Evening Star Newspaper, July 10, 1921, Page 38

10 - f the Army | : El‘he Soul é BY THOMAS KIRBY. Zate Captain, Morale Branch, General Staff. NE of the most grievous blunders made by Germany during the whole war was deciding that America could not put forward a disciplined army in duantity and quality to battle with the best. the central powers were ®ble to present. Today this mistake is conceded even in Berlin, for as time goes on the conviction is becom- ing stronger that the actual and po- tential strength of the United States ‘was the deciding factor. The morale of the American soldier ‘was one of the most impressive mar- vels of the war. The triple chain of moral stamina, cheerfulness and wil- lingness to suffer any sacrifice held together so cohesively the American Army that it is now pretty generally admitted that the spirit of the whole German nation was shattered when it was found the United States séldier was unbeatable. The German had ent generations in developing his armies to such a degree of efficiency that his organization was proclaimed to be the best military machine ever upbuilt. But from their first contact with American troops the Prussians dis- covered they had misjudged, and from Chateau Thierry to Sedan and the Argonne the flower of militaristic Germany was swept back foot by foot. vard by yard and mile by mile until it was a retreat converted into a rout. . These feats were performed in large part by men who were sudden- 1y called from office, factory or farm to handle a rifle for the first time. Within a few months these peaceful citizens were developed into an army of courageous, valorous, self-sacrific- ing and self-denying troops whose Dresence the enemy detested. The sudden and Stupendous expan- sion of the Army called the full force of the War Department to concentra- tion on the problem of mobilization, construction and production. The na- tion was speedily mobilized, the cald of battle was abroad in the !and and the spirit of patriotism was quick- ened in every section. Recalling Na- poleon’s admonition that “in war the morale is to the physical as three to one” and Sherman’s declaration that ‘An army has a soul as well as a man Sugsestions of pevchological on of our soldiers were mad: to the War Department. i * x ok % N January, 1917, an officer of the Medical Corps, in an editorial, en- titled “The Soul of an Army," sald: “Rhere must be a systematized edu- cation and training in the psychology of the soldier and of the war. This fleld is not now covered. It is a o man’s land,’ into which neither line nor staff penetrate.” This idea was placed before the general staff on March 2, 1918, and April 12 began & series of conferences attended by Tepresentatives of the military intel- ligence division, the commission on classification of personnel. the train- ing division of the eMdicai Corps, the psychological division of the Sani- tary Corps, the committee on public information. the committee on train- ing camp activities and other gov- ernmental organizations having to do with the prosecution of the war. ., While meetings were being held En Washington actual experiments in he fleld were started at Camp Green- eaf, Ga. AS a result of the de- ‘liberation of scientists and the suc. cesses accomplished in_ actual field work, the general staft decided to form in the Army the military morale sectio Finally, on October 19, at the di- rection of the Secretary of War. the adjutant general lssued the following general orders: 1. There is hereby created a morale branch _within the general staff, which will be in charge of an of- ficer designated chief, morale branch. It will be under the ex- ecutive assisfant to the chief of stafr, and will operate in general con- formance with orders governing the other branches of tne general stafr. 2. The general functions of the morale branch relate to the improve- ment of the efficiency of the soldier through the betterment of morale. 