Evening Star Newspaper, August 14, 1927, Page 39

A OF FIN SEEN IN RICH MARRIAGES Tendency of Wealthy Families to Wed Persons of Own Class Draws Comment From Dr. Wiggam, Scientist. BY WILLIS POWERF is rising in the wealthy J. BALLINGER. America because are pyramidin their money marrying a -~ most exclusively among them- selves. Only rarely does the heir to wealth today turn to humbler economic strata for a mate. In colonial da there was much more matrimonia democracy between the upper lower classes. Marriages between the yeomanry and the gent common in those day But toda such a marriage is now so extraoi dinary that it is exploited in big head- lines across three or four columns of our newspapers. Albert Edward Wiggam, distin- guished scientific writer and explorer of soctal problems, was explaining to | me how democracy tends to lead into aristocracy after a country’s economic development has gotten well under way. Dr. Wiggam is the author of two best scientific sellers which were veritable Lindbergh flights in the realms of popular science, judging by the wide interest they aroused in scientific subjects—the “New Deca- logue of Science” and the “Fruit of the Family Tree. Book Starts Discus And now he has capped this vious performance off with a book that has again thrown the thinking public into a furore of discussion—"The Next Age of Man.' In his latest book Dr. Wigi shows how the world and civilza- tion are dependent on the anaual pro- duction of a very small number of geniuses and leaders and how man must begin to bring science to the field of birth; just as he has brought it to the field of agriculture, and begin to breed scientifically the best human crops. My questions to Dr. Wiggam abou this pyramiding of wealth in Amer came fast. Somewhere in the back of my mind 1 remembered the dark charges of radical leaders that America was already in the grip of a financial autocracy. Such charges had come from politicians, and, of course, they had to be properly discounted. But here was a scientist telling me that wealth was merging in America from psychological marriage selection as well as from economic causes. 1 fairly leaped to the most important conchu- slon of such a statement. If that is true what will happen to the masses? Won't they be oppressed by this con- solidation of wealth? G Dr. Wiggam's reply was prompt: “I haven't the slightest fear that this pyramiding of wealth will mean oppression of the masses or a decrease in the economic_opportunities of the common man. When wealth marries weaith the biologic results will pro- duce extraordinary financial geniuses. And T am never afraid of a genius. It is about the only thing in the world that we need not be afraid of. The . thing T constantly dread is the second- class man. When he gets into power the liberties of men are put into jeop- ardy. and the wealth, well being and opportunities of the common man al- ways decline. A strong ruling class of hizh ability has always improved the lot of the common man. The latter has suffered only when one of his own kind has beguiled himself into power in_the name of the ‘pe-pul.’ But, Dr. Wiggam, isn't it notorious that the sons and daughters of the rich lead the fastest and most immoral lives and that wealfh enervates abil ity?” 1 inquired. Defends Wealthy Children. ““We hear, of course, about the ‘gild- cd fool! ” sald Dr. Wiggam. “And the reason we hear about him is that he is so rare. ‘Ruined by too much money’ is an_fmmemorial adage. But there is not the slightest evidence of a crucial nmature that money in itself ever ruined anybody. People can ex- hibit their ruination more widely if they have the money to advertise it. But if money really ruins people or is in any sense a moral danger, I do not believe we have any reliable knowledge of it. It is because the phenomenon of a rich fool going to the dogs attracts so much attention because of its rarity that we get the idea that ‘money ruins.’ On the whole the children of rich people are better morally and better mannered than the children of the poor chiefly because they come of better biologic stock. A person cannot create wealth without possessing a first-rate intelligence, and where the rich are marrying the rich in_America economic and business in- telligence as well as wealth is being pyramided. Financial geniuses will never hurt the common man.” “How do you account for this phe- nomenon of the wealthy only marry- ing the wealthy today?” T asked. “In the first place,” said Dr. Wig- n. en- new 7L nobility of wealth | and | y were lmflu} NCIAL GENIUS the wide and | between the | gam, “there was not | growing gap in wealth | upper nd lower classes of colonial days that there is today. Consequent- 1y this wide diffe nce in wealth be. f‘(\\ een the upper and lower classes to- { day has segregated the wealthy anl | accentuated differences that formerly | | were not great. In Colonial days a man was con- v well-to-do if _he owned The well-to ssed from Robert | men, left in 0. Capt. do people of that da 500 to $10,000 or 5 , one of the riches an_estate of §1 Thomas Brattle died in 1683, leaving an estate of about $40,000, and onc historian that this was probably | the largest in New England. Thus in | Colonial days the very richest men were not more than 50 times as rich as the average. By the vear 1750 a | few fortunes were listed at half a | | million dollars. This would make the very richest man at that time perhaps 300 times as rich as the average citi- zen. “But today there are men who are 10,000 to 100,000 times as rich as th. average. If this rise of colossal for | tunes were presented graphically, the niass of average citizens would exten. about 6 inches up, but the very vich would have to be carried up on pape: 000 feet high. Such is the gulf that tes the very rich from the aver- age rich today. Racial Evolution. “But there is another reason why | wealth is marrying wealth. Many times in civilizations a tendency of the iling classes to unite in marriage heen observed. The mnobility of rope intermarried for centuries. . In