Evening Star Newspaper, January 22, 1928, Page 29

Editorial Page _Special “ Features “Part 2—12 Pages SOUTH’S RETURN TO LEAD EDITORIAL SECTION The Sunday St WASHINGTON, D. C., SUNDAY MORNING, JANUARY IN EXPORT TRADE 15 SEEN | Elihu Root’s Gift to Americ Recent Development of Industries Considered Indication That Former Commercial Position Is in Sight. BY JULIUS KLEIN. Director. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic | ital resources. 3 pmierce. | There are many significant, features of | HE vellowed pages of our officiai ' this new industrial diversification. One statistical publications of aO0f the most promising is the fact that it cent Iy or so ago reveal many Nas been built up to no little extent interesting facts regarding the | through owner management--the execu- commercial awakening of the | tves in immediate charge of the plants ung Republic. One of the outstand- | 8re in large part the actual owners. In ;:‘g features was the astonishi re- | Other words, the South is much less dominance of the South in our foreign | burdened with the dead hand of absen- trade. tee ownership than is the case with In fact, during the 1820s not less many older industrial sections of the than 45 or 50 per cent of our total | jmmrlr)'_\" This his made for an nlertknd- expart trade was in. cotton and at justability of rroduction and market- least half of the remaining proportion | In$ policies, which has been particularly was in other products of the Southern 'important during the —world-wide plentations and forests. particularly | Changes international commerce Tobaccs and nuval sores Tonay eot. Since 1914. The buving power of whole ton still heads the list. but it repra- Nations has been completely remade in sents only 18 per cent of our total those years New demands have come overseas sales. Our economic historians | INto being and with them the means of | have made much of the rapid develop- S!atfVing ithem through the stimulation ment of the West and fie repsrcus- Of Rew industries to meet war require- Slons upon the commercial and indus. Ments and to cope with enforced war- trial life of the Nation, but so far as lime isolation during the- period of | foreign trade was concerned. the period Shortage of shipping before the Civil War had ss its most pelore i . 2 e Executives Are Young. :‘ “‘i’f‘é‘;‘;‘m.“ ure the predominan The young executives of the Southern | factories—and no observer can make a | Cotton Raising Increase. tour of any considerable number of fac- | Indeed, the rapid expansion of cot- 'S below the Mason and Dixon Line ton raising into the relatively newer without being impressed with the ener- States of Tennessee and the lower Mis- Sou° JoUthiuiness of thelr managers | sissippl Valley during the first quarter jookout for new openings and inti- ?x'mm; m:;y h;gc sr;m;r;‘gcor d;m‘?t:h mately in touch with changes in re- e et St Hely Pl :,9;:,":2{;‘“ and possibilities for their total supply of exportable cotton " The resow by 1830, when the shipments Were JUSL| thase. dase of Loasiunt Ty ADle i under 300,000.000 pounds. as compared | changes in trade requirements. The | \‘? only 87.000.000 pounds in 1819. enormous improvement in means of moiis accounted for the rapid rise In communication throughout the world, | portance of the port of New Orleans ine introduction of transatlantic teleph- in our foreign trade during this early ony and of radio service everywhere, | Tiod, By 1833 Louisiana had of much more rapid and efficient Die- ew York as our leading export State. sel.motored shipping: of commercial ::d she retained this leadership down | aviation on an undreamed-of scale, of the Civil War, not simply because immensely improved automotive traffic of the enormous expansion of cotton for freight as well as passenger pur- s:vlmnc. tIm:dnls“o”bef:‘xlxt_seh b:‘fn;heng:; Doses and of electrified rail service— upmenc e ek T o laee of these new contributions to trans- o 'he West. In fact, by that time ?or{.,luon and communication have thrae of the four leading States in our | LrangionPicated the problems of mer- :!Nfl trade were in the South. New . _They transmit the im- vark was second to Louisiana, md'm"’u and reactions from world-wide Eouth Carolina and Georgia followed | events, so that the effects of the latter Clomly thereatter, | are promptly evident in business circles All of this is simply by way of a thousands of miles away. fo! —a confirmation of the com- This new situation gives an impres- sive advantage to the younger and more monly accepted impréssion that the ’nold South” lived by its foreign trade watchful industrial organization, and in that respect the South enjoys a decided plantation products. The picture ' advantage over the operations of the was. of course, entirely distorted by the Civil War. and particularly by the older, more settled parts of our indus- trial and commercial structure. Ex- ound changes in industry and tion which took place during perience m:i‘ ge“‘ l'l::o I:‘:E’ tel:her in some respects, a devotion 1] ecades thereafter. But although | to the