3. The morale branch shall have cognizance and control of the fol- lowing: (a) The Initiation and ad- ministration of plans and measures to stimulate and maintain the morale of troops. (b) The organization, training, co-ordination and direction of all agencies, military and civil, op- erating within military zones, in so r as they serve to stimulate and aintain _morale in the Army. ) Co-operation with any morale gencles of the general stafts of llied countries in_connection with ilitary morale. (d) The supervision, o-ordination and direction of activi- ties in the various departments, corps and bureaus of the Army. for stimulating morale within organiza- tions or among producers of muni- tions. (e) The supervision. co-ordi- nation and utilization, so far as ma properly be accomplished by mili tary authority, of all recognized civillan agencies which might con- stribute, directly or indirectly, to the ‘enhancement of morale. To this end close relations will be established. through the third assistant secretary of war, as director of civilian rela- tions, by the morale branch with all officially recognized agencies for the improvement of morale in the Army or Navy. It will not give of- ficial recognition to unrecognized voluntary agencies, though treating them with resnect and consideration. ‘ * % * ¥ TQRIG. GEN. E. L. MUNSON, long a resident of Washington, who fhad pleaded for the psychological stimulation in “Th® Soul of an Army” editorial, and organized and carried out the experimental work at Camp Greenleaf, was made chief of the new sbranch, which, with sociologists, psy- chologists, newspaper men and men who could speak several languages, set out to develop the morale of the Army to the highest possible pitch. In an early bulletin it was declared that it is as impcrtant that soldiers should want to fight as it is that they know how to fight. Good morale in the Army may be likened to the temper in a Damascus blade. It com- ‘Dines the keen, hard “fghting edge” with a resiliency that no shock can crack. Morale is not merely enthusiasm, mental courage, “pep” nor the fight- ing spirit. It Is ail these things— and more. It has a sterner element. It is that mental training and mental hardening which, In a body of troops, continues to function after everything else has broken. It is the quality in the trenches or in the charge, keeps things going at the last desperate moment, when all of the external circumstances which ‘would naturally create it have disap- eared. It is not only the will to win, ut it is the refusal even to consider anything else possible. It is the col- lective character of the Army made up of the will to win, the discipline which directs that will and the -en- durance necessary to carry it through to a conclusion. A civilian cannot be changed nito = soldier merely by putting him into wuniform, providing him with a weap- on and instructing him In the rudi- ments of military discipuline. If, month after month, he is to endure with cheerfulness and unshakable resolution, the hardships and dange: the exhausting nervous and emo. tional strain and monotony of modern war, there must obviously be within him some powerful motive capable of dominating many of the ordinary weaknesses of human nature—of so controlling his will that the victory of the Army of which he is a part ‘becomes the supreme object of his desire. He must, in short, be men- tally, as well as physically, Military morale is men! of men, or organised groups of me for the work of war. It is to the mind what “condition” is to the body. bad morale, bad mental ‘“condition.” Good morale is good mental “condi- tion”; bad morale, bad mental “condi- tion.’ Good morale does mot mean simply *good discipline,” physical courage, ! tastinctive pugnacity, fear of the so- clal ignominy which attaches to cow- ardice or disloyalty, or esprit de corps or a feeling of hostility toward the enemy. All of these may be alds to or elements of good morale; most of them are indispensable factors in it, yet neither singly nor together do they make up the whole of it, for the test of morale is time and ad- versity. All great military leaders have re ognized the paramount importance o morale, and many of them, in no small measure, have owed their suc- cess to thelr exceptional ability -to inspire a high morale in_their fol- lowers. Caesar, Hannibal, Joan of Arc, Cromwell and Napoleon are fa- miliar examples of this point. But| at no previous period in history did the maintenance of morale call for such serious and definite considera- tion on the part of those charged with the conduct of military opera- | tions than in the world war, and at no period was the problem of main- taining it less simple, and the dan- Kers inherent in defective morale have never been so strikingly illus- trated. * X x X (GERMANY