Evening Star Newspaper, January 22, 1928, Page 31

k¢ SCIENTISTS TO FURTHER WEATHER FORECASTING U. S. and Smithsonian Forces Unite THE SUNDAY STAR. WASHINGTON, D. (. JANUARY 22. 1998—PART 2. s GUERRERO MAY URGE DIPLOMATIC CHANGES Salvadorean Delegate’s Report to League BY WILL DURANT, Ph. D,, Author of “The Story of Philosophy.” The Story of Civilization nstallment o w0 of |not as from a home; for Nature has | L/ -Under Dr. Abbot in Move to Improve Long-Range Predictions. BY REX COLLIER. CIENTIFIC long-range weather forecasting, long the hope and despair, alternately, of Govern- ment meteorologi is being brought further within the bounds ©f possibility as a result of a deeper ‘concentration on th> problem by Gov- emment and Smithsonian scientists. With the recent election of Dr. Charles G. Abbot as secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. the long-range | forecast horizon loomed perceptibly brighter. Recognized as the world's leading au- thority on solar radiation. Dr. Abbot | has devoted his recent vears to a study of the effect of solar radiation on the globe's weather. As head of the Smith- sonian's astrophysical bureau, he has | sent into far-flung and remote corners | of the world expeditions for the observ- | ance of the sun's behavior, with a view | to solving such mysteries as sun spots, | solar radiation variations and other | henomena which he believes bring heir influences to bear on atmospheric | conditions the world over. | Weather to Be Studied. Now that he is the executive head of | e great institution for learning. | founded by the Englishman Smithson | for the “gathering and diffusion of knowledge.” Dr. Abbot. it is understood, will concentrate much of the efforts of his scientific staff on the baffing ‘weather problem He has learned enough from his own researches to satisfy himself that long- Tange predictions as to future changes in the weather are not bevond hope of | realization. He has found remarr evidences of correlation between so- called weather cycles and S -spot cycles. He believes it not unreason- able 1o theorize as to the possible effect | ©of variations in solar radiation on the | stratum of atmosphere over the earth. Contrary to the general impression that seems to have gotten out, the' United States Weather Bureau is deep- Iy interested in the whole subject of -range forecasting on a scientific | | Bureau Sees Long Forecasts. | The contrary impression has gained | “ground because of the bureau's !n-% Quent denunciation of what it terms as | ‘long-range weather guessing” by self- | constituted “experts.” Many of these ‘experts, with little or no scientific ground for their forecasts, sell their] services to farmers. industrial publi- | cations, .lmanacs and other individ- | uals or organizations interested in weather or crop_prospects. | The Weather Bureau. as a matter of fact, has well defined hopes that some | on the question of long-range forecast- | ing. This official quietly has been en- in this important work for sev- eral years, it was stated. | He is reviowing past and current lit- erature on the subject. and is prosecut- | ing special studies in the broad field o! long-range forecasting possibilities. New Developments Probed. In addition, Prof. Marvin himsel ! and other members of the Weather | !VEI’!i “mere guesses” all long-range (oteumi. lnmym::«lm,l:lyt such “prophets.” | , “there | one or | long-range weather forecasters | have not been seeking to interest the | % pose of mate of the most interesting of these distant | observatories has been public in their sensational claims. { These have flourished for a time, only to | pass into obscurity. Neither the claims | nor the theories have been able to sur- vive th» incxorable test of time. imilarly. from time to time since | the establishment of the Weather Bu- {1eau in 1871, some such forecasters have | tried to advertise themselves and their views by violent abuse of the Federai | officials for not indorsing their claims. The same thing has happened in Eng- land. France, Germany, Italy and else- where. Instances of such forecaste: | operating independently of and in con- flict with the collective experience and knowledge of the professional meteo- rologists are old stories. Scientific Inquiry Helpful. | “In contrast to these, another class of students apply their time and effor along sound and accepted scientific lines to solve the problem of long-range forecasting by honest and intelligent ef- fort. Professional meteorologists feel no hostility toward these earnest stu- dents. As a matter of fact, leaders in this class are to be found both within | and without the great national services, and cordial friendship and co-operation prevail between such private and pro- fessional workers." While the Weather Bureau does not believe that long-range forecasting is practicable now, its monthly weather bulletin carries notable and originai contributions of a progressive character. dealing with sun spots, solar radiation, solar and terrestial correlations, the laws of sequence of weather condi- tions. the dependence of present weath- er in one part of the globe upon ante- cedent conditions elsewhere, etc. These topics, it is declared. embrace all the known possibilities upon which long-range forecasting rationally can be based. The meteorological library of the Weather Bureau is unique in the wide scope of its publications. covering | the field of meteorology and all related | sciences. The announcement of Dr. Abbot that the Smithsonian Institution has decided i {on a broad policy for expanding the ex- tent of its scientific researches, with the hoped-for financial assistance of philan- | thropic Americans, is said to be indica- tive of his determination to extend and | accelerate the solar studies already be- | gun under his supervision. Early Studies Aid Work. peditions to far-away mountain tops and other natural observatories was | accomplished without much publicity, | | due, it is thought, to the desire to avoid | public controversies over the long-dis- puted problem of long-range forecasts, the findings of these preliminary expe- ditions are known to have encouraged Dr. Abbot and his associates and to have spurred them to greater undertak- in this connection. | Trundling their priceless instruments and solar radiation measuring devices by ox cart or other crude means of transportation to lofty mountain peaks in darkest Africa, in South America and in other