America our ruling class are our financiers. They are merely following | | out an old law of racial evolution--- | { the fit tend to marry the fit and | fortify themselves in their power and | prestige because offspring gets 2 double dose of ‘ruling class’ character- stics. “What factual proof have vou that since Colonial days there has heen a marked decrease in marri De- | tween the rich and the 1| queried. | “One very noted biologist, Dr. F. A. Woods, has already answered scien tifically and factually this question Woods selected a group of Colonial families prior to 1721 who were un- doubtedly in the upper classes of those days. The research established the surprising fact that out of 204 mar riages prior to the year 1721, 48 of them—that is, 23.5 per cent—werc marriages of these pre-eminent gen- try with the children of veomen. In other words, nearly one-fourth, or 25 per cent, poor of these cases were cross marriages between upper and lower classes of that day. In order to check up results this same scientist selected another list of early American families from a book called ‘The Memorial History of Boston' and looked up the records of the first of the elite families he found there and discovered that the first 100 marriages ylelded again ap- proximately 23 per cent of cross mar- riages between upper and lower classes, “Now to get a comparison with the present day, Woods selected 12 illustrious families before the year 1721 and followed out their mar- riages down to date—families whose marriages he had included and traced back of the vear 1721. In 152 modern marriages of the descendants of these 12 noted families, at least 143, or 94 per cent, turned out to be marriages within their own class. There were only two instances known in the list where marriages were dis- tinctly outside of the social class to which these people belonged. .“Out of these two examinations Wood derived the following conclu- sion: Out of 204 marriages from familles of the gentry in the earliest period of Colonial history, 119, or only 58.3 per cent, were within their own grade. But during the modern period—that is, between 1820 and 1920—at least 94 per cent have been strictly between members of the same social class. Thus the tendency toward caste marriages of the wealthy has increased markedly and has increased recently. Woods has given to this pyramiding process the fine term ‘social conification.’ “Wealth is marrying wealth in America. Wealthy families are thus building up financial genfus by this intermarrying of like qualities. And these families are going to rule America for a long time to come. But I haven't, I repeat again, the slightest fear of any oppression of the masses. I look, instead, toward a period of the most enlightened economic leadership when we wil have an era of financial geniuses.” (Copyright. 1927.) Aviation Promoters Are Eager To Cling to (Continued :from _First Page) nautique Internationale, world govern- | ing body for aircraft performances, | and also the annual license of the National Aeronautic Association. If he is trying for a world record and has not met these and other quire- ments of the F. A. 1. and the } A. A anything he does will be unofficial and unrecognized in the annals of aircraft performances. In competitions, such as the one on the West Coast for the Dole prize an entrance fee is required to show the good faith of the pllot. The pilot must carry a lifeboat capable of sus- taining the crew of the plane, su‘fhv cient food and water must be carried for three days. ten smoke flares or candles shall be in the plane ready for | ni-automatic code use and a small -ommended as part signaling set is r of the equipmen Furthermore. minute particu craft used. T must give iting to the include the type. wing area in square feet, wing load per square foot, make and type of en- gines, cubic inch displacement and ca- pacity of the fuel tanks. Standard Followed. Such information, sworn to by the pilot and submitted to the committee in charge, serves as a guidance for the safety of the pilot. Certain things in fiying have becom andard and serve as rules to £o by, and should ti committes feel that any plane is incapable of the pilot ars re flight, the pilot would be 5o inforpied | in due season. 4 The Nation: Aeronautic Assoct; tion. whose slogan is “Make Americ First in the Air,” would like to h less talk about what some pilots going to do and sece more flving in- stead. T! policy, closely adhered to by Col. Lindbergh and Lieuts. Mait. Jand and Hegenberger, went far in creating the universal enthusiasm for the two first great Atlantic and Pa- elfic non-stop flights. ““There number aviators,’ ” one official exy; sit on the ground with standing nearl and wh want of something to do, contest for a prize. Jocal pape; announce of ‘barracks ned, “who for the decide th z to fiy to the moon and | bauck, and overnight become herozs. Real Flyers Modest. The fiving people—those who fly @ay in and day out, a daily grind that 1s more productive and more beneficial n old crate . to They £0 Public’s Confidence to the science—laugh up their sleeves, climb in their cockpits and fly for elght or ten hours in all kinds of weather and over all kinds of ground. That's the last they think of the mat- ter, and in a majority of cases that's the last anybody else hears of it.” Since the successful over-ocean flights projects too numerous to keep a record of have sprung up all over the country like mushrooms, and if every one is carried out the world will ‘have to abandon everything else and try to keep track of the merry- go-round of flying stunts, There is no airman in Washington who is foolish enough to say that anything cannot be done, as the limits of, the airplane have by no means | béen demonstrated. Because aviation has a reliable power plant in the prin- ciple of the aircooled, “fixed radial’ type of englne, the research labora- |tories have not closed down and the technicians have not abandoned their | profession. A few ago many | would have said that the Spirit of St. | Louis, an_ordinary