conquered far more ter- ritory by undermining:the morale of her enemies than by force of arms. She broke down Russian civilian mo- rale, which resulted in the disorgani- zation of the nation; this, in turn, transmitted to the troops, broke the army into a mob that desired peace more than victory; that doubted its own leaders and believed that the people of the country cared nothing for the welfare of the army or what it might accomplish. It became an army without good morale, and that fact alone destroyed i The defeat of the Italian army at Cuporette, in 1917, was largely due to undermining of the morale of the Italian troops in this section through persistent and insidious German and Austrian propaganda, which re-acted upon the soldiers in part directly, and in part through the dissemination of falsehoods, suspicions and distrust among the ilian - population at home. A mental smoke screen was spread over the nation and morale was broken. A disaster which for a time gravely threatened the entire military and political situation of the allies ensued. When morale was re- stored—as a result of definite effort to that end—the same Italian armies won the great victory of the Plave against the Austrian attack, much more formidable than that of 1917. The armies of the United States and its allies were drawn from democratic societies in which “governmgnt by discussion” prevails and in ‘which every citizen is accustomed to have a voice in determining the laws and policy of his country. The citizen- soldier of a democracy is entitled to understand _the cause in which he fights, and the reasons and principles underlying the policy of the govern- ment which he is called upon to de- fend on the battlefield; and unless he both understands and believes in them. he is always potentially dan- gerous to the morale of the unit to which he belongs. The danger may be latent and seemingly negligible, so long as he is restrained by the fear of punishment or by the habit of dii cipline, and so long as all goes well. But at times of special strain, of long continued inactivity or of disaster he is apt to prove a facus of discourage- ment or disaffection. The morale of the army of a de- mocracy. therefore, must ultimately be based solidly ‘upon convictions. Such armies should be made up of men who are not only loyal to their country and its permanent ideals and principles, but also are intelligently convinced of the justice of its cause. And since it cannot truly be said that all recruits enter the army already possessing such understanding and enthusiasm, it is necessary for mili- tory reasons—even though there were no other reasons—that such knowl- edgée and spirit be imparted to them after they have been inducted into the service. ~Each fighter must be pro- vided with ideas as an essential part of his equipment. Education, the mainstay of democracy in peace, must also be its strength in war. * ok ok ok ¥ order to have the spirit of the soldier improved, the morale branch, after having instructed the morale officers to remove as far as possible the causes for discontent, decided morale could be best strength- ened by development of Interest, un- derstanding and enthusiasm among officers by general discussion of morale problems, dissemination of in- formation as to the progress of other units, and encouragement of sympa- thetic relations between company of- ficers and men. The co-operation of non-military organizations in the camps was enlisted and direction of their activities into channels con- ducive to good morale was under- taken. Co-operation, good-fellowship and enthusiasm among the men were encouraged by various means. Our through lectures and private talks viduals, circulation of literature, po: ter, slogans, moving pictures and as- sistance of camp librarian. Special attention was given to the non-Eng- lish-speaking soldier and the negro soldier. A compelling factor in the upbuild- ‘men who went overseas was the work of organizations closely allied to the prisoners and its Kkeeping strong the tles that connecied the soldier to_his real home here, the American Red Cross performed works of mercy that time will never erase semi-military societies, in close co- operation with the morale officer, did i all that was humanly possible to les- sen and alleviate the discomforts of the soldier. 