Evening Star Newspaper, September 13, 1925, Page 55

EDITORIAL PAGE NATIONAL PROBLEMS | SPECIAL FEATRURES LACK OF CASH, ANSWER TO MITCHELL CHARGES War and Navy Departments to Blame Congress and Budget Bureau for Aircraft Delinquencies. BY FREDERIC W AM WILE. T can be stated on high authority, emanating from the departments in question, that the Army and Navy are confident of blowing Col. "Mitchell out of the water when they are “investigated” at his instigation. Before that is done, the colonel, in all probability, will have paid the penalty for insubordination under the Articles of Wa With his military _escutcheon correspondingly tarnished, the War and Navy De- partments plan fo deal dispassionately. but thoroughly. with the grave charges he has made against them. |, Thelr responsible spokesmen declare | they will refute the Mitchell charges, business, our aireraft industry is lan gulshing. and may disappear.” The Lassiter board urged that steps be taken without delay 1o remedy this disastrous situation. It warned Con- gress that “‘the appropriations now be- ing made for the Air Service are in adequate.” even for the reduced peace establishment of the Army, or even for the necessary annual replacements therefor. These requirements called for 1,655 airplanes, 10 airships and 25 balloons. Demobilization of Serv ven had these been prov the Lassiter committee pressed the view that *no relief could Dbe expected before 1926."" 1f they were ded for in ex EDITORIAL SECTION : he Sunduy Staf WASHINGTON, D. C. SUNDAY MORNING, SEPTEMBER 13, Issues Involved in Aviation Controversy Which Has Set Entire Country by Ears 1925. BY FREDERICK R. NEELY. OL. WILLIAM MIZCHELL, after snip- ing at the War a#fl Navy Departments at periods throughout the Spring and Summer, and meeting with no re sponse, mounted his beloved airplane, dropped a pllot bomb on the heads of the two services and followed this up with a thunderous explosion last week. ‘The pilot bomb, in the form of his latest book, showed he was near the mark. Then came the real attack a week ago. It was designed to “blow the 1id off the Air Service,” and follow- ing on the heels of what seemed two catastro- phes in naval aviation, a direct hit was .scored. Its detonations still are echoing through the service and as the Army and Navy prepares a stand in one form or other, the lines are drawn and the battle is on, Battle Not a New One. It is no new battle. The war of the airplane for the job of being the Nation's chief defender. is more than four vears old. It has flared up lock, stock and barrel. Their expecta- | not provided for, ft was the board's tlon is to prove that the country has|pgljef that “the Air Service will, in been excited by allegations which can-| gfect, be practically demobilized at an not be substantiated in any single vital | cariv ' gate’ The minimum peace es- | respect. .| tablishment in material and person- The Army in particular e not going | ne} to meet the War Department to lle down under Col. Mitchell's in- |y pilization plan requirements for an dictment, content Itself with | yjequate Alr Service was 2,500 alr mere rebuttal of his accusations. It | janes 20 airships and 38 balloons: will take the offensive against him.|anq 4000 officers, 2,500 flying cadets The War Dgpartment is prepared 10| ang 26,000 enlisted men. show that a% long as two vears ago | * Teading members of the military af It worked out the most exhaustive| fajrq committees of the Senate and possible organization of the Alr Serv- | {jguce are acquainted with the ¢ This is the called Siter | tents of the Lassiter report. It re i Report.” It derives that name | ceived the approval of Secretary | from the fact that Secretary Weeks | \veeks, 1t left no doubt of the Army's | designated Maj. Gen. William Las-| q¢tjvity and thoroughness with regard [ siter of the general staff to head 4| 1o aviation. But the budget and Con- | committee of seven distinguished | press between them made hash of all Army officers to “consider in all de-| plans to put military aviation on the tails a plan of war organization for | proposed comprehensive scale the Air Service 3 | : | Defense of the Navy. | Officers | The Navy will present the same gen- ! o addi. | eral sort of defense against Col. Mit on the Board. The consisted. in and died several times. Its revival in the last Congress brought about by an Investigation of alleged aircraft scandals in patents and expen ditures and consideration of a bill providing for a unified air force, ended in no concrete results other than the demotion of Brig. Gen. Mitchell to his old rank as colonel because he was out of harmony with the views of his superiors in the War Department The renewal of operations by both sides with such unprecedented vigor, however, indicates a transfer of the scene of combat o Capitol Hill, where both sides believe it will be fought finish he banner carried by the airmen reads airplane is the first line of defense.” The standard of the opposing force says “The airplane is not supreme, but is a necessary ad { to the Army and Navy.” This division of ught in the national defense system was the 19: bombing of battleships off the Virginia capes, which were inspired and conducted by the then Gen. Mitchell. What the Airmen Claim. These and subsequent tests planted the seed from which grew the belief: “The That the Army and Navy will serve as aux- iliaries to aigeraft, which will be able to bomb cities, cut off arteries of supplies to armies and navies and force their will upon the enemy in an ineredibly short time. Most Economical and Efficlent. That maintenance of a large air force is the most economical and efficient weapon yet evolv ed because the war craft and personnel in time of peace can be engaged in civil and commer- cial aeronautic pursuits. Armies and battleships are a liability to the country’s treasury, when not_engaged in war. That transportation is the essence of civiliza- tion and the airplane offers the quickest method yet found. The entire United States to the