Evening Star Newspaper, March 4, 1928, Page 31

“REFINING” MOVE STARTED TO “PURIFY” Public Men Declare OIL INDUSTRY d Anxious for Cam-| paign to Destroy Alleged Connection = v = of Big Business and Politics. BY FREDERIC WILLIAM WILE. OL. ROBERT W. STEWART'S re-clection “vindication™ by the stockholders of the Standard Oil Co. of Indiana has given impetus to a moiement long in progress under the political surface at Wa on. The movement aims at “rening” the oil industry by relegating ' from its control the men who have brought it mto popular disrepute during the past five years. This cannot be ac- | iched. it is acknowicdged. by any I3 mental or legisiative procedure. | It can only come from within the in- | dustry itself. If the plans of certain national leaders to that end are found practicable. the “housecicaning™ nroces will set in while the public mind is still agitated over the most recent dis- closures of oil's unholy alliance with high pol The proposition that is undergoing consideration has in mind that “high | finance” should take the lead in “puri- fying” the oil industry. Althoush cer- tain men controi the various companies they head. their dependence on power- ful banking connections is direct and great. The biggest oil corporations are, in the market for money from time to time like the humblest tradesman in th2 land. Their need for credit is more or less constant. In th's regard. public men at Washington are recalling the elder J' Pierpont Morgan's celebrated rejoinder to Samuel Untermeyer when | the House committee on banking and | eurrency was conducting the ‘“money trust” investigation. Morgan testified that he loaned money both on collateral and without collateral. but added the principal basis for credit was “char- acter.” Walsh “Disappointed.” “Character” has to be put into ths ©il business, the proponents of the project herein mentioned declare, if the industry is not to sink into irre- trievable ill-favor. Senator Thomas | J. Walsh. Democrat. of Montana, chief prosecutor of the oil scandais, expressed to this writer “the keenest disappoint- ment” that thc Rockefellers did not seize the opportunity just afforded them by the Standard of Indiana clection to bring about Col. from office. sh: Stewart’s removal The Rockefellers’ nominal re interest in the Indiana corpora- n is a minority holding. But Walsh is convinced that the “mora? influence™ they could have wielded would far out- | strip the Rockefellers' technical voting power. Senator Walsh is decidedly of ' opinion that by withholding the use of his shares against Stewart's re-election as chairman of the board of the Standard of Indiana. John D. Rock feller, jr., “tacitly approved” of Stew- a:t's self-succession. On Sunday evening., February 12! Senator Walsh say. Mr. Rockefeller, Jr.. delivered a radio address on ‘Char- acter. the Foundation of Successful Business' This was his stirring pero- | ration: Each one of us, to a certain @egree, holds in his hand the reputation ©of his business associates. The man who renders efficient. cheerful service brings direct credit upon every one con- nected with the company that em- ploys him. Where an employe. of what- ever rank. fails to live up to the high- est standards in his individual bus- | | iness life, he is bringing discredit upon his associates and his emplo Truly it been said that no man can live unto himself alone. 100 interdependent. It is because I be- lieve so profoundly in these principles of business ethics and because T am so prond of what many companies arc doing along these lines that I covet for ess gonerally the bost in personal character. in ideals. as well as in finan- cial saccess. The American pub- lic. I fancy., will not fina it easy to reconcile thes words with Mr. Rockefeller. jr. holder of the Standara Oil of Indiana. It looks as if the stockholders of the | Indiana Standard, including Mr. Rock- efeller., jr., were quite willing to over- look not_only Col. Stewart’s defiance of the Senate committee, still, were willing to consider as a mat- ter of littl2 or no consequence to them the methods he pursues, as long as his management produces dividends.” “Oil Refining” Program. Scnator Robert B. Howell, Republi- can Progressive of Nebraska, is strong- v of opinion that it is time for t oil industry itself, or influences outside of it, to embark upon an “oil-refining" and “oil-purifying” program. "It Is Deginning to dawn upon the country says Sonator Howell. “that the barons of today are comporting them- selves as the railroad kings of another cra did. The high-hat and the high-hand were more or less common to them. To- day we have oil men trafficking with sabinet officers for Government ofl lea behind the people’s back. and then, when the long arm of the law finally reaches them. we find these magnates defying | the United States Scnate, tamperin with juries, and in deliberate contemp of United States courts. It was the’| same sort of thing. though it did not manifest itself in precisely the same way. that forced public opinion to de- mand botter behavior on the part of 1ailroad magnat>s a quartar of a cen- tury 2:0 and more. I shall miss my guess if pub'ic opinion todav does not 10use fts>lf and insist upon a simiiar ion among leaders of the oil is a_ver: strong fecling at Washington that Wall Street, with its | far-flung and all-powerful financial ramifications, is the quarter in which improved conditions must originate. Undoubtedly it can put new men at the head of th2 oil industry if it wants to. | Oil has always been. and still is. a speculative” business. It has prospected for.” and, after its discovery. there's ncver any certainty how long the supply will ‘last. These factors naturally have brought into the petroleum,‘game” men of the gambling spirit. and account, many authorities think. for the somewhat dulled s2nse of honor which pervades them. Reforms Are Urged. No one denies that the industry does not already . contain many