continents, these sclf- cffacing scientists now are engaged in measuring the sun’s heat, photograph- ing sun spots and noting other solar s’r‘:lz“o,-:meu in the hope of some day Use Delicate Instruments. The delicate instruments they carry are, in the main. inventions of Dr. Abbot. He devised them for the pur- pproaching closer to the uiti- —long-1 forecasting. One established on a high mountain in the land of the Hot- It occupies a natural cave. has been transformed into a And the greatest of these, from the standpoint of its importance to man- kind, quite possibly may be the discov- ery of a reliable system for foretelling | weeks or months in advance just what | treatment the elements will accord the | farmer. the manufacturer and the gen- eral public. | South’s Return to Leadership in Trade | Is Predictetl As Export Gains Are Noted — (Continued from Pirst Page) | 1926 than the combined shipments of &l Pacific Coast ports—8§534,000,000 as compared with $519,000.000. New Or- Jeans was almost on the same level, | with $414.000,000. Raw materials, es- | pecisily cotton and ofl, naturally sup- | plied the bulk of the tonnage, but there | ®iso was a rapidly mounting rtion of steel, Jumber, finished u‘m tex- tiles, cement, machinery and numerous | other whole or partly fabricated lines, It must be borne in mind that heavy | raw material movements have a signifi- cant function i . sendering avallable the shipping and the sea lanes. which can then be most advantageously exploited by svailable manufactured exports. For the further expansion of this trade the Bouth has the substantial ad- | vantage of easy accessibility to the great markets in which the bulk of the | demand for fabricated lines originates | —nameiy. Latin America and the Far Bast. The mgrkcts immediately to the south of us around the Gulf of Mexico | and the Caribbean absorbed about $225000.000 worth of American gwd.t! each year during 1910-1914 | Trade in Caribbean. This yepresnied approximately 9 per eent of our Wial exports. Today, how- ever, they “uve nearly tgbled their purchases from us, the total being $602.000000 in 1926, or nearly 13 per cent of our Utal sales sbrosd. Even with substential deductions for price growth in demand from & market which is right at the doorsep of the new L2 The significant our new Boul thing, however, for industries i the fact it this C an and Guif trade is evidentiy Just in its infancy. Accord- ng v the wbove figures. our per capita pules there are abou!l 314 as compared with sbout $60 in Porto Rico. 1t 18 perbaps expecting Wwo much W antici- w w comparshle adjustment in pur- ehasing power throughoul the nelgh- boring tslends and wdjoining mainlsnd but there s certainly room for & dou- biisg of our trade in thosw reghons us Lhedr resources are extensively exploited wnd corresponding shmulus i given w Voges and genersl standards of living Witkin & very few yewrs the South Shou.4 have dmmedielely accessible ne- Yond Mts southern horizon s market whose aunusl purchuses should tolal st denst £1.000,000000 of American mer- L T 25 well w0 ear I pind that many of the industries in northern Latin Awerics are closely comperable U Uiose which have been devoloped in the new Bouth- sugar refioing, ol well opers- tione, sublropical fruit and lumber un- dertekinge, el Much of e equip- Went wnd expert personnel for these yew developments should logicully originete 1 e Bouth, e s Indeed @lreudy 1he case 10 WY MSUNCES Jucsdentally, 3t might be noted that Qs growing eapansion of Bouthwsrd exports by 1o means wvolves & We snd ool truggie Witk European competi- e The tes) detriment of the poten- Qalitier for our rede there s the rengliwning of per capita buying pow- :v k»“l)." rerult 51 smproved standsrds o Uvlig, nwde dlable poiliel cundl { increases this represents an impressive | tions and new exploitations of raw ma- | terials. All of these factors will create | openings for European as well as Amer- ican merchandise. If the experience of the Southern factories in recent years is any criterion, we may expect a good portion of this new trade to fall into their hands. The west coast of SBouth America has been made immediately accessible to| Bouthern ports by the opening of the Panama Canal, which lies almost di- | rectly south of the tip of Florida. I we include the markets of the whole | western seaboard of Latin America, from Lower California o Cape Horn, we discover that whereas the United | States :uf’nlhd about 32 per cent of | their total imports in the pre-war days, | our proportion at present is about 50 ! per cent and is steadily increasing. Here again the South is. contributing sub- stantially, and much of the stimulation of port improvement along the South Atlantic scaboard and the Gulf s in anticipation of a further increase in this traffic. On Eve of Expansion. The same general situation holds true {in the Par East, where war-time fsola- | ! ton brought Into great activity a whols category of new industries—textile mills, iron works, plantations, ofl wells, etc— many of which draw heavily upon the Bouth for supplies, either of raw ma- terials, fabricated equipment or of wares for the newly stimulated demands of wage earners, There s every evidence that the | Bouth 18 on the eve of u vast expansion of her forelgn trade, not so much along I the old lines of passive raw material distribution, but rather by the intro- {duction of a healthy diversification | through increased sules of fabricated {wares. In the readiness and alert re | sourcefulness of her industrial leaders {in_meeting new problems, 4 the muiti- tude of her supplles of necessary raw material, in the sbundance of her water Ipower wnd fuel, In the up-to-date i equipment of her many ports and in | her proximity w nearby markets and 1o well traveled sea lanes leading Lo others | of vast potentislity. she enjoys a com- bination of wdvantsges that are unique | and of compelling power | . New York Smoke Cuts Sunlight 42 Per Cent| great smoke screen rocent of the morning 'mmlflll on Winter days, At noon the o 18 per cent. Flgures tor this Indictment of the smoke nulsance in |large cities have been ecompiled by lexperts of the Unitea Btates Public Mealth Bervice. Loss of efclency | from decreased Hghting s Lot the anly | result of excessive smoke o manu Hfncturing centers, they contend Ultra- | violet rays, necessary for good health, also wre Jost | Phe importance of gelting rd L amoke 15 emphusised for the preser vation of eyesight and health gen erully. s well a8 prevention of arel dents. On foggy days the Josa of light runs even higher lh~ the figures gioted, It was rlated, Manhattan's cuts out 42 | center of the floor. While the dispatch of the early ex- | of | LIFE AND ART IIT;NCIEN'I‘ ROME. | HIS is a strect In ancient Rome. | How bright and warm 1t is!