air plane Is reduced to the size of Texas, as com- pared with other modes now employed. That the airplane is not handicapped by any obstacle In its movements because it operates above the earth and wherever there is air, it can fly. Routes may be established from New York to Peking via. the Arctic: from New York. 1o Buenos Aires, and on through the Antarctic to Australla and Africa. That the defense system of the country must be revolutionized to embody a Department of Defense, with subsecretaries for air, land and water. That submarines are the only war weapon that aircraft cannot conquer, hence more of them should be made available. That aircraft is the only defense against air- craft. Antlaircraft is a fallure. That a union of the Army and Navy aviation forces. with a personnel limited to alrmen only, airmen to formulate policlex and airmen to exe cutive them, should be effected: Arguments of the Opposition. When these drastic proposals were advanced by Mitchell and his followers, the Navy rushed to its guns and bombarded the attack agalinst its existence with the following conclusions on the idea: That sea power is necessary to the commercial life and prosperity of a nation that is engaged in overseas commerce. The mission of the Navy is to support the national policles and guard the national interests in all parts of the world ‘The Navy should be maintained in sufficient the future, but the prediction that it will as- sume paramount importance in sea warfare, will not be realized. That airplanes cannot occupy territory, nor can they exercise control of the sea. Not Effective -Qverseas. That airplanes cannot reach distant overseas areas under their own power with any effective military load, and therefore, cannot operate there offensively or defensively until supplied with weapons and fuel. That airplanes cannot fly across the Atlantic Ocean or the Pacific Ocean to any point on our coasts or within our continental territory with bombs heavy enough to do any serious damage. That within a distance of 260 miles from their bases or carrlers, airplanes may constitute a serlous threat to surface ships, land forces, citles, and industrial denters for the reason that they can transport to the above distance heavy bombs of 2,000 pounds in welght at present, which may reach 4,000 pounds in the future. To answer such a threat anti-aircraft defense must be provided and hostile carriers should not be illowed to approach within that distance of our coast. That the battieship of today. while not invul- nerable to airplane attack, still possesses very efficlent structural protection. The battleship of the future can be so designed as to distribu- tlon of her armor on decks and sides, and to interior subdivisions, that she will not be subject to fatal damage from the air. The ef- fect of plunging long-range gun projectile hits on a ship's deck has now become closely%nalog- 0us to the effect of hits by heavy aerial bombs. That airplanes have demonstrated their great value to the fleet in scouting, observation and bombing; aviation has taken ils place as an ele- ment of (he feet and cannot be separated from It That separation of aviation from the Navy and its incorporation in a separate department of the Government would be most injurious to the continued efficlency of the fieet in the per- formance of its mission. ‘War Department’s Angle. The battle is being fought on the basis of the foregoing stands of the air people and the Navy. The War Department steps in to give to Gen. La | chell’s charges. Exactly a year ago| v | this month, President Coolidge order- ed Secretary Wilbur to review the en-! tire question of aviation, with regard to naval development. The President wanted light on the value of aircraft as a weapon of adequate defense at: ea, in substitution for expensive sur-| e craft. The Secretary of the Navy | referred the subject to a special board consisting of seven admirals and the commandant of the Marine Corps They held daily hearings lasting from | September 30 to December 4. Scores | of witnesses were heard, including | | the most distinguished aeronautical | officers of the Army and Navy, and ! | civilians from the aircraft industry Col. Willlam Mitchell, then assistant chief of the Army Air Service. was one of the principal witnesses. While the Navy special board adhered to the theory that the battleship is still the backbone of sea power, it recom- | mended That a progressive and ade- quate airplane building program be authorized to insure to the fleet a complete outfit of up-to-date planes, with 50 per cent replace- ments in reserve, as well as the necessary training planes, at a | total expenditure for the first yvear of $20,000,000. 1 | President Coolidge asked the special board to reconsider its various recom- | mendations, on the ground that “an | expenditure of that magnitude was | not warranted at the present time.” | But the board resubmitted, without | change, its recommendation for a | | great naval airplane program. After | consideration of both reports, Presi- | dent Coolidge urged Congress to make | | appropriations, which left wholly out | | of account the plan for a systematic | atrplane program. Charge Deliberate Misleading. These—the proofs that they .have tried and fafled to secure the adop- | tion of genuine Air Service projects— will be among the principal facts the War and Navy Departments will | bring forth. In addition, they will | show, contrary to the Mitchell charge, that as a matter of principle. the recommondations of the practical fiy- | ing men are carried out. In the case {of the Army, the round-the-world flight is ipstanced as a case in which | | the aviators themselves made their | own plans, and_then were allowed to | execute them. The gallant exploit of | | Comdr. Rodgers and his fellow naval | aviators came about in the same way. | | Interference with Air Service plans by | “higher-ups” will be shown to be the | exception, and not the rule, in both ! the Army and the Navy. | On one point both services