executives of unimpeachable integrity and a high sense of public duty. Nor is there any inclination to condemn oil outright as a “malefactor” industry within the old Rooseveltian meaning. Men and women who are large hold- ers of ofl stocks are today as insistent as anybody that the industry be ruth- lessly cleaned up. They frankly fear that the business, already seriously de- moralized because of overproduction, overfinancing and other practices, may be entirely shot to pleces unless there 2re prompt and sweeping reforms from within, (Copyright 1978 ) Man’s Civilization in Egypt T race;l By Geologists Through Ancient Tools Through thousands of years, pre- historic men and women wandered homeless up and down the River Nile, and as they traveled about they lost or cast aside innumerable stone axes and hammers that were thoir chief tools and weapons. Now, those stones, long | preserved in the terraces along the Nile, have been sought for a thousand miles up and down the river valley by two geologists, and as a result man’s civil- ization in Egypt is traced back to its | beginning. hundreds of thousands of | years ago. The expedition which has just re- | ported this remarkable accomplish- ment is known as the prehistoric sur- vey and was sent out by the Orjental Institute of the University of Chicago. The geologists who surveyed the region sre Dr. K. 6 Sandford and W. J. Arkell. both of Oxford University. In the course of the ag:s, terraces hzve formed, like gigantic steps, rising back from the Nile on each side of the river, and it was in thes> different ter- Tzces. belonging to different periods of time. that the geologisis found different types of stone tools characteristic of certain stages of man's development tovard civilization. The oldest tools are pronounced sim- ilar to those used by stone age men of Europe during the age called Chellean Europeans who made such tools lived from 50,000 to 100,000 years ago, but the stone ag> Egyptians may have { made their tools at an carlicr time, it is | said. Whether or not Egypt was the cradle of man’s physical development into a human being, Dr. Sandford’s report shows Egypt must have been one of the | eerllest homes of man. And the evi- dence indicates that it was most prob. ably In Egypt that man first slowly de- veloped ints a creature of civilization “Of 21l regions in the world,” Dr. Bandford states. “Egypt, and particular- Iy upper Egypt, offers an opportunity for discovering man’s past independ- ently of all evidence obtained in Europe. If the evidence agrees with that of %0 much the better would incline to rely upon it none the less.” Market Now Dictates Rug D esigns; Best Carpets Are Traced to Babylon Although it mzaking 5 unknown where the rigs originated, the highest ago, according 1o rest 1o pertect id to have been made in ihe city of Babyion during 00 1o BC gradual retrogression in this art 15 5a1d U5 be due cnlefiy o the more eomplete commercialization of the in- When rugs fist were made merely fur religious purposes or for the use of the maker. the best of his work vent into the rug. but as the foreign | market gradually grew and rugs began s be exporved v Europe and other markets workmanship and ar were rubourainaed v quantity production Carpets made in the Orient centurles #40 connot be duplicsted tuday. Color- ing wnd blending of eolors, making of the dye 8oma withh e quality of vorgmanship face of the carpet, By the use of chemical dyes of bright colors and then washing t the eolors 1o get softer shades and tones, the Oriental carpet hasve suffered great damage Belicving chemical dyes a menace 1o the carpet industry, the Persian gov- ernment went to far as to pass a law nenalizing their use by cutting off the right hand of the carprt weaver and selzing and destroying all of his fabrics in which chemical dve had been used Experts in Orlental rugs often can tell froin the colors used as well as the design of the rug from what part of the Orlent ft comes, For instance, an old rug containing green colo ever would have been woven by ti irkn, since green 15 a sacred color and it would be sacrilegious W walk upon it In lke manner, figures of animals, birds and human beings are missing from the older rugs woven by the orthodox Turks, % the Koran forbids the reproducti such Jkenesses, fearing it will le » ddolatry. Nor do Turks make thetr designs symmetrical, as then the rugs would be perfect, und only Allal can be peifect iropean Cartel Agreements Viewed Ax Help to Further: Contined from First Page ) usinted the Beusers Tl $ost practical Biling of Vhe caiel Ve European economic scneme, s r;‘l,'.m dangers were jecognimd, W L s giVen BUpIobaLon as 8 Leessily Boiti sr 8 resuit o thst erbitisry di i o States which formerly we shtical unite snd suill sre econon, entities the carels hesve siuceedr viere cnbatted governments feiled, in Jelping U obliverate Uie Qiserepancies Biter e signing of 1he Lesties But the Lark ix nt completed Ll feitel 1O ey formiile Polay Jowerer ile mecomplishments Lave been iRt W mak value clear Thie ‘ 10 kel ing semblence of produ Wil make @.0r bae been 1e 4 . Centisl Farope by he numeious carel sgree ,w»,."- between the I0ustries of Ger Lknw Abelris euf Lie bcCessOR with e cxrtels mnd turn thelr all publicity possinle on ma- resolutions were probably e of World Peace slales Others are stlempting o eir- Cumpvent the barners ereated by the di- vition of Upper Silesin. Cartels bebween Polish and German industiies ha e some of the effects of 1 exchange upon moass production markeling Those enimson comers of the map which contiin Ahe Sunr Basin, e steel mills of Laorraine, nnd the potish i | to Alrace have presented b once (e mort dificult problem wnd Ui gieatest chatlenge v cartelization. The cartels within the stecl 1ion and chemical I Auetry mmy not bisve found u laating so- Dhution But what they secomplishied s been done without armies of i vrion, and without political secriminn- tian ol and Governments refused 10 forgel pust feude, though chsor was Ve Benh 1ndustyy bise e e GwWn i W coscfully Thst governments have heea forcea 1o follow. 