Evening Star Newspaper, February 3, 1929, Page 31

THE SUNDAY. STAR, WASHINGTO D. C, FEBRUARY 3 7 1929—PART 2.~ RAINBOW SHEDS GLOW OF PROMISE ON CHINA Elimination of War Lords and Civil Conflict Possible Under New Regime. : BY H. K. NORTON. RAINBOW of promise has bent its graceful glow around the shoulders of China. Repre- sentatives of all the great mili- tary chieftains have just com- pleted a solemn session at Nanking in which they have pledged themselves to reduce their armies. The total number of troops is to be brought down from somewhere between 1,500,000 and 2,- 000,000 to 600,000. What is more en- eouraging, this diminished force is to b placed under the sole direction of the civil government at Nanking. For a poople who for years have en- dured civil war and soldier banditry this is indeed a harbinger of better days. But what of the war lords? When they renounce war as an instru- ment of personal poiicy they renounce their power and their privileges, their pelf and their pocketbooks. 1Is it pos- aible that a half-dozen or more of theso worthies, all Inspired at the same moment, by the spirit of peace, hive come’ to confess their sins and begin life anew? Rumors of Schemes Heard. | Only the future can tell. China at a vast amount of scheming and r;eenl is full of rumors. There is said | ing going forward. Almost every- has his pet combination which he :mn is about to be formed for the| renewal of civil war and the overthrow | of the Nanking regime. Such things have a substance in China which they Rave lost in our more highly newspa- pered Occidental civilization. Even the most skeptical and cool headed cof ob- | servers finds 1t difficult to keep his feet | on the ground and take into considera- | ¢lon only the facts that are proved. This | why events so {frequently belie | hecies in China. would be foolish to cccept at ifs value the assurance that the war are going to quit. There is too much against it. But it would be equally foolish to refuse to put any eonfidence in i. 'There comes a time : the life of nations when certain simply pass into the limbo of tha forgotten. It may be that the Chinese ,war lords will be relegated to oblivion, ust as were the daimyo of Japan. was a greater power—potential least—before which the daimyo wed and surrendered their privileges. may be the same potential power China today. At least the war lords ve recognized it to the extent of mak- ing a promise to behave. Treaties Aid Civilians. Not the least of the factors which have strengthened the arm of the civil- fan government at Nanking has been its . success in the matter of securing new treaties with foreign nations. Foreign Minister Wang has concentrated his at- tention on ths question of customs au- tonomy. He has already signed treaties with most of the powers in which China’s right to fix her own tariff schedule is recognized. A new schedule went into effect on February 1. Thus has ended forever the era of for- eign-controlled customs duties, which began with the British treaty in 1843. Ever since that time China has been Mundnx treaty agreements to limit her ta to 5 per cent—more recently to 7l per cent—of the value of im- ports. The result was a restriction of customs revenue which has undoubted- Iy hampered the establishment of an ,effective central government. The fact that at the same time the duties were | | pervision has , been a constant challenge to China’s ! ty and has had no little to do | with the determination to assert her in- ce. The question has been agitated for Pn- The British made a treaty in 903 providing for an increase of duties to 121, per cent, conditioned upon the abolition of the internal transit dues known es “likin.” America and Japan followed suit. But likin was not abol- ished and the change was never made. question was much to the fore. At last the United States made a treaty with Nanking in July which formally recognized China’s customs autonomy. Similar treaties have followed with most of the other powers. gk x Japan is the only important coun- try which has not made the conces- sion. Japanese industries are vitally concerned. and the present govern- ment in Tokio came into power on a platform of more forceful dealing with China. It finds itself in the awkward position of being alone in its opposi- tion to China’s rights and yet pre- vented from recognizing them without some correspending concession on China’s part which wiil satisfy its critics at home. Face-Saving Involved. There is a great deal of “face-saving” | involved. Japan sent troops into Shan- tung last Spring to protect her nationals ot Tsinan. There was a clash with the { Chinese armies, and the Japanese forces ! have held. their ground. Their com- manders have acted as military com- manders are likely to act under such circumstances. The Chinese have been correspondingly aggrieved. So far in the repeated attempts to arrive at some solution the Japanese have insisted upon an apology for the attack upon their people and guaran- withdraw. The Chinese have been equelly insistent that the Japanese should apologize and withdraw their troops before any treaty is made. Apol- ogies are very important in the Far East, as they have been at such places as Vera Cruz. As in 2ll her dealings with China, Japan is caught between two fires. If she is overbearing and aggressive, she provokes a boycott of the Chinese and the market by which she lives is ruined. If she is conciliatory, she has no diffi- culty in convincing herself that the Chinese at once take advantage of her softened mood to overreach her. Nego- tiations carried on in such an atmes- phere are especially difficult. Yet the ultimate result can hardly be in doubt. * * X % That China is making progress under her new rulers is certain. New treaties end tariff autonomy are a step ahead. The concentration of military power under a clvilian government will be a vastly greater one if it can be accom- plished. But back of it all there lingers a still greater problem, which as yet has hardly been touched. Millions Face Starvation. China furnishes a terrible living lab- oratory where