have | { their jaws set. They say theve can, |and will, show that nearly every speci fic charge leveled agalnst them by | | Mitchell s not only without basis in | fact, but deliberately designed to mis | lead. They court xearching inquiry | in every direction. (Copsright tion iter, of Brig. Gen Briant H. Wells, Brig. Gen. Hugh A. Drum. Brig. Gen. Stua Heintzelman Col. Irvin L. Hunt, Lieut. Col. John W. Gulick and Lieut. Col. Frank P. Lahm (of the Air Service). After a thoroughgoing inquiry. invading every branch of aviation activity, the com. mittee made recommendations, which, had they been carried out, would have wrovided the United States Army with as fine n air service as there is in the world. But the Lassiter report call- ed r expenditure that fell afoul of the Government’s economy program, even though the hoard made this ominous statement: “Should a national emer- gency confront this country within the next few vears, the Air Service would not be able to play its part in meeting =" The point that the War Department will make in this connection goes to the root, of Mitchell's charges. The Lassiter report disposes of the con- tention that the Army has been guilty of “stupidity,” “criminal negligence™ and Imost t sonable” conduct in alr service matters. If there is any fonndation at all for such grave. alle- gations, the public is likely to conclude that Congress. rather than the Army. 1s the real culprit. The Lassiter report called for continuing annual appropri- ations of $£25,000,000 for an Army Alr Service. Of that sum $10,000,000 was assigned to operating expenses, and $15,000,000 for purchase of new craft. Last ¥ between them received aitogether only $33,500,000 for aviation. A Ten-Year Program. The recommended Army scheme was the last word in intricate det: It comprehended a period of 10 years, with adequate appropriations to mak the program effective. The program was worked out to the last airplane mechanic, and last ounce of gasoline. No single contingency necessary to ate and maintain a war-effective air service was omitted. A United States Senator, conspicucusly identi fied with military affairs, informs this writer that Col. Mitchell was loud in his praise of the Lassiter board's report. The committee found that Service is in a very unforiunate and critical situation.” It declared that “measures have not been taken in onr country to keep step with avia tlon's increasingly Important part in military operations.” Gen. Lassiter and his colleagues found that “‘condi- tions are critical in the Air Service, with respect to aircraft on hand, on order, and prospective purchase from funds now a ble, or that will be available in the fiscal v 1924.” The committee discovered that “the larger vart of the aireraft now on hand is war-produced and deteriorating rapid Iy. Furthermore, 80 per cent of these airplanes are of an obsolescent train- ing type. or unsuitable for combat use.” Tt was asserted that “for lack of “our Air 19 HEATED CONTROVERSY IS RAISED | BY INSCRIPTION FOR MONUMENT| BY HENRY L. SWEINHART. Argument again rages around the head of Christopher Columbus. A statue of the Genoese discoverer which stands in the city of Colon, Panama, and which has had almost as stormy a career as the intrepid navigator him- self. is now the subject of heated con- iroversy. To whom was the statue present- ed—to the New World or to Colon? That is the question which has aroused the present discussion. A gift of Em- press Eugenfe of France, the bronze figure ftself has been moved about from place to place since its arrival from Europe in 1870, until today It stands on the grounds in front of the Washington Hotel, looking out to sea near the Atlantic end of the Panama Canal, Inspecting the vessels as they come and go through the great water- way. Through the efforts of the Knights of Columbus of the Canal Zone, more particularly the Cristobal Council of the organization, and the officials of the zone, plans had been completed to place a bronze tablet of identification on the historic monument. It had been provided that it read as follows: ‘hristopher Columbus bequeathing to mankind his discovery—the New World. Designed in 1864 by the Ital- fan sculptor, Vincenzo Vela, and pre- sented in 1866 to the New World by the Empress Eugenie.’ 'New World” Not Political Entity. Objection has been raised to the wording adopted by the canal officials for the inscription on the ground that the statue was not presented by Em press Eugenie to the “New World, which is not a political and juridical entlty capable- of receiving gifts, but to the “Republic of Colombia. to be erected at Colon,” honor of the great discoverer. That city being in the present Republic. of Panama, the claim i made that the statue belongs to the government of that eountry and any decisions affect- inz it <hould be under the jurisdiction ol that government. the city named in | The bronze tablet was to have been completed and placed on the Columbus Monument some time before the end | of the present year: but, in view of | the controversy which has been start. | ed on the subject, it is a question, ac- | cording to advices reaching here. | whether action will not be delayed | until the whole point at issue is set. | tled. Tt is believed that it may even | | %0 so far as to involve an interchange | of views hetween the governments of | | the United States and Panama. ! Citizen Raises Issue. | | After C. A. McIlvaine, executive sec. retary of the Governor of the Canal | Zone, had informed the Knights of Columbus committee, which was fa- voring the project, as to the status of the plan and of the text.to be used on the inscription, he received a com- munication from a Colombian citizen | residing in Panama, in which the lat- ter declared that, ““while the idea of the tablet is excellent.” it would be a | historical mistake to say that it had been given to the “New World.” add ing: “It was given to- Colombia, and | this, 1 belleve, ought to be clearly un- derstood by everybody.” In reply Mr. Mellvaine