chamberlain, as ing the margin over bare subsistence | experts have been engaged to assist in STAR.- WASHINGTON, D.” €. MAY 19" 1920=PART 2. Man Who Rules the Mark - Dr. Hjalmar Schacht, German Delegate to Reparations Parley, Is Product of the New Republic i R AR a Schachtian lyric set to music by the composer Hasenkamp. | This literary digression was brief and | was succeeded by & more lasting passion for economics. Leaving school, young Schacht got a start in Berlin as news- paper writer and then as secretary of a commercial organization specializing in statistics. A little later he entered the powerful Dresdener Bank s an em- ploye in the records section. He soon rose to be chief of the section, and w elected to the bank’s board of directors | | He served afterward as a director of the Darmstaedter Bank and of the National German Bank, and during the war organized German banking opera- tions in Belgium. Rathenau was also in Beigium for a time, assembling in- dustrial materials for German war pur- poses. He sald afterward that he did not relish his job. There is probably Justification for the statement thal Schacht did not relish his, being, like Rathenau, far from sympathetic with the harshness and excesses. of the German military administration in Belgium. Mere mastery of economic doctrine would not have carried Dr. Schacht to his present overlordship in German finance. Political experience and con- tacts were needed to bring him to the front. He had begun to make these before the war, although strictly speak- | ing they were a little outside of the political fleld. In London, Balfour and The Story the Week Has Told ‘The floats in the May day parmde in constitute 15 per cent of the total|boys are being sent to European schools population of the country, and over 30 per cent of the masculine population. | occupation of the Ruhr. | | Curzon belonged to the esoteric and | super-literary society of “Souls.” 1In| Berlin, Schacht joined the Wednesday | | Society, being elected an original mem- | ber of that exclusive organization in | 1914, Its founder was Ernst Basser- mann, former leader of the National Liberal party, and among those who | discussed politics and economics at its | weekly meetings were Field Marshal Moltke, Count George Wedel, the dip-! lomatist: Hugo Stinnes, Dr. Alfred| Hugenberg, former Xrupp director, newspaper magnate and now chief of | the Nationalist party; Walter Rathe- nau, Felix Deutsch, Privy Councillor Schweback and Dr. Ludwig Stein. His Political Influence. | _The importance of the Wednesday | Society was greatly increased by the | revolution. Through it and through his | contributions to the Berlin newspapers Dr. Schacht established a very consid- | erable political influence. Before the war he had been a Liberal, and after | the revolution he becamé a_convinced Republican. He joined the Democr party, the leadership of which was | vested in Count Bernstortf, former Min- | ister rl Dernberg and Varl _von siemens_of the Siemens Co. With ieorge Bernhard of the Vossiche Zei- 1 he stood for what was known Germany as the “Continental policy. | Rathenau, although a Socialist, was also a strong supporter of this policy, which looked to economic understanding with France and a joint development of French and German industries. Schacht also expressed approval of Count Rich- ard Coudenhove-Kalergi's scheme for ! pan-European political union. | In 1923 he amalgamated the National Bank of Berlin with the Darmstaedter Bank and was drawn more actively into | financial controversies which were being accentuated by the Ruhr occupation and the debasement of the old’ paper mark. It was at a meting of the Wednes- day Socicty in July, 1923, that the de- clared himself emphatically against the ruinous policy of deflation, and his at- titude, supported by other economists precipitated a crisis in the Cuno cal inet, which had been conducting a pro- gram of passive resistance to the French Fathered Guh’l Note. It was also at & meeting of the society that Dr. Schacht, on October 17, 192 put forward his plan of a gold note bank as the only means of saving the | financial situation. Dr. Karl Helfferich. | secretary of the treasury under the | empire, Tavored the creation of a Ren- | ten Bank, with a currency based on | land values. Schacht opposed the lat- ter scheme, except as a temporary makeshift. ' He refused, however, to| accept the ministry of finance in’ the | Stresemann cabinet, and Stresemann’s | {last act as chancellor was to appoint | | Schacht commissioner of currency, giv- ing him practically dictatorial powers |in all currency matters. The next day Havenstein, for twenty years president of the Reichsbank, died. | Helfferich had been slated for the suc- | cession, but Chancellor Marx, with the | approval of President Ebert, decided on a clean sweep