Evening Star Newspaper, March 5, 1922, Page 64

x f= +4maen tha plants, i 2 -~ 8 . PHE SUNDAY- STAR, W #. ASHINGTON, D. C., MARCH 5, 1922—PART 4. AMERICA HAD ENOUGH HELIUM TO HAVE HAT has the government don> in the interests of helium? Rather. wkat Is helium and why is the gov- ernment mentioned at all in the ques- tion of helium? What has the govern- ment done? To the layman the questions, in his viewpoint, should be answered quick- Iy and concisely. To the mind that understands the sciences part of the question at its best is hard to bring to an understandable public view- point. Hellum §s one of a series of very rare inert gases. It is a new incom- bustible gas, which promises and has - proved in recent tests to. make dirigi- _bles safe from fires from inflammable gases in the air. Helium is, next to hydrogen, the lightest of known sub- stances. The gas, although twice as heavy as hydrogen, has in balloons a . buoyancy or ascensional power of 92.6 per cent as compared with the latter. In its physical behavior helium is the nearest approximation to the ideal perfect gas. It is monatomic and liquefies at even lower tempera- tures than hydrogen. Helium has been proved to be the end product of the emanations of radloactive sub- stances, but the origin of its presence in natural gas has not been estab- lished. The low dielectric strength of helium permits electric discharges to pass through it with much greater | ease than through most rare gases, and its conductivity for heat is very high | , * Kk ok * I_IELIL'.\I is of prime importance in aeronautics because of its great; buoyancy, because of its rate of diflu-l sion and consequent wastage through | fabrics being only half that of hy-{ drogen and, above all, because of its chemical inertness. The effectiveness of hydrogen-filled dirigibles in war, | owing to the high inflammability of hydrogen, was reduced to the vanish- ing point when means of comhating them with incendiary projectiles were developed. Even under peace condi- tions the great hydrogen-filled en- velope of the dirigible constitutes a serious hazard because of possible ig- . nition from atmospheric electricity or from flames originating in the power plant of the craft. Helium, however, being absolutely inert, cannot be ig- nited or exploded, and even mixtures containing certain amounts of hydrogen with helium can be used with perfect safety in lighter-than-air craft. Several distinguished scientists have been supposed to have first discov- ered helium. Sir William Ramsey, British chemist, has done much in the very early stages of helium experi- mentation, but it Is generally con- seded P. J. C. Janssen, a chemist, noted in the solar chromosphere aj bright vellow line nearly identical with the D; and D, lines of sodium. The name derived from the Greek words “helios,” the sun, thence “helium.” Such chemist and scient- iets as Hillebrand, Sir William Crooke, Frankland and Lockyer, but largely Sir William Ramsey, are responsible for the early knowledge of helium. It was in August, 1868, that Janssen made his first discoveries, and the basic knowledge from the early ex- periments have differed and were car- ried on at entirely different angles. Helium is widely distributed in na- ture, but generally in minute quanti- ties. It is present in the air, about 1 volume to 250,000 volumey of 2ir. The United States and the lower part of Canada are the only sections where natural gas contains helium. It is found in a broad belt starting in Tex- as, coming up through Oklahoma, Kansas, Ohio and a possible small extension in the lower part of Indi- ana. There are a few flelds in the Alberta section of Canada, but the amounts of helium to be obtained from the natural gas is small, and the British government experimenta- tion plant there has produced very little. There are hellum-bearing gases in Europe, but they are very “small. Either the percentage of heli- um to be obtained from the gas is too small to be considered or the amount of gas in the well is too lim- ited, even though sometimes the per- centage of helium would be high. And at the present cost of extraction for helium on & quantity basis the undertaking would not be rational However, gas flelds, wells and blower pockets have been found all over the world, but none has proved very valua- ‘ble, save the flelds of Texas. =k ok * S the war brought on unnatural demand for many rare and valua- ble products that were either manu- factured on a small basis or too greatly undeveloped to even manu- facture, so did the war for military and national aggression demand helium. The bureau of mines, with Dr. Richard B. Moore, chief chemist, ably assisted by Dr. Andrew Stewart, started its first work and experi- ments about 1916, after considerable correspondence with Sir Willlam Ramsey and several other- scientists. But it was not until the war that the bureau of mines really started work to find a method by which to produce helium. For the needs of the war and the air service money was appropriated jointly by the Army and Navy Alrship Board and recommend- ed by the Aircraft Production Board. One hundred thousand dollars was to be shared equally from the Army and Navy appropriations. Col G. A. Bur- rell of the gas division of the bureau of mines had been studying the situa- tion