such truth as there is in Malthus’ theory of population is demon- strated upon human beings. The Chi- nese predilection for large families has filled the land to overflowing. Long since has the food supply become inade- quate. Millions constantly face death by starvation. A bad harvest, a drought, a flood, a period of military occupation and many of these millions must take the road to join their fathers. - A combination of these blighting ele- ments during the last year has spread destitution and suffering in China as it has seldom been spread before. Careful esiimates place the number of those at present condemned to death by star- vation at 12,000,000. Before Spring the number will run close to 20,000,000 ‘These people have eaten - their fasm animals. They have sold all their mov- able ions. After these have gone, their house poles, the framework of their mud dwellings, the last asset of which despair disposes. The trees long since have been stripped of their edible bark to fill craving stomachs. Helpless and almost hopeless, these millions awalt the end. Only help from outside can save them. And this at the very dawn of China's new day in which they might hope to find a new measure of happiness and At the peace conference at Paris and at the Washington conference the Submarines to Get More Safety Devices As Result of Studies After S4 Sinking As a result of studies made by the WNavy Department following the sinking | of the S-4 off the coast of Massachu- setts on December 17, 1927, additiamal safety devices are to be installed on submarines, according to testimony be- fore the House appropriations com- ttee while the Navy appropriation llmw before the House was being ted. Rear Admiral J. D. Beuret, chief of tiee Bureau of Construction and Repair, okp! the plans of the department, which has already adopted the policy of supplying a submarine rescue Vi area of submarine operations, with the Falcon assigned to the submatines operating on the Atlantic Coast and the Widgeon assigned to the submarines | operating off the Hawailan Islands. | ‘The plans as discussed by Admiral | Beuret, as a result of S-4 studies, are | tndependent ef the tests recently made | off the coast of New London, though both investigations had in view pro- viding officers and men qp the undersea boats with the maximum protection possible. Desirability Proved. The desirability of some improve- ts in the fittings of these rescue craft was proved during the S-4 salvage operations. The Ortolan has been fitted up as a rescue ship for submarines with the Battle Fleet and the Mallard for submarines operating off the Canal Zone. ‘The Pigeon is being converted for a rescue boat with the Asiatic fleet. It has been doing service as a gunboat on.Chinese rivers while the Navy De- partment has been waiting for the com- Ppletion of the six special river gunboats. Admiral’ Beuret explained that each submarine rescue ve is to be pro- vided with a set of galvage pontoons, the total lifting capacity of “each set being sufficient to raise one of the S boats when completely flooded. In each area, at a convenient sta- tion, there will be an additional supply of hose and other salvage equipment in excess of the quantity that can be car- sied on each rescue vessel. The pontoons and reserve salvage equipment and apparatus for use with the Falcon have been placed at New York; those for the Panama Canal area will be placed at the submarine base at Coco Solo: those for the Pacific Coast submarines placed at Sgn Diego; those for the Widgeon &t the Pearl Harbor Naval Station, and those for the Asiatic fleet will be sent to Cavite Only one set of pontoons is available at the present time, due to shortag? of funds, but the four other sets are be- ing assembled as fast as the funds be- come available. The Navy Department has tentatively set aside the sum of $400,000 in next year’s budget for sub- marine safety work and experiments. Seven hundred of the escape appar- atus recently tested by the salvaged S-4 have been ordered by the Navy Depart- ment, which expects to place other orders later. By the time the initial order bas been filled further reports will be available from the S-4 to show whether any additional changes,may be needed. The department will install individual compartment air supply valves on all submarines in commission. Tests have been conductey’ on the $-29, which i3 in | their usefulness. well-being. (Copyr! 1929.) are intended to be carried on the deck of a submarine and released when an emergency arises. The design under. consideration has a telephone and a light. The Navy used to use buoys for this purpose, but they were abandoned some years ago, because a good many objec- tions had been made against-their use. The safety board, however, has now recommended their use again, and the department is having samples built for experimental purposes. fleet offi- cers wiltbe asked for an opinion on An investigation also is in progress to devise an apparatus for use with such a buoy for radio communication. Modifications of the running lights of all submarines are now being worked | out, with a view to increasing their ef- fectiveness. An experimental installa- tion is being made on six vessels of t{le S class and three vessels of the V class. To determine their practicability and value, special distinguishable lights will bz placed upon a submarine of the con- trol force and one of the Battle Fleet. If this installation is found to be a good thing, the Navy Department will place it before the International Con- ference on Safety of Life at Sea. Run- nings lights are intended to make a submarine more distinguishable, not so much as a submarine but as a vessel operating upon the surface. The sub- marine board specifically recommended a special distinguishing light, and it is in response to request that the Navy Department has now taken steps to give these lights a tryout. Reduction Increases Danger. A much stricter limitation applies to underseas craft now in service. The weight of new devices installed on a submarine in service can be compen- sated to a limited extent