1o give W 1heh sane Vion, and o scknowledge the debt for e path opened toward rational intei - natinal inleree our lives are | nd worse | 15 sald to| [ THE SUNDAY STAR. WASHINGTON, D. C. MARCH 4, 1928—PART 2. Note ot his Al 3 A neat tay. Dr. Duran of Abelard and Medieval Philosophy. ST. FRANCIS AND THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH. Augustine and the Fathers. HE Catholic Church is the mos! remarkable phenomenon in the history of the Western world. Its origin antedated the oldest of cotemporary European stater, its basis is still firmly laid in the na aral feelings and hopes of humanity, !and its future seems serencly independ- ent of all changes and fashions in sci- fence and philosophy. It has seen a hundred dynastics come and go: it has seen a hundred systems of thought come and go: it waits patiently until reason shall have exhausted itself, and faith, hungering with hope, shall come back to the fairest religion that man’s imagination has ever made. It is a sign of the continuity of cul- ture that the papacy, still one of the living forces in our world, should go back to the days of Aurclius and Sen- leca. 1In one sense, Latin culture has never bren quite broken in its historv, even from Lucrctius to Anatole France. The develooment of the Latin lan- guage into Italian, Spanish and French | offered a common road on which some- (thing of eclassic civilization could be | transmitted to modernity: so that Italy jand France seem nearer to the ancient mood than the nations of northern Eu- Th And these been in has Latin countries the conneetive |sprce and time far more effectively than ithe brute power of Rome had ever done {Tt was as if the bodv of the empire had died. while the coul still lived. The {sword had gone, but the word re- | mained. 1 R ! The first element in the Christian tradition was the devotion of the mar- yrs: the second element was the vig- forous defense of the new creed by the | early fathors of the church. They show lus at first a very disunited array: thoy | are divided into sects as hostile as only theologians can b2, and th~ earliest pic- ture of them is th2 chaotic Council of Fice, where. in the vear 323, orthodox ond * heterodox fought about Homo- ousion and Homoi-ousion until Con- {of th> world. rought the dispute to an end by th» perempiory suggestion that jthe combatants should sgree on some jereed, no matter what. Arius and Origen, who had received a Greek cdu- cation, deiended a Unitarian faith, but | Athanasius had more eloauence, pnd more delegates, and the Nicean creed pledged Europe to polytheism once more. So it was Constantine who founded the united and Catholic Church. The most powerful of the fathers, and the one whose influsnce predom- inated throughout was Augustine. He was and died in 430: what rakes live to! | born in i an age these 340 i heresy of Manicheans, |from™ Persia the conception of { | | ! The British Empire.—Sir Tyrell, succeeds Lord Crewe as British | Ambassador to Paris. Son of a dis- ! tinguished father and an Oxford men, | he has had a notable diplomatic carecr | He knows his France as well as almost | any Englishman and the appointment is peculiarly gratifying to the Qual D'Orsay. That accomplished man and able statesman, Lord Crewe, deserves a rest after a long carcer of important service to his country. Not the least notable of latter day achievements is that of Bert Hinkler, the Australian, who alone in a thirty- horsepower aero evrian made the thir- teen-thousand-mile flight from Croydon | Afrdrome to Australia in fifteen days, arriving on February 7. The time of Sir Ross and Sir Keith Smith, England BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is a brief sum- mary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended March 3: year's end. we shall be sa most striking development of the year was the achicvement by John L. Baird, the young Scotch inventor of Tran: atlantic televislon. Very erude tra Mnmlon to be sure, but herald of great | things: like Marconi's Transatlantic | transmission of the single letter | | the supreme ones Baird is a “Garret inventor. Opposition in India to the statutory mmission, headed by Sir John Simon, ‘ now in that country to study the work- | ing of the Dyarchy system seems to be | hardening. The Indian leglslative as- tembly has voted approval of the boy- cott of the commission. The Hindu Na- tlonalists are demanding complete inde- pendence no less. One walches witih keen interest development of the move- ment for boyeoit of British goods and | the “non-co-operative movement” in- volving refusal to pay taxes. “ oo Germany,~The German government waz not able to do all it could have wished for the entertainment of King Amanullah of Afghanistan, his Queen, and his suite of 25. but it did fairly well, considering. The monarch was brought to Berlin from the Bwiss horder on n sumptuous special train. The Al- breeht Palace, with its 55 rooms (rent- | ed for the purpose from its owner, one | of the Hohenzollerns) was placed at his | disporal and other sultable quarters were provided for the overflow of his retinue. A gala performance at the Opera House was glven in his honor, ! The third act of “Die Melstersinger | wins presented and the ballet “Puppen- | fee " The King showed a marked pref- ppenfee” He was plied food and drink to n fare-you- well. A mugnificent program was pre- | sented at the Tempelhof Flying Field Detachment of that marvelously efm- cient body, the Relchswehr, were put Ihrough thelr puces. His mujesty wis offered, §f you please, a stag hunt In the famous Pottsdam Wild Park, bt he did not aceept Uheing kept pretty intact, it seems what, for what?) k. German government I him wath magnN | Junkers plane. Th ot “Technology made lllnli | doctor of cogineering »e | From February 22 10 officinl ks Jasted