medium sized air- | plane, with a small 225-horsepower |engine, could not possibly have car- ried more than a ton of fuel off the | Eround and flown 3,400 milex One man's guess on the future per- | formances of aircraft Is as good as | another" IFrench Intellcctu;nl;s Hit Mobilization L. w French intellectuals are protesting vehemently against one of the articles in the new “law for the general mob- flization of the nation in war time,” | recently voted by the Chamber of | Deputles, and which will soon be sub- | mitted to the Senate. “National mob- {ilization,” the law prescribes, “shall include in the intellec domain an orientation of the nation's resources in the direction of the interests of na- tional defense and of all measures nec- ary to keep up the morale of the ¥ ‘say the French intellect- als, “This text wipes out the right | to think. It is the greatest blow ever | directed against the freedom of con- science.” About 200 well known writ journalists and _university protessors, and more than 50 students of the national superior normal school, ¢| which is the principal nursery of French university and intellectual life, have signed the protest. BY DUDLEY HEATHCOTE. ARISAThe history of Georges Clemen- ceau is the history of the Third Republic, for his public life began with the defeat of France by Germany in 1871, and ended in a blaze of glory at the armistice, when ance had regained the provinces that she had lost. Few public men have crowded as many ex- pe nces in thelr lives as Clemenceau has done, ¢ played more parts on the stage ot life and played them as well. Journalist, dramatis statesman and scholar, lecturer and author, the Tiger is perhaps one of the greatest men that France has produced in the last 70 years, and while his outlook is probably that of a generation that has passed, and he has played no part in the political life of today since his retivement in November, 1919, there is no doubt that he remains one of the outstanding men of the count % X k X Just before he was taken ill I was privi leged to be received by M. Clemenceau in his house, on rue Frankiin (Passy), and shall never forget the impression that his extraordi- nary vitality, charm and inherent greatness of soul left on my mind. Around me were books innumerable, piled on the shelves and in every spare corner of the room, and on the walls modern paintings alternating with photographs of Greece and Italy. Before a table that was shaped like a large horseshoe, Clemenceau was sitting spare but erect, wearing a black skull cap, his parchment- skinned face giving him the appearance of some strange Chinese god. Alertness and geniality, great humor and wit, mordant and incisive frony and a philosophical outlook that was stamped with the individualism of a strong virile temperament—such were the dominating impressions that 1 received from my conversa- tion with this wonderful old man. Georges Clemenceau is a great patriot in his opinion, patriotism is one of the gre of human qualities. and, test * %k “I know only one party he said, “France. The fatherland is tHe living frame of our thoughts and the emotional impulses of every kind that besiege us from the day of our birth to our death.” And if the love of country is the supreme virtue. with it Is assoclated what Clemenceau calls patriotic selfishness. “Individual selfishness, even when exercised in the most useful and therefore most com- mendable fashion, certainly promotes the wel- fare of the community as a whole, but patriot selfishness involves all the world in its bene- Unorowsso GEORGES CLEMENCEAU. the man who is vanquished need not despair if only he remains steadfast and does not sur- render to fate. “It is better not to have too easy a triumph or to go on living too long after once that trinmph has been obtained, for many who have ccess and lived too long afterward have seen it crumbling in the dust. The tem- porar vanquished who refuse to accept the inevitableness of defeat possess always the supreme consolation of being able to rise again —for their gain or loss, as fate may decree.” The Tiger is, consequently, a great believer in hard work, and declares that without con- stant effort and hard, unremitting toil no man will ever really achieve anything worthy of the name. known be at work,” he said, and nations only follow an should ever “ospecially a leader; gladly those who make every call on them.’ He is of the opinion, however, that work, like virtue, is its own reward. He declared, however, that the world was still divided into two hostile camps; those who were in favor of a rapprochement with Ger- many and those who were in the opposite camp. “Countries change but little,” he said, “and 1 remain convinced that the best guarantee of peace in the future s to constitute a Franco- American-English bloe or alliance. So long as these three countries are allied no country will ever dare to disturb the peace of the world.” * ok % % Also he gave expression to his often ex- pressed doctrine of interdependence, and de- clared that the economic interdependence of the great powers of the west of Europe was a fact that had insufficiently been realized, and that it was a thousand pities that politicians preached a gospel entirely opposed to this in- terdependence. “If nations realized more fully how closely interrelated and interdependent they really are the advocates of peace would obtain more par- tisans than those of war. And again: *“To understand the present and to estimate the future it will ever be necessary to turn for guidance to the past; the more we are able to shed light on the lives of the great that have preceded us, the more we will be able to ac- count for and interpret the present. Study his- tory at any age if you wish to foretell the future, and you will find everywhere the same teaching. I belfeve in great men because they alone can alter the course of history. Has there ever been any assembly that has added an inch to human stature as have Newton or Pasteur?” * %k A solitary by preference, the Tiger is, never- theless, a great