Evening Star Newspaper, September 27, 1925, Page 39

DIPLOMATS HERE WORK IN BUSINESSLIKE WAY Foreign Envoys All Maintain® Well Equipped Offices—Some Have Quar- ters in Downtown Buildings BY HENRY L. SWEINHART. T you drop in Imost any of the foreign embassies or legations in Washington during certain hours of the day you will find a most business-like” atmosphere about the place. Several of them, in fact, maintain offices in downtown buildings with regular hours of arrival and de- parture. The great majority of the diplomats, however, of whom there are 52 listed in the State Department register, transact their government's business in a portion of the ambassa- dor’s or minister's home which is set side for the purpose. In several as separate houses have been Bought and fitted up as offices. Certain hours of the day, as a rule, are designated for visitors, with other perfods for uninterrupted transaction of their routine work. Between 11 and 1 are the usual hours in which callers are received, except by speclal ap- pointment by the head of the mission or by oné of the members of his staff. The counselor of the embassy, the secretaries and other assistants will usually be found in their offices again between 3 and 6 in the after- noon. Offices Well Arranged. When the offices are located in the residence of the ambassador or min- Ister they are usually so arranged that they do not interfere with the social arrangements of the house. Frequentiy they are in a separate wing of the building, or with an en- trance at the side of the edifice. Inside desks, filing cases, safes and other paraphernalia give the distinct Impression of a regular business insti- tution. This is Increased by the man- ner in which guests are received and handled. The main office of the Mexi- can embassy is in a large wing con- nected with the residence proper. On entering this office one could easil imagine himself in a bank. with pa: titioned quarters running about one. third of the way to the high ceilin; for the different secretaries and at taches. There is a private waiting room at one side where guests are seated until their card or name has been taken by the messenger to the ambassador other official whom they desire see. Several of the rooms on the ground floor of the res dence portion also are used as offices, while the amlt dor, in addition, maintains a large office which he uses special occasions in the spaclous rary which occupies the entire front the third floor. The Argentine and Chilean em- bassies each occupy a large separate bullding for office purposes, the former being in the rear of the am- bassador’s residence and the latter <everal blocks from the elegant home on Massachusetts avenue which the Chilean government recently bought as a home for its ambassador. The Tapanese have a similar arrangement, with the ambassador living on K street, opposite Franklin Park, while the offices; occupy a house on N street, several blocks aws ~he offices of the British embassy wh&h, before the war, were in one side of the spa- or to for new quarters, are in frame quar- ters in the rear of the mansion. One of the handsomest and at the same time one of the most convenient- ly arranged of the embassies in Wash- ington is that recently erected by the Italian government. Located on upper Sixteenth street, in the heart of a dip- lomatic section which houses the French, Mexican, Cuban, Polish, Span- ish, Netherlands and Swiss missions in this country, the Itallan embassy is built four-square around a large central court, with the offices occu- pying the rear side and connpected with the residence portion of the building by a collonade along one side of the court. There is a separate en- trance to the offices on the side street. The Cuban embassy, situated on Sixteenth street a short distance above Meridian Hill Park, is one of the most palatial in the city. It is well ar- ranged both for reception and office purposes. On entering through the main door one is confronted by a wide marble staircase a short distance back in the spaclous hallway, leading up to balconies on the second floor, around which are a large salon, dining room and other rooms which are used on the occasion of receptions at the em- bassy. The living quarters are on the floor above. The offices occupy one entire side of the ground floor, with a separate entrance at the side, while the ambassador has his private offices on the opposite side of the same floor. A handsomely furnished Ili- brary with beautifully carved wood- work and an ornate marble fireplace, takes up the central portion of the rear on the ground fioor. Governments Own Buildings About a third of the foreign gov- ernments represented here own the buildings which they occupy as em- bassies and legations. Some of the structures have been built for their special purposes, while others have been bought. France, which up to the present time has rented quarters here, now owns the large tract of land on the north side of Meridian Hill Park, commanding a_magnificent view of the city, with the Jeanne d'Arc statue in the foreground in the center of the park, and on this site the French are planning to erect a hand- some embassy building. It will be only a stone's throw from the resi- dence on Sixteenth street which they have occupied for nearly 20 years. The British government, which has owned its embassy here for many years past, has sold the valuable property on Connecticut avenue and s planning to build a new home for its ambassador on Massachusetts avenue, adjoining the United States Naval Observatory grounds. Among the other govern- ments which own their embassies or legations here are Argentina, Belgium, Chile, Cuba, Germany, Guatemala, Italy, Japan, Mexico, ~Netherlands, Panama, Poland, Russia and Siam. Mexico was one of the first of the for- elgn governments to purchase its own property here, and several years ago sold the large house on I street which it has occupied for many years, that being now a business section, buying the spacious MacVeagh residence on upper Sixteenth street, to which an cious old hou: soon to be abandoned addition was built for offices. Germany “Responsible” for Causing War, But Not “Guilty” of Deliberate Intent rst Page.) ted from for the Russiah masses into Poson and East Prussia and Instead of being able to | strike down F e rst, Germany would be thrown on the