for a number of years and knew _that the gas fields of Petrolia, Tex., were helium gas bearing flelds. Dr. F. G. Cottrell, chlef metallurgist of the bureau, was asked to assist in the work with Dr. Moore and Col. Bur- rell, and from the time that starting appropriations were made the bureau af mines actually carried out the ex- ~ertmontation and the production in every degree and angle for the naval and military services. There were three distinct methods or processes used to determine which would be the best to produce helium in Texas. The Claude process was in actual use by the Air Reduction Com- pany. and the Linde process was in actual use by the Linde Air Products Company. These two companies were established firms in the business of gas liquefaction and separation. Dr. Cottrell has suggested the use of an entirely new air separation, known as the Jefferies-Norton process, but generally known as the Norton proc- ess. This process had been evolved by Fred E. Norton, a graduate of the ‘Massachusetts Institute of Technol- ogy, who has an International repu- tation. Three separate small experl-l mental plants were built, and for a time there was keen competition be- A l Two Million Cubic Running. LTHOUGH Production of the Valuable Product Was Stopped Last November, Feet Were Stored in ‘Tanks—None at Langley Field—Facts About Helium and the Process of Manufacture—Al- most an Absolute Protection Against.Fire. Inadequate Funds to Keep Texas Plant MAJ. GEN. MASON M. PATRICK, CH! IEF OF THE U ITED STATES ARMY AIR SERVICE. LEASES for thte conservation of the gas fields were made to the ex- tent of $1,500,000 for the Petrolia field. There was built a pipe line from the Petrolia field to the plants at Forth Worth, 104 miles, at the cost of $1,600,000. There was spent for the entire work at Fort Worth $7,087,286.78, and it was found that the Linde process experimental plant produced helium on the most satis- factory plan. The Linde process heli- um plant produces the best helium and gives a greater margin for pro- duction on quantity basis. This plant was assembled and erected at Fort Worth and has been operated by the Navy Department under the direction of the Army and Navy helium board, the two branches bearing equally the expense of operation. The extraction of helium from nat- ural gas does not materially affect the further use of the gas. All the lifting powers of hellum. With every one smoking around the anchored C-7 after her successful flight, surely there can be no doubt as to the non- inflammability of helium. Had there been a sufficiency of helium in the world to have sent to England, the world would never have known of the horrible Humber river disaster of the ll-fated ZR-2. EE UST a few days have passed, just a few months have passed, and two of the world's most terrible airship disasters have brought the whold na- tion to mourn. There was enough helium manufac- tured and in the United States to have filled the Roma, if it had been re- quested. There was no helium at Langley Field, but there was nothing preventing it from being shipped i(here if requested. At present there REAR ADMIRAL WILLIAM A. MOFFATT, CHIEF OF THE NAVY’S BUREAU OF AERONAUTICS. gas that passes through the plants is returned to the companies holding the leases, and in turn they distribute the gas to city consumers, with the con- sumer having lost nothing he pays for and with the government holding an asset of national importance. Five million cubic feet of natural gas will yield about 30,000 to 40,000 cubic feet of helium, at a cost at the present time, in its undeveloped stage, of about $45 to $60 per 1,000 cubic feet, based on 100 per cent helium. Nat- ural gas yields about 0.93 per cent helium. It is estimated that the Texas fields will' last about six or seven years, possibly longer, operating on a full capacity, securing 30,000 to 40,000 cubio feet a day. Repurification is a salient factor in used and contaminated helium. For instance, hellum which has been usea in large quantities in a dirigible can be taken out and repurified or cleaned. Such has been the case with the C-7, which flew over Washington this winter. The hellum has been re- moved and will be repurified at a plant especially designed for the pur- pose. This plant, it is interesting to note, can be “built In two units, to travel on two flat cars of a train. There can be no doubt of the suc- cess of the C-7 flights with helium. ‘There Gal b Do Cause to-question she | ! is about 2,000,000 cubic feet of helium stored in large tanks at various sta- tions of the government. Possibly one of the greatest reasons for not using helium at the test of the Roma is because the actual production of. helium has stopped, as the production plant at Fort Worth, Tex., has not operated since last November, when the hellum boatd ran out of-funds. The helium board asked for $814,000 to operate the Linde plant on & quan- tity" productive basis, and the appro- priation was much less. In the Chicago disaster in July, 1919, a Goodyear F-D type ten-pas- senger dirigible flew over the heart of Chicago at an altitude of about 1,200 feet, dropped and crashed in the skylight of the Illinois Trust and Savings Bank, killing .and burning to death four of the crew and about twenty of the bank employes and pat- rons. 5 ¢ Helium will not do the impossible. 