Evening Star Newspaper, May 24, 1925, Page 37

EDITORI AL PAGE NATIONAL PROBLEMS SPECIAL FEATURES EDITORIAL SECTION he Sunthwy Star Society News | Part 2—18 Pages WASHINGTON, D. C., SUNDAY MORNING, MAY 24, 1925 AUSTRIA GROWING COLD TO UNION WITH GERMANY Sentiment Is Striking After -Effect of Hin- denburg’s Election—Vienna Has Never Been Unanimously Favorable to Fusion. FRANK H. SIMONDS, NI of the strikin tant after-e tion of Hindenbur cen the coolinz of Austrian ardor in the matter of union with Germany. The dox is, then, ather impressive. In Germany the victory of the old marshal is accepted 1< A siznal for a new agitation for the revision of the Treaty of Versailles hoth as to the Polish frontiers and as 40 the prohibition of the Austrian union. But in country which is chiefly affected there marked ten cold Germany matter of next and impor Anstria ency to hlow ws hot has heen ordinary amount of exag fact. there ra Austria with Germany. The sin hasis for such a union would naturally be the desire of the Austrians —and their overwheiming desire—for the combination A case might be made azainst the Treaty of Versailles founded upon the right of self-deter nation. if while enabling the 7zechs. the Poles and the Southern Slavs 1o dispose of themselves, it de nied the German-speakinz people of the remaining fragment of Austris the same privilege Have Mutual Dislike. But, save for the first evil moments despair when Austria seemed doomed to perpetual misery. the sen timent for annexation in Vienna has heen far from unanimous. There are a variety of reasons for this, but the .chief are personal and religious: that is to say, the Austrians have always regarded the northern German: the Prussians. with anvthing but admira affection. while the religious has added to the mutual dislike The Prussians the and of 1 or issue of 1h heir trisns as o needing the ron (o regenera The triumph of vond all else Sian and the opponent sented religiously ideas much \ustrian two peoples side on have rezarded \us weitk and feckles discipline of blood them Hindenburs i< tinmph of the Prus Prussian fdea. while his « Catholic, repre as he did politically more in accord with the conception. Many of the influential newspapers of Vienna in their comments upon the Hindenbur election said very frankly that it was A blow to the Ausirian zroups favor ing union with Germ be- Marx, as Germans Have Grievances. There is, however. a German phase 10 the discussion which h rracted little attention. but in Berlin was ex pressed to me with no little emphasis The prohibition which the Treaty of Versailles established against union gave the Germans an admirable griev ance. Moreover. the possibility of adding nearly 7.000.000 Germans to the population of the Reich. thus making good the losses of the peace | treaty, had its patent appeal. Never theless, to add 7.000,000 of Catholics, whose influence would unmistakably be anti-Prussian, and even republi- can, was a step which might easily destroy the present balance in Ger many and impair the Prussian su premacy. Thus it was explained to me that while the Austrian question was 4 good grievance it might make an uncomfortable problem if the pro hibition were removed. In point of fact, the Au tion recalls quite exactly Belgium nearly a century it seceded from Holland. In this time it offered itself openly to France During the whole of the revolutionary and Napoleonic period Belgium had heen a part of rance, and a con trian situa the case of ago, when the question of the union of | | wonld nearly half of the actually belonzed to the But France did not feel h to face Europe, which | ntly conquered her, rec Britain would never con unio and therefore assented in the ¢ tion of the el gian Kingdom, which has developed into a going state and thus abolished any question of union with France. nted part. while sopulation | had only re | oznized that ent to such a Would Reopen Whole Issue. here is really no valid reason why history miy not be repeated in | the e of Austria. Moreover, the | veio of the union with Germany - veto which Italy, Czechoslovakia and | | Jugoslavia are just much inter ested in maintaining as France —re. | | calls the veto of the other allies to | the French annexation of Belgium. | | If Germany were to come to Vienna | then the whole question of central Europe would be reopened—Czecho | slovakia would be menaced with en | circlement and suffocation. ltaly | would be threatened alike in her pos | | sesson of the German-speaking upper Adize and at toward which rman aspiration would turn again {seeking an outlet uport the Adriatic An independent Austria is a nar antee of the development of the south east of Europe, the Balkan States and | Czechoslovakia in accordance with A aspirations and racial condi The day might well come when ne sort of commercial. if not polit ical. confederation of the Danubian states would come about. In a sense Austria would