Evening Star Newspaper, January 22, 1928, Page 21

THE SUNDAY STAR, WASTIINGTON, {V_:KR AND DEFENSE OF U. S. MOST | EXPENSIVE OF ALL ACTIVITIES Military and Naval Engagements and has occasioned 64.96 per cent of our totpl governmental expenditure, and lest the reader may think that the heavy cxpense of the Great War brought up this percentage to a point higher than it would otherwise have been, it may be pointed out that the cost of the nationa' defense up to the time of the Great War, that s, from 1789 to the close of 1917, was accountable for 68.61 per cent the reduction of debt involve an In- crease of his burden in the years when the debt is being liquidated. For ex- ample, in the cight years which have elapsed since the official termination of the war the United States Govern- ment has reduced its indebtedness by 38.287.000,000, or at the rate of over a billion dollars a year. It is true that in this period the Government had Federal Government was called upon to meet. For instance, there was the maintee nance of the postal service between the different parts of the Union. We do not realize today what this fact means but one of the.greatest boons which the federation of the States conferred upon the people of the Union was the provi- sion for carrying of the mails from onc end of the country to the other; a serv- 1928° PART Y 208,000,000 for primary !l-‘ $160,000,000 for secondary grown to penses an expenses, Secondary Expenditures Rise. Between 1898 and 1901 they had reached $273,000,000 for primary pur-| poses and $279,000,000 for secondary purposcs. From that time on the sec- ondary expenses have been the greater Congress with his approval on June 27, 1912 Congress was slow to decide upon the adoption of the budget sys but finally in 1921 the necessary legisla- tion was had and the system was in augurated by President Harding, who appointed Charles G. Dawes as the first director ot the budget. No one would now think of going back to the chaotic conditions which prevailed prior to the ferred to the committee on appropriae |tions of the House of Representatives, , | where all legislation in regard to n: \tonal matters must originate. T commitiee on appropriations as now :onstituted is composed of 35 member |and it is customary that a majori shall be selected from the major part The committee on_appropriations cor siders the budget In its general aspect of the total expexditure. A study of the expenditures of Great Britain from the | English Revolution in 1683 down to_thc | boginning of the Great War in 1914 | shows that the expenditures for mili - | tary purposes and the debt charge ac- | counted for 73.74 per cent of her total outlay; that for the six fiscal years covering the period of the Great War | pien followed by the American people such expenditures. amounted o 7082 after all emergency perods which Lave per cent and that in the period which | et o (e e s has elapsed since the close of the war| gng yndoubtedly it is & wise policy her expenditures for what she ealls her |1 IGORERR 1 8 TEC DOReY “fighting forces,” pensions and | debt |, “pay “which we have been going charge amounted to 62.94 per cent of | {it ok Gneo the war, which, taking the total outlay of the government. | HITOER SEEE L TR WAL te TR The cost of government, has steadily | | qerity for the American people. risen with the growth of the count There are differences of opinfon as to The figures for the 73 years from 1787 | 2 b s | ol the rapidity with which the public debt to the time of the Civil War in 1861 Iehould be reduced, but those who “L"i‘ look absurdly small when compared ' “hould be Tediiced. Dut those Who viss e expens the 68 yeatrs'whieh |0ge In the Zulure anc rea nt 1 ;:r:(xl:‘ ‘i’l‘\lt“:’:‘lfl“‘:d .l‘;\(cr 1861. The total cXizencies f;:“[‘,“”-fl‘ "5 stress :\_:d <‘\d.nlm‘ expenditures of the Federal Government | When ,”‘, el ';n "I'i'?‘g:rrrsla ?u.“vh ):1 for all purposes from 1789 to the closc | frec are .u'ni ‘1 il ng 3 ,.' he of the fisal vear 1861 amounted to | the countrv is prospering and at peace 21795000000, The Civil War period {axation should bekent up fo a point of four vears fnvolved expenditures of Which will permit of a_fairly rapid almost double those of the previous 72 amortization of indebtedness ! 