only by a re- | duction in the weights in the ballast keel, but any weight that is so added and thus compensated reduces the re- serve of stability, and such reduction of the reserve in stability below a reason- able minimum increases the danger to | the submarine and its personnel in ordi- nery operation. In the construction of new vessels the limitation in safety devices is not so strict. That is the reason why the Navy Department is obliged to proceed so slowly in reaching a decision to place a given safety device on all the under- seas craft of the Navy. - Seek éound Devices As Reliable as Ear In spite of constant attempts to de- vise a sound recording instrument, there has as yet appeared no apparatus as sensitive and reliable as the human ear. Something of the difficulty in meeting such a problem is evident from a statement by Alexander Wood in a lecture delivered to the Institute of Electrical Engineers at the Royal In- stitution. “If an alternating pressure amount- ing only to 1,000-1,000,000 of the pres- sure of the atmosphere is produced in the first vessel so fitted. A releasable marker buoy for submarines is being de- signed, and as soon as sample buoys have ,been manufactured ‘an experi- mental installation will be mads on a submarine in service. These buoys the ear passage, it may be detected as ties against repetition before they will | BOss: { forms” which followed thelr treason- Millions of Nnfiveé | BY GASTON NERVAL, Authority on Latin American Afairs. HERE are still several millions of human beings in Latin America who live entirely distantiated from civilization: These are the Indians. _ Illiterate, not even essing the Spanish language, and without rights, those Indians live com- pletely separated from the national life and ‘“vegetate” without ideals and ignorant of their very existence. ‘They form enormous masses who inhabit the open ranges and distant from civilized centers, and do not participate in the slighest degree in the economic and political development of the nations wherein they live. They constitute the last remnants of that period of servitude wihch for centuries humanity has en- deavored to remedy. However, this servitude is quite dsitinct to that known to history. It is peaceful and harmon- ious; a slavery imposed by civilized men “in ‘a friendly manner.” In reality, those illiterate people live more in oblivion than they do in slavery. Be it that the true significance and consequences of this situation are not understood, or that although a clear conception is had of it, the necessary means to remedy it are lacking, the fact remains that those great uncivilized masses live completely isolated and foreign to the rest of the white and mixed races, who on the other hand enjoy all the rights. privileges and com- forts of a civilized life. Great Numbers of Indians. ‘There exist in several of the Span- ish American republics great numbers of those Indians, descendants of the early tribes who first settled the con- tinent. In some of those countries they live totally isolated from the white race, confined to a small territorial exten- sion, where the light of civilization has not as yet reached, but where nobody interferes with their customs and ways of living; they are left in peace . . &nd in oblivion, in the hope that time alone will slowly but surely exterminate them. Such is the case with the Pata- gonian and Araucanian Indians in Argentina and Chile. These are rela- tively small in number; they exert not the slightest influence in the nation's affairs, and are doomed to perish un- BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is a brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended February 2: SPAIN.—Another insurrection = in Spain, the precise nature and extent of which, however, are not clear. But we do know that, as of old, Spanish artillery officers are involved. ~The Spanish artillery officers did, and ap- parently, notwithstanding the ‘“re- able conduct in September, 1926, still do, constitute the most ineffable set of pestilent snobs in the universe; and that, considering certain trends in our own country, is saying much. Appar- ently a simultaneous movement oyer the whole country was planned, as so frequently in history, and history re- peats itself in the preposterously petty outcome. One hears of what you might call gestures in Barcelona, Valencia, Coruna, Cartagena, Malaga, etc., but only at Ciudad Real was there some- thing like real business. There a field artillery regiment definitely mutinied and set up its authority over all the services of the city. Straightway Dic- tator Primo de Rivera dispatched some infantry (you see, the infantry officers do not regard themselves 2s a special breed and so are loyal to the state) and a large contingent of that mag- nificent body, the Civil Guards, against the mutinees. One infers from the somewhat vague dispasches that the mutiny has been suppressed and the mutining officers consigned to L Condign punishment for the latter, in- stead of the extremely gentle, almost apologetic punishment inflicted for the 1926 mutiny, would seem to be the ticket. The Spanish artillery officers as a body are an utter disgrace to Spain, a byword among the nations and an occasion of nausea to all decent military men. The gestures in sundry citles (other than Ciudad Real) van- ished “into air, into thin air.” * ok k ok FRANCE—The new Spring and Summer models are out. For evening wear fancy most Redfern’s tailored cut- away jacket of robin’s egg blue taffeta lined with peach, joined to a robin’s egg blue frock with a two-tiered skirt, the latter edged with a deep ruching of peach taffeta. -This is almost incred- itably stunning. In general “lovely fra- gility unmarred by sophistication” char- acterizes the evening gowns. For better or for worse, “backs are less exposed | than heretofore.” Flying flanges, cir- cular flounces and flared deep pep- lums are to be fore, and cocktail jack- ets continue the ticket. Hartnell pre- sents a “Spring Song” bodice which has precisely the psychological effect of Schubert’s setting of “Hark! Hark! the Lark!” One regrets to observe that Patou has turned reactionary, lengthen- ing street skirts to 6 inches below the knee. Some afternoon ensembles of beige over pnle*green are not so bad. S JAPAN AND CHINA.