and promoted Schacht to be Reichsbank president. In that posi- | ticn he has constantly strengthened his | authority and infiuence. He contributed | materially to the preparation and suc- | cess of the Dawes plan. He re-estab- !lished German credit and financed Ger- (Continued on Fourth Page.) at the expense of the state. Important cultural contacts have been established R AR B Mount Hamilto Question NATIONAL arboretum in the District of Columbia, to house the plant life of the world, a project long advocated by scientists, is soon to become a reality. Two years ago CONgress authorized an appropriation of $300.000 to develop the project. With the selec- tion of a site and the appointment of a National Arboretum Council. as pro- vided by law, completion of the under. taking is only a matter of time. A tract has been selected near the Anacostia River, above the Benning bridge, - on Mount Hamilton. When completed the arboretum will be one of the largest and finest in the world. Students and lovers of plant and tree life who lack the opportunity for wide travel will here be enabled to take a short cut in pursuit of their favorite study. Planned as Educational Center. The arboretum will be both an edu- cational and recreational center, and it will be also an important adjunct to ment, especially those of the Depart- ment of Agriculture. To the fullest de- the scientific activities of the Govern- | -3 NEW ARBORETUM TO BE ' ONE OF WORLD’S FINEST Completion of 800-Acre Project on n Now Is Only of Time. | departments in the advancement of | American agriculture. The development of the resistant types of plants is most_ important to | American * agriculture. The aboretum !will give an opportunity to carry on |research along these lines. A case in | point may be cited. As a resuit of a | blight which came from Japan on a | pursery stock about 25 years ago, we are facing the prospect of the elimina- |tion of a certain type of chestnut. | Botanists believe that if we are to Te- | place this tree, which is of importance [to the farmer and to the leather manu- | facturer by reason of the tannin it sup- | plies, we must develop a blight-resistant | form of the tree. | Government experts have searched |the Orient, the region where the dis- ease came from, in the hope of finding there trees sufficiently resistant and sufficiently large in stature to take the place of it. This, however, is a long journey. If the search fails, then the solution would lie in breeding the dis- ease-resistant chestnut out of the mate- rial that exists in this country or which can easily be gotten from other coun- tries. There is similar need for the gree possible plants and trees will be | collected from all parts of the world |Gstant trees and plants ;;',‘,- tc)‘:lem;::lr‘:;?'oi’mg}r' n;‘ldvprv-g;flgfllx hm seim&g sforlh the forestry needs of s L EV . Althe United States to the House com- member of the councll, the arbo! e | Mittee on_agriculture. ‘Dr. "John' C. Wil be both & oiving lbrary of fn;|Merriam, president of the Carnegle En::‘r”s un‘ m:,.?o‘l', impé‘rln:l BT Institution of Washington. gave strong o e T s “woulq | SUPPOTt to the arboretum project. make the work of the Department of | Much of National Heritage Wasted. Agriculture more valuable to the coun-| «The people of the United Stats development of other types of pest-re- i for the nurserymen and for the public try in many ways, but especially through plant breeding. The develop- ment of faster-growing timber trees, improved fruits, and disease-resistant plants generally, through the facilities | afforded by the arboretum, would in-| crease profoundly the icultural | | agricu wealth and welfare of the United State Nurserymen have recommended the | establishment of the arboretum, espe- clally because of the urgent need in the | American _horticultural trade of an authentically named living collection of | plants. Such a collection would be the | pasis for the correct identification of | existing varieties and for the registra- tion of new ones. It would constitute a “bureau of standards” for horticul- ture. Project Covers 800 Acres. The project will cover about 800 acres. The Government already owned about half of this acrea consisting | of marsh land known as the Anacostia River flats, Army engineers have drained this. Adjoining this are about 400 acres known as the Mount Hamil- ton and Hickey Hill tracts. The site is considered an admirable one, as it has | a great variety of soils. i The plan includes the preservation | of a large tract of the original wild rice | growth of the Anacostia River marshes | as a feeding ground and refuge for bobolinks, blackbirds and other migra- tory birds which have frequented these marshes by the hundreds of thousands. | The marsh area is also considered well adapted to the development of a water | garden. The