— | | Here is a sunny land, where | life can be lived in the open | i air, and a simple toga is dress enough, and the business of an empire can be carried on under the sky. The ! street is narrow, but it is well paved, | better far than the streets of London |or Paris will be until the nineteenth century. Over the Tiber strong bridges | rise, carrying these strects by spacious ;hlgh“n_\'! down to_Sicil and across the Apennines to Brindisi, and north over the Alps to the Danube and the Seine. This is the center of the world; all roads lead to Rome. Houses stand in close array along the | street, but they hardly hold the eye.| hese people are careless of beauty, and enamored of utility. But let us enter| this simple gateway, and see how the Roman lives. Shut in from the mad- | | ding crowd and the naises of the street is a_charming court, partly roofed to! ward off the sun, but for the most part open to the sky. In the center is a pool. perhaps large enough for bathing | and swimming, and fed with fresh| water from the now highly developed water system of Rome. Roundabout are marble seats and tables and stately colonnades, flower beds and splashing fountains and statues sparkling in the | sun. The rooms of the house face upon | this court, and are lighted solely throngh the doors that open out upon it: there are few windows or none at! all: for in this hot climate it is shade that one needs almost as much as light Sometimes an opening is left in the ceiling of the room, giving illumination without heat: if it should rain. the water will fall into a pool dug in the When the brief Winter comes. hot air will be sent| through tile pipes running along the wall Here and there are lovely tapes- tries. marvelous mosaics, paintings and statuary, mostly stolen from the Greeks. It is no longer the Rome of the stern.| censorfous Cato; it is the Rome of the | Emperors. e But where are the children? They are plaving in the court: or perhaps | they have gone for a walk with their| teacher, who gives them much of their | education as they roam the fields; | educare meant to lead out for a walk. | ‘The mother is within at work; but she is no longer occupied with ?mlh"rh()nd‘ and the household choresas in the | simpler days: slayes abound to help her. and often she is free to deck her- self with jewelry and costly garments, and to ride in her carriage to some public festival or private feast. Cato may pass laws against these luxuries. | but laws cannot stop luxury when gold flows in from every corner of the world. Delicacies adorn the tables. and men and women, reclining comfortably as they eat. consume as much as they can, and then, if they are graduate Epicureans, go out to the vomitorfum | {and free themselves for more. Petron- | ius, professional voluptuary, arbiter ele- | gantiarum, formulates the latest fash. fons in vice. and gives learned instru.- tion in recondite sins. The old Stoicism | of Cornelia, glad to have many sons and to toil for them. is gone; abortion | is now a developed art, and the repopu- lation of the empire is left to German | immigrants and captive slaves. | ‘The men like this, and like it not they remind themselves occasionally of the patria potestas. the supreme | power, even of life and death, of the Roman _father over his wife and chil- dren. But as luxury grows, the power of women increases: it is they who deck themselves with new clothes and bril. liant gems, making themselves imperi. warlike husbands to their feet. this Augustan age, an age of peace and in time of peace the man Ioafl'hlw ferocity. and woman flourishes. ‘The male takes refuge in the market | place. the Forum. the law courts and | the theater. Perhaps he is a merchant: | | he goes down to the port and loses nimself in the details of trade. Per. haps he is a tax gatherer. or “publi- | can.” to whom the state has sold for| a large sum the right to collect lhe‘ taxes which it has apportioned among BY HENRY W. BUNN. | HE following is a brief summary | of the most important news of the world for the seven | days ended January 21: | *xx % T Germany.—The Reichstag reconvened | on Thursday, January 19, and a stormy | session is threatened. The right and left. sections of the Centrist party are | at loggerheads. The Centrists of the| left are displessed with a recent fun- | ambulatory feat of Dr. Marx, chancellor | of the Reich and Centrist chief. Hav-| ing the coming elections in view, he de- | clared that the Centrists are neither | Monarchist nor Republican, but “Con- stitutionalist.” The leader of the left Centrists now informs the world that as regards the left Centrists at any rate Dr. Marx said the thing that is| not—they are out-and-out Republicans By 5o trimming the doctor conciliated the support of the Bavarian Populists, | but imperiled his position with his own rty. | It is quite possible that there will be | a how-d'-ye-do in the coming session | over the budget bill. And the govern ment may come a cropper on_the school bill, which contemplates clerical con- trol of education. The People’s party leader had promised support of that measure of resctionary bouquet, but, consulting their constituencies during | the adjournment, they discovered a good denl of hostility toward it. Bhould their support be withdrawn from it, it would fall, and the government might | collapse In consequence. Gen, Willlam Groener has been ap- pointed defense minister in_ succession |10 Dr. Oto Gessler, who resigned. T appomtment wis made on the urger of President Hindenburg, Gen, Groener wicceeded Gen. Ludendorfl as quarter- master general when, Just before the armistice, Ludendorf fied to Sweden, He was, i 1 recall corvectly, Hinden- burg’s right-hand man i saving the | situation, in effecting disbandment of | | the German armies without disastrous | complications His appontment i pleasing to the Left (W which Gessler was anathema), which regards him as a true man of the Hindenburg kidney | Gen. Groener has served in four pre- vious cabinets of the republic Ax min tater of transportation in 1020 he did britliant work toward restoration of the | ruilvay system | . . | Russta, Apparently (It is, not quite certain) Trotsky has been banished o | Vyerny in Bemiretchensk, not far trom Chinese Binkiang, Other prominent members of the opposition (whout 80 in all) have been banished o remote spots within the Union of Boclalist Boviet fe- publies, but Trotsky's place of exile is ihe dreariest of all. Kamenev and Zino- viev, having smacked thelr lips with cvery sign of genning contrl humble pie, get off easy; the fi Ing W Penza and the latter o Tamboy, both tn European Russia Rakoveky, lately Ambassador to Pars gorn o Astrakbian on-the Casplan Sea & big town with opportunities for di version, but unhealthiul, and 1t 1s proh able thiat the government would not w [krlevea (o learn that this windbag had | found the climate (rying 0 e e Nedd. Our fundamentalists will he well advised Lo sludy the listory and CICERO DELIVERING AN ORATION, the people. Perhaps he is one of those thriving bankers whose offices flank the Forum, and who sell shares in joint-stock enterprises, lend money at high rates of interest companies to do contract work for the government. Or, perhaps, he has a factory making manufactured articles with a force of slaves, turning their vlood into gold. * ok X ¥ For everywhere now there are slaves. | They do all the physical work, and much of the clerical work, too; they till the fields and labor in factories, they polish shoes and teach the young: | they carry burdens, take stenographic dictation and lecture on philosophy. | They are very reasonably priced: in some places they can be bought for 75 cents a head. There are so many of them that the philosopher Seneca warns against requiring them to wear a distinctive dress: they would become aware of their overwhelming prepon- derance, and might take it into their heads to establish a proletarian dic- tatorship. Some palaces, we learn, have as many as 400 slaves: and rich men. dying, have been known to be- queath 1,000 men along with other cat- | tle. “The sensuality, ministers of pomp and says Gibbon, “were multi- plied beyond the conception of mod- s eighteenth century) luxury. | W e, * * Almost every profession, whether laborer or mechanical. may be found in the household of an opulent sen- . ator.” “All the arrant sins that cap- ital has been guilty of against nature and civilization in the modern world.” says Mommsen, “remain as far inferior to the abominations of the ancient capitalistic states as the free man, be he ever so poor, remains superior to the slave: and not until the dragon s2ed of North America ripens, will the world reap similar fruit.” It is a slight exaggeration, both for the Romans and ourselves. By the time of the emperors the more flagrant cruelties and abuses of the slave sys- tem had been brought to an end by legislation and a growing sensitivity to Stoic (and, later, Christian) ethics; and there was nothing much to choose between a Roman slave in the days of Augustus and a “free” British navvy, or an Italian factory hand, in the year of our Lord, 1928. But as to ourselves the doubt gnaws at our hearts: is ouslvy beautiful, and bringing the Iunz-\A‘mn:‘;lu merely a modern Rome, des- t is, | U | all other states at once, and yet coarse to be rich and powerful above and crude and half savage to the end —producing comforts and luxuries which even Nero never dreamed of, hrl;ll | the no more able than he, or all Romans, to bring forth new goodness, new beauty, and new truth? It is not probable; our people hunger for knowl- edge. and are already discontented with | idle wealth. But let us understand that it is & possibility hanging over our heads. Greatness is never inevitable, system of the Wahhabis, those starkest of the fundamentalists of Islam. Ibn ‘Snud. present head of the Wahhabite dynasty, Sultan.of Nejd, is without doubt one of the most notable person- alities now in the world; indeed, there are some who regard him as measur- ing up with the greatest of the com- panions and early successors of the rmpm‘z. Ibn Saud is always tighten- ing up. Compared with his puritanism, the strictest Western sort is Babylonish. Of course, smoking, drinking of alco- hollc beverages, use of perfume, wear- ing of gold or stiver ornaments or of silk garments and mixed gatherings of the sexes have always been forbidden, but Ibn Saud keeps adding to the Verboten.” Shaving is now declared a or - which both shaver and shaved “get it" hard. Why not? Did nature ever intend such depllation? R China.—Report reaches us by way of Shanghai that Feng Yu Hslang has vig- orously resumed his drive toward Pe- king and that “heavy fighting” ts in process, with results generally favor- able to Feng. Meantime, Chang Kal hek 1s reorganizing the forces of the anking government with a view to participation as soon as practicable in the drive. He fssues a manifesto an- nouncing the policles he carry out, should they be Indorsed by the fourth plenary sessfon of the Kuo- mintang. These policles include cap- ture of Peklog and extension of the | authority of the Nanking government #o | as to cover all the 21 provinces and “abrogation of all unequal treaties, whenever possible, by peaceful negotin- ton, but in an uncompromising spirit.” ‘That 1s, where a treaty power does not agree to abrogation, Chine should oullify. This language fs probably dem- agogic and to be taken with salt by the “treaty powers Meantime, the fourth sesston of the Kuomintang does not take place. My understanding 15 that for some time there lias been n quorum of delegaten - Bhanghat, talking themselves blue I the face in private confabs, but that they propose o reach substantial basis of “agreement prior to formal session, no doubt wiaely, LR Bolivia. One of the experiments in- colonzation and de- velopment now taking place i the world 15 i progress in Bolivia, Some WO yeurs ago a4 Biitish company, the Bolivin Concesslons, 1Ad, secured from Bolvie, ol mineral, Umber and agri- cultural concesslons covering 50,000,000 acres i the eastern part of the republic The ehlef of the United Blates Geologl- cul Burvey (s reported as estimating the Bolivian petroleum deposits to be the greatest In the world, Holivia ranks i among the countries of the world i tin output. It s expected to cultivate I the concesslonal tract cof- fee, cocon, cotlon, sugar, quinine, rice, tobacco wnd rubber Already, under the direction of Col. Bherwood Kelly, A distinguished Britsh soldicr, w begin g has been made of rallway and rosd construeton, and w port (Bolivia s no seport) called