—Negotiations continue at Nanking between represent- atives of the Tokio and Nanking gov- ernments respecting the individual mat- ters issued between those governments, whereof the most important is the Chi- nese tariff. It is probably correct to say that Japan presses her claims on other issues (as, the Tsinan business, the Shantung Railroad, etc.) chiefly by way of “bargaining points” in relation to the grand issue. As every one knows, of all the treaty powers Japan stands to lose most by the proposed upward revision of the Chinese tariff. R UNITED STATES.—On January 28,1 addressing the sixteenth meeting of the business organization of the Govern- ment, the President reviewed the a sound,” says Mr. Wood. “This corre- sponds to a to-and-fro movement of the air through a distance of about one-tenth of the diameter of & mole- cule.” A achievements of the administration of seven and one-half years under the budget system. The main point driven home in his speech was that contin- uance of national prosperity is depend- LEFT: GATEWAY OF THE SUN, TIHUANACU. known. Certain tribes are still in their most primitive stage and live the lives of savages. However, in some of the Southern American republics, for instance, Peru, Ecuador and others, the Indians live nearer to the commercial centers, this because they are more numerous and constitute the majority of the popula- tion. In those countries they enjoy some of the comforts and opportunitdes offer- ed by civilization, but on the other hand are more directly subjugated to the ex- ploitation exercised by the white race. They learn Spanish, dress and live bet- ter and are industrious—but do not work for themselves, but for their mas- ters, and toil to enrich others. They are subjected to a peaceful servitude indirectly “legalized” where the loss of their liberties is compensated by the benefits derived from their contact with civilization. Becomes National Problem. In those latter republics the Indian question has become a natfonal prob- lem. This is because the autochthonous classes constitute such a great portion of the total population, that whatever is done to civilize and educate them may influence the future conduct_of those nations. The day that those In- dian classes are incorporated to the life of the nation and begin to have an active.part in it, the nations cited will vastly increase their economic resources. On the contrary, if the present state of affairs is neglected and those great masses are kept away from civilization the problem might some day acquire serious proportions. In order that the Latin American governments could realize the impor- tance of the situation the presence of the real danger was necessary. And it has come in the form of a com- munistic propaganda of European origin which seeks to take advantage of the precarious condition and ignorance of the Indian rasses to add momentum to a social revolutionary movement. The communistic agitators have already begun to preach disobedience and vio- lence among the Indians by telling them they are the legitimate owners of the lands they work and by inciting them to take up arms against their masters, thus availing themselves of their igno- | rance to sow anarchy in those nations. ent on maintenance of ‘constructive economy” in all branches of the Gov- ernment. The first two years of. his administration he declared were years of transition, through reformation of management, from depression and high expenditure to prosperity and retrench- ment. “From that time on,” said he, “there has been an upward swing, broken only by slight temporary reces- sions. The closing months of 1928 and the opening months of 1929 have seen American industry and commerce Wwith the highest point ever attained in time of peace.” 1In those seven and one-half years the public debt had been reduced by $6,- 667,000,000, current interest payments having been extraordinarily lowered by judicious refunding operations. output of factories had increased by an average of 60 per cent, iron and steel production having mmpre than doubled; in 1928 the railroad® carried a third more traffic than in 102! savings de- posits had risen from $16,500,000,000 to over $28,000,000,000; life insurance had more than doubled to a total of '$87,000,000,000; assets of building and lgan associations had risen from about $2,900,000,000 in 1921 to about §7,178,- Do Babies Like You? CENTER: INCAIC PORTICO IN TIHUANACU. The | RIGHT: The chimerical theories of com- munism having utterly failed in the country that engendered them, where actual facts have disavowed revolu- tionary movements, it is now pretended to cultivate the deceptive seed of the new doctrines in the young democracies of America. And to accomplish this end recourse is being had to the most absurd adventure. Because the Latin American republics are in the infancy of their industrial developments, coun- tries where instead of harboring great unemployed massas, offer enormous territorial extensions which are wait- ing for hands to produce to maintain their very existence, they are being chosen as a center of this propaganda. Advantage is being taken of the abandonment in which the Indian classes are living to invoke by means of communism a false humanitarian redemption. And, although it is well known that all of this obstreperous propaganda is no more than the clever doings of a few agitators more or less audacious, it indicates, nevertheless, the existence of a relatively near danger, inasmuch as the participation of those ignorant people in the service of the cause of communism is quite possible. This danger has forced the present governments to see the great necessity of dealing directly with the Indian problem, seeking at the same time the most reasonable solution, to avoid the probable success of that insidious and harmful propaganda. Solution of the Problem. The solution to that problem, which