Shaw water lily gardens, | now occupying a portion of the | marshes, give an idea of the beauty which may be expected when the water garden is extended in area. To Serve as Introductory Garden. ‘The arboretum will have many func- tions. It will contain a comprehensive collection of trees and other out-door plants for purposes of scientific re- search and education, and it will serve as an introduction garden for the per- manent preservation of the authentic living specimens of the thousands of plants which the Department of Agri- culture has introduced from foreign countries. Containing all the wild rel- | atives of cultivated plants which will grow out of doors in this climate, it will be a fine source of material fa said, “face today a situation which they are just beginning to understand with relafion to conscrvation problems in general. The last half century has seen the United States pass through a period in which we have had prosperity such as has come to very few peoples or very few nations. That prosperity is due in a large measure to the fact that we have had unparalleled natural resources. As a boy, living in the West, any one who wanted a farm had only to go and take it; as a young man, living in the farther West, any one who wanted a mine or forest practically only had to go and take it and use it. “The result has been that what was easily acquired was readily wasted, and a large part of our heritage is already gone. We still have the farms. So far as our forests are concerned, my friends in forestry tell me, we are about half way or a little more than half way through. In Washington to- day you have the largest group of men anywhere in this country, perhaps any- where in the world, engaged in this problem—more than 200 botanists and | foresters. Much work will be done by industry, much by agricultural eol- leges, much by institutions privately founded, as by Harvard University; but whatever concerns the people as a whole ought to concern the depart- ment set up by the Government for the purpose of engineering and research in these fields, so that today, as we have a great center in Washington, we lack one thing which is fundamental, and that is a laboratory in which they can work—a place of trees, an arboretum, into which they can bring all kinds of trees from all parts of this country and from other countries to study them.” To Standardize Nomenclature. ‘The arboretum, it is hoped, will make it easier to standardize the nomencla- | ture of plants and shrubs. A single | plant at present is sometimes known by twenty or more names. The Euro- | pean white water lily, Nymphea alba, | is credited with having a total of 245 names—15 English, 44 French, 105 Ger- man and 85 Dutch common names. Nurserymen and horticulturists have directed attention to the difficulties and the confusion that these differences in names give rise to. Supporters of the arboretum project | suggest that ‘Washington is favorably | situated. It is in a latitude in which hundreds of plants can be grown that Ivere 100 feet long, 22 feet wide and 8 ifeet of water on the sills. In an era when the pick-and-shovel method ruled iconstruction work this canal was justly considered the peer of achievements. I” "Millions of acres had been turned by 4he pioneer’s plow, both in the growing GERMANY.—The Graf Zeppelin left Friedrichshafen at about 6 a.m. May 16 cn a second flight for the United States. At the end of about 12 hours she was over Gibraltar, when trouble developed in two of her five motors (broken crankshafts, apparently), wherefore Dr. the breeding of the more valuable | species. ‘Through the knowledge of the hmet:- o usual, received the tribute of proletarian | needs produced by the remainder of | development of the national economy, satire. the population and then some. The | which consists almost entirely of stock- terrible physical decline of a formerly | breeding, industry being practically physically magnificent people is due | non-existent and the total arca of | Ing of trees which scientists hope n part to the rapacity of the Lamas |land under cultivation piddiing. Prob- | obtain from the arboretum, they are ;aud in part to certain contagious | ably Outer Mongolia will continue pres- | confident that it will be possible, when diseases acquired from Caucasians. | ently a pastural country, but no doubt | the country reaches the point of set- grow farther South, and by the same | token, there can be grown here virtually | every plant that grows farther North. | Nurserymen have stressed the point | that at present there is no way of | putting out the new trees and plants | side by side, and have them compare for which navigation-is open. Gigantic Engineering Feat. “Below Lake Huron and connected with it by means of the St. Claire ana | Detroit Rivers, is Lake Erie, at an ele- vation of 5725 feet above sea level, oK ok X OUTER MONGOLIA.