Port Galbn han oat Interesting | been bullton the 1iver Paraguay, 600 miles fram the Atlantie. (The Paras wuny, flowing southward from Port Gatba at Asunclon, In Paragusy, foins the mayo to Aovin the mighty viver Parana, which rolls south thiough and _organize | proposes o 1 and it is forced on no man; every inch | of it has to be won. T Cicero. And now we are in the law courts and Cicero s speaking. At the end of the room sits a judge, but no jury: he is a senator. or otherwise a man of dignity and repute, who has been chosen by the praetor to conduct the trial. The hall is filled. for when Cicero speaks. literature is created and history is made. What eloquence! What~ passionate invective and fiery denunciation! Who could survive this | molten torrent? No woénder Catiline | spiracy by Cicero alone when no other man dares assail him. There is some | courage after all in this proud and lofty | figure, this sensitive and worried face. this man so hesitant in action and so swift in speech. | Here is oratory different from that lof Demosthenes: his was blunt and | powerful, and almost crude in its | ferocity; but this is as smooth as a | woman's flesh, as graceful as her move- ! ments, and as feline as her strategy The Latin tongue is made perfect in this man's phrasing: it becomes an in- strument of delicacy and yet of rength: never again in its long history i1l it be so clear and beautiful. He has had a vivid career. this great- est of Roman orators. From a simple birth in the countryside he rises to be consul in 63 B. C., and in a single year of office destroys & dangerous rebellion. But hardly is his term complete when he finds himself exiled by the friends |of the man.whom he has deposed. He |is overwhelmed with surprise and in- | dignation; “This vs, “is ,how nations reward loyalty At Brindisi, on the way to Greece, he dispatches to illis wife and children tender letters which Petrarch will discover at Verona in 1345. “My Darling Terentia, My Little Tullia, and My Boy Cicero™: here |vou see is no mere politician; this is |a man. | Within two years he Is recalled. |pleads many great cases again, and | then retires to a small estate to spend | his time in writing expositions of Greek {philosophy and charming essays on | friendship and old age. He speaks wise- {1y of the things that bring friendship to an end, forgetting only loans. And in his dialogue “De Scnectute” we have |a premonition of that Christian hope for immortality and a recompensing | nappiness, which was soon to captivate the impoverished people of Rome: “T am convinced and I believe that since human minds are so swift and have such memory for the past and knowl- edge of the future, and have devised so many arts and branches of knowledge and made such great discoveries. the |essence of that which impresses these things cannot be mortal ‘I depart from life as from a all hostelry, { Argentina to the Atlantic at Buenos | Alres). Already two steamers of the | company are plying between Port Gaiba and Buenos Alres, and a wire- |less station has been erected at Port | Galba. White settlers are invited. | British preferred, but others of the | right sort acceptable. One hears that 1250 Russian refugees selected by | League of Nations authoritles are to | leave Europe for Port Gaiba in March. LR an America. dr:l Coolidge landed from the battle- |ship Texas at Havana, and the next day he made an address at the opening of the sixth Pan-American Conference His message was one of peace, good will, | co-operation and felicitation; it stressed the equality with each other in respect of soverelgnty of the nations particl- | pating in the conference. It made no | specific reference to the policy of our | Clovernment respecting its sisters of the Americas; Nicaragua Wwas not men- tioned. ‘The President invoked & new era In the relations one to another of the American republics, based on the | golden rule. On Wedu the 17th, | the President returned to Key West on the Memphis The definite business of the confer- ence began with passage of & resolution that all meetings should be open, com- mittee meetings as well as sesslons. Results from this decision will be curiously watched Committees were appointed as follows each corresponding to & main head of the agenda; the Pan-American Union codification of public international law, codifieation of private international law, | problems of communication, intellectual | co-operation, economie problems, soctal problems, reports on (reaties, and resolutions. * e United States of Thuraday by vote of 61 to 23, the Senate ' adjudged Frank Lo Smith, Senator-elect | from Illnols, not to be entitled to & seat in the Senate. The vesolution of |refection was based on the finding by the Investignting committee, headed by denator Reed of Missourt, to the effect (hat $203,000 was contributed toward the expenses of Col. Smith's primary campaign by officers of large public | service corporations dolng business i Himola when Col Smith was chair- {man of the Hinots Commerce Commis- [ ston, which body was empowered to [ regulate the rites of those corporations |, Qov. Len Bmall of Tinois refuses to recognize the Senate's action W ihe | cane of Col. Smith, and apparently one i the senatorial seats for THnols will re- | main vacant through the life of the present Henate or until CGov. Small A B AUCCERRON A8 BOVEINOL, Unlens, let un amy, mandamus proceedings should compel Dlling of the vacaney or unless Cal. Bmith should vealgn. Gov. Sl tostien m forminl statement from which 1 extract the followlng “Ax governor of Hlinols and in b half of our people, 1 deslre o express qualified Fesentment of this unway- | ranted wssumBUon of authority by the United States Senate, finging on the tight of & fieo people to seloct & Henator of thelr own cholee “On behalf of Dot © cannot and will notrecognize the action of the United States Henate I declaring that ®OVBCARCY exists I L epresentation of Himols I the United Btates Benate, Amerlea.