is the same prevalling in varieus of the Latin American countries, may be reduced to a formula: “By incorpora- tion of the Indian to the civilized life.” But his incorporation must be very slow, methodical and scientific, in accordance with good conduct and discipline, in order to avoid that radical and violent transformation, which is what eom- munistic elements are inculcating. This question of the ‘Indian redemption’ is now preoccupying several governments in Spanish America, and although the means to carry it out and the settings have been different, the policies adopted in this connection are the same in Mexico as in Peru or Bolivia, and in other countries, in some more 000,000 at the end of 1927; and the number of radio recelving sets now total about 13,000,000, as against almost none in 1921. “I do not claim,” wisely observed the President, “that action by the national Government deserves all the credit for the rapid restoration of our country's business from the great depression of 1921, or for the steady progress that has since taken place, but unquestion- ably wise governmental policies, and par- ticularly wise economy in Government expenditures, with steady reduction of the national debt, have had a dominant influence.” That was a wise qualification, in view of the fact that in any case there would have been great reduction of expendi- tures relating on the war and its sequel; but, every qualification made, the bud- get record of Mr. Coolidge's adminis- tration is generally admitted to have been a magnificent one. Perhaps Mr. Coolidge “had reason” in the declara- tion: “I belleve that the Federal Gov- ernment today is the best-conducted big business in the world.” Nevertheless, the public debt is still about $17,000,000,000, a sizeable sum, and a budget deficit immediately threat- That’s a Preity Good Test BY BRUCE BARTON. ow like babies?” some woman asked Charles Lamb. “B-b-oiled, ‘H madam,” stuttered Lamb. In the heginning of the e nobody except mothers liked babies. The record slow progress are written blood. s had no rights; were a necessary evil. In the South Sea Islands, when either parent died, the children were slain and buried also, to wait on the parent in the other world. In China it is estimated that 40 per cent of the girl babies in the provinces of the interior were drowned. in India, when a girl baby was born, .the mother put ‘opium on her breasts, and the baby, i haling it with the mother’s milk, died. , Inside the great brass statue of Moloch a roaring fire was built on holy days. And into the geething arms of the god women hurled their screaming infants. Even -the Greeks, who estab- lished a civilization higher than that of any other ancient people, regularly “exposed” their unde- sired infants on the mountain sides. And Socrates, their greatest man, saw nothing in the practice to condemn. Little by little, through the succeeding centuries, the baby has been coming into his own. Romulus, who founded Rome, took the first forward step; the Emperor Hadrian made another advance. But it was Ch discovered the baby, of civilization's in they anity that All motherhood became tified in the worship pai Mary, the mother of Jesus. All childhood was ennobled by the birth in the manger. ure the civil- Do you consider babi nuisance? Do you dislike them? Do they fear you? Then — though your culture may belong to the twentieth century—your heart still lingers in the first. It's a question how much any one man influences the world through his business life or his public acts. Alexander conquered the world. And, before his ashes were cold, his kingdom break up. But one little tion of the human ‘race is given into your care irrevocably: Your babies. What you make them they be. Through them and their scendants you can perpetuate your influence to the end of time. I the a baby in your home, nursing-bottles ought to be more important to you than stocks and bonds. You ought to know more about the various kinds of baby foods than you know about golf. Your busines: important be- causs it makes your living. But your home 1} beca there you In it are molded the characters of the future proprietors of the earth: your children—the most mportant citizens in the world. (Copyright, 1920.) Indian, Tool of Communist in Latin American Countries Are Potential Sources of Danger to Nations INCA RUINS, CUZCO, PERU. advanced than in otners; to keep the Indians away from that destructive in- fluence of communistic ideas which in- cite them to rebellion and to appro- priate the lands of their masters. To attain this two things are necessary; give him civilization and rights. That is what today are doing the govern- ments of several of the Latin republics of the Western Hemisphere. Let us take Peru, for instance, as a concrete case. Peru has been one of the ecountries confronting with more serlous proportions the native problem. And because of the destructive influence of communism the Peruvian govern- ment has decided to openly face the situation, adapting to that end a com- bined system of -action, the result of which at the present time could not be more satisfactory. FEducational Systems Used. To find a solution to the important problem of redeeming the native classes —which comprise 75 per cent of the population of Peru—the problem has been embraced from two aspects; the cultural and agrarian aspects, that is to say, education and property rights. To accomplish this purpose, a general sys- tem of education has been established to such an extent as to carry it, through special methods, to those illiterate classes. ‘The appropriation for the department of education has been doubled and today amounts to 10,000~ 000 soles, or about $5,000,000; the num- ber of public schools has argmented throughout the republic and ambula- tory schools have been created to b to the Indian the needed education. In this manner the most distant regions in the country today enjoy some source of education. In addition to this, man- ual training is being taught in the schools specially adapted to the needs and capabilities of the pupils. And finally