3 vears They amounted to $3.352.000.000 ~ Before passine on to an analysis o and the total expenditures from 1861 fhe civil expenditures of the Na ional to 1917 were $27.048,000.000, or a total | Government it should b~ mnoted that up to the beginning of the Great War one reason why the military expenses of $28.43.000000 The two years of l;\m'\\ 50 large in the P’l;r‘|‘r|":|‘£ budset is e Grea Var volve n expendi- | that, in accordanes w o To - b 21'"25:Y&&fnnfl?&&é‘?&f“m et of | ments of the Constitution. the National the Federnl Government in the cight Government is charged with 'hv‘dlgf.\ vears which have transpired since that of protecting the States against inva- time have amounted to $30.312.000.000. sion and acainst domestic violence The In short, the fiseal period which elapsed | soparate States have no direet expendi- between the declaration of war agains' | tures for this purpose. only being Germany by the United States and the charged with the duty of maintaining signing of fhe peace treaty at Versaille: order within their own houndaries and involved an expenditure by the United | cven then having the right to call upon States Government larger than the | the Federal Government for assistance total expenditures of the 128 vears ¢ in emergencies our history under the Constitution | while the eight vears which have elaps- ed since the articles of peace we agreed to have also involved an expen- diture ereater than that of the 12 years prior to the war. Reduction of Public Debt. In these statistics, no figures are J cluded for payments made in the r o c debt. Such ing the cxecutive and legislative depart- 1 ::\l:-rnr:gnn?: L‘L’."‘IL‘X"m‘J.«Sw. in a final ments. the cost of collecting revenue ’:f:f'?x;‘:\ plxpenditures had risen o accounting, the expenditures in the re- aintenance of public buildings and | ‘." sl tr"“rrn% Mh‘ primary ('M)’:‘nd!, duction of debt are merely an offset to =rounds. care of Indians, the expenses | tures n‘ 62, 0 The primary ex- {he Toceipts from borrowing which bro- of the courts and of eur foreign rela- (D>nscs ther shot up for a while and vided the means for expenditures made tions. These are expenditurcs which | brcam r]!rr.’”r‘r han the srcondary ex- in the years when the money was bor- may be said to be absolutely inhcrent | pences. due no doubt to the exigencies rowed. . However. while this is true in the functions of Government. but | ° n' var and the post-war period. but taking the statistics as a whole, vet apart from these. from the very be- !¢ find h..‘)‘, classes of *expenditures it is also true that so far as the tax- ng of our Government. there were | TONINg In the four-vear period. 1886- paver is concerned the expenditures in other expenditures which the | 1389, inclusive, these expenses had revenues in excess of those derived from taxation which practically offset the amounts expended in the liquidation of debt, but if we had not been making these payments in the reduction of in- debtedness, taxation might have heen just so much lower. However, the pol- icy of debt paying is one which has During President Wilson's first ad- | taking of this action, and unquestion- ministration the civil expenses for | ably the ability of the Coolidge ad- primary purposes reached $368,000,- | ministration to hold down expenses has 000, but the secondary expenses shot|been due largely to the fact that the up 'to $780,000,000 and, passing over | Pudget system has been in operation the war period when cxpenses were ab- | The budget itself s not a guarantee of normal, we find that in the four-year | €CONVMY nor is it a guarantee of wise perlod from 1922-1926 of the Harding- | eXpenciture, nor is it a guarantée that Coolidge administration secondary ex- Supplementary expenditures of various penses rose to $2,000,000,000 gs against | kinds will not be voted All of thesc §799,000,000 for primary expcnses. The | @buses have crept into the financing of indication is that in the last four | other countries which for years have years of President Coolidge's admins- | ''%ed the budget system. However. the tration th eratio may possibly be | budget system does help greatly to in- changed. President Coolidge’s meas- sure a wise economy in the expenditu ures of economy. scem o be keoping |Of the taxpayer's dolar. down somewhat the growth of the sec- | How Budget