sald, in part: ““As the question of the proprietor- ship of the statue is greatly involved, due to the secession of Panama. from the Republic of Colombia and the grant to the United States by Panama of sovereifgnty rights in the Canal Zone, it has been thought best to word the tablet as quoted in the letter to which you refer. In stating that the | statue was a gift to the New World | the predominant thought of Empress Eugenie Is doubtless expressed.” i Statue Has Interesting History. \ This famous Columbus statue at | Colon, ordered by the French Empress of an Jtalian sculptor and originally | intended to ornament a sauare in Vera Cruz, Mexico. but presented to Colom- bia through that country’s Minister to France, England, Holland and Italy, and by some elaimed to have been a gift to him. personally, later stood in The dawn of an aeronautical era has broken hereafter, must move out of sight of land, out of range of afrplanes based on shore as the latter are competent to | tect the coast from invasion by alr or surface ‘That the Na craft within a belt of 250 miles or That the Coast Artillery no longer need stand its guns ready to defend the coast. That millions heretofore spent in the mainte Navy to patrol the coast and Coast Artillery to defend the shore lines, should be diverted to the purchase of aircraft by nance of the heavy and more submarines. That all confliets in the future will be decided in the air and in favor of the nation that has superior air power and strikes first. possessions. That the battleship is force in the fleet and the final arbiter in sea pensable functions. and on the sea. It strength to support its policies and its com- merce and to guard its continental and overseas contributory to the fulfillment of its function as ments have their import That aviation has introduced a new and high Iv important factor in warfare was mous scale and with grea operations during the World Wa seriously influence sea operations. Tts influence on naval warfare undoubtedly will increase fn have charged . the value of the element of ultimate &nd refusing all other elements are Pplace” at the warfare. The other ele. have, lies in ant, and at times indis tacks are dire both on the lahd utilized on an enor- effectiveness in land but did not it a third, but a weaker angle. The air people its general staff with minimizing aviation, retarding the progress to give the airplane “the proper head of the Army. About the only battle the War Department and the air people a united air force proposal, or a separate corps recommendation and the value of antiaircraft fire. Most of the airmen’s at ected at the Navy. The War De. partment has declared publicly it believes the Air Service has more freedom than any other branch of the service. The only public contro versy of a specific nature that gaged In, relates to anti-aircraft, (Continued on Third Page.) has been en- v the Canal Zone strip until removed to the grounds of the Washington Hotel in the port city at the Caribbean Sea end of the Panama Canal. MORE CHILDREN URGED The figure of Columbus is of herofe | size, in the attitude of protecting with his ‘right arm an Indian girl who crouches by his side. With his left hand he is making a_gesture of ap peal or explanation. The countenance is noble and benign, while the face of the Indian maiden expresses wonder, with a mixture of alarm “It fs fairly certain,” says a memo- randum prepared by the Canal Zone officials, “that Vela intended the In dian maiden to be a symbol of Amer- | fca or the New World discovered hy ;x(lm and by him bequeathed to man ind.” Started Wandering About. Empress Eugenie’s intention of giv- ing the statue to Vera Cruz was aban- doned, it is stated, presumably on ac- count of the collapse of the French venture in support of the ill-fated Em- peror Maximillan. The statue was then offered to Colombia, which order- ed it placed in the city of Colon, where | it is reported to have arrived in April, 1870. Then it began its wandering career. It remained for some time in the Panama Railroad freight house, according to the memorandum, and was then erected on a site near the freight house, opposite the Royal Mail wharf. For many vears, «according to a French Chamber of Commerce report published as a supplement to De Les- sepg’ bulletin on the interoceanic canal. the statue remained more or less submerged in the mud and with out any exact site heing determined upon. It was then erected on a site “at the extremity of the filled point at the entrance of the new port of Colon and of the interoceanic canal.” ‘“The monument remained at Cristo- | says the American memo- | bal Point,"” randum, “the site to which De Les. seps had removed it, until 1916, when it was pocketed hetween blank walls by the construction of the new docks, particularly Dock No. 10. moved a third time and re-erected in the grounds of the Hotel Washington, facing the sea and the Atlantic en trance to the Canal.” So, after having been moved about a number of times during the past 45 years, the question now arises to haunt the shade of the great Christo- pher, as to whether his statue, a mar- ble replica of which stands in his na- tive Genoa, was donated to the New World which he discovered, or to the City of Colon, named in his honor. (Copyright. 