—The people's Republic of Mongolia (i.e. Outer Mon- golia) has an area of 1,285,000 square ! Middle West and the just emerging As- while below Lake Erie is Lake Ontario, Eckener decided to return to Fried kilometers and a population of not more | | There is now, however, good hope of | its agriculture is destined to an im- riniboine territory, which resulted in a tidal wave of grain pouring down the lakes toward the sea and heavy return cargoes of supplies destined to_assist ithe homesteader combat nature in her severest mood. Thus it was, in 1841, that it was necessary fo expan e | Wl capacity of the Welland Canal to a|Which g the most motable of our nine-foot depth and to construct the St. | Gevelopment of h: el Tawrence Canals, avolding the fieree | SorcoPment of | hydroeleciric pover Tapids between Lake Ontario and Mont- | fions ot horsemower of “eneren’ ‘The al, Welland Canal is no less interesting Second Canal Opened in 1845. | and insures an entirely new era in; | waterway traffic on the American con- The 40 wooden locks were, by increas- with an elevation of only 2425 feet. This last fall occurs in the stretch of | river_of only 35 miles, which includes | the Niagara Falls. Here, on the Ni- | agara Peninsula, have occurred epoch- | making engineering works, two of richshafen instead of continuing west- ward with his craft so crippled. The wisdom of this decision was so appar- ent, for after a struggle of something over 26 hours to win back to the home station in the teeth of violent winds, Dr. Eckener found it advisable (first wirelessing the French air ministry of his intention) to make a landing at Cuers in Southern France, a little northeast of Touton, where ihere is a mooring mast. A good landing was | made, with the hearty assistance of | French soldiers and sailors, at about 8:30 pm. on the 17th. Apparently two | Chinese and Russians). than 800,000 Mongolians and about & hundred thousand foreigners (mainly | The capital, | Urga, boasts & hundred thousand, and | has some up-to-date equipment, includ- | ing an electric power station, a theater, a movie palace, & bank, post and tele- | graph offices, motor busses, telephones and wireless, -and three 'newspapers | (one semi-weekly, one fortnightly and one monthly). ‘The country has no railways, transport being still chiefly by horses or camels, though motor cars | are increasingly numerous, and there | is an air line. Probably no other country in ail his- tinent.” Ang the lifts, reduced to 27, built of cut | stone, and providing a much greater aitility to the ships. This second canal was opened to traffic in 1845, while the ‘United States was undergoing its em- | pire-spreading era and young Canada | twas just commencing to feel her | jetrength. | ‘This canal sufficed to meet the trans- The canal, in common with other waterway projects constructed by the Canadfan government, comes under the immediate supervision of George W. Yates, assistant deputy minister of the department of railways and canals, and a stafl of engineers headed by Mr. Grant. Year after year the Welland Canal more motors went out of commission in the course of the return voyage, leaving only one functioning. Obviou: lar commercial superatlantic lighter-than-air craft is still some way ahead. Lilli Lehmann, the great Bavarian operatic soprano, is dead at the age of 80. She was greatest in Wagnerian tory has been so priest ridden as Outer | Mongolia since the introduction of the | debased Tibetan form of Buddhism, | known as Lamaism, late in the sixteenth | century. It is perhaps not unfair to| say that Lamaism is more unsavory than the antecedent Shamanism. Lamas \portation need for a quarter of a cen- | has become more popular, and its traf- tury and had by this time become fic increased to such proportions as to firmly established as a popular and |tax existing facilities. profitable waterway. In 1870 a com-| “In 1901 the total tonnage passing ‘mission recommended a more uniform | through the canal was only 620,000 ecale of navigation for the canal, with |tons,” adyised Mr. Grant.” “In 1914 locks 270 feet long, 45 fect wide, with |this had increased to 3,000,000 tons, 32 feet of water on the sills, which was | indicating that since the completion of roles. We heard her voice first in this country in 1885, and for the last time in 1900, and she greatly endeared her- self to us. After her retirement from the stage, she achieved great success as a teacher of her art. * ok ok ok Good News for BY BRUCE MOTHER writes that her fater increased to 14 feet. Opened to traffic in 1887, the im- | proved canal, which is still in use and y not be completely abandoned with the opening 8f the newer one, turned the tide of grain toward the St. Law- ce and played no small part in mak- Montreal the