Works. ondary expenses. Tne two years for| which the record has already been While on this subject it may be per- made account for $425.000,000 primary tinent to state briefly how the budget 5 works and how appropriations are made and $1,050,000,000 sccondary Under the terms of the budget act the ¥ This widening of the scope |of governmental expenditures is NOt | president is required to transmit the budget to Congress on the first day o peculiar Lo our own country. There has been a very marked similar growth In | each reguiar seacion other countries, particularly in Eng- | in summary and in detail an estims land, where the extensive program of |of expenditures and of appropriations soclal betterment initiated just prior o | pecessary in his judgment for the sup- the war, under the premicrship of port of the Government for the e vd George, has resulted in increas- | year. These statements are a nied by sundrv financial supp burdensome annual budgets. ? S0 much m regard to the amount and ctatements prepared the differen governmental departments. In ¥ growth of our Federal expenditures. In addition to the growth in Federal ex- | sage the President makes recommenda- penditures. there has been a tendency | tions for inerease or decrease of receipts tor expenditures for States and munic- pecessary to be made in order to con- ipalitics also to increase, not only ac- | form to the requirements of the pro- posed expenditures. tually but relatively—that is, in propor- tion to the population and in propor- = One of the cardinal points of the hudget is that all estimates or requests tion to the national income. for appropriations must be submitted to This brings us to the subject of bud- geting. A great deal of the improve- Congress by the President. and not b: any officer of any department. a ment_which has taken place in connec- tion with the Federal expenditures may | the law provides that a departn official may make recommenda i fawly be attributed to the adoption in v 1 of the national budget svstem. Be- | requested especially to do <0 by Con- gress. It is another cardinal princ fore that time there was no executive e of the budgetary system that the Legis- controi over the expenditures. The pur- poses for which public moneys were ex- | lature may make appropriations for an amount lower than is recommended in pended and the amounts were deter- mined by the appropriations commit- the budget. but that no appropriation t shall be made which calls for an ex- of Congress. but they had no guid- penditure of money higher than that ance except the estimates which the Secretary of the Treasury is required recommended in the budget. This means that in our country the President by law to lay before Congress at the beginning of each session. As far back mes leadership and responsibilit for the recommendation of moneys as 1906 those interested in improving our finances. whether State or munici- needed for the financing of the Govern- ment and for new expenditures whic pal, strongly agitated the importance will in any way affect the Governmen® of ‘the adoption of the budget sys- work program. It has a tendency to tem To President Taft belongs the credit for having organized in 1910 a hold down the expenditures, although under our system of government Con- commission of economy and effciency. One of the most important of the stud- gress cannot absolutely be prevented ies made by this commission was a re- | from making appropriations larger than | port entitled “The Need for a National | those recommended. After the budzet Budget.” which President Taft sent to | has been laid before Congress it is re- Iy gets e | e ——— e — ;* IS ol [a]l———[o[—=[o][f 0] —— o]0 [olc——=a]| l|Like @ BOLT From the Clear Sky! RUSSELLS ORCED+» MOV WITHOUT WARNING!! Saturday night at the last minute we HAD TO MOVE!!! We terminated our lease—the landlord accepted our proposi- tion—WE HAD TO GET OUT AT ONCE!! We frankly admit that we did not expect such drastic action, and were therefore caught with much too much stock for the new location which we will open tomorrcew—WE WANT OUR THOUSANDS OF FRIENDS TO REMEMBER US—WE WANT THEM TO VISIT US IN OUR NEW STORE—we are going to stage a sensaticnal event tomorrow to give them an opportunity to make their visit to RUSSELLS a profitable one!!! Next