1 Morale officers in all camps were instructed of the sharp demarkation between the German system of mil- itaristic despotism that drove men through fear and the democratic American system through which men were to be led by being taught the real aims of the nation in the war and inspired by pride in their na- tional service role. Newgpapers in the camps, conducted by Noldiers, sup- ported and drove home the ideas of Speakers and when our armies reached the battle line they per- formed in such a manner that they were respected by friend and feared by foe to the farthest ends of the earth. ‘With the ending of hostilities came this period the morale branch, by ed- ucational courses, theatricals, ath- letics, motion pictures, publications and other divisions, kept up the spirit of the men. Its previous purpose had been to turn citizens into good sol- diers; later it set itself the task of converting soldiers into good citizens. At once a comprehensive course of instruction into our form of govern- | ment, ‘the ideals of a dcmocracy, the {resources and opportunities of the country | sound ~ citizenship, was established iand vigorously pushed. One of the most natural of all human impulses is the desire to be home. The War Department pledged itself to expedite the diseharge of the troops as speed- ily as consistent with conditions. In the meantime this branch of the gen- eral staff did all in its power, with no little success, to see there is no diminut#on of morale of the Ameri- can soldler. Not only was the morale branch a potent factor in bringing. victory to our arms, but it fed back In civil life, & body of men better morally, mentally and physically than when they went.to the defense of the na- tion in the hour of peril. It has recently decided to extend “morale work” to all units of the Regular Army In time of peace by one or all of the following method: (a) Special morale work where nec- ry. (b) Instruction of officers and non-commissioned officers in morale work, (c) Consideration as a part of morale work of what changes are it any, in rules, regulation or other matters affecting the dall life of enlisted men in order to remove such as are tending toward deterio! ation in morale, war alms and purposes were clarified : ith disaftected or misinformed indi-; ing of a healthy spirit among the; ?hfl\nt: Dbeen summoned to appear in the | work of organizations closely allied | \rufic ~ court during the holiday period.” said Magistrate Staylor, “is to the ill and injured. Its attentlon |goiqln, Fer onE H et ey e too ,mur carelessness and recklessness in from the memory of the men who an- | swered the call to the national de- fense. So other semi-civilian and | |dent week campaign a success. It will | ibe a splendid object lesson to all con- jcersed if this city and the state can| {cuse for recklessness during No-acci- the problem of demobilization. During | < N Congressman's Daughter To Christen Dreadnaught MISS JEAN SUMMERS Of Walia Walla, Wash., been ap- pointed by Gov. Hart of the state of | Waxhington ponsor of the dread- ashington, to be launched at J.. in Septeml R the daughter of Repre- . Summers of | I;LAINTIFF, 92 YEARS OLD, WOULD ANNUL SALE Mrs. H A. Willison Sues fv Set Aside Transaction, Alleging Fraud and Misrepresentation. Special Dispateh to The Sta CUMBERLAND, Md., July 9.—Alleg- ing fraud, misrepresentation, coercion | and undue influence, whereby the de- | fendants obtained $3,000 from her in the purchase of thirty shares of pre- ferred stock in the Mutual Investment Company, Mrs. Harriet A. Willison, ninety-two years old, a_widow, liv- ing at Fliffstone, has filed a bill in equity against Millard H. Riley, Eu- gene Taylor, Mary L. Shepherd and the Mutual Investment Company, & corporation of this city, asking the intervention of a court in equif the transaction annulled and the money returned to her.with in- terest on surrender of the stock. In the bill filed by Finley C. Hen- derickson and A. Taylor Smith, solici- tors for the plaintiff, it is set forth that the orator is ninety-two years old, was infirm and in poor health by reason of her age, and has re- sided on a farm all her life, that she | never had any experience or business dealing in stocks or bonds or cor- porate securitjes. It is alleged that.on April 21, 193 AMillard H. Riley and Eugene Taylor came to Flintstone and endeavored to have the plaiptiff invest in the Mutual Investment Company. It is claimed