werld’s largest grain-! ling port. i Completed in 1930. | The fourth Welland Canal, now near- | ng completion, is the answer to the ap- | peal of a host of Western grain farmers | for a more economical transportation | youte, to care for the enormous in- creased production resulting from add- ing 3.000,000 acres of virgin prairie land | each year to the farm acreage of West- | ern Canada, The 1828 crop approximated 500,000,- | 000 bushels of wheat and taxed the ex- | sting transportation facilities: thus the rew ecanal, which will be opened in time to relieve the congestion certain to re- | suit with the 1930 harvest, will provide | relief to the Canadian grein growers. | Millions of bushels of wheat from the | Dakotas. Minnesota, Kan Nebraska and neighboring grain icts, will | trinkle through the canal toward world | kets. “This fourth canal ha mosterpiece of mode neering. total length will be 25 miles, with 2| jitional miles devoted to breakwater artificial harbor facilitics, to in- afe i - to the flect of grain ps. Instead of the 40 locks used in first Welland Canal, the new waterg equipped With seven eet LifL euch, 00 feet wide at the bot- tom and 310 fect at the water line, and age to vessels of 30-foot draft are protected by con- crete work against erosion, and the bot- tom may be dredged to a greater depth at any time, to increase the tonnage Landled, thus meeting the growing traf- fic of the future. Locks 800 Feet Long. Each of the seven locks. or lifts, which convey ships over the 326-foot escape- gent, is 800 feet in length, or more than seven times the length of the locks of a century ago. The width of the Jocks, to meet modern requirements. nad been expanded to 80 feet, and each i &l Its n called locks ol 206k Bs & ekl of 30 Lect oyex | the 14-foot navigation system the St | passage of large cargo vessels through ‘% 115 miles from Montres Lawrence route had gradually drawn more heavily year by year upon the Great Lakes-Atlantic seaboard trade. As a resuit of the war the traffic g ually fell off, but since has been grow- ing rapidly year by year, with & new maximum_ annual tonnage of 5,640,298 tons in 1925." Offers Keen Competition. Already the competition which the new and shorter route will be certain to offer _established transportation links has manifested itself in the proposal to reduce freight rates. Since the reduc- tion in the Mississippi Valley aggre- gated 20 per cent, due to water-bound competition, it is reasonable to assume that similar savings will follow the efficient service which the enlarged Welland Canal will insure, with the the 25-mile artificial waterway in eight hours’ time, thus eausing no shipments to suffer a handicap, due to water routing. Although the completion of the canal will chiefly affect the transportation of Canradian grain' from the West for ex- port, it will play an economic role in relief to thousands of farmers in the United States who have long felt the pressure of restricted transportation fa- cilities at the harvest season. Briefly, large Lake Superior ships up to 24-foot draft, which have previously | plicd only s far as the Detroit River, | will be able to run up the St. Lawrence | River as far as Prescott. which is only ere their cargoes Wil be transferred to the 14-foot boats to be transported to the great export ports, Millions Are Expended. Millions of dollars are being expended to develop the Prescott facilities to | handle the tide of grain certain to flow | through this transfer station. A giant | elevator and dock extensions account | for more than $4,000,000 expended by | the Canadian government, while prf | interests have set about the cstablish- | i AUSTRIA.—Austria_has a new cab- inet, headed by Dr. Ernst Streeruwitz. Six members of the body, including the chancellor, are Christian Socialists (that is, of the parly with clerical affili- ations and with the largest re tion if Parliament), two are of the pan- | German, and one is of the Peasants’ party. In his inaugural address to Parlia- ment the new cbancellor declared that his government would frame its policy primarily with a view to the necessity of a foreign loan (the needs of agri- culture being especially pressing). He also declared for a closer drawing to- | gether with Germany. But it may be doubted if a foreign loan and an An- boy is hard-working, but very backward in school. Both parents stood well in their classes and are fond of books. They cannot understand what is the matter with their boy. My answer to the mother is that—like Lord Kitchener and many others—the boy will prob- ably turn out all right. “Nothing in Herbert Kitchener onate friendships or schluss policy are compatibles. Dr. Strecruwitz seems to propose for him- self his_predecessor’s role of funam- bulist. Dr. Seipel maintained his bal- ance a long time, but finally toppled down. One fears the same fate for Dr. Streeruwitz. Political ~funam- bulism is really not the ticket. If. as the doctor seemed to hint. he proposes | to pacify the bitter antagonism between the Conservative parties and the So- cialists_(1. e. the proper, not the “Christian Socialists”) who are Conservative, he prcposes well. * ok K RUSSTA.