Afterward His Majesty wis 1o spend severil days to wreater pront and, let us hope, aatls- fuction in visiting incognito the prin- [ cipnl Industrinl and engiieering plants of the ek, “Tis sald that the Queen and her uttendant ladies lterally stunned the German Falr with thewr Parlslon gowny “ [ e | Fou [0l [ ntgn . Austria and Baly, ‘The other day the Austrtan Parlinment discussed the 4 vanees of the German ity in the Houth Tyrol (stnce the Ialy's possesslon), and unani- mously declared sympathy with the lat e wn win oppressed folkThere s 1n Conbequences, ws one should expect, serl ous Lenston W the relations belween Haly and Austiie ‘Fhere 15 talk of hreaking off of diplomutic 1elations with The Italians deny th ne i Gouth Tyvol are wnywise persecited, Merelv they are (Ah, the old plant 15§ The Story of Civilization | St. Francis, deserted by his gay companions, devoted himself to the poor and sick. | {rival dicties, one good and the other |and rose rapidly in the church, be- ue between the generations, uniting | | robbing pear trees | pretentious sins. evi which expressed ftself in heterodo; found further outlet in a life of con- siderable frregularity. with He began with | the time in the sense dividing the world between them. |coming presbyler in 591, and. in 395, same_individuality of character, | Bishop of Hiopo Regius, in his native Numidia. His confessions reveal the mood of f mortality that “some lewd | broods over the book: “Man, that bears ung fellows” and passed on to more |about him his mortality * * * ‘a breath “Among my equals [that passes away and cometh not {I was ashamed to be less vicious, when | again’ "—here s the deepest root of | T heard them boast of their wickedness. | religion. ° * * I made m Out of it comes in Augustine yself worse than I was a profound piety and an utter aban- !that I might not be dispraised: and |donment of the world for God. which when in anything I had not sinned | literature will not again reveal until like the abandoned ones I would say® Thomas a Kempis writes his “Imitation that I had done what I had not donc, |of Christ." that I might not seem contemptible in | failing, “O Thou sweetness never Thou blissful and assured | proportion as I was innocent: or of |sweetness!® * ¢ Oh, our heart is rest- | | less account, the more chaste.” thanks God that man i; | sponsible for his - dream: in his confessions ho He | less until it not held re- repose in Thee." From this Augustine passes to an other- vorldliness almost unintelligible to a odern mind: “This world must by | against his flesh by fasting. and tried us not be enjoyed.” he says: the only ilo “bring my body into subjection” ) this is the characteristic note of the |templation of the Holy Trinity, as the stantine, with the good sense of a max |carly Christian. | the Middle Ages, | “Thou light of m apostrophizes the ad of my inmost soul, Tho heart,” he “Thou br power who givest vigor to my mind. | d | t who quickencth my thoughts. I love Thee not. 1 committed adultery agai y Diety, u Thee: and all around me, aiso sinning. echoed. ‘Well done! Well done!"—for “the friendship of this world is adultery against Thee,' and ‘Well done! Well done!” echoes on till one is ashamed not to be thus a man. And all this wept not, I who wept for Dido slain. PR For a while Augustine rhetoric at Carthage, then at 1 taught | Rome, !then at Milan: there he came under the and his admonitions finally converted sermons patient was subfect other citizens of the region. Their chil He was an African, | influence of -the powerful preacher and coming from Tagaste, in Numidia. His prelate Ambrose; and it was through mother was a very pious orthodox ! Ambrose’s Christian: but Augustine preferred the | mother’s who adopted | Augustine two | Catholicism. own that | created directly. to | development, in many stages, from some He returned to Africa primitive and divine origin, to the same requirements as !'dren must learn the Italian language ‘Nilliam | persecution, If it does | 1y is pleasant to note that lk> most of | | | i ! t | | | { | | discov | to the manifest shows the shipment to con- | not apply in the present c | sist_of agricultural machinery and to “The cars were and must attend the Italian stat . chools just like the other children: to allege, as the Austrians do. that this is say the Italians; nonsense. WoR . Haly.—Marshal Armando Diaz, com bally mander-in-chief of the Italian forces from immediately after the at 67. Taking supreme command, h: after Caporetto. and in the ensuln Austro- | | German victory of Caporetto in October, 1917, until the end of the war, is dead | {at once stemmed the Austrian onsct | g June began the counter-offensive which ended in the complcte defeat of the Austrians, who, on November 3, sued for an armistice and the next day signe a separate peace. He was born 1 Naples, of Spanish descent We are told that the recent d n Mardt Gras al Rome was a dismal fatlure, the famous old carnival spirit tirely lacking. being en- Again an Ialian pundit announces that he has discovered the key to the Etruscan language. Now for decipher ment of the upward of 8,000 known in- scriptions in that languags, mg tombstones * ¥ The Machine-gun Affair.