play the same role of buff state that Switzerland has | played for several centuries, but the arrival of Germany at Vienna would tantamount to throwing the whole situation into the melting pot Trieste, For exist time s a0 Ausirin should sustaining state ! shoula | ageressive rman sspirations. such s atal danser; for if velop in ~eli wndif more develop nd disturbing 1 [all temptation to the Austrians | join the Reich would disappear and ! | the issue would no longer be one of | self-determination. but of German im | perialism. And this is why the | tation within Germany is tuking new vitality in recent months 11 is hecause the sentiment favorable the annexation s weakeninz in Aus tria and may presently disappei: Today the union Austria with rmany conld only Lecomplished another zeneral The little |entente. France. Poland. and | Ttaly. would fizht 1o prevent combination. while Germany only look Hunzary and for aid 1s. of course. eq true wbition 1 make the eastern frontier save involve different nations rman maneuvers now must time remain comprehended CGermany ance inte an ctor, then e hy way such a could Bulzaria ally e as it but | for in o This the German all ¢ a long | the effort to keep the issues alive and 1 favorable hour Bevond debate. the Austrian en thusiasm for the fusion is dying, and the chances are that long before Get | many can acquire the necessary | strength Austria will have become an other Belgium, satisfied with its own independence. In any event, this is | the one hope of any considerable pe- | riod of peace in Furope, for if the | Austrian question is reopened it can | only mean chaos and conflict all over Europe. During the next 10 years no question is likely to be more fre- quently discussed than this union of Austria with Germany. but none is less likely to have new solution (Copsrizht, 19 await Labor of U. S. Is Better Paid Than Any Place in World Labor today is by far hetter paid in the T'nited States than anywhere else in the world, and American industry is proceeding at an even pace The American wage earner. on basis of what his pay will buy for him, is paid more than twice as well as his British colleague in London: nearly three times as well as the wage earner in Amsterdam. Holland: more than three times better than the worker in Berlin, Germany, and nearly five times as much as the industrial worker in Italy. Wages in different countries. terms of what they can purchase of food and shelter in the respective lo- calities, are graphically compared in a chart prepared by the National In dustrial Conference Board, on basis of data collected by the Iniernational Labor Office at Geneva. Taking Phil adelphia as a typical American indus- trial city, the average wage there, in terms of purchasing power. 1s indexed it 100. the wage index numbers for oiher countries thus showing the per- centage relation of foreign “real” wages (0 American “real” wages, with Intelligence Test Accuracy Is Gaining Much Recognition RY VERNON KEI Director National Research Council. Despite all the sharp things that have heen said about intelligence tests, they are winning their way Most psychologists and many educa- tors recognize their fundamental soundness and usefulness. Over 100 universities and schools are making use of them in connection with en trance and class-placement examina tions. Large industrial and business { concerns are using them in employing and assigning staff membe he tests enable predictions startling accuracy to be made con- cerning the educational and voca- { tional possibilities of schonl children, ' college students and adults. In one State over 1,500 students, tested at en- trance, have now been followed through their third year at college, and their achievements, in most cases, come extraordinarily close to the ex- pectations based upon these qualify- ing psychological examinations. As they are constantly being d vised with more and more ingenuily they are becoming constantly more objactive, comprehensive and fair. They are steadily winning supporters. They are here to stay. The recognition of positive differ- ances in degrees of intellizence and <pecial intellectual aptitudes among individuals and the amazing magni tude and fixity of these individual dif ferences which have been revealed by mental tests and contimuing observa- tion -of children, youths and adults-is of in| the following delphia, 100. Sydnex. Ottawa, Canada. 69; London, 45. Co | penhagen. Denmark, 41: Oslo (Chris tiania). Norway, 38; Amsterdam, Hol Jand, 37; Stockholm, Sweden, 36; Paris, France, 33; Berlin, Germany, 29; Prague, Czechoslovakia, Brussels; Relgium, Lodz, Poland, 27: Rome Italy, Vienna, Austria. 23; War- saw, Poland. 