Door to R. HARRIS—Jeweler This Sale Will Offer Such Sensational Values That Every Russell Customer Will Find Our New Address—402 7th St. N.W. SENSATIONAL NEW LOCATION SALE!!g: Every $1.95, $2.45 & $2.95 | Every $3.95 & $5 \» Russells HAT Russells HAT » On Sale Monday at On Sale Monday O amire s tock o Every hat that yeu've seen marked sold from $3.95 to $5 ~—~many of these attractive styles and BUSINESS HATS—all of them in new colors—all head sizes!! YOUR CHOICE {and formulates in a more or less defini- tive way 113 poliey. and in due courss the appropriation bills come before Cos gress for action. Aftér the appropria- tion bill is approved by the House it §0es to the Senate. and finaliy, he bill passes both houses. it goes * the P his approval b must cject whole 5 power to cific items in an appropriation ice which since 1847 has been rendered at a minimum uniform cost. This serv- ice has been performed by the Federal Government from carly days and, in fact, was started prior to 1789, Benjamin Franklin, in addition to all the other services which he rendered to the conn- try, having been one of our first Post master Generals. The service thus ren- dered by the Federal Government has been performed in nearly every year at a loss. Some years the loss has been very heavy and in other years it ha been moderate. Another service ren dered by the Federzl Government has been the maintenance of rivers and harbors and the lighthouse service tc safeguard navigation. But in additior | to these dutics. which have devolved upon the Federal Government from inception, many other extra-govern mental services have from time to time been assumed. For example, there | the Department of Agriculture with it ifold duties in the interests of th the Department of Commerc: | with its multifarious duties in the inter- ests of trade; the Department of Labor | charged with the duty of promoting th | Interests of those who work with the: | hands: the Department of the Interior | which. in addition to its duty of look | | Ing after the public domain, has man: other rocnonsibilities; then there is th | Public Health Service, the supervisior { of banks and the assistance rendered 1 {the States in connection with the edu- cational system of the country, includ ing aid from the public demain’to agri cultural and other collegiat institutions {and. to mention one of the Government's most imnortant extra-covernmental ac tivities. there is the aid in the buildin: of national hiehways i Tm; yarions functions, which are s - multifarions that to name the ¥ Primary and Secondary Expenditures. | discuss thom :v\(fllliyf‘!:rr;‘ll\”‘“fllfiin il That portion of the expenditures of | for a long article In itself, have neces- the Federal Government which may be | ;jf:fljrd increased expenditure. The designated as expenditures for civil | (INTIIETE beaan to SeRregate these government may be classificd under the | the four vyears which elapscd betweon two heads of “primary” and “second- | 1841 and 1845 they amounted to ary” expenditures. The primary ex- | $3.000.000. while the primary expenses Benditures are for the cost of maintain- | Amounted to $28.000.000. In the four | years prior to the Civil War the sec- Operations Have Cost 64.96 Per Cent of All Revenues. BY HARVEY E. FISK, 1 boradory was finally settled _and our | cstern territory and California | acquired. In the Civil War the ques- tion of the right of ession for- cver sottled, as well as the question of slavery in this country. but it involved a cost of over $3,500,000000. Then! came the Spanish War, which was hort and decisive and was probably gain a war which need not have been . as historical investigations of period now show. This war. which cost over $300.000.000, involved us in the and perhaps in the advan- ritoriality. Then came bill. Accounting and Auditing. The Federal Government has a well ed cyitem of accounting and au during the Revolutionary days, to the adoption of our present tution, the Co ntal Congress went to considerable pains to see disbursements of mong checked and audited we ds of the expendi- yovernment from y 's inauguration methods n the conduct of subsequent out- bt incurred n cat W ans to our ailies, cost over $27.000.