—In my sun stly on m mary of February 4 I briefly noticed the developments up to that date in the fantastic controversy created by ship- ment of five car lgads of machine guns | cation from the Council Austrian offi- clals examined the shipment en route, | impossible blished 1t | g world. A double fraud, for the cffect to its rights of investigation do|the “vear of from Italy to Hungary ted the fraud and y be destined for Poland. allowed to proceed and were unlonde tremendous govern- in_Hungary. At once n hullaballoo, the Nitle entente ments Tequesting the League Counctl t investigate, and the Fascist pross wit d o h “ven more than its customary Insolence and fury declaring that would Italy allow Igation never, council investigation, but ITTING on the front porch of a country club, a so- phisticated young gentle man set forth his business hiography “When | was grad collage, | was full of ideals and faith in my fellow men. Now | am hard-boil They have got ‘show me' every step of the way." I told him the story of a cer: tain hard-hoiled banker who wears side whiskers and is the prominent citizen in a very small town. He was visiting the much younger president of a Detroit bank, “I have just heen going over my records for the past 20 year he hoasted. “How much do you think | have had to charge off as losses in all that time? Less than $2,000. | call that pretty wood banking. “And 1 call it pretty rotten hanking, if you want my epin tont" ed the younge man.. “It shows that you have had mighty little faith in your custamers or your tawn. It helps r town hasn't grown a bit those 20 years. It you had hesn willing 10 take a longer chance on peo nle, you would have had more s, but you would have made a hundred times more profit” s never, such an . 1t iy understood that Mus- solinl put pressure on London and Paris | Austria by Ttaly 1o use their good ofMees toward hushing | effect should up the business, toward heading off a | ferocions of Fascistsy BY BRUCE “ht oy permissible without sin is the con- best joy. in which will be the vision of God Paradise. ook ok In another famous book, “The City f God," Augustine expounds his phi- losophy. Its foundation i= faith, not reason. He does not say with Tertul- lian, eredo quin absurdum (I believe because it is absurd) but he writes credi- | mus ut cognoscamus (we believe in order that we may know!. Here again fs the | mark of th» middle ages. Yet he chows considerable flexiibility of mind in his interpretation of the Scriptures: he suggests an allcgorical understanding {of the story of creation: he even leaves the way open to cvolution with his doc- trine of rationes sominales. by which the creatures of this world were not but through natural whatever thelr wishes in the matter, London and Paris could not comply. Right here a League defect was viidly in evidence. The treaty of Trianon pledges Hungarian acquiescence in such an investization as that de- manded by the liitle entente. The League covenant authorizes such an investigation, but (here’s the weak point) no League machinery exists em- powered automatically to function hot foot on reasonably authenticated infor- mation of a deveiopment calling for League investigation. Such investiga- tion must wait upon specific authoriza- tion by the council in session. Mean- time (as in the present instance) the evidence may b dissipated. Well, the weeks rolled. Not surpris- ingly, the machine guns were not called | for. The Hungarian government or- dered that they be broken up and the fragments They were broken up given out, some, however the contrary that they are in the hands of the Hunga military and siher serap has been substituted for the <upposed fragments), and the auction was advertisd for February 24. Learn- ing of this adv T M. DBriand gives a hint to Tcheng Loh (Minister to Parfs of the Peking government and acting president of the Council over the ¢ Interval between sessions) telegraphs Count Bethlen. premicr Hungary, requesting postponement of | the auction pending a further communi- Bethlen re- declaring postponement to be further “remarking” that regulations for giving or so it w | plies “the League ', in other ords, Jurisdiction may not inftiate” prior to speeific authorization by the Council in_ session The auction took place as scheduled. | Charles Martin Hill of Niagara Falls. | Perhaps the buyer the count’s fragments have has complied with not been dealt with so [as to thelrevidential valy 1t 15 espectally destred to know whether | the guns were of Veroness manufacture or part of the war booty taken from (Proof to the Iatter barrass even the most 1t does not ap- obviously, { pear that the Itallan government has | Hard Boiled BARTON, J. P. Morgan left two sayings that are widely remembered. He said that he had often loaned money on no other collateral than the character of the bor rower, and that every man of sense must be a “bull” on the United States. This is the philosophy that has built America—a robust beliaf that most folks will make good and that over a period of yoars the country can't go wrong. When you are “hard-boil you “look out for Nu of faith, many other people help to look out for you. You belie in tham, and when they succ you profit by your investment in their enterprises, You heliove in your town, and as it grows the value of your home incre You believe in your coun Amazing progr tant rebuke to all makers and skeptics. © Inevitably youw encounter son disappointments and incur some But you have a h fun than the “hard- ' vl in proaportion to reem, you make more You vide on the car that being pushad forward by other men's oo o and faith, 10 carthly prelude to the one real | auctioned as scrap metal. | asserting to | that | BY WILL DURANT, Ph. D, Author of “The Story of Philosophy.” But the theologian comes out strong- ly in the great father's interpretation of history. There are two worlds, says Augustine: The world of Satan, and the world of God:; the world of the flesh and the world of faith. Only those are really happy who belong to the City of God, and participate in the mystic community of saints; the rest are miserable even in their delights. “For who shall be able, with whatever flow of eloquence, to expound the | miseries of this life? Not to speak of the last judgment, for then what will these petty joys be by the side of eter- nal hell? ~ Augustine has no pity in his |soul for his fellow sinners: he de- |the damned; he carefully refutes all arguments tending to indicate the ul- even the compassionate intercession of the saints will avail to save them: they shall burn forever. With such bitter- ness and hatred can great piety be al- lied. * ok ok Francis and the Saints. It is hard for us to