1t will by no means solve the lighter- than-air pro'lem, But it wiil take the terrible hazard of fire absolutely out of the question. Fires that have oc- curred from motor troubles have been very small, and there is little doubt that the dirigible accidents that have been caused by motor fires ‘could be wpunted on one hand. > : Gonaidexiog therapldatridey towsrd /wheme ot your room advancement in both civil and mili- tary aeronautics, American avation losses are small in comparison to those of forelgn countries. In ‘the U. s. Army air service from 1908, when aviation was first taken up in the Army, the loss of life through accl- dent in both heavier and lighter than air crafts, including oversea losses, is 627 men, officers and enlisted person- nel. In the training camps of the United Statés 297 were killed and 272 diedin A. E. F. either from falls due from accidents or were shot down by the enemy. This is remarkable when 7,766 French airmen were killed dur- Ing the war, and France did not have as many planes America had, though her fighting covered a period twice &s long. The German forces lost in battle 2,367 officers and 3,047 enlisted personnel, while they sus- tained a death list in training flyers of 584 officers and 1,378 enlisted men. The United States naval air service, since flying was taken up by the Navy in 1918, has lost forty-four men, and the United States Marine air service has lost thirty-eight. yEF X THE hellum board, which is com- posed of Lieut. Commander S. M. Kraus, U. S. Navy; Maj). P. E. Van Nostrand, U. S. air service; Lieut. Col. Arthur L. Fuller, U. S. air service; Lieut. Commander B. F. Laighton, U, S. Navy, with officlals of the bureau of mines, has been Interested to know other uses for helium. Requests from all over the world have come for hellum for experimen®' ' purposes, ranging from its use 1. ..ining con- ductors for the protection of electri- cal plants to the floating of toy bal- loons, and have been turned down re- peatedly. Because the product is inits infancy, and because for a long time during the war it was produced un- der an entirely different name, little is known of {its eommercial value. However, there have been several suc- cessful uses made of the gas. It has been used and found highly successful in electrical transformers. 1t is a good conductor of heat and the second best conductor of gases. In a transformrer used in connection with the sterilization of cartoned cereals it is interesting to know that the helium transformer is the only one approved for installation by the underwriters’ board. The transform- er using oil is forbidden because of increased hazard of fire by ignition from electrical spark in the oil Three machines using only 180 cubfc feet of helium permanently wlill save annually millions of dollars in food- stuffs, while- the hellum would cost about $50 per thousand ‘cubic feet. One of the largest lamp manufac- turers has found helium the only suc- cessful conductor for ballast tubes used on radio apparatus. There is a possibility for helium to be used in filling electric lamps. A lamp has been made, but it is not quite practi- cal yet. The undevelopment of the lamp is largely due to the lack of helium for commercial purposes. About Cretonnes There are so many things to re- member when you buy cretonne that it 1s 2 wonder, really, that you ever buy any of it. To begin with, there is that ever- troubling question of color schemes. Troubling, that is, if you let it be s In these days it need mot be so, for the designs in cretonne are so varied that one can always find the right coloring. But still you must Anow what colors you want, and that Is something some persons apparently find difficult. You must remember, in choosing your color scheme in cretonnes, that only certain colors harmonize or may be used together. Just now there is a fad for green Interiors, and =o we have a suggestion of coloring that has not been to the fore for several years. For we are planning sreen color schemes again. As things go now, we consider green and yellow admirable together. Green and cer- tain shades of blue, too, are charm- ing. But these combinations are cool and " refreshing, but the green and blue would be cold in & room with a north exposure. Then there is the color scheme of raspberry and mulberry together, with a background of gra: There are various color schemes em- employing brown or tan. These in- clude combinations with blue and combinations of several tones of the same color. And there are the rose and gray combinations that are in good style at the moment. All these combinations are recog- nized in the new chintzes. The green color schemes are not usual enough yet to have produced many cretonnes. Yet, if we have a real return of the vogue for green, we shall probably have all sorts of cretonnes to fit in with it. There are -already some charming springlike things showing yellow flowers or birds on a gray ground with tracery of green foliage. When you buy cretonne, after you have thought out your color schemes definitely, the next thing is ‘the quality of the fabric. Don't buy a transparent cretonne for window cur- tains. That is, don’t buy a cretonne through which you can see the light ‘when you hold the cretonne up before a