defensive on both fronts, outnumbered from the beginning. Sitting down in cool blood, years be- fore the war. the German general staff urider the gi nce of Schieffolin, who was a really great soldier, had based German safety upon the assumption | that Germany would be attacked by | France and R at the attack | would be prec declaration of | war which would coincide with mobili- | zation orders. If this proved the case. then German armies could be hurried | ross Be could smash France, | capture and eliminate the | French before Russia became dan zerous in the east Situation in 1914 Qutlined. But in July, 1914, German states- manship was unable and even unwill ing to provide the premises on which the military staff had made their plan. IRussia was mobili Neither France nor Russia had issued or was likely 1o fssue a de ion of war. Both could well afford to wait, to continue negotiations until Ru was com- pletely mobilized. For Germany the Lattle and perhaps the war were both ost in ad nce, unless war were de- lared or Russian mobilization stopped it once. Hence the Russian ulti matum. This German action was if it were clear that w purpose of France, Russia and that negotiation: thun cover for prej France and Russia w lulging in talk to prevent any Ger- an action until the period in which (ierman advantage had expired. But this was not the case and every Gierman embassy was so reporting. The simple fact was that the civil zovernment was too weak to restrain the military and the military was \ble to see the situation only from a purely technical point of view. In reality, had the French Rus: n government had any such| idea or undertaken to employ any such strategy, they would imme- diately have lost British support, for Britain emphatically did not want war and did not mean to be dragged into it by any unprovoked act of her friends. Tt i§ arguable that the inter- vention of the German soldiers was due to a desire to insure war and + fear lest the pacifi purpose of Bethmann might defeat this hope, but at least there is nothing to prove or even suggest this in the evidence available. On the contrary, it is posaible that the soldiers believed war to disaster, wouldsweep defensible was the d Britain or | war is inescapable. |tate the conflict seems equally | triple entente, tnevitable and acted upon this mis. taken but honest belief. In any event it seems to me that Poincare’s final thesis that German responsibility for the war is estab- |lished by the German declaration of There was cer- talaly a very fair chance of peace up to the moment of the ultimatum to Russia, which was dictated solely by the military element. Since Russia could not obey the ultimatum with- out surrendering her position as a great power, it made war inevitable. To believe that Germany was | uniquely responsible for the causes of the war, which are many, complicated and covering a long period of time, is an obvious absurdity. To believe that Germany was immediately guilty of acts and purposes designed to precipl- n- exact. It is patently possible to make a case for Germany against the for France against Germany or Germany against Russia, precisely as one chooses to Interpret the evidence in the case, which will naturally be in accordance with personal sympathies or interpreta- tions. Thus we shall doubtless always have national views of the crisis persisting in all national histories. But drop- ping the charge of moral guilt and coming down to the simple question of direct and immediate responsibility, this seems more and more to rest demonstrably upon the intervention of the German military leaders, result- ing from their military plans and having the effect of putting an end to discussions which remained hopeful and precipitating the conflict. Russia’s Mobillzation Discussed. Certainly the intervention would not have taken place save for Russlan mo- bilization; but, conceding this, did Russian mobilization make it neces- sary, was waiting another day impos- sible? Falkenhayn said not; history will probably indorse his view, the more probably, indeed, because the German soldier lost the battle and the war six weeks later, when his whole precious plan was completely wrecked at the Marne. . In so far as. the German protests against war gullt as involving peculiar turpitude and particular moral ob- liquity, it seems to me he is assured of an Increasingly favorable judgment in the future. On the other hand, the responsibility of his statesmen and soldiers for the actual precipitation of the struggle seems llkely to stand. The statesmen were too weak to re- strain the soldiers, the soldiers too blind to see anything but the narrow military problem. In a word, German action occasioned the war, but neither the action nor the war was directly premeditated. (Copyright. 1025.) Indians Were Fastidious Jewelers, Pearls in Burial Mounds Indicate Pearls from the Ohio mound hoards show that the ancient Indlans who hullt them and accumulated the jewels found in them were as fastidious as modern Jewelers about their quality, according to Dr. Walter Hough of the United States Natonal Museum. They used only perfectly shaped pearls, re- jecting even the baroques that receive at least minor favor from Europeans. The Ohio finds, though unusually fine, even sensational in their quality, are mot_the first discoveries of pearls in" the Indian mounds of that region, Dr. Hough sald. Some years ago an expedition under Dr. F. W. Putnam of the Peabody Museum of Harvard Uni- versity worked on mounds near the Miami and Muskingum rivers in Ohio nd found great quantities of pearls, “hearly a peck of them in all. Unfor- tunately, they had been buried in acid soil; which had roughened and ciscol- oreg thelr surface. If the surface lay- ers were peeled off, the nacre under- neath shone with an exceedingly beau- tiful but evanescent luster, like the ‘“peeled” pearls of modern jewelers’ practice. Pearls, Dr. Hough explained, are chemically quite similar to lime- stone, and unable to withstand even the weak acids of the soil. Cleopatra's famous stunt of dissolving a pearl in vinegar can be repeated by any one willing to stand the expense. Fortu- nately, the pearls recently found were buried in a limy, alkaline soil, and have not been spoiled. Dr. Hough re- called also a store of pearls found by an expedition under Willlam C. Mills, which had been perfectly preserved by burial in ashes. Included in this find was one necklace of an estimated value of $150,000. The source of the pearls is obvious enough. The mussels, or ‘“clams,” abundant throughoyt the Mississippi Valley, frequently contain pearls which BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is a_brief sum- mary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended Septem- ber 26: The British Empire.