understand this medieval world. We live on the earth today, and even bellevers scldom think of heaven or hell; but the charactristic spirits of the middle ages found less to live on in the world than in the spirit- ual realm, to which the Scriptures were their guide; many so lost themselves in this country of the soul that the earth itself began to scem unreal. From | Plotinus to Hugo of St. Victor we find a, succession of mystics absorbed in the task of salvation, seeing miracles as often _as we sce cvents, interpreting everything by marvelous allegorics Into additional evidences of the faith, and mortifying their fiesh into some sub- servience to their tortured spirits. Let us look for a moment at St. Je- rome, as he is represented by any of the great artists of the Renaissance. This man is not of the world; his a vision of eternity; his soul visibly longs to be free from the body of this death. He stretches his arms outward as if begging to be permitted to enter {the only world which is real for him. He does not feel his body. he does not care for {t; it may bz “boiling with lice,” las some saints were found to be when |they died; it seemed ridiculous to waste time in restoring the cleanline |of so persistently filthy and so tran: tory a prison. Perhaps in this asceti- sm a certain masochism lay; doubt- |less there was an erotic joy in self-in- flicted pain, made all the more delicious by the fact that it was borne for Jesus' sake. The church made no effort to bind soul and body into a wholesome | unity: it permitted them to fall into an junnatural division and hostility. and | thereby it doomed itself to difficulty | when wealth and luxury should grow again. * o ok So we find the deserts of Egypt and other lonely places of the Mediterrean world, peopled for a time with hermit | saints, denying themselves I denying themselves <peech, denying | themselves every physical or earthly | delight. Says St. Peter Damian: “Who- |ever would reach the summit of per- | fection should keep within the cloister of his seclusion, cherish spiritual leis- (Continued on Fifth Page) society, The Story the Week Has Told disavowed responsibility for the ship- ment or even expressed disapproval thereof. On the other hand. the Gior- nale d'Italia «reputed Mussolini's spe- cial organ) declares that the League is the tool of the “French Jugoslavian, Czechoslovakian militarism,” that the “principal powers” are behaving in a ferocious and cowardly manner in ob- Jecting to acquisition of arms by Hun- gary.” and perorates thus: “Needless to say that in this noisy comedy, all Italy —people, newspapers and government— will back Hungary. Not only du friendship, but also justice and honest; demand it." This scarcely is an adequate answer to the allegation that Hungary has violated the treaty of Trianon end im- pudently flouted the League and that Italy has acted traitorously toward her allles by way of attempting to arm Hungary. I do not mean to intimate a belief that Italy has so acted. but cer- tainly her behavior has made in- cumbent on the Council the most thorough consideration of the business Whether or no the all-important evi- (dence in the case longer exists is an intriguing question. ‘The world looks forward to the March mesting of the Council with intense ity. consid- ering that the League structure faces A stark test. . * China.—The Nanking government has a new minister of foreign affairs in succession to Dr. C. C. Wu, namely, | Gen. Huang-Fu. formerly of the Peking | Rovernment. China’s new year opened |the other day. The vear ended was he rabbit” The yes: car of the dragon.” In rabbit. China's foreign ]l by about 35 per cent ugh a gift of $2.000000 from begun is the * | the year of the | tra | T Y. one-time president of the Alumi- cquest and perhaps the | Mum Co. of America, the Harvard Yen- | qene ching Institute of Chinese Studies is cnabled to join with Yenching Univer- sity of Peking in what we are told promises (o be “the most comple and interpretation of Chines ever undertaken " ingly pleasant item vox United States. - A mighty logomachy mpends I Congress over flood relief legislation. With consummation of cer- tain sales, the Government has gone completely out of the Pacific shipping business. 3 Capt. George Wilkins, that fntreptd Australlan, is about o make further explotations o determine whether or no there is land - “the unexplored | reRton” between Point Barrow and the [ Pole. He proposes finally to fly from Lot Barrow over the Pole (o Spite- bergen fn three hops Mo left Senttly for Fatrbanks. Alaska, a few days ago From Fairbanks he flies over the m { s o Point Bartow TP O'Connor, patriareh o { Weatminster Paslament. iy u.~ufu’s '\':\v A delightful personality, no mean his- tortan. He v heartily welcome | Sabn Cart of Yale has established A onew world pole vault vecord of 14 feet 1 inch. beating the previous record | made by himsel of 14 feet There i [ searcely another athletic event thai re- | quires Such staunchness of nerve as the pole vault I oo Notes. Novway's flest labor govern- ment did not 1ast long. To be prectse SIE Was thrown out wWithin two weeks It has been suceceded by a vadical gov- nment The profect of a Transsahavan vail WAy I3 belng Vigorously vevived by the Freneh. The trial has begun of Gen. Pangalos. only two years ago Prestdent and die- tator of Greece. He 1s charged with high treason and abuse of power Latvia now has a Conservative gov- erment, succeeding a Sockalist Pojilist one. Mustapha Kemal | and 13 veported o contemplate sellivng PArk at least of (he collection of jewels made by the House of Othinan, w col- teetion of almost tnevedible splendor rfml\ of pertect skin and fnest Ovient o rival La Pellegvina. emeralds the Istee 0f hen egps. vubles big as ohest Luts thiones enciusted Wit pregions Patones. Korans bound i gold - all that ot ¢hing tervibly hard up, scribes at length the abandonment of | timate release of souls from hell; not | frightened eyes