traditions and precedents of the wars are usually thought of primarily past is certainly a serious disadvantage | 25 destructive and are associated chief- 1I¥ with the appalling losses of men and ! basis either of population. area or cap- in in these days of kaleidoscopic trade chang=s. By way of concrete {llustration of |, this situation two instances may be | cited. post-war act! in the United Kingdom cre: an ex- | | traordinary demand for new types of | woodwork. This was appreciated and promptly capitalized by certain South- emn considerably in advance of their older and more ex- rienced competitors in different parts t damage. Andnlulhgmeoluz of lD{N-I’lI there were & activitv. In no|ishing increase in tourist traffic since United States were the war. A large portion of the skis | now used at the Winter resorts in Ewitzerland orig:nate in Memphis and other Southern centers. New Textile Industry. The new textile industry of the | South, which marshals 1,000 mills, with | half the total spindles of the country, and includes $30,000.000 worth of rayon plants, is another example of the new- | er industrial and commercial spirit which has made the South a conspicu- f ous element in international commerce. Here again the aggressive leadership of the interested executives has had quite ptrw:; of the ' elemen' more 'mufl evident tlan in the South. d Caual's Effect on Trade. In the first place, the Panama Canal, LIHU ROOT is one of the world's | great men. His leadership of | the American bar, his masterful | administration of two great de- | partments of Government, his distinguished service as a Senator of | the United States, his contribution to | world peace recognized by the award of | the Nobel Peace Prize, his great nflu- | ence in The Hague conferences, his no- table victory for the United States in | the Alaskan Boundary Arbitration, his successful drafting and administration | of laws governing our island possessions, and his harmonizing the conflicting claims of the greater and lesser powers by which the World Court came into being—these are some of the achieve- ments of a life devoted to the service of his country and fellow men. He has been a national figure for 50 years | and a world figure for more than a | quarter of a century. Mr. Root is 83 years old. No one, would guess it from his straight. slen- der figure, his youthful step. and the instant play of his brilliant mind. His father was a professor of mathematics in Hamilton College. The students used to refer affectionately to his father as “Cube Root.” The Senator, however, should be referred to as “Square Root.” not because he hasn't the third di- mension, but because intellectual length and breadth, rather than thickness. are his distinguishing features. He gradu- ated from Hamilton with high honors, taught school before and after he came to New York, and at an age when most young lawyers are pleased to have any_clients, however humble, he was made junior counsel for the defense in one of the most famous trials of the early seventies. * k%% As he began, so he continued. He became United States attorney for the southern district of New York. The years that followed his remarkable serv- | ice as district attorney were attended ' by extraordinary success at the bar. | At the height of his professional | fame, he was invited by President McKinley to enter his cabinet as Sec- retary of War. He had had no pre- vious experience in military affairs, yet within a brief period he reorganized the department and the army, both sadly | in need of it after the war with Spain. He established the War College, created the general staff, and induced Con- | gress to pass laws under which a mod- e army fit for service was formed. | But perhaps his greatest contribution | as Secretary of War was in connection with Cuba, Porto Rico and the Phi'ip- pines, which needed laws and wise ad- ministration suited to the conditions un- der which the people of those islands had to live. Mr. Root, with his legal training and profound knowledge of | Government, drafted the laws, directed | the administration, and brought stabil- ity, order and justice out of chaos and four centuries of misrule. It is not gen- erally known that Mr. Root is respon- sible for and drafted the so-called Platt amendment defining our relations to Cuba. % Returning to the practice of the w, he wgs recalled to Washington on the death of John Hay to become Sec- retary of State under President Rocse- | velt. Here. again, his genius for or- ganization, his capacity for detafls, bis ELIHU (Drawn by infinite pains in acquiring knowledge of international questions, and his out- standing comprehension of interna- tional law, marked his service in this difficult post as equal to any and be- vond most of the distinguished men who have occupied that office. He was for many years president of the Carnegie Endowment for Interna- tional Peace and he has long been one of the foremost advocates of intrrna- tional arbitration. He solved every im- portant international controversy in | which the United States was