1925.) Lime of Eggshell Helps Build Chick The limy' shells of eggs are there not only to protect the inside against breakage and to prevent its drying up, ut also as a source of calcium for the development of the embryo chick, | according to the finds of a group of jerman scientists, Drs. Plimmer, Aders and Lowndes, who analvzed hatched, half-hatched and unhatched eggs. An unhatched hen's egg contains about .04 grams of cal- cium, and a freshly hatched chick about five or six times as much. The’ have been washing awa: tough “skin” that incloses the yolk and white absorbs more and more calcium as hatching proceeds, and be comes quite opaque by the time the chick is ready to come out. perimenters claim that acld and water given off during incu bation dissolves the calefum of eggshell and makes it avallable for use by the embryo. - . Spain Enlists Germans. Germans, as the world knows, make g00d soldlers. The French, before the World War, made considerable use of them in the Forelgn Legion. Now Spain is following France's example. According to a Berlin newspaper, there had been, up to May 1 of this vear, 1,706 Germans in the Spanish Forelgn Legion, and of these 800 had been killed or permanently disabled by wounds or fliness. The same news. paper accuses the German consul in ! Vigo, Spain. of acting as a recruiting agent for the legion, and cites the case of two German stowaways who, taken hefore the consul in Vigo, were told by him to choose between being shipped home and signing up for five Years' service in the legion. They chose the latter alternative. It was then | | The ex-| terraces and water the carbonic | Corsican | | AS REMEDY | FOR DIVORCE Declares Best “Cures” Futile Until | Human Nature Changes. ‘ Note—This is the second of two ar- ticles by Mr. Melford dealing with the divorce problem. BY E. G. MELFORD. HE roots of divorce lie deep in human nature and the cure of the divorce evil involves a major operation on the human soul. That is the rather pes- | simistic view of the so-called divorce evil taken by a judge who has tried many hundreds of divorce cases and who does rot believe in absolute di- vorce. That is_Justice John 1. Walsh of the New York Supreme Court. saw him in his chambers, early in the morning, he had just started the elec tric fans and opened the windows. He impresses one as a kindly judge, a human judge. He is broad-minded, for he understande human nature, and knowing human frailties he judges accordingly. 1 broached the subject of divorce to him biuntly: Q. What, in vour opinlon, is the main cause of the considerable in- crease in divorces? A. Lack of co-operation Q. What do you mean by that? A. Married life is a game of &0 here should be co-operation on both sides. Both parties should real ize that neither one can have his or her way all the time. There must be consideration for the other partmer. It is lack of this co-operation which I believe is the basic cause of many divorces. A married couple will not realize that a house divided must fall. There must be concord and love and trust, as well as a heap of common As T | The disinclination on sense, or the court will sooner or later be asked to vold the marriage. Q. And the next important cause? A. The frivolous age in which we live. The women of today are no worse than those of my youth. They wear their skirts shorter; they indulge in liquor and somewhat promiscuous petting, but down deep in their hearts [ do not belleve that they are any less moral. But we do not take life seri- ously enough. The present genera- tion is inclined to play too much and too persistently. There is more op- portunity now for breaking solemn vows—there is less respect for the laws of God and man. It bs an age of light-heartedness and frivolity Children Good Insurance. Q. Another cause? A. The lack of children. The cost of living has made it imperative that families- be kept as small as possible. the part of woman to accept the responsibilities and worries of motherhood has done away with the old-fashioned family of six or more children. The result is that there is no cohesion. Man and wife have no common, central junc- tion point—nothing which wiil “hold them together; nothing which will| bind them morally and spirituaily. And having no children, they have no objective in life. It is perhaps nat- ural that they drift apart. Every Fri- day the Supreme Court in New York City hears a hundred or more unde- fended divorce actions. In the vast majority of these it is a case of di- vided households, lack of children. Q. Has the lack of early religious Genius of American Mechanics Displaces Coolie in Rice-Growing BY PROF. WALTER B. PITKIN, Columbia University. American mechanical genius is be- ginning to revolutionize mountain agriculture. In the last 20 vears the art of rice-growing has been taken out of the hands of the Asiatics and adapt- ed to machine methods so successfully that our high-priced workers now pro- duce the crop as cheaply as the §-cent- a-day, Chinese coolie. But this is as nothing compared with the ghanges being wrought in the handling of hill- sides down South. For years the Appalachian slopes , with terrific losses to the farmer, because men of western Kuropean stock applied the tricks of flat-land farming to the steeps. They had never heard of the holes which the mountaineer, the Javan tarmer and the persistent Japanese the | make to hold the rains and the rich earth on slopes as sharp as a house roof. When news of these methods first came to the American he was unwilling to use them because of the vast amount of heavy labor required to build such dirt architecture. But, after a while, he began wondering ‘whether machines couldn’t turn the trick. And, surely enough, machines ‘would. Retired Engineer’s Discovery. A retired engineer, Lawrence Lee of Leesburg, Va., seems to have been the first to hit on a way of using trac- tors and a specially designed scraper for such work. Even in the heaviest thunderstorms of Summer hardly a drop of water runs off the 60 a res which Mr. Lee now has terraced and planted as orchard. Some parts of this tract have a pitch of about 40 degrees—which ix quite as great as most of the remarkable mountain-side terraces in the Philippines and Java. where for centuries the banking of oil and care of crops have all been ! about the size of France will be addea by the most laborious of hand- In the last few years progressive farmers in North and South Carolina have adopted this new technique. Es- pecially in the badly eroded stretches | along the Catawba River, thousands of acres have been delivered from the ravages of the rains. Applied to the | millions of acres ‘n Appalachia which are being washed away, this method will conserve many hundred million dollars’ worth of top