seem always filled with , WORK OF EX-PRESIDENTS FOUND IN MANY FIELDS Example for Coolidge Has Been Set in Law, Authorship, Education and Further Public Service. BY WILLIAM A. MILLEN. XACTLY one year from today, March 4, 1029, President Calvin | Coolidge, thirtieth President of the United States, will relin- quish the chief cxecutiveship of the Nation—unless the Republicans at | Kansas City in June renominate him and the American people at the polls | on Tuesday, November 6, put their | |stamp of approval on such choice. Should he be guided by the precedents | ! set by his predecessors in office, he can turn his hand to the law, authorship, | v “ 1 15, 1865, as & ducation. further public service or re- | April 15, 1865, :g;x;am the rural life, as the first Presi- | ,'t"f [213,’nim.;snmlzf L | “Andrew Johnson, who was nearly An ‘amouncement some time ago sald | Andrew Johnson who was rearly | that the President desires to do some b dett she White | “whittling,” when he retires from of- | House with the expiration of his ter: e what this will be remains on March 4. 1369, By an ironical turg to be defined. It is likely that for a|of Fate he was glewzf: !nfi‘dtmm"v?j time at least he will return to his body that would have el M | native Plymouth. Vt., to rest after the| of the presidential office with o8¢ fort cares of high estate. Ashe ls & WEXEE: | Tonpessee and was defeated as a can- e i el | didate for the Senate before the Legis | Executive may name him 10 & 08¢ 101 re in 1870. He was defeated as an jon the upreme Gt 0&)}3‘;;“‘;’;‘:' independent candidate for the Fortye o As _Presiden ess St Deviag heon & Sl 51:;31 exhibited a keen Interest in his | third Congrese O e e i {alma mater, Amherst. it is possible | SUof DCIOre WS CI A 10 the Senats the future scope of his activity may| g cerved from March 4, 1875. until find expression in some manner within {5 0 500875 At the home the halls of that venerable institution | fy® SCa%0. i BT, T80 B MG ation, of learning. As he has already stepp=d | carter County, Tenn., at the age of into the realm of authorship, Mr. Cool- | gg'venrc™ idge may turn his talents to WHtNg ° Ulyeses Simpson when he leaves the White House. | sodier. laid down the task of the presi- Ex-Presidents’ Careers. | dency on March 4. 1877, tv::gxu{_n;fi;; . 2 v t son he A proposal has gone the rounds that | 279, YOUREest 0B Be maer B t0 e was former Presidents of the United States | potca’for a third term in 1880, but be given seats in the United States | ponilar sentiment against this course e ol proce 'n” bencheary of this | Diowed 100, ORI N e prest plan in the body over which he Te- ! gent of the Mexican Southern Railwa’ {cently ruled as presiding officer is in | and a special partner in L, o of | the lap of the gods. | Grant & Ward. bu firm c.lml:clngh back oter the carsers of | failed. e tormer seneral suflering an the men who have been at the head o te financial loss. ngress | this "Nation. it is Interesting to mote | estored him to the rank of general. ' that in the period 1861-2 the United | giving him full pay on the retired list I States_had its greatest number of for- | To recoup his fortunes he began mer Presidents living. These were | write his memoirs. but a cancerous | Van Burcn, Tyler. Fillmore. Plerce and | growth in the throat placed a painful | Buchanan. Going to the other extreme. | handicap upon him and he died Jul from 1875 to 1877 the United States 93 138> at the age of 63 years, at | was without a living ex-President. Dut ing these latter vears there have al Mount McGregor, N. Y. | ways been one or two former occupants Hayes Became Educator. | of the White House alive. The senior Birahard Hayaswho Adams takes the laurels for longevity =, Rutherford aish in the Civil Wan | aiter leaving the presidency. for had been & generel B aential ofice ap * rounded out a quarter of a century be- | St€PPEd OUE ST TIF PUR e Fride his in- fore embarking on the great adventure, | March & 1830 (0 PN G n sntrated. GeorgeWashington retired to_the leTest In eCueqton oL bl raining auict of hi"db";‘é"'d l;\‘loug\’:;non after 14 did much to ameliorate lb; lot of he currendered the esidency on ‘i Ui s death on January | March 4. 1797, but lived only a couple SOBVCtS Untl tus CCO1C T, ‘over o tof vears to enjoy his well earned rest. -d’ficllinfi and philanthropy. At the [ True, he was recalled to Philadelphia | *3ucation anft PR2f0" in 1798, when war seemed about to : othey ld, yet an hreak with France, the old ally of the | % n"“‘gs“"g;;'r‘nfi‘:‘hfl‘n e v | United States, and spent some time re- | CI¥ 5 s honot by his fel- | organizing the Army. which he had led | the Nation s SURreRe FrorF e wounds |50 well in the strenuous years of the | 0%, TORT TR (acsin, who shot bim | Nation's birth. A cold contracted while inflicted b¥ a8 SSRS8 T MO washing- | riding about his broad acres caused his | 8 the TIATIENENA D 1881, He L e expired from the effects of the assaun cember 14, 1799, He was 67 vears old. | & 15 September 19, | ““John Adams. & signer of the Declara- | 3¢ Elberon. N. d. SeRIemitt b oS | tion of Independence and veteran of the | 3 | Continental Congress. retired from the Years. thur left the Whits Presidency on March 4, 1801, He died |y CRESter fi;,’.;‘h‘:r{:'s., and retired to July 4. 1825, at his native Quincy. , where death overtook him ou ;ms.n at the ripe old age of 90 _vubres. 4 e more (flnn | having lived to sce his eldest son be- eft the chief ex- come the sisth President of the United :flf{,’!‘.(g;".“‘"fl:“.i, of 36 vears. - States. During the last 26 vears of his "o/ ‘o Cleveland stepped down from life he lived upon the product of two or ;g office as leader of the N three farms which he possessed. one of s (8" BORG S %0 srarch 4. 189 fihich was that of his father and grand- | ge had first served from March 4, 1885, ather. ¢ wrote advice on the up- 0, t during the inters [ bullding of the new Nation during his e ars this Tous Amee oy | Iatter years. = Iy i history who Thomas JefTerson _surrendered the ShO s the only one in all WSO iR | Presidency March 4. 