that they induced her to buy the stock and did obtain $1,000 from her and issued her ten shares of preferred stock. On April 20, 1921, it is further alleged, “by false repr sentation as to a material fact” they obtained the further sum of $2,000 from the plaintiff, and issued her twenty additional shares of the pre- ferred stock in the Mutual Invest- ment Company. It is asked that the sale of the pre- ferred stock be annulled and by decree of court be declared vold, and that the defendants pay back all money received by them upon sur- render of stock certificates, A damage suit has likewise been filed by Mrs. Willison against Millard H. Riley and Eugene Taylor for $4,000 for alleged fraud and misrepre- sentation in the sale of stock. MOTORISTS ARE WARNED OF “NO-ACCIDENT WEEK” L4 Heavy Penalties Are Proposed in Maryland for Reckless Violators of Traffic Regulations. Special Dispatch to The Star. BALTIMORE, July 9.—Motorists who are brougnt into the traffic court during the “No-accident week,” which starts on Sunday, July 17, may look for the imposition of the extreme pen- | alty in all cases, according to the| statement of Magistrate Staylor. Magistrate Staylor made this state- ment on Tuesday morning, when the docket in his court was crowded with nearly 250 cases of all kinds and d scriptions following the three-day holiday of the Fourth. The large number of offenders who driving of motor vehicles. It is time that the community| awoke to the fact that accidents EBH' be reduced greatly by & proper re-| gard for the law and the impressing ! upoa the minds of the public, motor- | ing and pedestrian, that carefulness is demanded: 1 hope that everybody | will co-operate to make the No-acef: | et through the week of July 17-24 without an accident. | “Certalnly there will be little that| any motorist can say by way of ex- dent week. Certainly any individual who is convicteéll of traffic law viola- tions during that week, in the face of the accumulated force of the warn- ings sounded during the campaign,| will naturally expect to be dealt with | more severely than undef ordinary | circumstances.” —_— In Japan. “reeling girls,” who are apprenticed to the silk manufactur- ers at the age of twelve to thirteen years. live in the factory inclosure, where there are dormitories. and the fundamentals of| we supply. Make the men of the house twist the strands. GI 'AlLKNOX straw . hats Half price —for men—for women Threé good corsets at —Nemo r —La Vida $ —Frola§et THE _stout woman who wants a. comfortable, self- reducing corset will do well to select this NEMO of white ::ufll with rubber inserts at P THE average woman who wants a fashionable corset selects the LA VIDA 1 pink brocade or coutil with rub- ber at top. HE many women who prefer front-lace corsets, especially for summer, find lntl-lm{on in, the Frolaset. Flesh coutil or pink brocade. The $5 price Includes a special fitting service, which insures the right corset for each type of figure. (Corseta, secund floor.) | Sandals and i play $1.25 oxfords, 'VERY pair made of solid leather, both in- ner and outer soles, and sewed with the GOODYEAR LOCK STITCH that will not rip. Choice of tan or ma- hogany brown calf uppers. All sizes from 5 to 8, 8% to 11, 11% to 2. (ThIN fioor.) An amazing sale Girls’ organdie frocks N l .95 If you were to make your could scarcely find Id pay much more ~ low, Choice, $1.95. Sale women’s glove- silk vests *1® Women’s glove-silk vests, bodice style, securely reinforced. “Flesh shade. Sizes 38 to 42. (First floor, south annex.) * Women’s cotton union suits 59¢ Augusta and other standard makes. Fine ribbed\ white cotton; sleeveless, low neck and knee length. Sizes 36.to 44. | . cialized shops. - 7th at F A one-day sale—if they remain that long Skirts, $5 Wool serges, silks, taffetas Wool serges are in tailored and pleated Silks are in plain black taffetas; black and white foulards; novelty checks. Waistbands, 25 to 32. S rr e By Three styles sketched 400 of them 10 new styles Al of organdie RLS summertime fashions. own selections in Fifth avenue you any prettier styles—and of coufse you woul than $1.95. 