native institutions have been created where the ambient is more pro- pitious to the total rehabilitation of the Indian. In the appointment of a na- tional magistrate to properly eenduct the general education of the native, the government is most zealous. Notwithstanding, as it is well known (Continued on Fourth Page.) The Story the Week Has Told ens_unless certain bills now pending in Congress are defeated. Once more, and wisely, the President invites at- tention to the mounting extravagance of State and “local” governments, which threatens disastrously to offset the economy of the Federal Government. The expenditures of these governments in 1927 totaled $7,931,000,000, as against $3,900,000,000 in 1921. “This,” sald Mr. Coolidge, “is such a heal drain on the earnings of the peop! that it is the greatest menace to the continuance of prosperity. It is a red flag, warning us of the danger of de- pression and a repetition of the dis- asters which overtook the country in the closing days of 1920. It is a warn- ing that should be heeded by every one entrusted with the expenditure or appropriation of public funds. It is the reason that further commitments by the National Government for any new projects should be faithfully re- sisted.” The following passage of the speech of Gen. H. M. Lord, director of the Bureau of the Budget, particularly calls for quotation: “In budget discussions, heretofore, we have made our comparisons with the year 1921. That was the last year free from budget control. The total expendi- ture for that year, exclusive of deduc- tion and postal expenses, was $5,115,- 927,689. In 1927—six years later and six budget years—that extraordinary outgo had been battered down to $2,974,020,674. This gave us a reduc- tion of $2,141,898,014 in six years. The figures I have given «.re exact. “That year—1927—was also distin- guished as the year of large surplus— $635,809,921, which you may recall we applied to the debt, saving thereby $25,000,000 in annual interest. “That 1927 figure of $2,974,029,674 is the lowest expenditure level this Government will ever see. The coun- try is growing, expanding, developing gloriously. Its population is increasing ~-105,000,000 in 1920, and 120,000,000 in 1928. You can't run a modern loco- motive for the money that was sufficient to maintain and operate an old-style wood-burning engine. “From now on we must look for steady increase in necessary national expenditures. ‘This, however, does not change budget policy, nor weaken the demand for the strictest economy in Federal operations. Rather, that de- mand is strengthened. With the growth ]of the country new important projects will present themselves, calling for more . money from the Treasury, and no mat- ter how great the revenues unless they |are courageously controlled and wisely : directed into channels of useful and [ necessary pus , burdensome addi- | tional taxes, or inability to carry on necessary constructive work, will re- sult. Certainly we contemplate no such possibility. “And the year 1927, with its record of smallest expenditure and biggest sur- plus, forms the new_ starting point for budget operations. From now on, in- stead of striving each year to reduce expenses below the preceding year, we enter upon a new and equally im- portdnt duty to see that advancing costs are reflected in necessary develop- ment and_ constructive progress. “Expenditures in 1928 exceeded the 1927 record by $149,935,355. This was almost entirely due to new legislation providing for new projects of great na- tional importance. We managed, how- ever, with the aid of $50.000,000 reduc- tion in interest, to end the year with a surplus of $398,828,281. Of this amount $367,358,710 was applied to the debt, with an annual interest saving of $14,- 000.000.” £ Thomas Hastings of the well known firm of Carrere & Hastings, Inc., has completed plans for enlargement and remodeling of the Senate Chamber in NEW LABORATORY HELD VITAL TO U. S. HEALTH Proposed Institution Would Permit.Solu- tion of Disease Pro blems Confronting Science, Advocates Say. BY J. A. O'LEARY. HE proposal pending in Congress for several years to expand the Government's Hygiene Labora- tory in Washington into a great national institution of health, in which scientists would under- take the solution of problems of disease | still baffling the medical world, has been given renewed attention by recent developments. During the last month Secretary of the Treasury Mellon wrote the Senate commerce committee describing the principles of the bill as meritorious and stating the Budget Bureau advises that the pending measure is not in conflict with the financial program of the ad- | ministration. About the same time the proposal came before the Senate for brief dis- cussion, but that body was operating under a unanimous consent rule at the time, and an objection to its considera- tion caused it to go over to a later date. It remains on the Senate calen- dar, with the possibility of being called up on other occasions during the re- mainder of the session. Influenza Spread Is Stressed. The recurrence of influenza in various E:l:& of the United States this Winter been cited by Senator Ransdell, Democrat, of Louisiana, as a timely illustration of the character of work that could be carried on in the national nstitute of health in learning more about diseases of the body and how to combat them. Another interesting development in this same connection was the recent announcement by the Public Health Service that the Hyglenic Laboratory would endeavor to reproduce influenza germs as a means of throwing further light on the disease. The proposed na- tional institute of health would be under the administrative control of the sur- geon general of the Public Health Serv- ice, and the existing Hygienic Labora- tory at Twenty-fifth and E streets would form the nucleus around which the institute would be built up. The Treasury Department would be the present site of the Hygienic Lab- oratory and adjacent land, or to acquire another location in or near the Dis- trict, on which to erect suitable build- ings