1899, and. curious- pac 8% 00 2 FUTH 4 jote it retired te {1y enough, died on the same day as his ' N & york to engage in the practice of | predecessor in office. both of them pass- low He was called away from his {ing away on the birthday of CAIVn | pricts. nowever, by re-clection to the oolidge. July 4. Hs retired to private | cdency 2. Accordingly 1ifs at his' residence, Monticello, In Vir. | DrCidency I 180 A e !ginia. In 1819 he took a leading part \.o\ling” Aparch 4, 1893. When m the founding of the University of ( tud term had been completed. Cley Virginia at Charlottesville, and was rec- | Ja0 settied down in Princeton. N. tor of that institution until his death Ay princeton University he delivered an | "™ dames Ntadison ott the GRet Exac. | SUNUAL courss of lectures on publi ate | tiveship on March 4, 1817, and died | Lo o0 ETol e I contact w | June 1836, the age of 83 guring his incumbencies in the Wi He retired to his estate at Montpeler. poues He died June 24. 1908, at Orange County, Va. to enjoy private aou nf 71 years fife. He was a delegats to the Virgin Beniamin Harrisor Sx?s:xcx;::mn.\l Convy farewell to 1600 Pen: el ol 8 on March 4 1893 Th o President Jam fonroe laid down the duties of the Presideney on and died July 4. 1831 At the age of vears. He retired to his ¢ t | Loudoun_County, Vi, and in t !ginia Constit al Conventio: in which Madison lik>wise s {he was chosen president of that groun. | He moved to New York City in 1831 land died there Elected to Congress. | John Quincy Adams left the Wi | House March 4. 1823, a coincidence in {that a man from Massachusetts will tep out of the Presidency in 1920 N t renominated atned his Mh quit th Pre ost of his predecissors A . achu e elected him to t 8 atives es a Whig o ccond and the elght succeed ving from March 4 1831 death at the Capttol on Feb- 1848, of & paralytic stroke at the age of 80 years. Andrew Jackson closed yet ano [ ehapter tn his colorful cavee |left the Presidency on Mare! | Then he retired to The Hermitaze {home near Nashuille, Tenn. and_ died there June 8. 1843, of tuberculests, at - s age of 18 years sl Martin Van Buren bade farewel to ¥ rewanded ¢ | the White House offictally on March 4 | U8 ahead o 1841 Defeated for re-clection as the Candidate 1 Democrattc candidate in 1840, eight | 10 ald Amerie years later he was the anti-slavery | fefected. but ¥ candidate for President He died With the pen Ihis native Kinderhook. N Y. July Bay 11 during the Chvil War, aged € Age ¢ Teass t Howant | Wiltam Hemry Harvison died at the [ White Howse of pneumonta on Aptil 4 IBIL Just A month after he entered 16 John TYlr surrendered (he reims of office on Mareh 4, 1843 He was gate o the peace convention i 1861, Which triad 0 avert the Cinil War, and | served as s prestdent. He had lived Quietly o NS estate up to that time. | With the approach of the conftiet he plunged mio polities again and afte: the proposals of the peace convention had fatled, he threw s Tt with his nathve Vigimia and voted for secession He was elected 1o the Confederate Con wress, bt died before 1t assembled 1 Richimond Ve expliing January 18 1862, W the Old Dominion capiial, at he age of 71 veats James Knoxw Polk ved but a short while after he was freed o (he duties of the prestdoncy on Mateh 14D Death came to him on June 13 | 1840, W Nashville, Tenn, at the age of | a3 3 years, Died tn White House. D Zachary Tavior wartlor of many ]lt.\u\ fOUBNE campalgns, met death (n the White Howe on July 9, 1830 W | had entered the presidency on Mateh 4 18D at the age of 6y Milard Fillimore taid down the ey [ ous duties of the presidential afiee Marche 4 1833, atter having been e feated for tenomimation. as the Whes [ vandidate by Gens Winfleld Seatt W vesined NS Taw practice we Buftalo ENCY L and was chasen as the National Amerivan eandidate “ the prestdency |in 1856. He was president of the Buffalo Historical Society, and durirg the Civil War he commanded a corp: of home_guards. He died March 8, 1874, at Buffalo at the age of 74 years. Franklin Pierce turned over the affairs of state to his suct r in the presi- dency on March 4, 1 He spent the latter years of his life in traveling ex- tensively in Eurcpe and died October 8. 1869, at Concord, N. H.. at the age of 64 years. James Buchanan left the White House on March 4, 1861, and died June 1, 1863, at the age of 77 vears. He had retired to his home in Wheatland, neas Lancaster, Pa Abraham Lincoln was assascinated well known, at* , one of the sex- Grant, intrepid ew Yo! November 18, 1886. a litt e 3 Leland Sto tutional law Venezuela Boundary Ardi represented the Unit>d St as & member of the Pe and became one 5 Board of Arbitration. In 1897 he had written “This Country of Ours™ He died March 13, at Indenapol’s Ind. at the s Roosevelt Stayed in Limeligni. 'l | for poldes af He ¢ Governor of Mas: the Bay St that vear. at Theodore o on March 4 T ph £ b Roos e 190 L red ov T Disagree lost ther rihel o be chosen m andard-bearer forme regular Repu L0 ralse A divisoyg N the World War was Was Active I fs cause He died of heatt trou % a1 January t { 81 ¥ 1 Tarnt I now the ondy former Py He ta law at Yale vear Harding e of the 8 now holds Woodrow et of 2340 8 | He enterad a law pare Wid rtend W st ship wieh e nbridge QWY and maine fated an ofiee hete. Fom time iy flme he was viated by has Politicgl friends. but e did not tve kg to en J¥ the ranauitiity atter the stormy SALS, FOF death swmoned him ot Fedw TUATY § 19, At the axe of 87 veats o Warien Gamaliel Handing was | SINEh Bresident of the Uniited States 18 e moofoe Mo evred | August W While return g askA. At the age of 3§ 1923t San Francis | fom &ty o A yeats Grand Juey Working Overtine. » . M pleasant contiase to v slowing down wmosome Ancement that tha Ghica : Bleage grand UEY 1A G0 BOlE ERE Saastons o sup W the demand fu indiciments g N