23; Milan, Italy, 21. That stability continues to be the outstanding element in business and industrial conditions of the United | States is reflected in the monthly cost of living figures just issued by the National Industrial Conference Board, | which show little change from the | preceding month’s figures. Clothing retail prices in April were nearly 1 per cent lower, and fuel 4 per cent lower than in March, bringing the general cost of living index number down three-tenths of 1 per cent for the month. Present wage rates in the conference board’s monthly wage re port were indicated as close to the |average for the past five years, 1919 10 1924 inclusiv striking results: Phila Australia, 70 resulting in radical changes in educa tional methods. Even those schools and universities most heavily burden- | ed by larze numbers of students are struggling to get away from mass methods in education to methods which recognize and care for the in- dividual On account of the infinite variety of | individuals and the wide ranze of their | zeneral mental capacity and their spe- | cial aptitudes, it is manifestly unfair | to require of all of them the same kind of school achievement. To set | the same requirements for mental achievement in the classroom is as unfair to the pupils as it would be to | require them all in the gymnasium to jump over a three-foot bar, which for Some would be impossible and for oth- ers mere child’s play. The new educational slogan is: “Keep each student busy at his high- est natural level of achievement.” With this in mind we may harbor, with increasing confidence, the hope that some day we ghall have a ra- tional method of school and college education. ek ot $300,000,000 Total of Philippines Trade According to the monthly customs figures, the overseas trade of the Phil- ippines this year will be around $300,- 000,000, of which $44,000,000-will come from sugar.. BY CLARENCE DARROW. VOLUTION 1oday Is meeting eppesition that ignorance and consery- atism have set up against scientific knowledze in all ages. It is meeting Copernicus met. But no one, whether relizionist, today doubts that Co- theory that the sun is the center of stem has been proved. It is meet- ing what Galileo met But no one of ordinary intelligence now doubts the fundamentals of experimental physics that Galileo established. Another generation will look back in amaze- ment when it sees that any one in this gener- ation undertook to stop the growth and the development of the theory of evolution. If the teaching of evolution should be excluded from the public schools then all books treating of evolution should be barred from the public this would mean the exclusion every book on science written 30 vears, the sume - what scientist pernicus the < libraries. practically in the last It would be much more logical to follow the precedent of the past, when they burned the hated books and the hated authors in one pile What is known Darwinism—now under attack-—refers only to one theory of evolution, the zrowth and development of various plants and animals from earlier structures. Held Xid to Understanding. The theory of evolution applies to evers part of the universe. It holds zood ax to the infinite number of stars, perhaps billions of miles away, and to the tiniest microbe which even the microscope cannot always reveal. It ds in understanding the history of suns and ind the whole cosmos. As an explana principle, it brings order out of infinite stars tory chaos. Evolution helps us to understand the growth and development of the mind and all activities man’s theories of life, of politi eal and religious philosophies Throuzh nd inorganic life it shows the constant development of one earlier former conception nothing new about the evolution which (Lempl Lo suppress world since the days at all seen in the cosmic life constant change ent of one thing out of No one can tell what result the simplest cause. From single thought there may and develop endless numbers of ideas and in- that were dreamed of in the thouzht its of svstems all organic form There theory ould been in th er some peopl The ide: of the Greek a1l and the some will the grow rs. G men ol ages and life and philosopl reeds have intellectual plain develoy thing older ut come of stimulus of a vent ns not original Purpose of Darwi The theory apply this to test it Darwin of evolution to or: by s v of facts < to place it bevond dispute. He fortified the that in 70 vears his origi- remained unchanged, except in minor details. He laid the foundation securely and the evidences so complete that here ix prohably no scientist in the world who doubts the fact of evolution intelligent people khow that there plants and animals in existence have come upon the earth within com- paratively recent times. The most striking ex- ample of this is man himself. Some kind of inimal life cun conservatively be said to have heen in existence a hundred million years. It ould be conservative to say that the origin of man is not shown to have hegun more than 4 million years ago. But man is only one of 1 number of forms and species of later origin. Either these forms and species were