then in- | volved without compromise of any | American right. He added greatly to | | | our reputation throughout Latin-Amer- | ica, and when he left the State Depart- | ment, the United States was not only | at peace with every nation, but uni- | | versally respzcted by governments and | people throughout the world. One of Mr. Root's remarkable triumphs was in connection with the Alaskan Houndary arbitration. There were three arbitrators. representing Canada, Great Britain and the United States, the latter Mr. Root. In view of the clos* relations between the mother country and Canada, it was as- sumed that if the case were a close one, | Great Britain would support the Cana- dian contentions. What actually hap- ROOT. S Werner) pened. however, after the arguments were concluded and the arbitrators met for discussion, was that Mr. Root, with his irresistible logic, was able to win over the British arbitrator and the con- tentions of the United States were sus- tained—probably one of Mr. Root's greatest achievements. e Mr. Root's argument before The Hague Tribunal in the North Atlantic fisheries case has been said to be “a rare, if not the only, instance of a statesman appearing as chief counsel in an international arbitration, which, as Secretary of State, he had prepared and submitted.” Then came his service for six years in the Senate of the United States. It has been often said that no Senator in his first: term ever wielded more in- fluence or created a deeper impression upon the Senate and the country than Mr. Root. In the framing of laws, his experience and sound judgment made him easily the master workman as his was th* master mind. He declined to enter the primary for renomination. though few doubted his calling and elestion. He refussd repeatedly to permit his name to be used as a candidate for the presidency. He Insisted in 1916 that 99 1928, . BY JAMES R. SH IELD, Former Ambassador to Mexico. {he was too old, but others felt differ- ently, and his name was presented to the " Repubiican national = convention. | There was a time when it seemed prob- | | |able Mr. Root would be nominated. Men from every section of the coun- try were urging it, and the feeling of pride in putting forward this outstand- ing American statesman appealed strongly to the intelligence and con- sclence of the party. But finally, and before Mr. Root's real strength was re- vealed in the balloting, it was decided to nominate another great American Mr. Root apparently felt no disappoint- ment. and his speech in Carne Hall during the campaign which followed was one of the most forceful and bril- | lant of his many political addresses. * k% % He delivered in 1907 the Dodge lec- tures on “Citizenship” at Yale. Here he disciosed his intimate knowledge of the workings of our form of govern- ment and his lofty conception of American citizenship, its purpose, its privileges and its inherent obligations. He prefaced his lectures with a tribute to William Earl Dodge that is singu- larly apt in relation to himseif: “His life was a better lesson in the respon- sibility any lecturer can put into words: for he did what we write about and he| No man can proved what we assert.” their read those lectures and apply teaching and not be a better citizen | and a better American. Just what manner of man is this lawyer and lawmaker; this statesman and diplomat; this great citizen of a great country? First of all, he possesses one of the cupreme attributes of greatness—sim- plicity. He never poses: he never seeks acclaim: he never grants interviews for the press, and he welcomes modest se- clusion. Scholarly, cultured, refined, he is a lover of art, a student of the | best literature and a master of pure English, whether in the spoken or the written word. * % % x Those who have been privileged to meet Mr. Root in his social contacts have been fascinated by his scintillating | wit. his personal charm and his end- less capacity for enjoying the fellow- ship and comradeship of genial com- panions. In spite of the vast responsi- bilities of his professional and public !life he has been a never-failing foun- tain of youth and joyousness to those who have been permitted the privilege of his friendship. As president of the Union League Club, of the Metropoli- tan Club of Washington, of the Cen- | tury Association of New York and of | many other institutions founded for | culture and enjoyment he has wrought ! mightily for the happiness of men. He has the unique distinction of hav- of Christian citizenship than | | Art and Aftr'tvis‘ts Reviews of & Books BY FRANK H. ARIS.