—The conserva- tive elements of Britain are much perturbed over the doings of the re- cent trades union congress at Scar- borough. The congress began soberly enough, turning down the proposal of the one big union and a proposal to vest the general counsel of the trades unlons with plenary powers of war and peace, whereof of course the most important would be the power to declare the general strike. But the majority of the congress became in- toxicated by the oratory of the wild men, including M. Tomsky, one of four guests from Moscow. By a tre- mendous majority a proposal was passed for establishment of *shop committees” in all British workshops. ““We should make all our people un- derstand that bolshevism is our ob- Jective,” said Harry Pollitt, one of the chief advocates of that proposal. Resolutions of a rich bolshevist ban- quet were carried, denouricing capital- ism, denouncing British imperialism as Pythias to the capitalist Damon, de- nouncing the Dawes plan as deyised by American capitalists to enslave German workers, asserting the right of any component of the empire to separate therefrom, etc. The antl- imperialism resolution was proposed by A. A. Purcell, M. P. Moderate orators like J. H. Thomas were shout- ed down with contumely. A. J. Cook, secretary of the Miners' Federation, “Emperor” Cook, was cheered to the echo when he declared the congress to be the national parliament of the future, These resolutions may be of great real significance, and they may not. Either truth or nonsense may come out in a state of Inebriation from whatever cause, red eloquence or red wine. Britain wonders which, in this instance, and is looking forward with some anxiety to the Labor party con- ference, soon to take place at Liver- pool. A repetition at Liverpool of the Scarborough performance would cause alarm sure enough. The New Statesman, not to be ac- cused of a lickspittle attitude toward capitalism or -imperialism, declares that “if Mr. Cook contemplated any step deserving the name of revolu- tion, he would not have 5 per cent of his own men behind him.” The New Statesman may or may not be right. Trotsky in his book “Whither Eng- land?”’ confidently prognosticates red revolution in England. Conservative optimists point, on the other hand, to the landslide for conservatism at the last general elections in consequence of the Zienoviev letter. “Back to the land,” is the slogan with which Lloyd George is now mak- ing great play.. There is no reason, he declares, why Britain (who now produges food sufficient for -only five millions) should not produce most of the foodstuffs and timber she re- quires; at the same time giving employment in agriculture to 2,000,000 more persons than are now so em- ployed, solving the unemployment problem which so afflicts and menaces the realm (there are 1,300,000 register- ed unemployed). Let little Belglum be the model. The ex-premier bases his ar- guments on the recently issued report of a land committee of experts which has been investigating during the past two years. Accomplishment of his plan would In effect invoive an agra- rian revolution; to be effected, how- ever, gradually and with full compen- sation to land owners. Obviously there is much to be sald for the plan, which presumably is presented from disinter- ested motives; and obviously there are tremendous obstacles to Its realization. Here is a likely development to be ‘watched. ‘The coal miners and mine operators are quarreling again. A matter in agreement involving a minor wage question) was referred to Premier Baldwin, who decided against the miners’ claim. Therefore the miners are boycotting the royal commission which is Investigating the industry, and they are to hold a special conven- tion on October 9 to discuss their grievances. The specific cause of quarrel being in itself no great thing, the development pecullarly and tragic- ally manifests the ugly intransigence of the miners’ mood. And the worst of it is that their secretary and leader, “Emperor” Cook, keeps 'em stirred up, will not allow play to any thoughts of conciliation. And what is still worse, if some disinterested observers are to be believed, the owners are scarcely more sweetly reasonable fhan the miners; they are equally human. A strike or lockout, after all, despite the “truce,” would be the last straw. Surely nothing else taking place in the world is as important or as In- teresting as the present economic and social phase in Britain. To forestall the worst horrors of a general strike, should one occur, a voluntary “Organization for Mainte- nance of Supplies” is under way. It is headed by Lord Hardinge and its direction includes a number of great names. Its object is to maintain the vital services. The personnel would be taken over by the govern- ment should occasion arise. There is precedent. During the last great strike, several years ago, such an organization, set afoot overnight, did yeoman service. Mr. Wheatley, a member of Mr. MacDonald's cabinet, proposes an answer in the form of a ‘“‘workers defense corps” number- ing 10,000,000 persons in his imag- ination, There is no precedent, for the thing, though the idea 1s not novel. General elections are to be held in Australla next month. The grand issue is whether or not the labor extremists are to rule the roost. The leader of those who would con- serve constitutional government is Premier Bruce. His chief opponent is a declared bolshevist named Walsh, leader of the shipping strike still in progress in Australia. (As laso in New Zealand and South Africa) * % % % Morocco.