soil, and it will convert what is now an unprofitable wilderness into'a rich empire. TLand worth nothing today can in a few sea-% sons be transformed into forage crop acreage worth at least $30 per acre; and, after 10 or 15 years of tree plant ing along the terrace ridges, this same land, as had already been demon- strated in Virsinfa, yields a return ihat makes it worth from $75 to $200 | per acre. Studies 0ld World Terraces. Prof. J. Russell Smith, the economic geographer at Columbia University, has made & special study of the Old World terrace methods and of these | new American ways. He has found yough mountainsides in Corsica yield- ing nut crops as heavily as Iliinois bottom lands yield corn. He states that a new dividend-paying country to the United States as soon as the Appalachian region adopts generally the tractorbuilt terrace of the Lee type and develops fast-growing hard- wood trees to plant on the land. That oaks, walnuts :and “hickoriey can grow much faster than the conr mon run of them now do is quite a/ certain as the improvements whick have been wrought in corn, wheat apples and many other crops. Wers it possible to increase, by selective breeding, the rate of wood growth by only 20 or 25 per gent. this would eventually add m: milifons of del- lars to our national wealtl, i | win | vounger Judge Who Has Decided Many Cases| | marital vows. | the seed tralning anything to do with the pres ent frivolous state of soclety? A. T can only speak for my own re ligion and creed. the Roman Catholic If you will go into any of our churches on any Sunday morning, you find them crowded with the generation. I believe that the time will come when all creeds will realize the absolute need of spir itual training for the voung. It means A& renalssance of life—it means obe- dience for worldly laws. For even if we drift away from our early belefs, there alway memory of the precepts of right and wrong taught. Q. Do you believe in absolute di- vorces? A. As a judge and because of my oath, I do. I belleve—as a judge— that divorces are the only solution of some marital problems. As an individual, I am opposed to absolute divorce because of the old Biblican teaching: “What God hath joined let no man put asunder.” Q. Do you think that lawyers are to blame for the increased number of divorces? A. No, I do not. The average fee is so small that few lawvers would stoop to influencing a man or a woman to divorce his or her mate. You must not forget that before a law student can be admitted to the bay a character committee has to pase upon his personal qualifications, and that the standards are very high No. I do not think that lawyers have anything to do with the increased divorce cases. Q. Is the law at fault—are divorce laws too lenient? A. No. The laws are all right it enforced intelligently. The diversi: of State divorce laws, of course, is confusing, and, in some cases, bad: but even uniform laws would not alter existing conditions. I believe in um- form State laws, but not in a Federal divorce law, for that would be in consistent with State rights—and 1 belfeve in them. Q. What then would you suggest as a cure or preventive for divorce? Even Judge Human. A. No one man could answer that question. The best minds of the world have puzzled and thought and puzzled | some more, without arriving at a so- lution. You see, with the best of us, human nature i{s human nature. Let me quote a divorce case which came before me yesterday. The husband had gone into an apartment with a woman not his wife. The wife sued on this fact as the cause. The hus- band’s lawyer, in summing up, said something like this: *The presump- tion would naturally be that the de- fendant (husband) did not enter the apartment for a good purpose, but there s no proof that he violated his I will admit that all similar _clrcumstances, " 1 interposed at lease do not in- cannot exclude men, under would be tempted. this point with: clude the court the court, man nature, even in an honorable judge.” Human nature is human na- ture and always will be. That is why there” is no certain solution for the divorce question. We may palliate reduce the numbers, but we cannot stop it entirely. Education and religious training will do much, no matter what the creed. Inculcate of honesty, fair play and clean living in the child and you will find that except in rare cases, he or she will grow up into a fine adult. (Copyright, 1925.) House of Orange. Evans Hubbard, secretary of the Netherland-America Foundation, made a short visit to Holland recently to discuss the plans of the foundation and Edward Bok regarding the found- ing of a “house of Orange” in New York. The foundation have a big house on Fifth avenue which ultimately will become the seat | of the foundation, the Dutch con- sulate, the Netherlands Chamber of Commerce, an exhibition hall for Dutch produce, a booking office for travelers, a reading room and so on. An old Dutch facade will be con- structed. It is intended to inaugurate the “house of Orange” in 1926 on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the foundation of New Amsterdam. X remains a subconscious | the | for human nature is hu- ! intends to | BY FRANK H. § HE present unpopularity of States in Europe s one of the most striking. if not the | most pleasing, of cotemporary | phenomena. It must impress even | the casual tourist. but it is brought | home by the mere process of con- | trast vastly more significantly to the | | TONDS | almost universal the United American who remembers European views and sentiments in the vears be- tween 1917 and 1920. On the other hand. it would probably be an exag- | geration to say that we re as a people more unpopular now than in the years of the war during which we remained neutral Any Inquiry into the causes of the change In the European feeling to ward Americans must naturally start with the observation that, all things | considered. affection between different peoples, between nations, whether within or without Europe, is abnorn The ordinary