—Russia_is becoming more | and more air minded. A feature of | the May day celebration in Moscow | was the exhibition in Red Squa tri-motored senger all-meta monoplane Fol type, entirely built | in Russia, and the first' of u series 1o be put in service this year on the Mos- | cow-Caucasus and Moscow-Siberia ! routes. The five vears' industrialization | plan calls for an increase in the mileage of regular alr routes from the present 11250 miles to 45000 in_1933. | ch year, for the construction ator at Prescott obviates the | for discharge at ports in New i te, the transportation between tor with polnts in the United States, which_have previously handled more than 100,000,000 bushels of Canadian | ment of a large dry dock and coaling station for serving and fueling upp-: lake vessels. Prescoit is a hive of | activity, and enthusiasm prevails in th little-known community, destined to bo- come one of the world's leading grain transfer points, Proseott and Montreal involving noth- | ing more than a switching operation. { Anv surplus that may be caught at ot due to ice-coated canais or rivers, may be moved by rail to Mont- real within six hours, and flow on men among the his biographer. markable for quickn matics, but in everyt was accounted thickheaded—a slow coach, climbing the dull hill of duty, which has no dazzle of adventure on the crest. He managed to scramble into Woolwich; he was not high on the lists; and no one thought anything about him. After leav- ing Woolwich he got h mission in the Royal Engineers; and still no one thought much about him.” The boy who was dull and thickheaded. — whom nobady thought much ‘about—grew up to become the idol of an empire. Cardinal Wisemann, as a boy, was termed “dull and stupid.” Charles Darwin, who changed the whole channel of thought in the scientific world, was so lazy and do-less in boyhood that hi: ther predicted he would be a disgrace to the family. Heine, by his own confession, “idled away his school days and wi horribly bored” by the in- struction given him. Wordsworth was so lazy up to the age of 17 as to be “incapable of continued application to pre- scribed work.” in mathe relaxation of the hold of Lamaism. Until the other day the supreme head of the Mongolian Lamas was the so called Hutuktu of Urga, ng to the Dalal Lama of Tibet (for a time he held the supreme secular power also). reincarnation of & Tibetan saint, High Tarana Ta. When in 1924 the eighth Hutaku of Urga died no successor ap- peared; fact of happy significance. Since 1911 when, upon the overthrow of the Manchu dynasty of China, Outer Mongolia declared its independence, the country has, considering its previous lethargy, rather remarkably aroused | itself. After various political vicissi- | tudes, a republic was established in 1924, its constitution a cross between Muscovite and Western models. A be- ginning has been made toward general and technical education. Mongolian Average Folks BARTO. Henry Ward Beecher barely succeeded in graduating from Ambherst, having stood almost at and James Il Lowell was suspended by “on account of con- of his college Ru Harvard tinued neglect So this mother should take courage. The boy travels in good company: Hundreds of those of whom the world is most proud n almost given up in despair by their parents in youth. Only when the spark of their | interest was struck have they shown the stuff that was in them. Moreover, dullness is the rule in the world; brilliance is the exception. Business and government and law and medicine and the church are ruled by mediocriti “ talked with great men,” Lincoln, “and | do not see how they differ from others.” The mother of the boy who invariably leads his class has reason to be concerned, the mother of the dull boy might wish him more cleverly en- dowed, but she need not despair if only his slowness to learn fosters thoroughne “My master whipped me very ys Dr. Johnson. “With- out that, sir, | would have been nothing.” Yet he who as a boy had to be whipped to learn, set himself in later life doggedly and un- relentingly to a task that raised him high above the brilliant men of his time in literary promi- nence, and made him a citizen of the age: have (Copyright, 1929.) correspond- | He was regarded as the | portant future and industry will have | an appreciable role. Not impossibly the | mineral deposits will prove_important. There is good hope for Outer Mon- golia if she will sack the lot of Lamas | and will by the most drastic methods. | supervised