—At last the weather per- mitted landing of the needed Spanish reinforcements on the beach of Alhu- cemas Bay, and on the 23d the Span- ish force there advanced and, against flerce resistance, seized the heights whence the Riffians had harassed the camp with rifle, machine gun and some artillery fire. These heights command in the reverse direction the approaches to Ajdir, some four miles ~ distant, which was Abd-el- Krim's headquarters. But apparently Abd-el-Krim has transferred his head- quarters farther inland. It {s some- thing for the Spanish tg have secured thelr shore base, but tfieir more seri- ous work is yet to come. It s in- creasingly doubtful that Abd-el-Krim can be disposed of before the rains, and, with Abd-el-Krim still at large, a Winter stay in those parts would be not merely uncomfortable, but ex- tremely hazardous for the expedition. Latest dispatches indicate that the Spanish have advanced, but only very slightly, from the positions gained on the 23d, encountering the most de- termined opposition. The French have been uniformly successful in their operations of the week, but their offensive efforts were inconsiderable until Friday, when they pushed three miles north from Kifane, eastern sector, toward Ajdir, 40 miles away. Some say this Is the beginning or the resumption of the grand of- fensive which is to do for Abd-el-Krim; others say it is Intended chiefly to relieve the pressure on the Spanish north of Ajdir and that Marshal Petain recognizes that he cannot fin- ish off the Riffians this season. As I have pointed out, the terrain north of Kifane is curlously and tre- mendously difficult. * k% k Syria.—On the 24th a French relief column raised the siege of the citadel of Suweda, in Jebel Hauran, Syria, which had lasted for two months, the m;;och garrison of 700 being reduced to 500. Provisions exhausted, no source of water within the fort, food and water had been meagerly supplied by drop- pings from airplanes, the water in the form of cakes of ice. The Druses flercely attacked the relief column en route, but were bloodily repulsed, 500 of them biting the dust. * k ok X Mosul.—The league council has referred certain jurisdictional points respecting a_decision on the Mosul question to the World Court, and has directed a committee of its own body to make a further study of the non- Jurisdictional aspects of that vexed problem. Moreover, it {s-sending a league commission to Mosul to inves- tigate the British charge that Turk- ish forces have crossed the tempo- rary frontier between Turkey and Mosul (established by the league coun- cfl and accepted by Turkey on the one part and Britain and Irak on the other, pending the council's award as to Mosul) and have harried the Christian population south of the frontfer. It is a common opinion that the council, minded to decide against Turkey, is maneuvering for time, fearing that immediate announcement of an award unfavorable to Turkey might precipitate war, and hoping that, If the announcement is post- poned, the Turks may cool off in the interval. The attitude of Turkey ls perfectly simple and Turkish. If the award favors Tuyrkey, O. K., if it doesn’t, it won't be accepted. As to the evidence of the records, that Turkey promised to acqulesce in the award of the council, it's a lis. that's all. You're dealing with new Turkey, gentlemen; with Angora, not with Constantinople. As you learned at Lausanne, what we want we pro- pose to get, and if any one is boiling for a fight he can have it. Are the Turks blufiing? The questions sub- mitted by the council to the World Court are as follows: . are sometimes of great value. The mound bullders were mussel eaters, and must therefore have found many pearls, which became part of their tribal hoards. There is small likeli- hood that any of them came from the sea, for though the mounds sometimes contain sea shells obtained in barter from more southern tribes, there is no indication that sea pearls were thus obtained. The tools used by the anclent In- dians were primitive, but their basic technique was surprisingly like that of modern Jjewelers. Some of the pearls were bored for stringing by means of a fine stone splinter, but most of them by means of a slender stick and a little sand and water. Pearls in Pipes. Pearls were also used as eyes In the carved stone ceremonial pipes that have been found in the mounds. These pipes are most frequently carved in the form of birds, but represent other animals also, and usually with the greatest realism -and faithfulness of detail. . The copper ceremonial masks, Dr. Hough stated, were probably made by hammering sheet copper into shape over a wooden base or mold. They are all grotesques, and some of them &re representations of animals. Some deer masks have been found with branching horns that project well above the head. Dr. Hough said that there is no question but that the mound builders were Indians, so far as can be deter- mined from a study of their skulls. About five or six years ago, however, thera were discovered in some of the old mounds intrusive burials of an- other people, whose remains are still a riddle to anthropologists. These in- vaders possessed bone harpoons, weap- ons unknown to the Indians. More- over, In one place a jade axe was found, and: the Indlahs never used jade. These remains strongly hint at 2 high northern, Eskimolike invasion, but no study of thMir skulls has yet been made, so that nothing positive has been determined. . 500,000 Jobless Plan To Organize in Japan There is to be organized in Tokio soon a national union of unemployed. The promoters intend to make a na- tional appeal by demonstrations and meetings. With 500,000 in the ranks of the unemployed the movement is be- coming serlous. Following a meeting in Tokio, country-wide demonstrations will be staged on September 20. The nucleus of the movement is the Japan Federation of Labor, supported by its branches in Osaka, Kobe, Kyoto, Ba- goya and Okayama. It is noteworthy that the movement is supported by clerks and officials who are out of em- ployment and the national demenstra- tions will be serfous if unreasonably checked by the police, it is feared. The soaring price of rice is helping the movement Segregation of Women In Turkey Is at End Those high partitions that divided the deck of the little ferry boats on the Golden Horn into separate por- tions for men and women have been taken down. Not so long ago that would have evoked anathemas from every mosque. Turkish street cars no longer have separate compartments for the sexes. The women now bat- tle for standing room. This year for the first time at the beaches on the placid Marmara and the cold, swift- running Bosporus, mixed bathing is permitted, though portions are re- served for