— On given it to us as an inn to rest in, not as a dwelling place. O glorious d-y.) when I shall leave this base multitude |and go to the divine council and com- pany of souls!” * o ox Roman Art, ! Let us take a walk in the Forum.! This 15 Rome at her best; hardly ' Athens herself could boast so many | masterpleces of architecture in so smali a space. Here at the entrance s a miniature Temple of Vesta, charming in its circular colonnade. Farther on to the right is an absurd “Temple of the Delfied Julius Cacsar: here men ! come to offer sacrifices to the shade | of the mighty conqueror, who smiled in skeptic scorn as he played Pontifex Maximus to the gods. To the left is a triumphal arch erected for Augustus; one of the most characteristic of | Roman structures, herald of a long line of imitations on many contizents Still farther on, two great “basilicas,” | or roval halls, built by Caesar and | Augustus for the transaction of the multiplying business of the state; note | in_each of them a row of windows just below the roof (a “clerestory"”), letting in light without heat into the great | spaces within. Between these two | buildings and the Senate house is the | old Forum, with its splendid rostrum, | or speakers' platform, at its head: on | | these flagstones there has been much history. Back of the platform rises the arch of Septimius Severus, destined to survive despite its crudity for two thou- | sand years. And then at our left a| handsome Temple of Saturn, on our | | right the Temple of Concord. and on the peak of the Capitoline Hill the majestic Temple of Jove. | Much of this is imitation, as most [ May Be Reflected in Conference at Havana. BY FREDERIC WILLIAM WILE. F JLL-FLEDGED ambassadors, 1 in- | stead of the six now accredited, | would represent Latin American States in Washington hencefor- ward, and represent the United States in those countries, according to plans of Senor Guerrero. chief dele- gate of Salvador at Havana. Se- nor Guerrero has just been elected to the chalrmanship of the most im- portant conference committee, the one dealing with international public law. The committee will concern itself with the controversial resolutions including a proposed outlawing by treaty of forci ble intervention by any American coun try in the international affairs of a other. Washington expects Senor Guerrero, sooner or later, to advocate his am- bassadorial scheme at the Pan-Ameri- | can Conference, as a means of bring- ing about “equality of States.” A project to that end, affecting not only Latin American, but the whole world, has already been sponsored by Senor Guerrero at the League of Nations, in which he is the permanent Salvadorean representative. Even though it is not a member of the league, the United States has been asked to express its views upon the subject. Great Britain, it is understood, has rejected the pro- posal. Made Report to League. As a member of the league's “Ex- art in its beginnings must be. The | pert Committeq on Progressive Codi- colonnade and architrave have been | fication of International Law,” Senor taken, of course, from Greece. But the Guerrero—now Salvadorean foreign imitation is not slavish: here, for ex- minister—last April submitted a re- ample, is the first European use of the port to the above mentioned effect. arch and the vault: from these stern ' He proposes to abolish the regulations simplifications will grow the glory of ! adopted by the congresses of Vienna folls before it, proved guilty of con-| On January 15, Presi- | plenary | the Gothic cathedrals. And see those slender Corinthian columns on the; Temple of Castor and .Pollux: they! date from 484 B. C.. they will be de- stroyed, but they will be restored, and the twentieth century traveler will find | them the loveliest thing in Rome. The wealth of the empire increases | and new buildings are added yearly to| the old—the Forum of Caesar, the E‘c-' rum of Augustus, Vespasian's Forum of Peace, and the largest and finest of | them all, the Forum of Trajan. adorned | with that lofty Column of Trajan. on | which Roman sculptors have carved in | skillful relief, as if it were a rolled papyrus, the tale of his wanderings and | victori: And here is the great Pan-| theon (“home of all the gods™). begun | by Augustus’ Gen. Agrippa and com- ! pleted by Hadrian. Its roof dares to, innovate upon the flat or triangular plan of the Greeks: it rests upon an immense vault and stretches 140 feet across in one of the greatest domes in the world. That dome is of one piece. made of concrete poured into @ vast wooden mold: when the frame fis removed the concrete dome will stand without a crack or a flaw, apparently forever. ! * ook ox | Go farther still: Here is the Arch of | Titus, audaciously combining Ionic and Corinthian capitals, and here is the towering Arch of Constantine. the distance are the Caracalla and Diocletiar largest structures ever reared. and sig- nificant for their use of the barrel (or: tunnel) vault. Down in the plain is Vespasian's Colosseum, the largest am- phitheater on earth, seating 50.000 pco- ple. rising in circular symmetry tier on tier Yoward the sky, and destined in the days of its ruins to provide stones for a thousand dwellings in Rome. There by the Tiber is Hadrian's im- mense tomb, which will later bs known as the Castello Sant’ Angelo, will be- | TO% come the prison of Benvenuto Cellini and lesser men, and will stand. shorn of its anclent marble covering, for many | centuries. Far away in the provinces—in | Asia, Greece and Africa, in Spain and France and Britain—other masterpieces of Roman architecture will rise. the Temple of Jupiter Olympus rebuilt at | Athens by Hadrian, the Temple of the | 77 (Continued on Fifth Page) for to do so would be to bargain away the constitutional rights of the people of & sovereign State and would be recognizing the power of an un- authorized body to disfranchise an entire State . | " "“The governor of Ilinois holds that the rights of the several sovereign States which formed the Federal Union and adopted the Constitution of the United States are the very foundation of our national existence and destiny, | and no right is more essential than the right of the States as such to express [ their views by two Senators of their own selection. " “This attempted denial by the Sen- ate, I my judgment. is fraught with the most serfous consequences to con- stitutional government that have arisen in the United States since the great | Civil War. A recognition of this unwar- ranted and outrageous proceeding of the | United States Senate in denying the | people of a sovereign State the right to select their own representatives would | sweep away the last vestige of self-gov- ernment and the political independence of the people of a proud State ™ It would appear that the Navy De- partment’s 20-year plan of “rounding lout™ and replacement calls for an average estimated annual expenditure | | over 20 years