special- vork of was to and to prave it reory so stronzly nal theory has now Al many that now The tionists controversy the anti-evolutionists the origin of man probably will b in the courts next month, when Thomas Scopes, 24-year-old of in the high school of tle town of Dayton, Tenn with violatinz a which prohibits evolu o in between the evolu nd s to aired John professor the lit will be place science on. trial there, charzed new Siate law the ching of the te the Aside from the intense interest enzen dered of the issne involved, added importance at tache nings B in this case by e novelty 10 the trial because William Jen- van the anti-evolutionist in the coun ence Darrow, noted criminal ind evolutionist, will be arrayed against each ofher ak associate counsel The respective views of Mr. Rrvan and Mr. Darrow follow who is recognized as foremost try, and ¢ lawver Iy created from time to time, millions of vears after the first forms were in existence, or else by some process of nature they grew out of or >volved from some other forms The evolution of the horse, readily seen from tangible evidence, is perhaps one of the clear examples of how one form of structure grown out of an older form. The horse est has Bryan and Darrow Debate Issues At Stake in Coming “Evolution” Trial BY WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN, HIZ Tennessee vital impor control The the ase raises an of namely, who ial system? nti-evottion is that the of the schools is in the hands of the people who cre- ate and support them—the same people who have excluded the reading of the Bible from the schools of If the control of hands of the voter issne nce shall o tucati Tennessee hased theory on control some tes our schools is not in the who should control them? The scientists? There are only a few thousand these scientists, and, according to Prof Leuba (the noted psychologist), over half of them do not believe in a God. such oligarchy would he per Who, then—the teachers” A teacher i to the onal ted like other emploves the emplover. N to slander Presi No teacher in the allowed to slander Union sol < and no teacher in the South would he al- Confederate soldiers. W the public schools be al- there ix God or that praise scher he permitted dents and North would be Kings slander tes tesch the Bible is 2 Humorous lowed should lowed 0 -her that lie? editors the T no joke to rob a child of attacks the Bible consistency is there of public schools and hooks evolution, which There is conflict the Bible The confliet is hetween scientists and the Bible flict between real truths the cuesses of scientists Scientists hav connection between animal life, vet to no been will find it is its relizion by veiled authority. What the Bible in the = attack the B between science have Inessee law who writing editorials on on or on in ruling o leaving on no the We taugh been able to two or three guesses be no cor object to having as truths never trace a million to species of that they presume say springs from one of them of today plaind fim The the 1Pch small five-toed 1 existin mil lion vears ugo Pehippus developed into Four-oed thiree-toed fin then e Lier to have t hoof o a while ali The gresent hor A&t these 1 the which le evolution the time horse in creased size shows In tend cun radimentary form Lé embryonic forms of the rudimentar horse [ these cle pliulate wh we L man similurly pri n many has developed from some of has human embryo fve form life The proved ta man heen ent stages of istence epitomizes developmental histors iy histor of the embryo, man A lmos the the exact semblahee of va The zood museum or the subject Likeness of Skeletons. examination of skeletons reveals a striking likeness structures sorts of animals, running down to the Any one visitinz’ & museum contain ing a representative collection species is bound to observe these similarities. If each species has been created by a special act, then the power creatinz them has exhibited very little originality hey have been pla one pattern. © ban the teaching the development of law would do, i throttle learnin plish nothing. (Copyright other znimals he found in any in in photographs hooks dealinz with An inzs of al fishes. human be nly made on of obvious such as the Te; nothing but attempt n attempt can accom facts abou life nesses n that o 10 Barriers Raised by Evil Soviet Theories Prevent Recognition of Russia by U. S. BY EDMUND A, WALSH. T is an error to consider the hol- sheviks as simply barbarians and so dis- miss their program with a contemptuous gesture. Certainly the rank and file of their followers have heen zuilty of in- human excesses and unpardonable bloodshed. But the authoritfes ruling Russia today are not barbarians. They are the fruits of bar- barian practices in. government exténding through three centuries. Russia survived the barbarians from without—the Mongolian con- querors under Ghengls Khan. It was the barbarian within that