window or a lamp. Such a cre- tonne loses all its life in the day- time. It is all right at night, when no light is shining in the windows, and such light as you have strikes it from inside, shines against it in- stead of through it. But when the daylight behind such a cretonne is bright the cretonne loses all color and hence all charactér. Therefore. put the cretonnes you buy through the acid test of holding them up before a bright light. If you cannot find any cretonne you like that will stand this test there is one way around the difficulty. You can buy the transparent, fimsier cre- tonne and line it. This lining makes it opaque and is really as good as the heavier, non-transparent sort. Moreover, the lining adds to the color of the cretonne. It is best to make the lining & warm color in & cold room—one . with & north ex- posure. Yellow or rose would prove very good with curtains showing yellow or rose in their design. In a warm room, with a south or west sunny exposure, gray or blue linings might be used, and so might green. Again, be sure to make the color of the lining emphasize the color ing the following year a total of 171 were carried in from Siberla. Lapps from Lapland, the corner of extreme northern Europe made famous in legend and story by its reindeer, were employed to go to Alaska and teach “REINDEER SAVED AND CIVILIZED ALASKAN ° FILLED THE ILL-FATED AIRSHIP ROMA ESKIMOS,” SAYS HEAD OF SCHOOL SYSTEM BY AARON HARDY ULM. HIRTY-ONE years ago The ‘Washington Star, together with a few other newspapers in leading cities and several religious” publications, made an ap- peal to the American public on behalf of the country’s Eskimo subjects in arctic Alaska. The appeal was for funds with which to import into north- western Alaska a few reindeer. The reason for it was the declining food supplies in the region of almost per- petual cold. The Eskimos were fac- ing extinction. The public responded to the extent of contributing a total of $2,150 for the “saving” of the race of people in- habiting our most northerly region. Twenty head of reindeer were intro- duced immediately into Alaska. Dur- the rudiments of reindeer ralsing. It was a small beginning.” But the sequel, as facts disclose ft now, is huge in its significance. Today there are approximately 216,000 reindeer in Alaska. Ten years from now there probably will be several million; some day there may be as many as 10,000,- 000. The time is not far distant when reindeer steak will be as common and perhaps as cheap in the meat mar- kets of the country as beefsteak is now. * x ok k THE development of the reindeer as a domestic animal in Alaska already has gone beyond the early prophesies of even those persons whose predictions regafding it were once looked upon as ridiculous. With it there has been another develop- ment in which the reindeer was the chief instrument—the raising of the Alaskan Eskimos from a state of low barbarism to one of creditable civilization—all done within a period of one generation. Many facts concerning both de- velopments were given to the writer recently by W. T. Lopp, who perhaps more than any other person has had to do with both. He went to Alaska in 1889 to teach one of the first three schools the government established for the Eskimos of the Arctic ocean area. He has since been connected with Uncle Sam’'s educational work in the territory and for many years has been its general superintend- ent. The development of the rein- deer industry among the natives has been a part of that work, and it is largely because of Mr. Lopp's efforts that the industry has grown so phe- nomenally. “The reindeer probably saved our Eskimo population,” Mr. Lopp said when on his last trip to Washington for conference with his associates and superiors in the United States bureau of education. “It was and is yet dependent largely on wild game for food. Excepting' a few garden vegetables, which may be grown during the short summers, there can be no agriculture in the arctic reglons of Alaska. Of course, most of Alaska is not arctic. In many parts of the territory a very good climate prevails. But in the north- western area, bor@#ring omte Agctic ocean, the winter is long and icy and the summer is very brief, At the most northerly spot, Point Barrow, there is no sun during about seven weeks of winter, but they have the midnight sun during a like period of summer. Some of the communities where we maintain schools are with- out communication with the outside world during most of the winter. At one the teachers get no mail during the closed season—seven months every year. We are planning to give them a wireless station. “Generally speaking, there are three races of natives, each more or less distinct in anthropological sense. They are the Indians, chiefly in southern and southeastern Alaska; the Aleuts, on the Aleutian islands, and the Eskimos, chiefly in the areas bordering the Arctic ocean. The Alaskan Eskimos are of the same race as the Eskimos on the eastern side of the Arctic. Their language has similarity with that spoken by the native races of Green- land. * % X % ¢*THEY have lived in the arctio * perhaps for ages. When white men began to go in there a genera- tion or so ago the natives existed entirely by hunting and fishing, as they still do in the main. The