—Will the 1928 see some real readjustment of the relation between France and Italy? No question is being asked more anxiously all over Europe. Nor is any international discussion at t on the calendar for 1928 more portant than that which is now open- ing in Rome. Upon it depends, not so much any question of war or peace in the immediate future, but rather the much broader problem of an ultimate stabilization of Europe through the ad- justment of Balkan problems. The fact that Italy has just sta- bilized the lira obviously precludes any considcrable adventure in foreign af- fairs for many months. Wisely and prepared and successful as it promises to be, there are always certain inevi- table risks. France and Italy are going to have an almost ideal atmosphere in which to talk. Recent utterances by Musso- lini and Briand have notably improved the tone of comment on both sides of the Alps. For the moment, at least. all the charges and counter charges of the recent Albanian dispute have been silenced. 1If it would be an e: | tion to say that there is confidence or | enthusiasm either in Rome or Paris. there is at least a willingness to make an experiment in reconciliation. Difficulty in Situation. The difficulty in the situation. how- ever, lies in the fact that France and Ttaly are pursuing and have pursued | for a number of yesrs a totally differ- |ont form of international politics. At | the bottom of the French conception lies the idea that the Europe which | was created as a consequence of the | war must be preserved without change and that the League of Nations is the instrument for the preservation of the status quo. Following this idea France has asso- ciated with herself in the nound to herself by treaties made urder the framework of the League, treaties of friendship and in many cases of alli- ance, the states of Belgium. Poland. Czechoslovakia. via and Ru- mania. In addition the pacts of Lo- | carno. by assuring Prance the support of Britain against any new German at- tack, have given her security against any existing danger coming from across the Rhine. |ing stood with Chester Arthur in_ his home on Lexington avenue in New York when he took the oath of office as successor to President Garfleld. and again with Theodore Roosevelt _in Buffalo when he took the oath of office Aas successor to President McKinley. He has been the personal friend and trusted adviser of not less than seven Presidents of the United States. His enunsel has been sought by more peo- ole on a greater diversity of subjects than that of almost any other man of our_tim~ His wisdom. his knowiedes " (Continued on Third Page) A Cash-and-Carry Plan for Reparations | with which to pay France and the other BY CARTER FIELD. OW many Americans believe that the allies will continue to | pay installments on their debts to the United States for the entire 62-year period for which agreements have been ? How much would the average American voter be willing to compromise for if he could see cash for the entire amount paid now into the Pederal ? How many Frenchmen, down in their hearts, believe that Germany will g0 on paying tions indefinitely? How much gold. paid now Into the | Prench treasury by Germany. would it | take to persuade these Frenchmen to give up the uncertainty and fear in- volved in expecting and demanding in- definite continuance of the reparations connection w demand stimulated by the war for the very type .of raw ma- terials most immediately avaliable along the western seaboard of South America. Nitrates were imperatively necessary for explosives and to stimulate the overburdened sgils of the combatant nations. Then, 100, the minerals of those countries, notably copper, tin and such minor but none the less signifi- cznt ones as tungsten, molydenum, etc, were immediately in great de- mand for ammunition purposes. Our ports, especially from Baltimore southward, became the centers of much of this commerce. Trade routes imme- diately began o shift and the South came 1o the fore in traffic along the new Yines, Assoclated with this development eame & series of new industries t the South, utllizing on the as much to do with the advancement of the industry as the accessibility of raw material or the more moderate wage scale and tax rates Instead of specializing on fabrics for wearing apparel during a period when style changes make such a policy high- ly precarious, the buik—at least 75 per cent—of Southern plants are pro- | | ducing textiles for industrial uses. Exec- utives have been watchful of the suc- cessive new demands incident to the growth of industries in other parts of the world and are capitalizing these | new markets to the full. Som= of them | have even succeeded to the extent of | shipping certain types of duck fabrics | —a specialty of some Bouthern mills— to Manchester, England, in considerable quantities, which is certainly “carrying | ceals to Newcastle.” These facts explain the rapidly grow- payments? i On the answers to these questions hangs the whole Intricate, involved and highly delicate problem of solving the | reparations and war debts. The whole | | thing Is so complicated and torn that it is very difficult to state, and very ' few people outside the experts who h:w;l been studying it understand it at all. ER UT the chief reason that so few people, either in this country or Europe, understand it is that so few leaders have been willing to be frank in their statements. First there were an| passions surviving from the war —for example, the campaign of Lloyd George for re-clection on the