men and women sepa- rately. When the Turkish republic separated church and ‘state it took away the religious significance with which certain forms of daily life had been invested for 1,341 years, the pres- ent Mohammedan era. Fezzes for men and kerchiefs around the :;nds en are no longer accepted as O WO oD SnOTBIox 7o SDuenies FAITH IN AIR COMMERCE HOLDS, DESPITE TRAGEDY Wreckage of Shenandoah Fa'ils to Shake Confidence—Survey of Achieve- ments Effected to Date. BY JOHN HAYS HAMMOND, JR. HE catastrophe to the Shenan- doah does not shake the con- fidence in the possibilities of commercial airways In the minds of those who have thor- oughly studied the question. This is better appreciated by surveying what has been done in connection with air ways up to today. The commercial airship, commonly termed by the public as ‘“Zeppelin,” ‘was developed from 25 vears of work in Germany by two leading companies —the Zeppelin Co. and the Schuette- Lanz Co. The enormous expense for this development, with its failures and successes (partly subsidized by the German government) was subscribed by the German people as a patriotic duty, In marks and phennings, with- out any thought of financial return. Much of it was given without any stock interest in the company as re- turn. It was not until 1910, however, that the lighter-than-air ship had reached a stage where its complete perfection was within sight. Record Before the War. Before the war, between 1911 and 1914, 84,000 people were carried in Ger- many by Zeppelins without a single casualty. But it was during the four years of the war—1914 to 1918—that the Germans developed the Zeppelin to an amazing extent. There were 132 ships built. They traveled over 5,000,- 000 miles. The speed was increased from 46 to 87 miles per hour, and the useful load increased from 30 per cent to 60 per cent of its weight. (The “useful load” of a ship of 2,000,000 cubic feet would be 44 tons). ‘The two ships of particular interest to America at present are the Los An- geles and the {ll-fated Shenandoah. The Shenandoah was commissioned in September, 1923, and had made a num- ber of remarkable flights using hellum gas, the most notable perhaps being the record trip covering 10,000 miles of transcontinental flight from Lake- hurst,'N. J., to Fort Worth, Tex.; San Diego, Calif.; Camp Lewis, near Seat- itle, Wash., and return. This was ac- complished from October 12 to October 24, 1924. The Shenandoah landed at mooring masts at the above stations and, considering that it had to navi- gate the Santa Fe Pass at night and that it encountered unprecedented bad ‘weather, fogs and storms along the Pa- cific coast, without any mishap, its performance was epoch-making =o far as this country is concerned. Constructed by U. S. Navy. ‘The Shenandoah was designed and constructed by the United States Navy after the plans of the German airship L-49,-captured by the French. She was 680 feet long, 78 feet in di- ameter, 2,150,000 cubic feet gas capac- ity, 1,600 horsepower, had a speed of 60 miles per hour. Her cruising ra- dius was 4,000 miles and her avallable load 30 tons. The Los Angeles was delivered to the United States Government in Oc- tober, 1924, after flying 5,000 miles in 81 hours. She is a commercial alr- ship, with passenger accommodation for 30 people and is 658 feet long, 90 feet in diamater, gas capacity, 2,600,- 000 cubic feet; 2,000 horsepower; speed, 70 miles per hour; cruising radius, 5,700 miles, and available load, 40 tons The Los Angeles was delivered to this country as a tarining ship, it being agreed that it would not be used for military purposes. The speed of travel over air would cut in half the fastest known railroad communications, and instead of six days to cross the Atlantic the trip could be made in two and a half days. It would take only 12 hours from New York to Chicago. The cost per mile would be at the rate of six to seven times that of modern travel of today. Essential Points Considered. The two essential points {n trans- portation are safety first and speed afterward. The lighter-than-air ship has tremendous advantages over the airplane. It has a considerably greater cruising radius and carrying capacity and has the great advantage that should anything go wrong with the engines the airship can remain in the alr for a considerable length of time while the machinery is being fixed. In an airplane, should the ma- chinery go wrong the machine imme- diately crashes to the ground. It would be impossible to instigate a system of transportation which would not have the public confidence. Dreams are made to order by tools as simple as bits of gummed paper about the size of postage stamps stuck to the skin or bits of butter rubbed on it by A. J. Cubberley, a Cambridge University psychologist. Mr. Cubber- ley’s theory of dreams is that they are largely controlled by what he calls ten- sors and detensors; that 1is, spots where the usual tension of the skin and’ other tissues near the surface is increased or diminished, application of ‘he bits of gummed paper increases the tension, and rubbing on of oily sub- stances decreases it. Dreams seem to “go to the spot™ thus treated. A bit of paper stuck on | the outside of the lower part of a sub- ject's leg brought a dream of being kicked by a horse on just that spot or of barely escaping such a kicking. Diminishing the tension often gave dreams of opposite character—of slip- ping or falling, or of general languor. ‘Alternating tensor and detensor appli- Dreams Made to Order by Simple Method, Cambridge Psychologist Finds cations brought alternations of oppo- site dreams. The value of Cubberley’s method, it is explained, is that it introduces exact experimental control into a fleld where speculative explanations have become the fashion, and it makes pos- sible dream analysis with an approach to scientific precision, since the state of the dreamer has been ascertained thoroughly. It also makes possible a study of the general problems of mind, since the whole surface of the body may be investigated for tension asso- clations and the possible translation of these into visual, emotional and other terms. The author does not dispuip the value of dreams as an aid to dlag- nosis in cases where a_positive dis- turbing factor exists, but does urge the need of great caution in importing into normal psychology doctrines based upon the abnormal. In brief, his conclusion is that “the develop- ment of the dream is governed by the configuration of tensions iz the dream- (1) Is action by the council on the Mosul question in accordance with the Lausanne treaty to be considered as arbitral award or only as mediation or recommendation? (2) If the former, must the council’s decision be unanimous, or will.a ma- Jority suffice? * ok %k ¥ China.