of about $129,000,000 (at | | present_prices) | One hears of a charming project, said | | to be already well afoot, for restoration {the same and Alx-la-Chapelle more than a cen- tury ago, whereby diplomatic status has been fixed ever since. and declared an entirely new deal. The principal point in the new deal would be to have all nations, large and small. republics or monarchies, represented in future ex- clusively by ambassadors. The Salvadorean statesman’s plan is based on the theory that in modern times “the nation alone is sovereign.” Developing the idea, Senor Guerrero says: “In the present state of interna- tional law, the sovereign is no longer a crowned head placed at the apex of supreme power. Only the nation’s in- terests are intrusted to diplomatic agents. The latter. therefore, whether they are nationals of a great power or | a small state. a monarchy or a republic, | or whether they be called ambassadors or ministers, derive their mission from the same source. The interests which they have in their keeping are identical. The aim which they pursue is the same.” Would Create Equality. At present the United States main- ' tains ambassadorial relations only with Mexico, Cuba. Argentina, Chile and Peru among the Latin American states. Senor Guerrero believes that all the other and smaller Latin American nations—in Central America, the Carib- bean Sea and South America—are en- does Guerrero think Latin America would achieve that 100 per cent equal- ity in Uncle Sam's eyes that Latin Americans demand as their right and which President Coolidge eloquently ae- claimed at Havana. The converse of the Guerrero doctrine, as far as the Western Hemisphere is concerned, is that Washington would not only have an all-ambassador Latin American dip- lomatic corps. but would send to Latin American capitals nothing but fully panoplied $17.500 a year ambassadors. Report Reviews View. A graphic idea of Senor Guerrero's mental processes, as they are likely to be revealed at Havana, is supplied the following extracts from his “Re- vision of Diplomatic Status” report to the League of Nations: “The credentials by which ambasea dors and ministers plenipotentiary a | accredited are absolutely identical, as are their rights and duties, the priv- ileges and immunities granted them nd the methods of communication ith their own governments and those to which they are accredited. There- {fore there is no longer any reason to | place ambassadors in a higeher cate- | gory than ministers. | “It may even be concluded that adop- !tion of the classification of Vienna and Aix-la-Chapelle is unconstitutional in states in which the constitution recog- nizes no other sovereignty than What of the nation. If the false conception of the representative character which es- tablished a difference between ambas- sadors and ministers led to much eriti- cism in the course of the last century. no fiction can possible justify today the maintenance of different terms to | designate persons who hoid the same public office. “Since the League of Nations has inaugurated a system in which the equality of states is a fact. and since international law is developing & new spirit, it would, indeed. be more than | strange if we continued to observe an |obsolete tradition which has only sur- |vived through the negligence or com- placency of so-called second-class | States. [ Would Call Cenference. } _“Having shown the desirability of re- vising the classification of diplomatic representatives. we think that the best solution would be to invite all the states, members or non-members of the League. to an international conference which would examine the questions with a view to a general agreement on some classification of diplomatic agents more suitabie to the present gen- eral form of governments and the spirit of the League of Nations.” Senor Guerrero is one of the forceful personalities in Latin America. He has | imbibed the Latin-European attitude toward Latin-American questions. which includes hostility to_traditional United States pplicies in the Western H{em AZGuerrem has spent most of the past 25 vears in Spain. and Itdly, to which he has been either consular or diplomatic representative of Salvador. Twenty years ago Senor | Guerrero was for a brief period an at- = grhe of x!»:e Salvadorean legation in dor, his own coun “backward nations’ Haiti and Santo Dom Britain ington. Senor Guerrero weuld caparison Sal- | vador's-spokeman in the United States diplomatic status as Great | or Japan now enjoy at Wash- | "'.\merhn League of Nations.' | with Sandino. the | with just as much rank. authority and | prestige as Ambassador Dwight W. Mor- carries when he presents himself to President Calles of Mexico. Only by thus the identical status of states in their international relations ___(Continued from First Page) of men and his far. vision have been genetously put at the service of every deserving cause. He invites con- fidence because he has never betrayed it e He held the office of President in very high respect. One day 1 hap- pened to be present at luncheon at the White House when President Roosavelt was expressing his indignation over a certain decision by a Federal judge and. with uplifted fist, said: “If 1 were not President I'd call him——" At this potnt Mr. Root quickly interrupted and said: "I understand you were about to say that if you were not President yvou would call him very bad names. but be- ing President you are not going to do anything of the sort.” probably the only man who would have said that 10 President Roosevelt. a moment of astonishment the Presi dent smiled and remarked, “Elthu are perfectly right, was dropped Reference has been made to the de- cisive part he played in the establishi- nent of the World Court. It is interest- ing to note that Mr. Root did not offi- clally represent the United States which was not & member of the League of Nations. He attended as a private citizen on the invitation of the iute:- ested foreign powers Seldom has so great & compliment been paid to any man. It was conclusive evidence of his ceputation and standing in international affairs. The result of his efforts proved that the confidence of the leading statesmen of the world was not mis- placed. LI In connection with the World Court it will be remembered that the fear on the part of the lesser powers of domi Mr. Root was | After | of a large part of Willlamsburg, VA, seat | pynce by the greater powers and jeals [ of Willlam and Mary College and It gugjes among the greater powers them- colontal day: ital of Virginia, “in 163 | gelves brought about a stalemate. habit as it in colontal days. Not least important of recent de- | velopments is the appointment as secs ¢ retary (e, executive head) of the | Smithsonfan Institution at Washington | of Dr. Charles Q. Abbott, In succession |of Dr. Charles D. Walcott, lately de- |censed The post I8 one of the mast honorable and fmportant in the world and the lne of secretaries has been an fllustrious one, commencing with the Immortal Joseph Henry and including Samuel Plerpont Langly, father of astronomer and astro- Dr. Abbott s, 1 believe, the first rank of astrophysicists e tes.