state of mind of all peoples is one of suspicion. disgust and at least a measure of dislike for foreigners. The exigencies of war and the accidents of alliances against common enemy may temporarily modify the natural and healthy d like of all strangers, it may enable people with centuries of profound dis. trust separating them, as for example the British and the French, to speak as if they were united henceforth by indissoluble bonds. But the end of the war sees the swift cutting of the bonds and the return to the pre war state of mind Americans Never Popular. Broadly speaking, the American has never been popular in Europe or out side his own country. He has been measurably more objectionable than {a European stranger in all countries save perhaps England, because his political and parochial circumstances make it much more difficult for him to ppreciate, understand or merge | ! with the conditions about him than for travelers of European countries, who, despite many pronounced differ ences. nevertheless share in the com mon life of a single continent Before the war the American rather tolerated than liked on the continent of Europe. The legend of America as the land of vast wealth the home of millionaires, the land of economic and material opportunity did much to elevate the land itself in the imagination of the mass of the European peoples Emigrants from Europe stimulated this legend alike | by their fantastic reports and by thetr very solid prosperity. In a sense, the country was popular and the people unpopular. But at most, before the r and despite the growing num bers of the American tourists, Ameri ca remained something vague and ill | defined. No Political Contact. was | One circumstance which much con tributed to this European point of view was the absence of any political contact between the United States and Europe, with the possible exception of Britain. We knew nothing and we cared nothing about Continental Eu ropean affairs. So enormous an event as the congress of Berlin left us cold and uninterested. Beyond a definite insistence that politically FEurope should let America, both Americas, | {alone we did not go. And lacking a |navy and possessing an army of ! only microscopic dimensions, we were | |in ‘no sense a force to be reckoned | with outside our own immediate lands and waters. It is true that toward the close of | the last century there was cel in change in the situation. Our victory over Spain, which was pretty gener ally unpopular on the continent, at last drew attention to the fact tha | we were beginning to emerge from | our traditional isclation. In expelling Spanish rule from the Western Hem- isphere, perhaps even more in estab lishing ourselves upon Spanish | foundations in the Far East, in the | Philippines, we became a factor in the great game of that era, the era of colonial expansion Sven before the end of the century astute British statesmanship had rec- | ognized that the American relation to the world was changing, and all Brit sh diplomacy was then and thereafter concentrated upon the effort to pre serve and expand friendly relations between the two English-speaking countries, although there was no gen |eral appreciation of the extent to { which we were in a brief period to be- | | come not alone a world power. but in | a sense the most powerful of ail world powers. Backed by Britain. Since we had no army and no navy and since Europe was accustomed to reckon strength in terms of those two elements, the continent not only con- tinued to regard us as negligible, but to an extent ghared the indignation of the German Emperor that without physical weapons we should dare to insist - upon such things as the Mon- | roe doctrine and the open door. Nev- ertheless, Europe perceived that be- | hind us in both cases stood Britain jwith the fleet which did represent strength as Europe understood it. But of the profound truth that war | in the future would be decided not mainly or largely by man power, but by the capacity for machine mobiliza- tion plus the resource alike of mate- | rial and financial wealth, and that as | a consequence the United States, with | its great population-and its enormous machine power, would have the great- est potential weight, there was no sus- piclon anywhere in Europe. We re- mained what we had been in Euro pean eyes for a century at least—the still fmmature and comparatively harmiess children of the older conti- nent. who were slowly and painfully traveling up the slope which Furope | had long ascended. We were liked or | disliked @s children are liked or dis liked, but taken seriously by few, if any. With the outbreak of the World War no combatant nation in the first fury of the encounter even thought of | us.” For the first terrific months, from the first shots to the definite stale mate which marked the close of the first campaign in the mud and fogs of Flanders, our relation to the tremen- dous catastrophe seemed as unimpor- tant and unreal as if we had been in- habitants of another planet instead of another hemisphere. It was only when Europe realized that the conflict would be long and that the strength of the two groups of powers was relatively equal that eves hegan to turn toward | the American shore. but even then Bulgaria and Rumania. and naturally much more Italy, occupied the best | minds of European foreign offices. | | Supplies Helped Allies. But the war had not long marched in the second year before the impor- tance of the United States began to be felt. We wera nentral. but already our machine power had been set to | a8 Ger | pean standard | dreams of Europe of 1919 which are owlin | appro 'U. S. DISLIKED IN EUROPE AS CAUSE O F ITS MISERY Other Nations See Anterica, Made Power- ful by War, Defaulting Obligations and Still Demanding Payment of Debts work to supply the combatants, and its rapid expansion and enormous production seemed destined to bring victory to one group of powers, which, by reason of sea control, had access 1o them exclusively. Germany, on her side, felt