for the institute. The bill has two other features, namely: Authority for the Treasury Depart- ment to accept gifts or bequests from persons who may be prompted to fur- ther the study of some baffling problem of medical science. Establishment in the institute of a system of fellowships in scientific re- search to obtain scientific personnel and to encourage and aid men and women of marked proficlency to work on the problems of diseases that menace human health. Expense Made Opposition Basis. Bome opposition to the bill has been expressed in Congress on the ground that it would place an unnecessary expense on the Federal Government, since many institutions in different parts of the country are already en- gaged in similar research work. Sup- porters of the measure answer this objection with the statement that the Federal institute would co-operate with these other agencies, and that outside research institutions are in favor of the proposal. In his recent letter to Chairman Jones of the Senate gommerce commit- tee, Secretary Mellon commented on the plan as follows: “The bill as now prepared does not create any new bureaus g new com- missions, but utilizes exisung govern- mental machinery. In reality it pro- vides for orderly enlargement of the Hygienic Laboratory and aims to take advantage of its facilities for the train- ing of scientific workers. In order to be substantial this enlargement will necessarily be gradual, depending on available facilities and the ability to secure properly trained personnel to carry on research. “The provision to create a system of fellowship is one of the most valuable parts of the bill. It will enable the national institute of health to encour- age men and women of marked profi- clency to devote their lives to the studg of disemses of mankind. It will also supply contacts among scientific work- ers to collect and disseminate knowl- cdge. Scientists Indorse Bill. “I am impressed by the authoriza- tion for the unconditional acceptance of bequests for the promotion of re- — e room will be an amphitheater, similar in design and tone to the Supreme Court, which was the original Senate room, before the Capitol was enlarged. On the side embracing the rostrum there will be Ionic columns, and around the curved surface there will be smaller Doric columns supporting the balcony. It is reasonably expected that the change will have a happy psychologic effect on the Senate—an effect of “sweetness and light.” The House office department will soon call for bids for operation of an air mail service between Crsitobal, Canal Zone, and Santiago, Chile, to follow the ‘West Coast of South America, touching at the chief ports. Such service is satisfactory operation. It is proposed, I understand, that it shall in due time be extended from Santiago over the Andes to Buenos Aires and Montevideo. Tomorrow Col. Lindbergh is to insti- tute a new air mail service—Miami-Ha- vana-Merida-Cristobal. ‘The Ford Motor Co. expects to pro- duce its trimotored all-metal plane at the rate of one per working day com- mencing May 1. The present rate of production is three planes per week; on January 1, 1928, it was one. ‘Two models are being produced.- One power each, an extreme speed of 126 miles per hour, a cruising speed of 107 miles, and seats 14 passengers. The other has three Pratt & Whitney wasp engines of 410 horsepower each, and seats 14 passengers. The Pennsylvania Rallroad and Transcontinental ~Air ‘Transport has ordered 10 planes of the latter type to be delivered early in the Spring for its combination air and rail passenger service between New York and Los Angeles, soon to be instituted. NOTES.—King George is getting stronger day by day. It is understood he will soon be removed to the seacoast. Daily consultations of his physicians have ceased to be necessary: ‘The Prince of Wales recently made a three-day visit to the depressed coal mining_districts of Northern England. He could not repress frequent involun- tary indications of sympathy with the awful distress he witnessed, which en- deared him to the mining folk, perhaps the unhappiest of all the victims of our | “wondrous, wondrous age.” Ludwig Kaas has been elected presi- dent of the German Centrist party in place of Dr. Marx, the former chan- cellor of the reich. B v treaty of friend- The It -Jugosla shlg lay on January 27. It is hoped that when, or if, the situation in Jugo- slavia is properly stabilized, negotiations will commence looking to a similar treaty of ampler scope. The lapsed treaty had been in force for five years. It is impossible to determine what is ning in Afghanistan beyond the fact that the newly usurped power of the Capitol at Washington so as to pro- vide direct lighting and ample ventila- tion, and to create a beautiful and cheerful room of late colonial style in place of the dismal early Victorian style o:_ the present room. The new the Ameer Habibullah, formerly known as the “Water Boy,” is being widely chllleng:t:} ‘The d of statistics of Brazil es- timates the population of that country on.December 31, 1928, as 39,104,000.. /| search. authorized by the pending bill to use | 8g0 has three Wright engines of 300 horse- | ge, | It should - encourage private contributions toward the study of health problems, and insure their wise use for the solution of particular problems. ‘The principles of the bill have been indorsed by the leadi scientific so- cieties and many prominent scientists and physicians. These principles are meritorious, and I believe their enact- ment into law would be highly bene- ficial, in the promotion of research and the saving of life.” It is felt by sponsors of the bill that the public health scientists have accom- plished noteworthy results in so far a&s the facilities at their disposal would permit. But by expanding the present Hyglenic Laboratory, establishing the fellowships and inviting public spirited gifts, it is aimed to create here in Wash- ington a co-operative organization in which leaders in every branch of science would be brought together and given opportunity to work in unison. “It is confidently