Evening Star Newspaper, July 10, 1921, Page 31

. SUNDAY STAR, FARE FOR ALLIES LOOMS IN NEAR EAST Abdication of Sultan Certain to Solidify Nationalistic Effort to Regain Old Em- pire—Bulgaria Unlikely to Fight. BY OLIVER OWEN KUHN. HE one straw to which the al- les have been desperately L vweeme — order tossave themselves from sinking into the seas of lost prestige is crumpling. Their last hope in ad- justing near eastern differences in some degree resembling the terms so carefully set forth in the treaty of Sevres is tottering. All indications are that within a period of the next thirty days there must be far-reach- ing readjustment of ambitions and olicies if there is not actual and pro- onged war against the Turks, with the final hope of achieving by force the things that have been lost since the treaty of Sevres was signed. The situation becomes clearer as the tours pass. The tremendous power of Mustapha Kemal through- out Turkey can be gainsaid no longer. He Is the master of Turkey as has been the privilege of no other man since the s of the older sultans, imitar and religious preju- wielded terrible power and kept solidified by one means or an- other the entire Turkish nation. The present sultan, Mohammed VI, who has been the keystone of the allies carefully erected political edifice In the near east, has been called upon by nationalists to resigm, and may do 80. The only stipulation he has made is that Prince Abdul MedJid, the legal oir and a nationalist, shall not be seatod upon the throne. As a matter of fact, the suitan’s wishes in all probability never will be heeded, par- ticularly once Kemalists induce the present ruler to step down. There is no question that the nationalists will control Turkey as past sultans have controlled it, and even though the heir apparent be fgnored, another will be permitted to take the throne to rule over the Mohammedan world more In accordance with natlonalistic precepts. No Enthusiasm for Treaty. The treaty of Sevres was not signed by members of Kemal's Angora gov- ernment. Members of the =sultan's regime affixed their signatures with a lack of enthusiasm that was de- cidedly marked. The Quai d'Orsay in Paris and Downing street in Lon- don showed noticeable lack of en- thusiasm over the conclusion of peace, inasmuch as possibly they realized then that the pact was but an empty shell, the enforcement of which would depend entirely upon events and not! merely upon mere good faith. This treaty has been resisted stoutly by the nationalists as infringing upon the sacred rights of the old Turkish empire, and the sultan's government has come into bad odor as the result of its delgning to abandon sacred privileges. The sultan’s government is not respected at home or abroad, and inasmuch as events have proved its impotency in handling even the smallest of Turkish problems, it is exceedingly doubtful if it has much respect for itself. At any rate, today finds war throughout the greater section_of Turkey yet strictly under Mchamime- dan control. Today sees'the Turks clinging to & territory small and little desired by any other peoples of the earth. Turkey is certainly, econom- ically speaking. dependent upon the world. She must regain some portion of inat territories to be self-support- ing. Greece insists that Thrace be not returned, and that Greece con- tinue her domination over the islands of the Agean sea, with control of Smyrna. The conflicts arising from Turkish aspirations and the desire of the Greeks to perpetuate the terri- torlal grabs subseqyent to the close of the world war have brought on continued and extremely dangerous fighting. King Constantine is, fig- uratively speaking. at least, leading armies of more than 200,000 men on the Anatolian front, with the Kemal- ists presing him ciosely and taking positions skirting the allied neutral zone along the straits and Constaati- nople. Two Courses for Allies. Should the sultan capitulate and the nationalists co-ordinate Turkish interests but two courses are before the allies. They must hasten new sgreements with the Kemalists or go to war, for a united Turkey will demand th ention of the Darda- nelles }i ntinople, if not a reater n ‘of Thrace. Capitu- ation to these demands means the loss of allied prestize and complete undermining of regained @recian in- fluence. There is question whether Kemal ever would agree to anvthing short of an entirely reclaimed Tur- key, unless he is forced to do so, and particularly so at a time when he knows that the allles are given to ague when mention is made of bolshevist support of the Turks and bolshevist overrunning of southeast- KINDERGARTEN ern Europe. He may remzin ada- mant ‘against what the allies may consider the most liberal term: _.There is every reason to presume cuse e surmm— g Kemal once more can / force behind him. There iz more reason to believe that under bolshe- vik prodding and adeqnate military support he will strive to invade the allied neutral zones and drive the enemies of Turkey into the sea. British Are Alarmed. Accomplishment will be entirely another question, for already the British, alarmed by the seriousness of the general near eastern situation, have dispatched practically their en- tire fleet from its base at Malta to the -straits in anticipation of Ke- malist attack. But it will take more than warships and the few thousand British and French soldlers in the neutral zone to protect the straits and Constantinople against Kemal. Tens of thousahds of troops must be dispatched by both England and France if the water highways con- necting Europe and Asia Minor are maintained as desired. Nothing but bloody warfare will result if the Kemalists strike. view Asia_ Minor Greece's past attitude toward the allies, it is not to be expected that either Britain or France will call upon Constantine for military as- sistance tnless the situation is really desperate. They may attempt to Landle the situation alone. If the events should hang in abey- ance for a