destroyed her—imperi- ons autocrats in high places and petty tyrants in low places, more concerned with the per- petuation of dynasties and the conquest of new principalities than with the happiness, the natural rights and development of the hordes under their control. Human life and human rights were always cheap in the East, and still are in Russia today, a relic doubtless and a blend of (wo influences that cut themselves deep into the character of the ruling classes—Asiatic cal- lousness and Byzantine ‘haughtiness. Revolution Held Justified. Consequently, In my opinion—and T have spent the last three years in close and con- tinuous study of this problem—the defects of the czaristic regime, from the point of view of human liberty. justified a dozen revolu- tions. But there is need of clear thinking at this point. The revolution which freed Russia is mnot the revolution which at present is dominant In Russia. The revolution which overthrew the tyranny of the Czar was wel- comed by the entire human race and was very aptly characterized by President Wilson, when on April 2, 1817, in his speech to Con- gress declaring war against the German em- pire, he used these words: “Russia was known by those who knew it best to have been al- ways democratic at heart in all the vital habits of her thought, in all the intimate re- lationships of her people that spoke their natural instincts and their habitual attitude toward life. Here is a fit-partner for a league of honor.’ 1 know of no phrase that has ever summed it up better than that—"In the Russian people we have a fitting partner for a perpetual league of honor.” And let it never be for- gotten in these discussions that the first gov- ernment to accord full “de jure” recognition to revolutionary Russia was the United States of America. It is, therefore, heside the ques- tlon and evidences a deplorable lack of his- torical perspective to be forever reading us lessons as to our duties and the traditional American attitude toward revolutionary gov- ernments. Mr. Francis, the American Ambassador, in advance of the French Ambassador, before the British Ambassador, presented himself to free Russia and gave her the accolade of friendship in the name of the United States of America. And it is sometimes forgotten in these discussions that even when the bol- shevists took power, when their Congress had gathered for one of their early. sessions, the J. PH. D. easy HIGHLIGHTS ON RUSSIA, of to accord The United States America the first government full Jure” recognition to revolutionary Russia. The TUnited States again held out the hand of friendship to bolshevik Russia—fo the Fourth All-Russian Con- gress of Soviets—and, as Zinoviev, one of the seven rulers of Russia, said: “We slapped the President of the United States in the face.” The Soviet government an entirely new set of conditions in the econamic, pblitical, social and legal do- mains, scorning the natural law and the law of nations. has created iy “Rus: now one " that state There is no longer any we can recognize in a new union. The Soviet government has officially proclaimed its entire external policy is to spread to the entire world the Soviet tem begun in Russia. Ten preposterous civic disabilities confront an American under the Soviet rule—in direct antithesis and defiance of our most vital, “inalienable” Ameri can principles —such as that a man may be shot for teaching any religion to his own child, and that the gove: ment has complete control over a child r aggrandizement of the state. n- There is no question of withholding recognition from the Russian people. States do not recognize people; they recognize governments, S ML United States of America again held out the hand of friendship, now to bolshevik Russia. President Wilson addressed a message to the Soviet Congress meeting in Moscow, to the victorious bolsheviks, on March 11, 1918. The Soviet Congress—not the Third Inter- national, not the Communist party, but the Fourth All-Russian Congress of Soviets—re- plied: “The Russian Socialist Federated Re- public of Soviets takes advantage of Presi- dent Wilson's communication to express to all peoples perishing and suffering from the horrors of imperialistic war its warm sym- pathy and firm belief that the happy time is not far distant when the labéring masses of all countries will throw off the yoke of cap- italism and will establish a socialistic state of soclety which alone is capable of securing just and lasting peace, as well as the culture and well-being of all laboring people.” Mr. Zinoviev, one of the seven rulers of Russia, remarked on that oceasion: “We slapped the President of the United States in the face.” 3 It seems to me very inconsistent to .dose sight of the fact that the hand of friendship was thus held out twice—once to the Keren- sky covernment and later to the Cengress of. Soviets, It was-refused on the second oc- heals caston this note. Rut