—Many volces, Including that of M. Karakhan, the Russian Am- bassador at Peking, prophesy war in the not distant future between those celestial heroes super-tuchun Chang Tao Lin and Feng Yu Hslang, the “Christian general,” and betrayer of Wu Pel Fu. Wu Pel u is again in the plcture. He is reported to have collected a considerable force from the Yangtse provinces. If so, he is to be reckoned with. Not inconceivably he will agaln be the first man in China; which, if certain testimonies as to his character are correct, might be a very good thing for China. Feng has headquarters at Kalgan and cer- tain Americans have reported the not infrequent arrival there, from acros the Mongolian waste, of trains o motor trucks laden with ammunition boxes with Russian markings. Canton continues {ts boycott against Hong kong, but the Shanghai strike con- tinues slowly to dwindle. A report reaches us that the Chinese milita authorities (Chang Tso Lin's men), at Shanghal, have been taking strong measures against the strikers, have suppressed all organizations under bolshevist influence and on Thursday shot nine persons, including three women, who were picketing at a Japanese-owned mill. This is spicy. Gen. Chen Kwan Ming, who has head- ed the anti-red opposition in Kwang- tung Province and has made Swatow his headquarters, has re-established trade between Swatow and Hongkong. * K * ok United States of America.—The French debt - funding commission, headed by M. Caillaux, arrived in Washington on Wednesday, and the French and American commissions are now hard at it together. An agree- ment covering the funding of Latvia's debt to the United States has been signed. The total indebtedness (prin- cipal and Interest) to be funded is $5,775,000. Latvia, I understand, will pay in semi-annual installments, payment to be completed in 1930. Latvia is com- ing on handsomel Charles Mar- Veagh, a New York lawyer, succeeds the late Mr. Bancroft as our Ambas- sador to Japan. > % x> Notes.— It seems to this writer that of all the institutions of Communist Russia, the “Comsomol,” or Commu- nist Unfon of Youth, is in considera- tion of the future the most important. The 1,600,000 boy and girl members are being instructed in the straightes tenets of the red gospel, and the sults surpass fondest hopes, Children are enrolled at earllest school age. Those deemed worthy are admitted to the Communist party at the age of 23. It is obvious how a generation of this process might give us something rather interesting. Some say that the Sixth League Assembly is accomplish- ing very little; others that in its quiet, leisurely way, it is laying excellent foundations. I propose a summary no- tice of its proceedings after its ad- Journment. But the public should not forget that railroad accidents during the year 1923 killed 7,385 persons and_injured 171,712 more. Dangerous grade cross- ings killed 2,268 and Injured 6314 other persons. But the public has been accustomed to railroad traveling and they realize that there must be a reasonable percentage of accidents and loss of life in all departments of travel or transportation. Larger Carrying Capacity Needed. In order to make the airship propo- sition a commercial success, it will be necessary to develop airships of a larger carrying capacity than the Shenandoah or the Los Angeles. The new ships would be from 900 to 1,000 feet long, with a speed of 90 miles an hour, and 7,500 horsepower. They would have carrying facllities for 100 first-class passengers at a_ cost of some 10 cents per mile, and 25 tons of mail and express. To develop these ships to such a size presents no In- surmountable difficulties to the Amer- ican engineer. The ships make thelr landings to mooring masts, which will have to be erected by municipal authorities of the cities on the route selected, and already several towns, such as Balti- more and Boston, have asked for de- talls of costs and plans to erect these masts. These masts are of stell con- struction, with a revolving platform on the top. The passengers get off the ship to the platform, and step into elevators which take them to the ground. Coast Lines Probably First. It may be that the first routes of commercial airways will be on coast lines, such as New York to Atlanta, Havana, Panama and so forth, where such violent disturbance, as are re. ported to have caused the accident to the Shenandoah, are less likely to oceur, but which are not unusual in Ohfo at this time of the vear. Fur- thermore, careful study of the air currents and storm centers of the air will be made, and the dangers of cer- tain air passages will be avolded. The public is well aware of the amount of catastrophes at sea, due to the elements, and accepts them as a part of the necessary risk in trans- portation. The commercial use of navigation has taught us that at cer- tain times of the yvear and in certain places there are liable to be storm centers, where risks are greater. The catastrophe of the Titanic taught the transatlantic companies to steer a southerly course during certain months of the year, as the northerly course has potential dangers from icebergs. The pioneers of the airways must be compared to the ploneers of the railroad. The Government gave the original builders of the railroads im- mensely valuable grants of land. The ploneers of the future alrways sys. tems of the United States rely not on grants of land, but upon the Govern- ment’s co-operation in being given the use of the Los Angeles and its per- sonnel, and a proper and fixed legal fare rate to put the system on a com- mercial basis. The original engine was a pitifully poor engine compared to the huge lo- comotives of today. It has been due to the commercial use of railroads that they have been developed to their present marvelous stage of ef- ficlency. The same will be said about the airways of the United States. After several years of experience, backed by commercial interests in this country, the airways will be as thoroughly used and as vital arteries of the country as the railroads are today. (Copyright. 