lover of humanity and of great and noble deeds, there being nothing petty or trivial in his composition. “To read great books and to think elevating thoughts is far preferable, in my opinion, than to waste away one’s energy in the many triviali- ties that occupy men of fashion. Let us toil and strive after truth—that is to say, seek to eliminate all errors,” and he declared that a man who substitutes dreams for reality should never be awakened out of his dream. “Happy is the man who can make illusion the only reality, and to the man who spends some of his time making others more happy much should be forgiven.” Talking to Clemenceau is a great intellec- tual treat, for it is impossible to imagine any one possessing a more sparkling or incisive power of repartee—for he is famous in a country where this art is not uncommon. As Lloyd George used to say: Monsieur Clemenceau is a man who is extremely difficult to contradict {and service facilities for such equip- | TRUCK LEASING SERVICE USED TO REDUCE COST Retailer or Wholesaler Offered Fleet 01;' Few Machines to Cut Operating Expenses of Cars. BY WILLIAM ULLMAN. ANY new merchandising notes have been sounded by the automobile industry since it became America's greatest single enterprise. Mostly. however, they have occurred in the passenger car field. N it is the truck manufacturer’s turn, and, mak- ing the most of it, he is offering de velopments that promise to be of great significance in the field of motor transportation. i Among the most significant ges-| tures of this nature is that whereby | the retailer or wholesaler, large or small, may operate a truck fleet of vast or negligible proportions with | out making a capital investment in| motor vehicle equipment or in storage of its transportation there seems still to confusion. Sensing an opportunity to sell the merchant a service instead of a com- modity—such as the motor truck it- self—agencies stepped in and organ ized enterprises that amount to truck Ieasing. If the merchant was trout and confused in his efforts to ¢ mine th ost of deliverin, these organizations prono in and end his wor by giving him a flat r nd tha involved very keeping, much less the maintaining of a fle vehicles servics be But considerable d on the we little 1 buying of and Included in Service. organization that operate 0 and 800 trucks of 1ty and es for widely varying busin and industrial firms includes in it service these ftems: Trucks—Any type, size of n the special character of the merchant's 's business may requ includes not storing the vehicle, or vehicles keeping it washed nd cle vehicle travels a route that spla it with mud each day, the truck le agrees to have it spotless when starts on its joi y each morning Repairs—Complete chassis and body repairs are made immediately o truck is kept in the best possible chanical condition at all times night service is maintained to that the truck will not be tied up any longer than is necessary. Brakes and other safety features are inspected nightly and kept functioning highest point of efficienc Tires—Kept in good condition anit replaced as soon as wear justifies tis, change. Gasoline and oil is filled ni checked Painting | see wishes Inspections— greasing An twee he. Instead of buying trucks, he| leases them. Instead of providing storage ce and quarters where the fleet may be kept in repair, he lcaves this to the lessor. This trend simply is another mani- festation of the business theory that volume is the great cost cutter. In stead of the individual business or industrial organization operating a | relatively small group of trucks, a| gigantic fleet operated on a scientific basis by one organization is placed at the disposal of the various individual firms. The business house may have as many or ag few of the trucks as it ave large or small v have them painted any color it ires The name of the leasing firm only appears on the machine. ment. < < but the ters it me All Buy in Volume. But when it signs a contract speci- fying the number and size of the trucks it requires, the individual busi- ness firm steps out of the picture fzom an operating point of view. Those behind truck operation enter- | prises that cater to wholesaler and re- tailer of every financial stature main- tain that they can offer a transporta tion service peculiar! “We can,” buy trucks and parts in volume, insurance, gaso- line, oils, service labor, storage and everything clse in lots sufficlently large to make the great operation proportionately cheaper than the smaller one.” This is at the he gasoline htly and the crankca ter every day’s trip. d art work—As Regular oiling given to every Careful records are kept processes. Drivers' reports of inef- ciency in any unit of the car are acted upon’ immediately. Emergency Truck Ready. ficial action.” His theory ualistic: of life is “The law of the strongest always prevails lways foretell whither oligarchy and democ- and no one can possibl it is tending. Monarch: racy are never morée than phases phases that are as inevi by others.” Again * * ¢ ““Success belongs only strongly individual. By to this I must know what he wants; and, wanting that thing, must have sufficfent courage not only to say what he needs, but also to obtain it.” Other essentials of success, Clemenceau de- clares, are sincerity and perseverance. “If you would convince others you must first begin by convineing yourself; for success only belongs to those who are certain that they will win through and are prepared :to fight alway and so never lose hope.” B e According to the Tiger, succe: often attained after many reverses, while even strongly ably being substituted those who “To declaim against individ- iy his life to a big of that law, ¥ * Discu: tuture of F his often-e: French war ‘French obligations, are mean—Man pressed has ma vear—shall ¥ of creditor averse to expre of his many yea is, however, or kings is pure waste of time, and also vanity, for every individual who is capable of devoting se should not expect grati- tude from those of his fellow men who have benefited from his action.” ng the politics of the day and the rance, M. Clemenceau declared that opinion with ndebtedness had never ignored In view of the sacrifices that France de on behalf of the world, peat what I wrote to President Coolidge last nce ever jeopardize her and her property to meet the harsh demands On the future of Europe he professed to be sing an opinion on the ground retirement from that have passed over his head. “I am as good as dead now, and 1 can only live on past memories.’ the ingratitude of men never been in public or * % quest to regard to avered. he declared, “should be the monks the abbot a nor—to re- lands mais puls r in private. vous que je dois le jour * in a conference, and it is certain that he has worsted in a contest of wit either In this connection the following incident may be worth recording: * sk k ok ome while ago, M. Clemenceau sent a re- the head garden he overlooks from his study, in which he asked whether it would not be po cut down a tree that obstructed his view. of the monastery whose ble to On complying with his request he sent letter of thanks which began with e words Mon pere: Je ne connais pas votre nom, vous appeler Pere puisque c'est a & i rather; ¥ do not know your name, but I can well call of day * * political life and the very possesses o In truth, you Father since it is to you 1 owe the light *) Lloyd George also said of the Tiger: year he is one year younger and ne claw more!” (Copyright. 1 The Story the Week Has Told BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is a brief sum- mary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended August 13: * K K Kk Ireland.—On Wednesday the execu- tive committee of the Fianna Fail, the Free State Republican party, headed by De Valera, unanimously voted that the 45 members of the party who were elected to the Free State Parliament Should take the oath of allegiance to the British crown and assume their seats. On the assembling of the new Dail some weeks ago these deputies- elect refused to take the oath and so Were not allowed to take their seats. To be sure, the gentlemen so decid- ing, and in particular their chief, had frequently asscrted that they would never swear alefiance to “a foreign sovereign,” but on earnest examina- tion the apparent eating of their own words in the action proposed was found to be purely illsory, a phantom feast. It was decided that the oath of allegiance to the British crown Would be only an “empty fofmality not in the least affecting the integrity of the only alleglance they could know, namely, that to the Irish natlon. On Thursday the 45 were duly sworn and on Friday they took their seats in the Dail. No ‘doubt the momentous declsion to take the oath of allegiance to the British crown resulted from the new legislation® bestowing on the govern- ment_strong power for dealing -with activities considered by it to menace its safety. Sinderstand that the death penalty, for example, is provided for any one carrying arms without legal authority. It was feared that the Republican party might be destroyed unless it should participate in Parllament. * % kK Germany.—The eighth _ anniversa- ry of the adoption of the Weimar con- stitution was more or less celebrated throughout Germany on Thursday. At Halle one of the speakers at the cere- mony of celebration, a professor at the university, evaded the subject of the constitution and confined his_obser- vations to the university. The Reichs- banner stalwarts present exhorted him to talk of the constitution. When he failed to comply, they sang down his speech and he departed. A mem- ber of the Reichbanner took his place, eulogized the constitution, and re- ferred to the empire as “the cursed old regime.” Thereupon all the uni- versity professors present departed. * % Xk X Italy.—Two years ago Mussolini ordered Senator Cremonesi, just in- stalled as the first Governor of Rome, to remake the Eternal city—remake it into a modern city comparable for splendor with the Rome of Augustus— modern, yet without displacing or in- juring any precious relies. In those two years Senator Cremonesi has done ilmost nothing tow: Duce's order.” Why? For deterrent. The other is the failure to solve the problem—though all the architects and archeologists and city planners of Italy have put their heads together over it—of building a new Rome on the old site without ruin to its precious ruins. k%% Turkey.—Mustapha Kemal Pasha has just acquired a prerogative which would seem to constitute him the most dictatorial of living dictators, bar none. It was not enough that, last yvear, he should “liquidate” the opposition by judicial murders, ban- ishments and such like proceedings. His party, the so-called “People’s Re- publican party,” has now vested him with authority to select all the par- liamentary candidates who are to con- tend at the next general elections. This seems a little weird, but it may be that only by such special adapta- 1 Riders,” rd executing the | two rea- | sons. One is the vast cost, sufficiently | tion may Republican institutions be made to work in Turke; Japan.—A general political shake-up in Japan seems in prospect. Until recently the three main parties were the Kenselkal, the Seiyukal, and the Selyuhonto. It will be recalled that in connection with the financial crisis a few months ago the Kenseikai government headed by Premier Waka- tsukl fell and was succeeded by a Seiyukai government headed by Gen. Baron Tanaka. General elections, the first follow- ing the recent very great extension of the suffrage, are to be held in the coming May. Against that event a new party—the Minseito or Democra- tic party—has been formed. It repre- sents a fusion of the old Kenseikai and Seiyuhonto parties. Its head is Hamaguchi, formerly home minister, his chief lteutenants being Wakatsuki, late prime minister, and Tokonami, president of the old Seiyuhonto party. Its chiefs claim 226 s: in the lower house as against the Seiyukai's 177. The population of Japan increased by more than ,000 in 19 No wonder the government is worried. The substitution of potatoes for rice as the main element of the popular diet is under serious consideration, but enforcement of such substitution would be a delicate “proposition.” Rk United States of America.