belleved,” says the Senate committee report on the bill, “that if there is brought together in one central place under one directing head the very ablest experts in the sciences of medicine, surgery, chemistry, physics, biology, bacteriology, pharma- cology, pharmacy, dentistry, etc., and a concentrated, united effort for a term of years is made by them against dis- ease, singling out first the more im- portant maladies such as cancer, tuber- culosis, common cold, pneumonia, etc., that success will result therefrom. While very remarkable and most bene- ficfal efforts have .been made in the war against disease by our great medi- cal schools and endowed institutions, there has never been in any one place a combination and concentration of all the branches of science such as is con- templated in the national institute of health. In our universities constant work is in progress and should be generously supported, but too often the workers are isolated and can devote only part time to research because of the claims of teaching duties.” Cite Smithson Gift. The establishment here many years of the Smithsonian Institution, on a donation of $550,000 by James Smith- son, an Englishman, to increase and diffuse knowledge among men, is cited as an illustration of how, under the pending bill, a person so minded could make a similfir contribution to the cause of relieving human suffering and de- vising means of preventing the spread of disease. The Smithsonian has grown to be recognized as one of the world's foremost research agencies. Similarly, a few years ago, Congress authorized the Library of Congress to accept donations in furtherance of Hite advancement, under which ap- proximately $2,000,000 Te- ceived. ‘There are plenty of unsolved prob- lems to which the national institute of health could apply itself, bringing to-, gether the combined forces of the sev- eral branches of science that have a relation to health. When the Senate committee held hearings on the question it was told by Dr. Reid Hunt, of the department of pharmacology, Harvard University, that “the diseases which are causing sickness and death at present are just exactly those we know least about. It has been the history all along that when we learn’ more about the causes of disease, then methods of treatment and cure develop." Cancer, different forms of pneumonia, diseases of the kidneys and diseases of hardened blood vessels are conditions causing many deaths, and about which the least is known, according to Dr. Hunt. Very few efforts have been made, the committee was told, to utilize in the' treatment of disease recent discoveries in physics, the kind of work which has led to wireless telegraphy. { Lack of Funds Is Handicap. “There are clear indications,” Dr. Hunt testified, “that some of these elec< tromagnetic waves may be of great value. For example, the cancer of mice, can be made to disappear with a few minutes’ application of some of ‘thesd' waves.” In reporting the bill to the Senate, the committee stated that the “insuf- ficiency of funds appropriated for the Hygienic Laboratory has been most un~ fortunate, and has greatly retarded the development of pure research in the problems of health by that splendid in-’ stitution.” 4 ‘The Public Health Service has beem engaged in research into various phases, of disease for the last 28 years, and at the present time it has a staff of' several hundred, including those at the Hygienic Laboratory here and at fleld stations in several parts of the coun-, try, devoting full time to scientific studies. Officials of the service told the Senate committee that every major topic of public health has been considered at one time or another by the Public Health Service. ol “But we realize,” one official testi- fled, “as much as anybody can that what remains to be learned today and to be applied is vastly greater than what has been learned.” : The first authorization for research: work by the public health authorities was granted by Congress in 1901. One of the earliest efforts was directed at* the study of leprosy. It soon became’ evident to the public health official that certain mass investigation shoul be undertaken, and the first of these was organized and begun here in 1906, on the subject of typhoid fever. It'is felt that the work done on typhoid fever: had a strong influence in stimulating. investigation of these diseases and the general development of the studies of epidemiological diseases. Typhoid Deaths Reduced. In 1900 the death rate from typhoid fever was 35.7 per 100,000. A year ago it had been reduced to 6 per 100,000,: according to the testimony given tI nate committee. State and local health authorities also worked on this’ problem. The committee was told that: the extent and complexity of the prob-. lems to be dealt with, and the returns' to be obtained, are the reasons justify- ing enlargement of Federal publie health work. Pageantry to Mark Canadian Parliament Pomp and pageantry will mark the opening of the Canadian parliament on February 7. While the union jack. floats in Winter sunshine from the high pole on the majestic victory tower, of the Parliament buildings, the great men of Canada and a representative: gathering of the ladies of their official. families will witness in the noble Senats chamber the arrival of Gov. Gen. Viscount Willingdon and his wife. As’ the personal representative of the King: of England, the governor general will read the speech from the throne, con- taining the government’s program. scene will one of impressive and dignified beauty. Members of the govei ernment, of Parliament, the diplomatic corps and judiciary, in formal and offis clal dress, will have places of honor:* But the color will be given by hundreds: of feminine costumes, gowns of rich, simplicity worn by the wives and daughters of those comprising official~ dom. Afterward comes the state din« ner and by the following evening, 1,200, debutantes formally make their bow, to the Viscount and Viscountess Will- mldon by which m'..M{h:rc introduced society, bringi solemn stately ritual of the Canada to a colorful close.