issue of | “hanging the Kaiser." one hand the yaw materials just men- | INR stake which the new Bouth has in tioned and on the other drawing stim- , OUF {orelgn trade in fabricated wares, & wius from the unprecedented demands | €FOUP Which accounted for some 60 per from scross the Allantic. Among these | €Dt Of the exports of the Nation as & was, of course. the great new jron and | Whole in 1927 as compared with 30 per steel development of Tenneswe and |CeBL some 25 years ago. Today our Alsbama, which had opened before the | 8de in wholly and partly manufac- Sar, but was given its greatest impetus | Yired goods is valued at about $2,000,- during that crisis. Cher 000,000, in which the Bouth has not »is) Sprang up throughout 4 only a substantial share, but one that the mewly establicned textile industry 1% increasing more rapidly than that of shot upward with spectacular speed any other part of the Nation, Agriculture Loses Ground. Increased Overseas Business. Without 100 extensive & statistica) de- | ThIs s 8 commerce which s entirely todr, t may be nowd that these pew GITErent from our old prewar trade. In developments have crowded agriculture the mmlfvnl' years before 1914 our ot of 18 onee ominant position in the | COMIMENCe ‘Was made up either of welf- Bouth, and as & result manufactures are | %HNE staples requinng no particulsr 5w W0 Biret place, with an annual value | $ies effort abroud or of w very few pat- of well in excess of $9000,000,000 as “DWd speciaities produced by large comvared With & grots value of $5,000,- | Companies. In fact, it has been stated | 090.000 for sgriculture and ik | 1l 80 per cent of our manufactured | products not Geducting crops 1ed W Jive- exports i Wose days came from some | vock, 18 we sre w include minersl 15 or 20 concerns Today our over- B scts on Lhie Tam-agricultural side of | S48 UaMc n manufactured lnes s The seale we aod anocther $1700,000,000 | Wult up largely by contributions from | In fact, Mississippi and Arkanses are thousands of small manutecturers who | the only Southern Blates showing a | bave learned that there W no deep se- | higher value for farm products than for | <€t I wuccessful exporting which can- | o tectures and minersls | 1L be shared by small firms | The interesting phase of this new de- | These are the fuctors that explain | velopment in its foreign trade aspect is | the impressive increases in export ton- ity truly astonishing diversity, which hui"““‘ l;l'tvlfl ouL of Bouthern ports, e ve Baothy s eprend its overseas | Wiich hundied nearly half of the tol narkes, riks in s multitude of tade | Of the United Blates, even counting the I wheress in the old dsys pracy- | ternational Grest lLakes trade last 4ty tae whole of 18 commercial future | Yeur, he incresse In the ports south By e i with the buying pawer of | U1 Bulimore was from 18000000t s e e stomer—namely, the exile | 33400000 Lons of export tonnage, or Sdustry of England. Toduy the ex- shout B4 per cent, from . of vay | It 18 true that the wbnormally high plohation of &n wslonishing wrrey of ra Lrge shat f orma feh hud been pructically | Ure of the later year is accountable in Tisterinis, Whi purt becaiuse of the heavy cosl ship- ments from Baltimore and Hampton untouchied i pre-war day:] zxu"ll,\ 'I‘L: very sl sosle, has grestly USRS g during the British cosl surike Y e e sniekria) posiiion wnd bt even if we exclude these porta the incresse in that period of years was 24 very substantially strengthened her gen- per cent ers) economic SUDIILY othithe The value of maiutuctits O U0 of this means vastly improved United Blates WO With & bone- | port fucilitles, such as ure evident in 1925 whout #2.500 000,080, E 8 Ceqia) | Charlesion, Jucksonville, Misni, Mo- ge voiume ducrease Of L IER S | il New Oriewns wnd Gulveston, 1o yroportion:. since there were o mention only & few of the renewed gatewsys of the Bouth Galveston ! ment could have lived which In this country the question of col- lecting “every last dollar” of the war debts has always been a popular issue, Benators and Members of the House having been elected on that lmln There is little doubt that the advo- cacy of “cancellation” by some college presidents and “intellectuals” has done more harm to their cause than good, stirring up feeling on the other side which drove g)lll- ) leaders to take a position probably harsher than their in- telligence dictated | Meanwhile, in Prance popular senti- | ment has been such that no govem- id not | insist on extracting the last pound of | flesh from Germany. For some tme | this attitude was so strong that many | students of the situation from other countries were in hon-st doubt as to | whether France desired chiefly o get| as large amounts of money in repara- tions ms possible or whether <he was really willing to forego the money for the sake of having her powerful neighbor destroyed 50 as to remove the military menace. . v ITH the setting up of the Dawes plan in 1024, however, reason be- gan ‘n emerge, and the same indication ! wus shown as between the United Btates and the allles In