—Leonard Wood, major general, U. S. A, retired, and Governor General of the Philip- pines, aged 67, died early last Sunday morning in a Boston hospital, death resulting from an operation on a brain tumor. ¥Few American careers may com- pare with Gen. Wood's for interest, distinction or usefulness. The young ‘Wood joined the Army in 1885 as contract surgeon, becoming assistant surgeon the next vear. He served In the famous expedition under Capt. (ater Gen.) Lawton, which (in 1886) resulted in the capture of the re- doubtable Apache chief Geronimo. Because of death of line officers, he was assigned to combatant dut whereln he exhibited extraordinar: natural milita aptitude, his bravery, moreover, winning for him the coveted Congressional Medal for or. As a medical officer (captain) he was White House aide to McKinley and, so serv- ing, he met Ro stant Secre- tary of the Navy, whence one of the most famous of friendships. When in 1898 Roosevelt organized the Ist United States Volunteer Cavalr popularly known as the “Rougl for the Spanish-American War, he wisely procured that Capt. ‘Wood should be colonel thereof, con- tenting himself with the licutenant- colonelcy. Col. Wood emphatically made good and within the year had risen to be major general of volun- teers, 80 remaining until his discharge from that service in June, 1901. Meantime in March, 1901, he had heen appointed brigadier general in the Regular establishment. ~After the surrender of Santiago he became, in turn, military governor of Santiago and commander of the Department of Santiago and Puerto Principe, and in 1899 he was appointed military gov- ernor of Cuba. No doubt Gen. Wood's services as military governor of Cuba constitute his chief title to fame, entitling him to rank with the greatest colonial administrators of all time; with Cromer, with Lyantey and with the most notable of the Roman pro-consuls and of the British Viceroys of India. His work of sanitation, of education, of organization of the island for self- government, was indeed an achieve- ment of the very highest. order. In 1902 he turned over the island to the first President of Cuba and rejoined our Regular Army in the capacity. of brigadier general. It should never be forgotten that it was under his aus- pices that the glorious experiment was conducted which resulted in absolute ! to advancing ye for Capt. C. T. I. demonstration of the cause of yellow fever. He was promoted major general in 1903 ard served in the Philippines 908, doing notable work toward ation and commanding the division of the Philippines 1906-8. When. Secretary of War Elihu Root reorganized the Army and created the general staff, he acted largely on Gen. Wood's advice, and n. Wood be- came the first chief of staff (1910-1914). No doubt second in splendor of Gen. Wood's titles to fame is his father- hood of the “Plattsburg idea,” realiza- tion of which in face of a not too cor- dial administration had results so nomentous and benefigent. As our ‘apostle of preparedness’ he has been compared, not too inaptly, to Lord Roberts in England. In the World War Gen. Wood's pre- eminent abilities were vouchsafed only limited scope. He selected 30 sites for divisional camps and he trained troops on this side; he was not allowed to command in France the 89th Division, his creation. Fate deait with him even more ironically in the matter of the presidency. It may ¢ be denied that a majority of Republicans in 1920 favored his nomi- nation to that office, nor may it be doubted that he would have been elected if nominated. He lost the nomination through independence and the ineptness or basen of agen! It is too soon with full assurance to appraise Gen. Wood's work of the six ears past as Governor General of the Philippines, but the expectation is a rea#dnable one that, the dust laid, it will be found to measure up well with the proconsular masterpiece in Cuba. ot fully, perhaps. A certain falling- oft in mental vigor and keenness, due ars and constant {ll- ness, was, one should think, inevitable. The undertaking of that last service in the Philippines was a herioic piece of self-abnegation; considering, espe- cially, the general's physical condition and his renunciation of the provotship of the University of Pennsylvania (he was retired from active service in the Army in 1921). A few days before the end he was appealing to the American people for a fund of $2,000,000 where- with to complete the work, so well in train already, of extirpating leprosy in the Philippines. He thought that with that sum in hand the disease could be wiped out by 1932, Tt is to be expected that the money will very quickly be subscribed in token of af- fection for this great friend of man. One of the greatest of American sol- diers, the greatest of American colo- nial administrators, and one of the greatest proconsuls of all time, a hero of the first water, Last Sunday the “Inter Peace Bridge,” over the Niaga connecting Buffalo, N. Y Erie, Ontario, was dedicated in the presence of 100,000 persons. The Prince of Wales, his brother, Prince George; Premier Baldwin of Great Britain, Premier King of Canada, Sir Esme Howard, British Ambassador to the United States; Vincent Massey, Canadian Minister to the United States; Vice President Dawes, Secre- tary Kellogg, Gov. Smith of New York and William Phillips, American Minister to Canada, attended the ceremony. The new blg four combination which is to face the doughty British team in the irternational polo series to cos mence September 5 will be made up as follow No. 1, Frederick Winston Churchill Guest No. 2, Thomas Hitcheock, jr. No. 3, J. Cheever Cowdin. Back, Devereux Milburn. Mr. Guest is the son of Capt. the Hon. 8ir Frederick E. Guest, a famous English poloist, and, curiously enough, Capt. Guest is furnishing the mounts of the Britis] uest may. ational with Fort River, | | represent