on, Insulting as time which all rolls this page might he considered closed, hringing us face to face with the practical problem—shall the United States now enter into normal dip. lomatic refations with the Soviet Union? Solution-of Problem. The fair presentation of the problem should be dispassionate. neither pro-holshevik nor anti-holshevik. It should be American! And, being American, it must of necessity seek its preambles and its postulates in purely Amer- ican sources, stahding fairly and squarely on .the Declaration of Independence, the Consti- tition of the United States, the decisions of the Supreme Courrt and the traditional policy of the Federal Government in the recognition of newly constituted This objective, purely becomes mandatory when one appraises the average arguments for recognition. They show too often a dangerous confus of sues, better, a substitution tials for essentials, An entirely new set of conditions in the economic, political, social and legai domains has been created by the Soviet government— not by the United States—which render the old criteria of recognition entirely inadequate, Hitherto the existence and in olability of the natural law and the law of nations were among the preambles ordinarily assumed and reverently acknowledged hy ing recognition, =o that the power according recognition has been enabled to confine its inquiries to the political question of legit- imacy-—or to the de facto possession of the organs .of government, according to the tra ditional recognition policy of the recognizing state. wounds, states. American attitude on is- or of non- n- the power seek- Would Destroy Existing Society. But in the present case we have the strange anomaly of a government seeking, officially, admission into the consortium of civilized nations and at the same time proclaiming publicly that not only does it repudiate the accepted usages that have made organized soclety possible among men, put that it in- tends to destroy the entire fabric of existing society, displacing all our cherished institu- tions, art, culture, laws and the Constitution itself in order to reconstruct all things on a socialistic basis. The force of international and municipal law Is scorned as a bourgeois creation, and evident truths of the natural law are swept into the discard in a deifica- tion of Karl Marx and Nikolai Lenin, There is no longer any “Russia” that you can recognize. “Russia” no longer exists as a treaty-making power. OId Russia Is now one state in a new union. Under the new constitution’ boundary limits are done away with. Nationality is swept away. A line is drawn at right angles through humanit “capitalism and socialism,” and that is all there is to it. These first states which have joined (wheiher they wanted to or not) “form 2 decisive step toward the union of the toilers of all countries into one World Soviet Soclal- ist Republic.” , e 'NEW PANAMA CANAL PACT NEGOTIATIONS UNDER WAY Supplvmvni to 1903 Treaty Would Pre- vent Further Conflict Between U. S. | outstanding | | | | therein. A ! place in | Isthmu HENRY L. SWEINHART. F such zreat strategic value is the Panama Canal to the United States, of such in sing importance commer cially, that every af fecting its tenance, be taken nd only and By move directly indirectly with the greatest after careful and deliberation That why negotiations be ernment and th have heen dra for nearly th fort to reach an caution consideration is the reason ween this Goy epublic Panam: ging on intermittentiy rs past in an ef ‘zreement on all the points\of difference Wo countries he tween Ne; the otiations are azain after having reached an vear, to see if a new tr concluded which will prev any further conflicts of opinion officials of Panama government and of the Canal Zone as to the rights which the United possesses number of other matiers 1o be included in the con The new treatv will not re anv xense the nal canal 1903, hut simply be supple thereto. taking the place of so-called “Taft agreement’—a of executive orders by Mr. Taft while he was Secretary of \War —and also adding other features he Taft asreement was abrogated by President Coolidze on June 1, 19 New Mission to t Panama has sent sion to the Un with this Government at issue. It is comy Dr. Ricardo tinance My ne the Se b the impasse progress last v cannot be the States also are ention treaty of mentary the series fssued a new special mis tes 1o take up th, 1o Alf Panama. Dy nd ¥ Che American com with them con Staie, Prank irman: Francis White tin American division Department: Joseph It nt solicitor, and Edward of the Latin American di the Min the ter here. ninister of Fusebio A alier of o otiate £ Kellc chief ecutive orders ordinarily re “Taft agreement” in phases of the Panama the use of the Canal purposes. This 1o cted certal ! trea for commercial auestion of commercial rizhts will 1 one the principal matt be with in the proposed treaty. But