by European or American | experts, proceed to eradicate diseases. | * ok ok X CHINA —T told last week how Can- ton, capital of Kwang Tung Province | which has owed allegiance to the Nai | king government, was threatened by an | invasion from Kwangsi Province, which is in rebellion against Nanking. Invad- ing columns were at the gates, resist- ance seemed hopeless. But the Kwangsi leaders have bowels. In return for an immense indemnity they agreed to draw Off their forces and leave the ‘city un- | ravished. It is not clear, but apparently they imposed military ‘terms implying practical demilitarization of Kwang Tung Province and institution there of a kind of Kwangsi military commission of control. Now at the last moment the negotia- tion fell through. Canton is desperate- ly threatened by approaching Kwangsi columns, against which resistance is being vigorosly made. No doubt we shall soon know the faise and the true. ‘The very latest reports indicate that | the invaders have been badly threshed and sent flying pell-mell homeward. Later dispatches may bring them back to the Pearl. ‘Truly kaleidoscopic is the Chinese scene. Rumors are rife im- porting the likelihood of a knockout struggle between Chang Kai-Shek and Feng Yuhsiang in the near future. Chang is reported to have sent to Feng | & peremptory demand for an explana. tion of alleged acts of violence of troops of the latter against troops of the Na- tionalists government on the Honan- Hupeh border. The Nanking government has ordered abolition of the decapitation mode of execution. It does mot appear what mode has been substituted. Why isn't | decapitation as good a method as any? And so picturesque, and with a certain dignity. * ok kK ‘TACNA-ARICA. -— The compromise agreement settling the 46-year-old Tacna-Arica_question awards Tacna to Peru and Arica 1o Chile. To be sure, the business is not quite consummated vyet; the terms of the agreement must be embodied in a treaty and the treaty must be ratified by the legislators of both countries; but a contretemps seems highly unlikely. The City of Arica goes to Chile, but Peru is to have free port facilities there. The area of the district so long a bone of contention is about 9.000 square miles, the popula- tion_about it is scarcely worth a but national susceptibilities | desperately engaged. LA UNITED STATES.—On May 14 the Senate farm board bill, embodying the debenture feature, was passed by the Senate, 54 to 33. Mr. Dwight F. Davis, Secretary of War in the late adminis- | tration, has accepted the offer of the ! zovernor generalship of the Philippines. | ”"An offer of the governorship of Porto Rico has been cabled to Col. Theodore Roosevelt. He is in Tibet with his brother on a hunting trip. ! ™"An" almost inconceivably _hideous | tragedy occurred in Cleveland the other | day. when about six score persons (pa- ersy; were i sonality of rural England, Scotland and ting out its forests, to use improved varities which will grow twice as fast as_those we now- have. Furthermore, the arboretum will con- stitute an out-doors recreation area of 800 acres, which will likewise be an instrument of widespread public edu- cation in botanical science, horticul- ture, agriculture and landscape garden- ing. To Washington, the scene of labors for 200 botanists. the arboretum will mean much, for it will increase enormously the efficiency of the work of these men and women, most of om_are employed by Government It would appear that & leak in a steam pipe in & room in the cellar of | the hospital where some hundreds of | celluloid X-ray films, records of patients, were stored, created enough heat in the little room to cause the denoation of the film. The mixture of the released fumes with the air was at once in- flammable and deadly poisonous, and a huge ventilating fan in the near vicinity of the film storage room quickly dis- seminated the mixture, by the ventilat- ing system, throughout the building. At last report the deaths numbered 122, and the lives of some 80 badly injursl were in the balance. General Motors has gone into the aviation fleld. It has purchased 40| per cent of the stock of the Fokker Aircrait Corporation, thus acquiring | virtual control of that concern. one of | the leading aircraft manufacturing | companies of the world. | The experts committee: We are m-l formed as follows: ‘That the plan pro- posed by Owen D. Young to supersede | the Dawes plan contemplated that of each of the reparations annuities of the | first 37 years (averaging 2.050,000.000 | marks, or about $485700,000) seven | hundred - million marks (about $167.