season during which they fish is short. As the whales of the sea, were thinned out, they had to rely more and more on game. But the out and much of the game was driven back into the more or less inac- | kind now raised W. Herd Ye ars. T. LOPP, General Superintendent of Alaska's Educational Forces, Tells, in Washington, of Amazing Results From First of Reindeer—The Newspapers Aided Fund for Relief Thirty- Two Years Ago—Government's Interest in Big Herds—Educational Work of Past Few Star and Other the territory now. The bulk of the others are owned by natives, whose rights in the premises are restricted In several important respects. So and the teachers render first aid in emergency and prescribe for simple ills. A small force of physicians and nurses is maintained for more seri- successful has been the joint efforts:ous medical work. There has been of the teachers and the natives with much improvement in the manner +n reindeer culture that seevral corpora- | which the natives Lopp says, the bulk of the natives are absolute teetotalers. This is particu- larly true of the Eskimos, among whom intoxicating drinks have ceased to figure tions have entered the business. One corporation now owns a herd of about 40,000 deer. The natives are not permitted to sell a female reindeer to any white person or corporation controlled by whites. They are not live. Now, Mr. atall g The reindeer industry has been de- supply for many of the markets to which tne white residents have to g0 for food. Reindeer meat tastes very much like venison, being something of & Cross between venison and beefsteak. But for the cost of transportation from Alaska, it now could be sold as cheaply on the Pacific coast as beef. Some day, it is belleved, the Alaskan reindeer will compete successfully with the western steer as a source of meat supply. The production costs probably are less than for beef. “What the bureau of education is endeavoring to do is to prepare Yhe Alaskan natives for civilization,” says Mr. Lopp. “Whether it is good for them or not. Alaska inevitably will be modernized. This means that the natives must be fitted for contact with a manner of life for which their past primitive methods unsuit them A changed econumy alrcady duced a revoluion among them. Us- less protected and aided in the rigit way, they cannot now compete with the ways of modern civilization. “The natives like the white people. They are proud of the fact that they A GROUP OF ALASKAN ESKIMO REINDEER HERUERS. permitted to slaughter a female rein- deer, except by the permission of the school authorities. Every precaution has been taken to keep the animals within the control of the natives and to insure the fullest possible natural increase. * % * % ‘HOUGH the reindeer industry is new to Alaska, the enha | itself 13 no stranger in the territory. The is a biological brother of the Alaskan caribou, which is only a wild reindeer, but is not easily domesticated. In<hat part of Siberie from which original stock ‘was procured conditions are virtually the same as in arctic Alaska. The domesticated reindeer is prac- tically self-supporting, even in a re- gion where snow and ice cover the ground most of the time. Its chief food resource is & moss which grows under the snow. In winter the rein- deer digs through the snow and pro- cures {ts food. It requires no shel- ter, even when the thermometer goes to fifty and sixty below zero. While the reindeer {s sustained by moss found under the snow during the ‘winter months, its winter foed is not all sufficient. During the summer it grazes freely on grasses and other green stuff, and accumulates stores of surplus fat, which helps to sus- tain it through the period of cold. No food has to be grown or gath- ered for the reindeer. The owners of herds have only to keep track of them, which, especially when the herds are large, calls for much out- door attention. Ownership is defined by brands and ear-tags, in the manner of cattle on the ranges of the west. An adult reindeer, unless trained to do so from infancy, grain or hay. Hence, they are not as good for draft animal work as one might suppose. They have no great endurance under stress when their diet consists only of moss or grass, but they are used considerably for sledding over short distances. The bureau of education teachers, under the direction of Mr. Lopp, are now trying to improve the reindeer as a draft animal by training more of upon which they depended largely,!them to eat solid foods. The work of the bureau is divided into six districts, each under a dis- advent of firearms began to thin it|trict superintendent. Mr. Lopp, who supervises all districts, makes his headquarters at Seattle, for, oddly, he will not eati veloped through a system of sy)pr@n-‘ If a youth wishes to be-| of course, they are handled as wards | But some of them have th a contract with the school author-| ticeship. come the owner of a herd, he makes ities o undergo a process of train- ing covering a period of a year. If he keeps his bargain, he is awarded at the end of the vear four female and two male reindeer; at the end of the second year he is permitted to keep five females and three males, with increases each year until the fourth, when he is given a certificate as a herder and left with six females and four males. He