the agreements o fund the debts. Most arguments for and sgainst the huge concessions which this country made in scaling down the debts in the settlements finally come up against the question of whether this country really ought to collect from the allies money louned to them after this country had gotten into the war, and before the armistice—whether & far more Just set- tlement would not be o collect only the money which was loaned after the wrmistice, and which was spent, in part st least, for material things. For exam- ple, the supplies sold by this Govern- ment Lo Prance —Lhe rallronds and plers bullt there, ete. The statement 1s made by Hernard M. Baruch, one of the very able finsnclers who was connected with the negotiations sil during the Versallles conference, and who has been In close | Buctustions during that period ¥ wlone showed w higher esport value in w Bouth contributed nur:'y 49 |’w Wt of this expansion. which wes [y . 4 o " ,':mln M':'Inmnl proportion on the ontinued on Thid Vage) toneh with the situstion ever aince, that hiad this policy been pursued, as & mat- ter of fuct, the settlements 80 far made | would not have varied more than 5 per | cent. Moreover, he belleves that this system would have made im) ible the sentimental arguments for debt cancel- lation, and would have left a much } friendller feeling on the part of the | allies toward the United Btates. ! LR “The settiement of the debts of the governments associated in the war with us," says Mr. Baruch on this point, “ought to have heen made on the basis of what these countries should pay, not what they could pay “An examin of what the indebt- edness was incurred and spent for would show that a part of the money was spent for war purposes and a part for non-war purposes. ‘This knowledge could be found by a study of the rec- ords of the Treasury Department, the War Industries Board and the Allled Pur%nmn. Commission, “The money spent for wWar purpeses, munitions, ete., should be accredited to the common cause; money spent for food for their armies might be put in that class, but money spent for food, which i turn was sold by their food control, should be repaid to our coun- try. In addition, there should be credited to the United Btates the money spent by it for munitions n other coun- tries. The United Statea should not be asked Lo contribute to s common cause the money spent for munitlons®purponcs by the other countries and should not be credited with the money the United Btates spent In the other countries for war purposes. This would put the United States tn i entirely diferent position trom that which it new oo+ [ Private Incestors Would Be Left Holding the Bag cuples, of having asked the allles to pay all that they could pay. The net result of this would not have been so far away from the present adjustments but would have placed this country on a different basis in the method of get- ting the settlement." LR Most of the allles were agreed In principle that the amount of reparations o be pald by Germany would be tmited only by her capacity o pay, Estimates as to what this might be, of course, varied hopelessly, though it hasx been rn ally agreed for a long time now u he $35,000,000,000 determined on May 1, 1921, 1s impossible of collection. or not leas than two years some of the best brams of the allled govern- ments, Germany and the United States @ been concentrated on devising some plan which would provide & solu- tlon for the whole business and at the same time would not apparently run too much counter to popular sentiment in the countries affected. In brief, the plan on which the best minds are agreed 1s comparatively sim- ple, provided one puts the political angles aside and conalders them sepa- rately. The main point would be the determination of how much gold France would aocept on a eash-on-the- natl payment in lleu of all reparations. Assuming this could be agreed upon at @ reazonable enough fgure, the plan would provide for gold reparations bonds, based on the same seourity, - oluding the industries and rallroads of Germeny, on which the reparations themaslves now rest, to be sold to the tnvestors of (the world. The progesds of these bonds would furniah I‘lu vaaly ' | allies the sum agreed upon. ‘The next step would be for the allles to use this or a part of it, in set- | tling—again on a present cash value as i nst the idea of fixing payments run- | ning over 62 years—their debts to each other and to this country. - e ‘That is all there is to the plan, as a matter of fact, if one leaves out politics, | 1f one assumes the successful culmina- tion of the bargaining processes which would inevitably precede such an agree- ment, and if one assumes that the in- vestors of the world would buy these | German reparations bonds on a basis which would not make the interest charges too heavy a burden on Ger- many. These items, of course, cannot be left | out, but they are not regarded as by| any means insurmountable by thej| financiers and international bankers who have been studying the situation. In the first place is