America, for his mother Is | American born, and he captained this year's Yale polo team, intercollegiate victors. He bids fair to challenge the primacy of the great Hitchcock. In a speech at the American Club of Paris the other day Julius Klein, di- rector of the Bureau of Foreizn and Domestic Commerce, declared that American tourists are spending $630,- 000,000 abroad this year, chiefly in Europe; §250,000,000 thereof in France. * X Xk % Notes. — Renewed Franco - Sparish negotiations looking to revision of the international agreement respecting Tangier have broken down. Appar- ently the Spaniards demanded too much. After a 10-day plenary joint session the central control committee and the central committee of the Communist party of Russia decided not to expel Leon Trotsky and Gregory Zinoviev from the central committee, The res- olution announcing the decision takes 5,000 words to explain, and, at that, fails to do so; the real explanation not being mentioned—namely, that the culprits, who are “admonished with severe blame and a warning for their infringements of party discipline,” have the popular sentiment behind them. The significant news arrives that the seat of the Nanking government is being moved from Nanking to Shanghai, the Northern counter- thrust threatening Nanking. Reports persist that Chiang Shek is suffering heavy loeses in retreat along the line of the Tientsin- Pukow Railroad, his immediate oppo- nent being Sun Chuan Feng, one time lord of Shanghai. Feng Yu Hsiang, on whom Chiang had relied for promised help, is true to himself. He is entirel pied with No. 1 Kal U. S. Typewriters Gain In Far East Markets Despite active efforts on the part of British manufacturers, American type- writers are gaining increasing favor in the Far Eastern markets. More than three-fourths of the imports of type- ers of the Straits Settlement and British Malaya now are supplied by America, a total of 1,967 machines be- ing shipped by the United States In 1926. As there is no import duty on such machines, they sell at approximately the me price, plus freight, as in the United States. Rebuilt machines rarely are bought, and dealers in order to lose a deal are said often to allow $50 in Straits currency on an old ma- chine and later dispose of it to a sec- ond-hand dealer for from $5 to $10. More than one-third of the sales are portables, chiefly used on steamer I’ourneys. Covers- 18 Capita; In Tour by Airplane Tilustrative of the development of | communication by means of airplanes in Europe is the recent trip made by Count de la Vaulx, president of the International Aeronautical Federation, which took him to 18 different Euro- pean capitals. The trip started and ended in Pari: The eities visited on this flying trip were Paris, Lisbon, Madrid, Rome, Belgrade, Bucharest, Budapest, Vienna, e, Berlin, Helsingfors, Stockhqlm, Oslo, Copenhagen, Am- sterdam, Brussels and London. The ir ‘made on regular routes and more than a dozen national- their chief argument. It is successful, one of the largest operators of this kind in the country says, because the firm that can solve the transportation problem of the metropolitan wholesaler or retailer is meeting a definite need that has grown out of the failure of many commodity merchandisers to get their delivery systems upon a thoroughly scientific basis. The motor truck's part in the tre- mendous expansion of business is well known. But the coming of the truck brought its own problems. One of these was that of figuring the cost of such transportation for the pur- pose of estimating the part of this item in the total expense of market- ing a given commodity. Numerous variables arose in the experience of the business house to give complexity to the situation. Drivers Are Variables. One Winter, for instance, would emerge almost unscathed. The next, exery truck would suffer broken axles, broken propeller shafts or similar maladies. An operator ous damage to his equipment and then, in the course of two weeks, see two of his trucks demolished in acci- dents of one kind or another. These are but two variables. Large fleet operators can cite dozens of others. Drivers, too, are variables. One will treat a truck with the greatest of care and consideration, obtaining from it relatively costless service. Another will wreak havoc with the truck mechanism, sending it to the repair shop constantly. These and many other factors of more or less importance have proved so difficult to render in precise cost figures that the Society of Automo- tive Engineers and other agencies have attempted to devise a formula that would be of assistance business house {n determining the cost The Great G. O. P (Continued from st_Page.) They are not sure whom they will slipping away from them. But they put forward vigorous claims for their | candidate, claims that under scrutiny | do not stand up very well. For exam- ple, they lay claim to 244 votes in the next convention from the following 12} | socalled farm States: Wisconsin, | Minnesota, Iowa, Kans: Nebraska, Missouri, North Dakota, South Da-| kota, Montana, Utah, Washington | and Oregon. The La Folletteites in Wisconsin care no more for Lowden than they do for Coolidge The prob-| abilities are the Wisconsin delegation will go to the convention uninstructed and will be opposed to Lowden. Already there is 4 movement on foot in Kansas | to send a delegation to the convention | for Senator Charles Curtis, if not for Senator Arthur Capper. Nebraska may swing to Norris, its favorite son, and | the Dakotas, while they like the Me-| ary-Haugen bill, are not inclined to | regard Mr. Lowden as the progressive | type. | ok ow Missouri sent a delegation to Republican national convention in 1 for Mr. Lowden, and thereby hangs a tale. The injudicious, to say the | least, expenditure of money by some of the politicians in Missouri to obtain Lowden delegates came to light in a Senate investigation. Th ad more to do with the defeat of Mr. Lowden for the nomination in 1920 than any other single factor. While there ha been no charge against Mr. Lowden