then may use his surplus males for food or sale. ‘When his herd is between 50 and 150 the herder is required to take an apprentice and put him through the period of training, and he must add other apprentices as his herd fur- ther increases. Thus is set up an endless chain, which is causing most | Eskimo boys to beccme reindeer herders. Sometimes they merge their herds and handle them co-operative- ly. The authorities are now consid- ering a plan for developing small | corporate organizations for reindeer herding among them. The reindeer often has proved a saving focd resource for the natives, and it now provides a domestic meat | cation are citizens of the United States, bu!, full rights of citizenship and vote with the wh residents. Only common school edu- is provided for them by th | government; not many are ready fo: higher education. Some of the chil- | dren who went through the loc schools have gone to Seattle at ther own expense and passed through hig} schools. A few mnatives are colles. graduates. “ “Alaskan development depend | largely on white immigration. Wha the territory needs is settlers who will go there, as settiers went into the northwest, not with the motio of making quick fortunes and then moving back to where they cam« from, but with the determination i make a lasting home for themselves and their children. Easily or quickly | made fortunes can go to only & com- parative few anywhere. But for the home-builder Alaska offers as many natural advantages as the northwest | possessed. There are immense areas | of rich land suitable for farming and ! for cattle raising, and in much of the The Hecht Co. 7th at F cessible _interior. They were be-|can keep in better touch with all of ginning to face serious threats of:Ajagka from there than from any one starvation through depletion of their|point in the territory. This gives an food supplies when the reindeer Was|idea of the size and also of the re- brought in.* moteness of much of Alaska. If the The movement to introduce rein-|territory were set down in the United deer into Alaska was started by Dr.|gtates, the main body of it would ex- Sheldon Jackson, a pioneer Alaskan |tenq from the Canadian border south- missionary. He and his associates|warq to Texas and Oklahoma, and, appealed to Congress for an &p-|eastward and westward from North propriation for the purpose. But|Dakota to Michigan on the north and Congress thought the suggestion affrom Colorado to Ohio on the south. “visionary” one and falled to ap-|The southeastern fringe would reach prove it. Then Dr. Jackson per-|to Savannah, Ga. while the last of suaded the newspapers to make|the islands, which constituts the appeals for popular ocontributlons,| sputhwestern fringe, would be in with the result indicated above. southern California. While Mr. Lopp After it was proven that the Sug-|directs the education of the natives gestion was not impracticable, Con-|from Seattle, he spends about one- gress made an appropriation for fur-| artn of his time in the territory. thering the venture, and has since B made annual appropriations for its support. These have averaged about SCHOOL work is carried on in sixty- $5,000 & year, with a special one o™’ seven villages, where regular $25,000 for sclentific work. The total |schools taught by teachers from the cost to the government of introduc- |states are maintained. The school pe- ing reindeer culture in Alaska has|riod usually is of about seven months’ been about $335,000. All told, only|length and is confined to the winter | 1,283 head of stock were imported |months. It.is difficult to get good at- into the territory. The last importa- !tendance in summer, when the na- tions were made in 1902. The Alasken |tives wander about considerably in reindeer stock came from Siberia. In|search for game. All teaching is in addition to the more than 200,000 |English. there now, approximately 100,000 have been killed for food or for shipment to the states. It is’estimated.that the total increase from the original reindeer herds has totaled a worth of "about $6,000,000, which means that in about thirty years the cash invest- ment made by the government has grown nearly 2,000 per cent in value. .While the government keeps strings on most of the reindeer, it actually asrps.ouly about 3,000 of-all those in But ¢lass work is only a feature of the teachers’' duties. Most school sta- tions are in charge of married coup- les who are paid jointly from $1,600 to $2,400 a vear and given free living quarters. They teach the natives how to live a® well as how to read. The aim of their work is to prepare the natives for civilization, contact with which threatens their continued ex- istence. Medical service is provided, each, sobool having its medicine chest, This baby grand piano 3500 Behr Bros. grand—a piano for the exacting musician Brand new; on sale in connection with other pianos from surplus Baltimore stock Included also are these used instruments, all of which have been :;erlpnled by our experts, and are now sold with our guarantee of sat- isfaction. Player-pianos Pianos Schirmer, $285 Behr Bros., $465 = Kramer, $385 Bnnd-nc\:, Emerson, $95 Whitman, $415 layer-piano Krakauer, $140 ‘Wagner, $425 ;us Milton, $175 510 Delivers any upright or player 618 F St. store open Monday evenings 7 to 9