—On Friday the Indian s'atu- tory commission, headed by St John Simon, the great lawyer, which is to make an intensive study of the working of the Diarchy aystem o India, em- barked at London for India The com- mialon 1s impartially made up of Conservative, Labor and Libeval members of Parliament. 1t has @ ter- HRC problem before 1t and ita veport | may well prove epochal | Four hundred and twenty-elght thou- sand Hallans emigrated *overseas 1014, only 114,000 I 1923 The famous Pollah-Lithuantan seven- year practieally bloodless war formally | endlod at the last sesston of the League | Of Nationa Counell and negotiations | were o follow looking to settiement of | matlers I controversy between Warsaw and Kovio But the toad leading to | negattations v choked with abstructions. | Apparently Premier Waldemavas of | | lll\ulnl\ln Woulit make negotiation oons | ditional on prior renunclation af \ e by Poland - Obviowsly. so lang as he M nd the et holy pl Aliplane s one of the latest develojunenta, 1t appeared as if one of the most vals vable proposals ever advanced for the )udlvlni etermination of international controversies and the prevention of war would fail. No solution acceptable to the interested governments had bdeen propased. 10 was when defeat of this Lul: cherished dream of statesmen seemed tnevitable that Mr. Root subd: mitted his plan. Its simpliefty, its dal- ancing of Influence, and s assurance of an tmpartial tribunal for every na- o was et once recognissd. 1L was adopted and the World Court stands as another enduring monument to his genius, and (0 many lovers of peace as Nis greatest achievement, v e Men carrying gieat poansibilities are often misjudged as to the warmth of thelr natures. Mr. Root has been called cold Nothing s further fooam the truth. Addressing his assoclates w | the Constitutional Convention m 1913 he sald | “There i & plain old howse on the |at Havana. cpened. | blind to its faults or silent about them. i h 6N Invisible government be- fore the Constitutional Convention. of | which he was president, created a sen- sation. but no one dared 1ts eour- ¥ mestic questions problems, his influence upon the poii- tcs and policies of his time has been ¢xceeded by no other living American. He would be termed a conservative if by that is meant the conservation of the basic principles of law and orderty constitutional government. Yet he pre- sided over a State convention which adopied the most progressive constitu- tion ever submitted to the people of New York. DR On the morning of the national Re- pudlican convention in Chicago in 1904 I found Mr. Root at breakfast. At his side was what appeared to be a copy of his coming speech as 'y chatr- man of the convention. Seeing me look at 1t he remarked 3 my speech: it kind. It ts & collection of parliamentary s sent me by the clerk of the 1 am more concerned with y and correctly than I am As chairman of the stormr convens tion of 1912, Mr. Root proved himsel? one of the mast forveful men who have ever presided over a national conven- tion. The fight detween the Rovsevelt and Taft forces was extremelv bitter It seemed ne as if the oon- vention could hot do dusiness. Somme | State delegations or parts of delega~ thns refused to voie when & roll was called. Mr. Root ordered the caltug of the names of alternates tn every case where the seated delegutes refused {10 vote, and thus enablad the convens fton to function. Far hours the tur- moll and din was incessant, b through 1t all the calm fgure and firm | purpose of the presicding oficer, whose | rulings were consiantly ehallenged, kept he convention tn hand and he sud- {ceeded almost single handed in com- pelling the convention to complete the Purpse for which tt med eowow Strang 0 his convietions and deeply religtous I his views, bigotry and i talerance are uttarly foregn 1o his nature You will search his many pud- W0 addresses i vai o single sen- tence Al suggests the we o | Makes any appeal save ms.m gence and consclence of his hearers I What he ance sand of John Hay apphies with equal truth 10 himselt: T think he would nod that statuss and eolumas his memory: that he sought manument aher than the stenve of the repubilie struciure e had wrought his lite™ His Als have been peace and rights hills of Oneida, overlooking the beautt- sousness. His falth s Qod and countcy. ful valley of the Mohawk. where \tuth | Ris athievements Rave reached e St and honor dwelt momy youth. When | jand rewarded W N §0 back, as 1 ahall same day, 10 spend my declintng years, 1 mean to go with | A feellng that 1 can say 1 have not | fatled 10 speak and (0 act here ac oordaice with the lessans 1 learned there fram the God of my fathers There s the real Blihu Root. There \Y«La (he sentiment and warm heart ol & truly lovable nature i rhrough all that Mr Root has done and been. thete appears the idealian of A courageous and gifted soul. He has belioved profoundly in our form of gov- ernment and has striven with all his WIERL G0 Detter 1ts workings. He has | Dotl @ A bellever In pavty govern- | ment and has laba With seal and Adelity for the suee the Repud. | lean party, bt he never been understandings and W the fate Charm of & cultivaied and kaightly gentieman he sl stands feth as he has alwaia Mved-the embdodiment of What 18 highest and best in the pudlic and private e of Amerioa. No ahe understands detter than the writer how inadequate & tridute 1\ Dried skeich must Be. Nolther paintes Drush nor widter's skill can adequately ANTAY e i and heart of this re- Markable man Bul o Senator Root as he walks serenely down the Western Spes af his fWll Nie may there come AN ORI \n‘\\\““‘ ihe &umm Admiracion and aftection fel W Bim At home and abeoad as the Lo} T AN defender Uberties of v‘nnu ke “‘r