1925.) e Got “Fool's Gold.” Sir Martin Frobisher, the English navigator, although a gallant sailor, was no judge of gold. He was sent on two expeditions, in 1577 and 1578, to find gold, and on each occasion brought back worthless ore. Tsland Really Mountain. Sunday Island, in the Pacific, is really the tallest mountain in the world. Tt rises 2,000 feet out of 5 miles of water, and is thus nearly 30,000 fest from base to the summit. | banner of Cas CONGRESS’ RIGHT TO 27 FREE_ PHILIPPINES IS DISPUTED Constitutional Amendment Only Legal Means of Divorcing Islands From U. S. Sovereignty, Legal Experts Declare. BY NORBERT LYONS. ONSIDERABLE discussion has been aroused by the declara- tion of George H. Fairchild of Manila to the effect that alienation of the Philippine Territory by congressional would be unconstitutional. Many edi- tors question the soundness of Mr. Fairchild's view, but research recently made by competent jurists, including Willlam S. Wallace, a prominent Phil- adelphia attorney, and Judge D. R. Williams, formerly of the Manila bench and author of the recent hook. “The United States and tbe Dhilip pines,” would indicate at least a - sonable doubt as to the constitutional sanction of a grant of independence on the part of Congress. A brief review of some of the sali- ent points made by those who argue against the right of Congress to grant the Philippine Islands their independ- ence might not prove without interest at the present moment, just as a sy clal independence commission has reached this country to persuade Con- gress to enact legislation separating the Philippine Territory from Ameri- can sovereignty. Title Is Valid. It is urgued, first of all, that the title of the people of the United States to the Philippine Archipelago is abs lutely clear and valid, being estab- lished by the treaty of Paris following our war with Spain. The latter coun- try “ceded” the Philippine Archipelago to us and we paid §20,000,000 to Spain in the transfer. The red and yellow le had waved over the archipelago nearly 350 years before it was replaced by the Stars and Stripes. ‘When Spain established her rule over the Philippines the islands twere occupied by a heterogeneous, ex- tremely primitive and migratory col- lection of tribes or bands, many of whom were in a constant state of feud with each other. The situation was similar to that which prevailed when the white man first came to the Amer- ican continent. Spain therefore had an even better title to the Philippines than England, France or Spain had to the territory they annexed to their re- spective sovereignties at the time of the first white settlement of this con- tinent, it is argued. Granted that the American title to the Philippine Archipelago is estab- lished, does not Congress still possess the right, as the authorized legislutive body of the Nation, to alienate sov- ereignty over the Philippines? No Power to Cede. The answer, according to our au- thorities, is no, and for the following reasons: 1. Sovereignty doeg not inhers in Congress, but in the pedple as a whole. This argument is supported by numer- ous Supreme Court decisions. 2. The framers of our Constitution never intended that Congress should have the power of such alienation. In 1788, during the Virginia constitu- tional convention, called to ratify the Federal Constitution, an amendment was proposed which would have given Congress the power to ratify by a three-fourths vote of both Houses any treaty ceding the territorial rights of the United States. Gov. Randolph, who headed the Virginia delegation in the national convention and presented the Virginia resolutions, opposed the amendment, stating, among other things, that “there is no power in the Constitution to cede any part of the territories of the United States,” and action | | of alienating sove ‘laiming that the proposed amendment would give Congress the right to “dis- member the empire.” The proposed amendment was not adopted. Thoma. Jefferson is also quoted as accepti the doctrine that Congress has not 1 power to alienate soverelgnty over a1 portion of the public domain, and } opinlon was shared by Presid Washington. Powers Reserved. 3. The Constitution, amendment, expressly s that the powers not delegated (o the United States by the Constitution are reser to the States or to the peopie there is nothing in the Const giving Congress the right or pov alienate sovereig Jefferson this argument to defend his position. The only portion ¢ tion that might cc garded as giving is_paragraph 2, 1V, which gives “dispose of and mike and regulations resiy tory and qther propert the United States,” bu graph, it is rather plausibl refers to the settlement and dispo: tion of public lands to American cit zens for organization purposes and with alienation in view. 4. The only constitutio nt tion of the public domain is by con tutional _amendment, the m: for which is provided for in the € stitution This briefly outlines the which has numerous Suprs decisfons to support va tentions. The question has been raised, how ever, as to w could be done to s cure an opinion on the constitutior- ality of al action ehou that ¥ pass granting th Philippines their independ by the tenii efvat suchar of Arti power 1o dful r he ter: g tion Congress Il n ting se ver an; rgume 2 Col is not justictable of Congress would whether or not it Others maintain would operate to t the United States to such = ground f tutionality of the would probably be which prevailed wh tionality of the Orego; recently ed and judicial decision. Problem to Come Up. There is little doubt but that Cc gress will be faced with proble of deciding the Philippine independ ence question during its next sessior The traditional, accepted position thu far been that Congress has a p fect right to take such action. N however, serious doubts are being ca upon the constitutionality of such tion. Will Congress take nots of the arguments presented to uphold viewpoint, 3 and trust to fut tion as to its ve to stand constitution er, that - judice” s thereo? be he ought up 1 An interest tlon is that bro his well known tations,” when he doubt of the consti: proposed legislative e in_any. case be reas refusing to attempt it. The question would seem to worthy of thorough discussion en the part of the public. the situa v Cooley ictment should 0 sufficient (Copyright. 