numher of new problems have n from time 1o time the nezotiatior the eaty them all settled at the so that there may he no ininz differences between the two zovernments since orizinal to have me time. rem War Changed Problems. ome of the problems which arisen between the two governments are the result of innovations and im provements in the modern science of warfare, such as increase in the range of big guns, the use of aviation, radio her developments. The United it is pointed out. must look ahead vears as the of the ( and a military point of instance, it is stated that of additional acreage, 22 square miles in extent secured a few months ago. increased storage of water will be pro. view. For o result | acquired hetween | | satet | things, for auestions | and the desire | of Panama that have | | =0 fa | needs | eign both from . commercial | Zone | | Government. vided to meet the growing demands of the Canal for water until 1955 From the standpoint of the United States one of the principal points 1o be definitely established in the new treaty is its right, and under what safely, operation or main. | conditions, to acquire additional land in case it is needed for future uses the canal. One of the points in- volved here, it is understood, is whether in this event only the actual owners of the land thus should be recompensed or ther the zovernment of Panama should be reimbursed in some vav bevond the unt now pald to annually by United Statés Canse of Difficulties. The fundamental cause of the dif- ences between the 1Wo governments s mainly to the fact that the public of Panama is split into two sec- ns geographically by the canal his has raised the question as 1o how Panama is to be “one commercially, while she is two zeographically.” The government of Panama has empha- zed the fact that she has no desire do anything which will interfere with the proper use or jeopardize the of the canal; on the other she has made it plain in various memoranda which she has submitted to this Government in discussion of the question invoived that it is her desire “to co-operate with the Govern- ment of the United States in eve thing that will tend to insure the ef ficient operation of the canal as well as it full protection.” In asking, therefore, wh the hand amonz other the right to fly commercial over the Canal Zone from ne section the republic to the ther, Panama has expressed her willingness 1o comply with whatever regulations this Government may isider the premises. Ihe same situation applics (o the use { radio in the Republic of Pansma government is said to feel that this might be arranged without inter fering with the employment of ihat means of communication in the Canal Zone rplanes Agreed on Many Puints. On most of the points involved in the present negotiations between Panami and the 1nited States it is not believed there will be any difficulty in reaching 1n agreement: in fact, it is understood that many of them are virtu; solved in advance, because in the negoti tions last vear the impasse resulted from failure agree on only two points. The resumption of nezotiations this vear has heen generally accented as evidence that the two governments of the opinion they can now set. the remaining differences, and the important related to the claim the fiscal jusisdiction of the Cana! Zone from the interna- tional point of view—that is to v, in as imports and exports are com- erned—"has not ceased to be vested in the Republic of Panama.” This would not apply to shipments of any kind intended for the maingenance of the canal and its employves. but only to what might be described as “‘foi: commerce” through the Canal The question of commissaries and the effect which they may have on business in Panama proper also is & matter on which it is desired to reach an exact definition of rights. (Copyright. 1925.1 most Improved School Buildings Urgent Need, Expert Holds The N 1 school building pro; ipital, with its big authorities making a study of the best | school building achievements through- out the United States. is taking con- spicuous place in a new age. the herald of which is Fletcher B. Dress. | lar, special nt of the United States au of Kduecation and a foremost on American school build- is the age of schools and schoolhouge he points out. “as characteristically as the latter part of the Middle Ages was the period of churches and great church buildings. “In each case the faith and fervor of the people can be read and fairly understood through ritical study of these objective results and the ideals for which they stand.” Calling attention that much been heard and published about “women’s rights.”” Mr. Dresslar hai the development of the American school building as a “tardy recogni tion of children’s rizhts.” He brings an indictment against adults, alleging selfish_neglect of the esthetic educa tion of children, but sees more atten tion already being paid to this and in the