- ,000. or nearly $37.000,000,000 if the loans are included. Whether or not should be included as part var will be deter- events. The Mexican out $68.000.000, the War of 2 $83.000.000, and the Revolutionary rd $100,000.000. estimating the cie yalues and not in de- Continental dollars, expenses of the United States ~ 9 to 1927, inclu- £091.298.000.000. Of 9,000,000 was expend- establishments. This > prosecution of s and other pavme: handling t he Gov The last tion ! tem was adop! ha that a great m S fecoauling Oeh small affa Indians. Sccretery Weeks es that the Army or some portion of it called into a ge of a Secreta Ci holds_office Al claims the cxpenses of the War Department expenditures for objects not connected military activities. Peasions other payments to veterans and heir dependents involved an expendi- ture of 511,349.000.000. bringing our | 1 direct m 1y expenditures 78.000.000. The out as intercst upon the publie should be added to the above in or- to determine our total expenditure: due to war or for preparation for war or the military defense of the countr: of the public debt, it is true. arred for purposes other than ut the percentage which these amounts bear to the total borrowings is 1 that it is fair enough to charge up the entire interest burden to the mil- v account. Therefore we arrive at al cxpenditure involved in the na- tional defense of $533.310.000,000 in 128 vears since the inauguration of Wash- inzton. Te this should be added $100. 090.000 which the Revolutionary War cos* Sn we find that the national defense e oblizated to see made for p law ates Treasury Denart- try has been rs—the Revolu- our inde- which was which War. which e. the War of fought again due to commerce ties_Gating c: with Europe. the War of ver have been fous! n War came mn 1848, and as an 1 of our southem AMERICAN FURNITURE CO.—512 NINTH ST. NW_ [[] G-E-N-U-I-N-E January Clearance Sale —Fast drawing to a close— Just a few more days and this sale that has attracted widespread interest among thrifty fo'ks comes to an end. . You will regret missing this opportunity of buying “Nationally Known” furniture of proven worth at sacrifice prices. Our nine floors are still laden with quality merchandise cager to find appreciative owners, at one-third to one-half its regular price. Our New Address— 402 7th St. NW. Formerly 12th & G— NOW 402 7th St. N.W. Remember our slogan, = Once a customer—always = a customer.” It is your assurance of complete satisfaction. Here are three outstanding specials in this sale. Come in and examine the merchandise. COMPARE" 1 ey = 10-Piece Genuine Mohair Living Room Suife Elegant quality of Mohair. Spring-filled reversible cushions and full size, finely constructed pieces. We firmly belicve this to be the greatest value ever offered. There are exactly seven of these suites on our floors. Sold regularly for $215. While they last—first come first served $5 Cash Delivers One of These Suites With the new exposed rail construction. . F F RUSSELL cur 12th St. Store I.OOR HATS that $1.95 and $2.95 in —SPORT, DRESS arrived as late as Thursday ALl OF THE NEW AND WANTED COL- ORS ALl HEAD SIZES BUY THEM TOMORROW AT -~ 600 Brand-New Advance Spring *10¢*15DRESSES Unfortunate for us one of the largest shipments of dresses for Spring arrived just at the time we started writing this adv. —OUR BAD LUCK IS YOUR GOOD LUCK—we have included them at the ridiculous price listed here to CUT THE AMOUNT AT LEAST IN HALF IN A SINGLE DAY!! Al of the newest styles—every color that you can imagine—elaborate trimming —~SEE THEM IN OUR WINDOWS!! All s 'RUSSELLS" \\Q [N-w Addr-ul-‘402 7th St. NW. = N"“*“‘_I » ; { l" T WASHINGTQN'S LARGEST FURNITURE STORE Iy ' le——lale———al———a]c=—=—m0]@ 0] c— 0] == 0| e [0 ] P 28 ' A 4 . Consisting China tenvion Armchar Genwne American Perind Design. A Just five vunes left Consin of Boveend Bed, Dresser, Vanity, Chifforobe. American Walnut Veneer. Fancily four of these suites left Sells regularly for $200 While they last 1 2 $5 Cash Delivers This Suite Tl AMERICAN FURNTTURE COL 512 NINTH STREET, N.W. Server Welnut 3¢ reqular 3200 Chais neer 10-Piece Dining Room Suite of ¥ Table Bufter I While they los: one 4 five Side $5 Cash Delivers This Suite A lole——=nlol——=lolclolc———]o]c——=3|o]——==3|o|e——=3|o| e——— |0 | =38 | ——— | 0| ——=| 0| ———=3 | 0| =—==] 0] INTER-OCEAN BUILDING BETWEEN E ANDF STS. | | | | | | | | | | | fl