-| 000.000) should be “unprotected”; subject to commercialization. That | the German experts have signified ac- ceptance of the Young plan. subject to certain modifications, reservations and conditions, and that among the Ger- man modifications is the following: That & total of 569.000.000 marks (in- stead of 700.000.000) shall be ‘“unpro- tected—l.e., shall have priority—this total to consist of two items, one of 500.000,00 ks (about $120,000.000), to be distributed as the allies list, the other of sixty-nine million marks (about $16.430,000) to be applied to payments to the United States for the costs of our Army of occupation and to liqui- date our “mixed claims.” This German proposal of priority for the American claims is generally com- mented on as exceedingly shrewd, since, should the allies acquiesce in it, Ger- many would be the sole gainer should | our Government as many are pleased (o | expect come to waive its claims. A0 i NOTES.—Stanley Baldwin, Ramsay MacDonald and Lloyd George, the lead- ers of the three great British parties, appeared together on a platform the other day in joint appeal on behalf of a movement fo preserve “the rich per- Wales.” wins. Edouard Herriot was defeated the other day in the election for the may- oralty of Lyon, France, an office he has held for the past 21 years. The first Senate under the new Greek | constitution met at Athens on May 16. Greece had & Senate from 1844 to 1862 Probably too late; vulgarity | tients, doctors, nurses, attendants and rescuers) were killed by explosion, poison gas and fire (mostly by poison §8s), at the Clev Clinic Hospital. when the single chamber system was adopted. There is good reason for {to and test with existing plants and | trees. The new arboretum will afford such an opportunity for comparison, and so may be of great help in putting {an end to the existing confusion in names. | “We are anxious that this great ex- | perimental arboretum be put in by the Government,” declared Harlan P. Kel- sey, speaking for the American Associa- tion of Nurservmen, “so that it may | tend to introduce more varieties and | better varieties of horticultural prod- | ucts, and it will lower the cost to the American people. The demand for hor- ticultural products is growing in this country, and we feel that only the United States Government itself can step in at this time and help out in this situation.” Provides Field Laboratory. ‘The arboretum will give the Depart- ment of Agriculture a field laboratory of the size and dimensions that it needs to carry out proper studies of the | plant life of the country. Experiment stations may be found in several States, but these stations deal with small prob- |lems for the most part. The Arnold arboretuni in Boston, for example, has | recelved requests from the American paper industry to learn what type of trees may best be planted in reforesta- tion and in providing paper plulp for the future. The Department of Agriculture is without the means to work out prob- lems of this kind. so important to many of our industrics. The arboretum will give it just the kind of tools that it needs to carry on large scale experi- ments over a long period of years. When completed the arboretum will enhance the physical beauty of the Capital City. Visitors, it is believed, will g0 home with a better idea of what plants can do for forest, park and street. A survey of the area made sev- eral vears ago revealed that it contained | 30 different types of soil. Advisory Council Appointed. As set forth in the act passed by Congress, the aim of the arboretum is to “stimulate research and &scovery.” The Secretary of Agriculture was au- thorized to appoint an advisory council to help plan for its development. The members of the council include Fred- eric A. Delano of Washington, mem- ber of the board of regents of the Smithsonian _Institution, chairman; L. H. Bailey of Ithaca, president of the B« tanical ‘Society of America: Henry S Graves, dean of the Yale Forest | School; Harlan P. Kedsey of Salem, Mass., former president of the Ameri- n Association of Nurserymen. . Also John C. Merriam, president of the Cernegie Institution of Washing- ton; Mrs. Frank B. Noyes of Washing- ton, chairman of the District of Colum- bia committee of the Garden Club of America; Frederick Law Olmsted of Brookline, Mass., former president of the American Society of Landscape Ar- chitects; Mrs. Harold 1. Pratt of Glen Cove, N. Y, secretary of the Garden Club of America, and Robert Pyle of West Grove, Pa., director of the Society of American Florists and Ornamental Horticulturists. Secretary Hyde has just appointed a committee from the Department of Ag- ‘riculture to confer with the National Arboretum Advisory Council. The mem- bers of the departmental committee are Dr. A. F. Woods. director of scientific work;.Dr. W. A. Taylor, chief of the Bureau of Plant Industry: Maj. R. Y. Stuart, chief of the Forest Service, and thinking that restoration of the upper house is pleasing to Athena, o Dr. F. V. Coville and Dr. W. T. 8w of the Bureau of Plant Industry, L rs