herself menaced by defeat because her enemtes could draw upon American resources indefinitely and because these resources seemed illim- itable. By 1916, although we were still neu tral, all our energies were absorbed all our production concentrated upon supplving the allies with the materials for combat and the food and ma terlals for existence, thus freeing their factories and their production for the task of maintaining and equipping the armies themselves. All the advantages of superior preparation and pre-war organization were neutralized so far any concerned because the American contribution, which had never been calculated upon, had risen to such vast proportions Sull neutral, we were coming the greatest power in world. While Europe exhausted capital in futile struggle trans ferred it to the United States in rn for more destructible mater our prosperit ounted wealth increased. More and more the Kuropean policy concentrated upon the desperate effort to win us as an ally. Germany, on her side to keep at’ least neutral, heheld our neutrality as the circumstance almost as fatal for her our par ticipation as an enemy. Our resources were winning the war for Germany's foes, while we efcted from them the price which was bound to leave them impoverished and our debtors at the close of the conflict be. the rapidly xeeking Our Force Won War. In the end Germany the war, and « forced us into participation made the outcome inevitable t the vast ness of our effort. our capacity raise milllons of soidiers, the tremen dous war loans which our people suh mitted 1o, not only witho otest, but with enthusiasm—these gave new and final indication of what the Uniied States had become. Arriving on the stricken field, where two great alliances had for nearly four vears striven valnly for vietory and now stood exhausted. having called thelr last reserves, our hundred thousarfds fresh, unwearled, backed by the sense of incalculable power, not oniy brought victory, but brought it easily, with little expense in blood hereafter the victory for Europe an American victory. We, and not the British or the French. bulked large in the eves of the whole conti When Mr. Wilson went to is he was received as the master the world. because he was con sidered to represent in himself the will of the American Nation. which had suddenly assumed almost mystical proportions In the eyes of European Moreover, as the American had seemed before the war immature and childish, as well as lacking in all the necessary circumstances of real po litical power, now he came suddenly to appear as possessing almost super human wisdom. The words of M Wilson fell upon the ears of wa: wearied millions—totally disillusioned in 50 far as thelr own statesmen and wisdom were concerned—almost 3 pronouncements from on high. We, who had brought decisive influence to | the termination of the conflict, were now to make the peace in accordance with principles of justice and human ity, which were as much above Fur as were our wealth and power. Ideals Forzotten. Now, all tk United States ave one, ngs considered, the has, in every respect totally failed to realize the Apart from those contributions to relleve the im mediate distress of starving millions not a little thing, to be sure, the United States has seemed to Euro. peans to have failed not alone to achieve what was expected of it, but to make good on the enormous prom ses rashiy circulated in the heated tmosphere of the Paris conference. To Europe the first act was our ar rival gvith the avowed purpose, of { making the world safe for democracy vision of Uncle blished on his continent and firmly insisting the payment of all the bills him. Yesterday we the Messiah; today we the Shylock of the na and Sam, own upon the last is now firmly th ximated impersonate tions. For tHe mass of Americans this transformation, in the European state of mind, is simply explained as having its foundation in mere jealousy, fos- tered by unbelievable ingratitude. We believe, as a people, that we saved Europe at vast expense and that Eu rope not alone refuses to pay a rea- sonable part of the cost of our effort, but, in addition, declines to be per- manently saved. We see the sums which we loaned to enable the allies to win the war and to recover from the disaster not only not repaid, when the capacity to pay has been restored, but actually turned into channels which, to our minds, mean ultimate recurrence of strife. At the bottom of almost all Ameri can opinion is the uneasy suspicion that Europe is making use of our generosity and using it for ‘ignoble ends. It is not alone that Europe pays with reluctance or not at all what was loaned without condition and withéut limit in the days of the allled need, but even more Europe seems at one and &t the same time to deny the obligation to pay and to turn the money which might othe: wise be avallable for payment to the | precise usages which most offend the American the mone. and 1o re ployed t chines rivalry U. 8. Deluded By Europe. We are conscious, ourselves, not alone of great capacity for generosity, but of very solid contributions. Right ly or wrongly, we believe that any legitimate appeal to our purse or our heart would find immediate answer. But the long struggle over the league in this country had no more evil con- sequence than that of establishing in our minds the conviction that in the war, before the war and after the war during the peace negotiations we wera decelved, deluded, victimized, and that now Europe is trving to evade just ob ligations which in the circumstances should have almost sacred character. Thus the payment of the debts as- sumes in our eves an appearance quite different from the mere relation of debtor and creditor, and to Tafl to col- lect would be to encourage wicked evasion, not to relleve honest need. But it is not less essential to per- (Continued on Fourtesnth Pagh) conception. We feel that loaned to achieve victor store normal life is being e construct new military ms and to foster internations!