3 ide from Ten lovely styles—all are sashed, but aside this y:m can be as individual as Paris in choosing ruf- fles, plain bare skirts, patch pockets, vestees. Shades that rival Nature’s palette Soft flower tints; pastel shades, st pink, blue, watermelon also white. such as orchid, yel- Sizes 8 to 14. *(First floor, south ahnéx.) GROWING! Two stores adjoining ours are being made over into new spe- D. C,: JULY- 10, 1921—PART 2. e Hecht Co. women'd anJ mis'ses' Summer fashions at %5 First big tlearance of the sea- sor, Upward of 600 garments in suits, sport coats, skirts, dresses. —Volles —Swisses ere gray, brown. collar. orange. : Infants’ nainsook dresses, 89° Long dresses Short dresses b Fine nainsook, hand em- broidered yokes, or of Swiss embroidery. Plain hems with rows of pin tucks. . . Sweetly simple styles for babies of six months to two years. Muslin combinations, 89¢—for girls 2 to 12 years. With body waist and drawers in bloomer style, edged with Swiss embroidery. Pink crepe bloomers, 59c— with buttonhole band at waist- line and elastic at knee. Sizes 4 to 12 years. - Infants’ “carriage robes, 95c— fine wale pique, with machine embroidery; turn-back flap em- broidered. Infants’ handmade bonnets, 69c—turn-back brim-effectively embroidered; tie string hand scalloped.. Sizes 6 months to 1 year. (Third fioor.) - Highest price "HANAN shoe is now $15 and you can’t get better shoes " atany price. (First floor.) Women’s worsted Bathing suits 33.95 Women’s all-worsted suits, - + it desirable,colors and author- “ized styles. Sizes 34 to46. Approved fashions: fine materials; but note the detasl Jersey suits, $5 . Wool Jersc'y suits, mind you; accepted spring styles with choice of convertible or tuxedo eellars: Good range of colors in sizes 16 to 42. turn soles Jersey sport coats, $5 Heather, brown, green. Wash dresses, $5 Upward of 200 in attractive summer styles. —Dotted swiss organdie in fichu modes. —Crisp organdies, fluffed and frilly. —Lovely voiles in sprightly styles. —Giu!hlml in plaids and checks with embroid- or organdie collars. Self sashes, —Sizes 16 to 20; 34 to 40. Dresses, $5 e i Silks and satins; wool serges and jerseys. A a A mixed lot, but upward of 200 in all. Black, navy, 9uality; others are slightly sub- 1zes 16 to 20; 36 to 42. standard. 5 . Kanit capes, $3 The cape sketched indicates how snappy are the styles. Knit like a sweater with brushed wool Rose, copen, tan, brown, lilac and Back to pre-war prices and then some for boys’ knickers of ' Phonographs including 60 selections on 7-inch 1 —Mahogony case —Mounted on metal casters —Silent motor —Plays any recond Where prices are guaranseed 7th at F' ~ Women's white Eve cloth pumps $4_95 DER $5 for this good-+ looking pump is the best kind of evidence that prices have come down. White Eve cloth; the tongue trimmed with ki soles: choice of baby or high French heels; all sizes. (Shoe shop—Airst floor « * Women's full- fashioned silk hose ) EC A low price any time, doubly so now, when the strike has made full - fashioned hose scarce. —Ginghams —Organdies ’ All-silk or with mercerized Russian calf. All sizes. Many of the hose are first (First floor, south anpex.) Clearing all summer RUGS See special advertise- ment back of fiction sec- tion. (Recond fieor.) Come and get ’em, boys 600 pairs wash knickers 59° gray crash and tan Datonia cloth Fabrics that will wash and wear the summer through. Finished with belt loops and hip pockets. Sizes 7 to 16 years. Boys’ overalls, 55¢ ' Blue denim overalls with front bib; wide shoulder straps and deep pockets. Sizes 4 to 12 years. offf Boys® wash suits, 88¢ Think of it! Less than a - Oliver Twist button-on style; dollar for first quality LINONS gray, blue, pink or white blouse with _solid color pants. Sizes and CHAMBRAY wash suits. 3to08. Clearing most of our boys’ Wash Suits at $1.29 Formerly $2, $2.50 and $3 ’ " Upwards of 500 in DAI{K solid colors 500 more in white, light colors, stripes and combinations. Sizes 3 to 8 years. (Third floor. News for every one who has been waiting for them. Just received A new carload of To sell at _donblediae Emerson Records* We'’ve sold hundreds of these phonographs since we first put them on sale last November. They've stood the test of time—people have tried them out— told their neighbors, and now they, too, have been waiting for these instruments. . Ready tomorrow—come in and hear them play; examine them closely, compare them point by point with the phonographs that sell for so much more. Note these features: —Wooden tone amplifier —Grooved shelf filing cabinet —Tone_modulator on side —All nickel trimmings ™ down pkthly all we require.