better type of schools now being { bullc. “It will not miss the far,” says Mr. Dresslar, our ideals and feelings associated with the notion of popular education are I becoming suffused with a glow and zeal heretofore only found associated divectly or indirectly with religious faith and religious propaganda. has mark very “to say that “Temples for Youth. “And something of the same spirit once. wrought to build a taber or a cathedral worthy of a dwelling place of the Most High seeking expression in furnishing to the youth of our land nobler temples in_which their hearts, minds and hodies may better adjust themselve: to the demands of a practical civic brotherhood. Whoever, then, under- takes to build a schoolhouse to meet |and foster these ideals ought to ap | proach his task with holy hands and | a consciousness of the devotion which [it is to typify. | “here are social movements in al- most every community in our country | today looking toward educational bet | terment, and such movements should be fostered, guided and vationalized. Whenever these are for any worthy reason_ disconnected from church or- ganizations, either the public library building, some building designed espe- clally for social workers or the public school bufldings ought to be available as a center for such workers. “Tne school bullding has many ad- vantages, for it is the citadel of a democracy, and there has. been de- veloped about it a sentiment of dignity and decorum, influential in all move- ments undertaken within its precincts. Furthermore, the use of these build ings for worthy social work of all kinds is bringing school work inta more vital touch with the real life of | the world: vice versa, it is bringing Ime American community into a more vital relation with the teachers and ~those who are responsible for schools -and.school organizal m and its school | { “Some duy in the near ins will be taken | houses beautiful in ance as well as commodious and healthful within. Thus far the archi- tects of the large majority of our smaller school buildings have elung tenaciously to the ‘schoolhouse type.' and have given us, in the main. build- ings devoid of any attempt at niceties of proportion or unity of design. In many cases attempts at cheap orna- mentation have been made at the ex- |pense of real beauty of form and hy- gienic considerations. t seems strange, on first thought, that our schoo'houses have been the last of public buildings through which public taste has sought to express ft- self. But when one recalls that this tardy recognition of children’s rights has exhibited itself in all lines of en- deavor wherein the education and care }of children were concerned..a funda- | mental phase of human nature 15 brought to light. Adults have regularly thought and planned first for the satisfaction of their own needs rather than those of the children. If one is inclined to ldoubt_this, let him make a study of the Sunday school rooms of our churches and compare them with the rooms of the same bullding set apart in the main for the use of adults. Let him examine the homes and contrast the provisions made for adults with those for the chlldren, and he will un derstand more clearly whai I mean.* ut a protest should he entered | against this selfishness and, at the |same time, a plea made for the es { thetic education of the children and !through them the development of an enlightened conscience and tic |sense in the public at large. The | school buildings in which our children spend a great part of their working hours during their early vears deserve serious attention and artistic treat- ment. Art leagues desiring to pro- mote civic improvement should offer artistic and well-developed plans of country schoolhouses for the consid- eration of those who have charge of the construction of such buildings.” Mr. Dresslar is scornful of the prac- tice of accepting “ready-made plans furnished by so-called architects and huilders.” These, he declares, are |rarely adequate and frequently in error. He also thinks little of the practice of requiring architects to sub- mit plans in competition. The best architects seldom do this, he assert “Boards of education,” he adds, “often come together to consider plans which have been placed in com- petition without 50 much as inviting a principal or superintendent to aid them. One by one the architects are called before the hoard to extol their products and point out the superi- ority of their respective plans to all other possible plans. In general, the most plausible talker, with the gaudl- est elevation and the greatest number of impossible carriages passing the proposed building, gets the vote. The sane and economical thing e do. even if only a one-story school building is to be erected, Is to enzage the services of a reliable, tasteful architect, and with him work out every detall before the plan is finally accepted,” uture more make school external appear-