1825.) Row in Shipping Board May Be Settled By Turning Entire (Continued from First Page.) he reminds us, resulted in a bi-parti- san body selected from different parts of the country, although it was to per- form an expert judicial functlon, and when the board took on the added duty of the actual construction and opera- tion of a fleet the loss in public money was gigantic. All this loss and waste Mr. Hoover attributes, in a large measure, to what he calls the blunder of assigning executive and administrative func- tions to the joint and equal minds of a wrongly constructed semi-judicial body. He blames no individual mem- ber of the board. It is a confusion of basic principles of our Government and a chaos of function, which, in his opinion, should be corrected quickly by Congress. President in Determined Mood. ‘Without touching upon the diffi- culty President Coolidge has had in attempting to have the ’Shipping Board fall in line with his policies, and the fact that a majority of the members of the board have actuaily acted in defiance of his wishes re- garding the sale of ships and the operation of the fleet. it is needless to speculate upon the President's probable attitude. Like Secretary Hoover, President Coolidge contends that the board should only function as a_ semi-judi- cial body and, because it has unfor- tunately been loaded with enormous administrative duties it has proven a detriment and a drawback. During a recent discussion of this phase of the subject, President Cool- idge expressed himself to the effect that it has been demonstrated time and again that this form of organiza. tlon results in indecision, division of opinion and administrative functions which make a wholly inadequate foundation for the conduct of a great business enterprise. According to President Coolidge, the first principle in securing the objec. tive set out by Congress in building up the American merchant marine upon the great trade routes and sub- sequently transferring it into private operation cannot proceed with effeo- tiveness until the entire functions of the board are reorganized. ‘When the Merchant Marine act was last amended So as to separate the Emergency Fleet Corporation from the Shipping Board, it only par- tially separated the two. It confused the duties and powers of these two agencles, and when President Cool- idge drafted a more definite policy of disposing of the Government-owned vessels, and with the view to a more successful operation of the fleet, he thought he had an agreement with the members of the board to co-oper- ate with the president of the Emerg- ency Fleet Corporation and with the Executive himself, in carrying out these policies. He soon discovered, though, that he had either misunder- stood the board, as a whole, regarding an agreement, or else the majesty of the board intended to use their full- est powers under the law, regardless of the President’s desires about a fixed policy. Thus the beginning of a long drawn out controversy. Congress Ripe for Action. It is known that the President has been told within the last week that the coming session of Congress will be an opportune time to correct what is so generally admitted In congressional Job Over to Hoover and officlal circles as a blunder in g ing the Shipping Board executive u administrative functions along with semi-judicial and regulatory functior Congress is In a mood to listen, und correct a wrong, I Among those ave dise Shipping Board chaos w dent recently is ator Edge, Republican of of the ranking meint merce committee of the Senate. He i~ heartily in favor of abolishing the board entirely. He frankly admitted a the White House that he is going ¢ introduce a resolution at the comin: sesslon providing for this death kne'! to the board by obliterating it and transferring its functions, along with the operation of the fleet, to some on« of the Government departments preferably the Department of Co merce. Reprgsentative Madden of Tiinoi- chairman of the appropriations con mittee and one of the leaders of th House, who was one of the President callers during the latter part of the week, said, after seeing th that something drast and he intimated th: to agree with Senator Representative Be; Ohio, Repul lican *“whip” of the House, indicated at the White House. that he expe to see the present controversy between the Shipping Board and the Emer gency and the board’: dent Coolidge find its sequel when Congress me meets. He was not prepaged to express himself regarding the merit to Sena tor Edge's proposal to scrap the board, but he believes any recommendation made by President Coolidge, or an step approved by him, will find many supporters in the House. Intimates of the President are satis fied that in his annual m o he submitted to Congress, when it as sembles in December, he will include a strong recommendation in connec tion with the Shipping Board. Beside- this they expect him to take the mat ter up personally with individual mem bers of the Senate and House in known determination to entirely sepa rate the Emergency Flest Corporation trom the Shipping Board. Support in the Senate. Senator Edge's announced Intention to seek legislation at the coming ses sfon to abolish entirely the Shipping Board will gain considerable snpport in the Senate right from the start. in the opinion of Senator Capper of Kan sas, who is classed as one of the ir fluential members of that body and? who is inclined at this time to favor the New Jersey Senator’s proposal Senator Capper contends that some thing must be done to relieve the sit uatlon, and, in his opinion, it might be best to abolish the hoard entirely rath er than reduce its functions to those of a merely semf-judiciai nature. He is- positive that the board should have ng_ administrative powers, as is now the case. He is convinced that Congress will this Winter do something to cor rect matters and he would not be sur-s prised to see something along the lines advocated by Senator Iidge adopted It is understood, also, that Senator Curtis of ‘Kansas, Republican leader of the Senate, is of the same mind as Senator Edge as to the abolishment ot 1ssed t h the Pre roi s of the co the board, and that he already has intimated to President Coolidge that he will introduce legislation to bring this about. B