personally in connection with the alleged buying of delegates i uri, Republican leaders here the | old story as a great handicap to Mr. Lowden now. The coming fight in the Senate over the seating of Senator- elect Frank L. Smith of Illinoi: against whom charges have been made by the Reed slush fund committee, and over the seating of Senator-elect Willlam S. Vare of Pennsylvania will focus attention particularly on cor- ruption in politics and will serve to revive the stories of 1920. Indeed Senator Jim Reed of Missouri, chair man of the Senate committee, has| already in several speeches referred to the Lowden delegate incident in Missouri. The East s not likely to cotton to! Mr. Lowden because he favors the principles of the McNary-Haugen bill. The reverse may be expected. And the East will have a dominating voice in the next national convention. Low- den had many delegates in 1920 from | the South, but, as already has been indicated, he will have to divide these next year with Mr. Hoover and Mr. Hughes. Nor will Mr. Lowden have plain sailing in Illinois, his own State, where Gov. Len Small and Mayor ‘Willlam Hale Thompson have no love for him. He will be lucky, it is said, 1f he gets half the State delegation to the convention. Lowden is the oldest of the Repub- licans who have been prominently mentioned for the nomination—more than & year older Qm Mr. Hughes. 4 the a fleet | might go for two years without seri- | to the | have to fight, and they see an issue | | ter of fact. In addition, if one of the vehicles breaks down, an emergency truck is ready to take its place. Or, if an extra heavy rush of business deluges the equipment for which the merchant, had contracted, supplemental facili- | ties for delivery are placed at hig disposal. An interesting feature of this par- ticular organization is that it retains at the head of its mechanical depart- ment one of the most prominent con- sulting automotive engineers in the country. Many commercial enterprises ar availing themselves of this type of servi In Washington, New York, Miami, San Francisco and several Middle Western cities business and in- dustrial ventures, both Jarge and small, are using this new method. Others, howev>r, continue to operate their own fleets, undoubtedly because they have had success with them. The merchandising idea behind the truck leasing services is not new, al though its application to so large an article is relatively so. Every one knows that dress suits and tuxedos have been rented for years. The idea also has been applied by caterers for decades. Barber shops get their coats and towels on the same basis. | The first application of the idea to the motor truck fleld came several vears ago. It was started in San Francisco, and after a struggle achieved a measure of success that justified its adoption elsewhere and on a larger scale. Backers of truck leasing declare it will prove a genuine boon to manufac- turers of commercial vehicles of all kinds by putting their operation on a basis that will result in greatly re. duced operating costs. And, in so far as experience indicates, this claim is soundly based. But, regardless of where the ventire | it is one of the most interes ng ndising notes in a most impor- tant branch e the automotive ine dustry. . Handicap of 1928 He will be 68 on March 4, 1929, when he would take office if elected Presi- dent next year. * * % Vics President Charles G. Dawes was born in August, 1865, and would be approaching 64 at the time he en- tered the White House if he were elected President. cretary Hoover is the baby of the “big four,” as a mat He is 53 y old and would be 54 at the time he took oath of office as President in 1929, Vice President Dawes fs regarded in many quarters as the probable residu- ary legatee of the Lowden strength it it becomes apparent that Mr. Lowden cannot be nominated. First, he, too, is from Iliinois. Second, he®has fa- vored the Mc Haugen bill in principle, and third, he is as acceptable to business interests of the East as is the son-inlaw of the late president of the Pullman Car Co. Whils the Vice President has said nothing, it generally has been expected that he will let Mr. Lowden make the' running for delegates in many of the States, hoping to inherit them later. The Vice President is popular in the country. He has had a colorful career™ in an office that is rather drab. He has a war record and is credited witly the “Dawes plan” for handling the, German reparations. He would be" strong in the States where many’ voters of German extraction are found,u it is sald. The Vica President has a lucky flair. Things have had a way of working" out well for him in the past. Luck i8¢ as much of an asset in politics as it is.in the other great American g me. * ok %k Speaker Longworth faces a difficult ask if he becomes a candidate for the nomination, in his own State of. Ohio. He regarded as a wet, and Ohio_is overwhelmingly dry. He has the Roosevelt connection, the son-in- law of the late President Roosevelt, ich will rally many to him. He I8 extremely popular in the House of Representatives and has occupied one of the highest offices in the land. Bug, he cannot now. at least, be conside one of the leading contenders for the'" nomination. A compromise candidate,t perhaps, but there his wetness will hurt him, g The Republicans hope to be able to'" nominate without any such comprosd mise as occurred in 1920, when thes! three leading candidates for the nomis; Tation were discarded and Preamong‘ Harding nominated. They do not'’ want a “dark horse.” They want a% | man widely known and popular in th country. They believe they can wil with such a man and they are nof inclined to take any chances. If a*f deadlock should occur in the Repuhwit lican national convention, it won't ba necessary to pick a horse of somber., hue. There is always Mr. Coolidge—="" unless he declines flatly to accept such ¥ a nomination. PSR SRR L Saving and Spending. From the Butls Daiy Poety It's hard to lay away for a r: day, because you can get more .for your money on a sunny day.