the question of , politics, not only In the United States, {but in France and In every country to which Germany owes a tremendous | sum. | Of all of these the most difficult is believed to be France. How can any | French government, it is always asked | when this question is discussed—and it is being discussed only in considerable secrecy because of the various political | consequences—hope to remain in power |11 1t agrees to scale down the repara- | tons Germany must pay to some sum |t which it is hoped to get the German government to agree, and which might | by any stretch of the imagination be realized by the sale of new reparations bonds to the investors of the world? e we | _The answer made by financiers is that the French people are far more practical about this question of repara- tons now than they were a few years back They are not assured, for ex- | ample, that if (\em\u\r should simply refuse to continue pu{ ng, the United States would send soldlers across the Atlantic agatn. On the contrary, they have now persuaded themselves that Jhis country would do nothing of the sort. They have even become persuaded | that Britain probably would not help [them to put the screws on CGermany ! Further, the menace of Mussolini, to | the south, though alone it causes no “alarm might become very real in the event of trouble with Germany in which Britain and the United States were not mpathetic. The point made by the financlers is | that not only have the French leaders Just come to realize this situation, but that the French people have by now appreciated it For this and other rea- A0ns 0o numerous to give in detall there s no certalnty in the minds of the French that 20 years or 30 years hence {will find the Qermans still paying reparations On the contrary, they are not even sure that Qermany will be paying them five vears hence. Inters views have been printed forecasting that the payments will cease In an even shorter period. e For the time being. then, precisely mss disarmed and nite supremacy on the continent of Europe. a supremacy which is military because associated with her are all the states save Italy. possessing - able armies. and political because these states have the same common interests | In oreserving the status quo. Italy's policy is based on quite an- other conception. I S without useful colonies. with too little land to support her still rapidly es- to which to transport them. a 2 power in Europe only while state of affairs continues, Italy cannot become In reality a great power Wl | this unfavorable balance stands. laws. At the other end of the Mediterra- s . she is at carefully as this stabilization has been | League and | taly finds hersell | m‘nflll"m in Europe and no ’28 MAY BRING SETTLEMENT OF FRANCO-ITALIAN ROW {Possibility for Solution Seen in Discus- sion Between Briand and Mussolini. Britain and Europe Not to Help Duce. for Mussolini in the Tory government which today rules Britain, British policy not only remains indissolubly linked to French, but British interests are best served by the status quo in the western Mediter- ranean. All the long tragedy which culmi- nated l:: the occupation of the Ruhr ’emmrmuuv and financially convinced Britons of every party that close friend- ! ship with France was the basis all British foreign policy. Thus while British influence has steadily been ex- erted to promote better Franco-Italian relations. it has always been clear that in British policy France comes befare ! Italy. In Berlin. Mussolinl has been mno more successful. He has. as Breitschild, the leader of the Social Democrats, recently disclosed. openly sought alli- ance and indicated = will pay for such an alliance by assenting to Anschiuss, that is to the union of Austria with the Reich. But such a combination could only result in arous- ing Prench apprehension and resent- ment, and the main desire of Germany tnday is to get rid of Prench armies of occupation In advance of 1935, the date when. according to the treaty, the Rhineland must be returned. German Bitterness Aroused. Again, while Mussolini has been {rankly wooing Germany, Fascist treat- ment of a German minority living in the Tyrolean regions which passed to Italy at the ciose of the war has aroused a German bitterness which made impossible any German- Italian combination. However successful Mussolini's do- countrymen or the forecasts of his own P amistakably the arious gestures < ly w Mussolini have compelled the govern- ments of all European countries to | recognize the fact of Italy. But this form of political activity has grave dangers. Mussolini’s actions have never cosity which has ended by disturbing !unfimm several experiments Imenu. about Pranco-Italian adjust- | adjustment upon | notion that Italy shouid take over from | Prance the Syrian mandate. | should cede to Prance the Riffian coast | of Maorocco, which constitutes an open | wound for Spain and a constant menace | for the Prench protectorate of Morocco. M'zlhmmmfil :vonhh { her territory and a loan Paris and doubtless New York. terms hile | i i -3 77k } another for Syria. For the moment at by | least, expansion in Turkev. so long an Italian dream, is barred by a national- fstic Turkish state with an excellent army. Holding Rhodes and the Do- decanesus, Italy may watchfully await some new collapse in Turkey. but for the moment the road is barred. Finally, acrois the narrow Adriatic there has arisen a strong Slav state. extending from Cattaro to Flume and disputing with Italy not alone the future control of the Adriatic. but the immediate political and military supremacy in Albania. which in all the Savoy monarchy. Would Replace Hapsburgs. w ton_ po- Italian eyes stands for the Belgium of | In the post-war Burope as it exists ' been sympathetic with the Pascisti \foreover, unmistakably the approac) election promises to give & new victory 0 precisely those radical elements which are most unfriendly to Fascism. Thus any considerable concession to \us- solint would not only be opposed by the conservative elements for national rea- sons but by the radical groups. Given the dasic facts in the situation 1t ix. therefore. exceadingly easy to over- estimate the prospects of success in the forthcoming conversations. Despite all the chatter about sister Latin nations, | Prance and Italy are two great coun- | tries whose essential interests are nod identical or eastly accommodated. Germans Free Woman Doomed to Slavery reg litical and economic influence. Italy has felt herself the heir of the old| Hapsburg monarchy, and has striven to replace Austria-Hungary as the) dominant force in all the reglon from | — W;('\'\' kl‘nwmhm M tnio |, LSt Ywer the German sovernment ere, wever, <he has come = N s coliion Tein. the French sysiem, |D0USHt & slve—a woman—in Cebal Through the Little Entente. closely | apital of the Ringdom of Afghanis allled with m:«"r tnl,mmthmmow‘l"m The lady. formerly of Berin B ade Hmli teb W had the unhappy thought, tn 192%, W strength in Prague, Belgrade and tn| e Bucharest.” All Naiten efforts o des { MAITY an Al 1odace dewier, then and later returned fatherland, where tach Rumama from the Little Entente, resident in Beriu to arrive at a definite settlement with | With him to i Jugoslavia, to Play & major role o he was emploved as misrpreter by the Vienna. have been wrecked In every | Afghan government The husbane case the states iInterested attached a though nammnally Afghan greater value to the French than to lnged o the warlike txide the Ttallan assoclation. Alfridas. who live on ihe sastern fron- Moreover, when Italy has sought to! ther and clam mdependence. So kg construct % counter-combination, to 88 the man lved it weul well with play oft Hungary, Bulgaria and Al his wife When he died s wife en- bania and even at the mament Greece, | d8aVOId to fake over his small patst nst the French - Little Entente Mony Instoad ahe loarted that aed SToup the result has Deen unhappy, ! o0y would she inherit no . dat Decause, as i the case of the Als that she as paré of her W nd ' Dantan Affalr, Which marked the mak-, Wealth. was now the property of hes g of the Treaty of Tirana, French ! brother —The drather devlared him- suppart has given to the Little Entente | $elf willing o marry her, dut Char- wers & positian wholly imy .} otte Khan, as she was calisd dN oreover, helther Bulgaria nor Hun-: ot relish the outhok A compre- ATy has been or is I & position, even | Mise was fnally reached. thanks W With Ttaltan ald, to risk an open strugs | the Mierventan of the Qerman legas le with the Little Entente backed by | HOn 1 Cabul which bought ihe Wy noh sympathy and support. Iand released her at the Afghan froa- Thua, 1 has found her efforts to | Her Assert palitical and economic ) . ‘This does not mean that the finan- olers conaidering the problem believe that will be smooth aatling i the negotiations which muat, under the plan, lead up 0 an agreement of how much cash France would accept i liew of reparations. Far fram it “There will be time after time during these fivat discussions between the French and the CGermans” sald one very able Anancler to whom the writer talked, “when the French will throw up their hands and say (hat never, never, never will they connider taking such & small amount And there wil Tust A5 WAy times when the Cermans will Wentinwed en Fourth Page) ] Sareesnaly o the Lt m: | England-Australia unseecess ful - m.“mmod h the fundamen o = el e’ Rakans e Air Service Outlined " and she has aroused Buros | ct— Dean oriticlam rather than support, X\ AR alrship service between Experiments Wi Powers. [ANG Ausiralia was descrided by Parallel with her efforts i the Bal- | bers of mperial Atrship :‘I’l:n‘::? has mfio“lw “"‘""‘:l';“'l'fiumc\ .‘::;.. Vet : has sought lo enlist Rritain i & Medis | A raveler of the near TR T L S e 0! N el w w Wit the' Britiah 0 aY e Q0 Datancs A Mhet the siahin Do Seai Of pawer game. wnn\u\mm London would stop \hve France and thus vetainl her own anmm:sum Suproacy in the Meditervanean Bt fall fr the purposes of refasling \“ while Tadia and Oeydaw A Sydney fatare, o Engl hore s 0ol lacking aympatiy 'he made W Byypt, “ & e