period of a month or more all of the allies will have had time to dispatch treops to the trouble zone and prepare more adequately for eventualities. But it Kemalists should strike at once with their pur- ported military strength, sweep the Greeks before them and actually move into the neutral zone the allles will find their forces in extremely grave situation. Position of Bulgaria. Already it has been reported that Bulgaria, seeing possibilities in the present Turkish upheaval, is prepar- ing to take sides with the Turks and regain lost sections of Macedonia and Thrace, making determined war upon Greek tenure. With the Turks and Bulgars working in close co-operation with the bolsheviks there is no ques- tion that the situation would be ex- tremely grave, but there is reason to believe Bulgaria will not act thus at_the present moment. First of all, Bulgaria. already de- prived of large territorles, is said to belleve more can be accomplished to- ward their reclamation by union of economic and commercial interests with Serbia. Second, the peasant | government of Bulgaria. is loath to { renew warfare, which, since 1912, has left Bulgaria a_skeleton politically, economically and socially. And, third, the close alllance between Jugo- savia, Rumania and Czechoslovakia, with the tacit backing of Italy and France, would make Bulgaria's sit- uation extremely dangerous, should she grow recalcitrant and attempt to gain_desired ends through the show of military force. Furthermore, there is no love between the bulgars and the Turks and the peasant govern- Iment of Sofla has been ruthiess in its treatment of the communists, | forcefuly trampling _down every show of bolshevist influence. Union With the Turks and bolshevists in any enterprise would be extremely costly for Bulgaria, occupying a secluded position In the way of alliances and actual thoroughgoing friends. Bul- garia_sooner or later would find herself monopolized and controlled entirely by either the Turks or the reds. And in case the Turko-Russo- Bulgar alliance were defeated, as it eventualy would be by virtue of tre- mendous allied assistance to the ene- mies of such alliance, Bulgaria would stand a chance of losing everything in the way of good will and the per- petration of very necessary ecenomic alliances. It is not to be believed that the Bulgarian governmnet, unused to statescraft as it is, will so depart from the common sense as to place the whole of Bulgaria in position of a vassal to either the Turks or reds. There is but one logical course for Bulgaria to pursue, and that is con- tinuance of present peaceful and re- constructive pollcies. " Departure from these means death. But no matter what Bulgaria's stand, the allies may be forced to go to great lengths before the nedr eastern situation has cleared and there is some degree of definiteness to political courses. And, until there are clear-cut paths and the present hectic state of affairs is ended, either through military conquest or agree- ment, potential dangers to the whole of southeastern Europe will continue. CLASSES URGED FOR EVERY SCHOOLHOUSE HERE Proposed to Extend System as Relief From Present Congestion—Is Experiencing . Growth Throughout Country. S the Washington public school system emerges from its pres- ent state of congestion, kind- ergarten classes will be or- ganized In every schoolhouse. To carry forward the kindergarten move- . ment in the District is one of the ex- pressed aims of school authorities, but has been precluded in the last few years on account of the crowded conditions. There are only eighty-three kinder- gartens in the 150 public schools of ‘Washington, with an enrollment, in round numbers, of 2,000 children. School officials believe that there are at least as many children of kinder- garten age who would be enrolled at the beginning of the new term in September if adequate accommoda- tions could be provided. Nina C., Vanderwalker, specialist in kinde: en education of the United States au of education, has ascer- tained that only 10} per cent of the children of kindergarten age .in the United States are enrolled in kinde: gartens. She also has found that half of the chlldren of the country live on farms or in rural communities, so scattered that the maintenance of kindergartens would be impracticable. If the states were ranked by the number of communities in which kindergartens are maintained, Michi: #an would be first with 145, Wiscon- sin _second with 122, New York third ‘with 93; New Jersey has 87, Califor- nia 82, Jowa 80, Nebraska 66, Minne- sota 32, Massachusetts 31, Illinois 30, Connecticut 23, Ohio 26, Indiana 24 and Pennsylvania 23. “The number of communities having kindergartens is no real index of the strength of the movement in the dif- ferent states,. however, Dbecause of the difference in the size of communi- tles,” said Miss Vandewalker. “Mary- land has but one city to its credit, but the kindergartens in Baltimore out- number those in several states that g:. kindergartens in & number of £ los. “Getting kindergartens into a school system has presented gréater difficul- ties than procuring the adoption of cther progressive features, because in imost cases special legislation was re- ~ 3 quired to make it possible. The school age had been fixed in most states before the kindergarten be- came known. This is six years or more in more than thirty-two states, and in them the general school fund could not be used for the education of children below that age without legislation. Of the remaining states two have' no limit for entering, three have a school age for entrance of four years, and in the others of five years. Even in some of the states with low school age for entrance there was need of legislation.” The first kindergarten laws were enacted in 1886 in Connecticut and Vermont. By 1900 nineteen states and the District of Columbia had sim- ilar laws. All but six of the states that needed such laws have passed them.. The six tardy states are kansas, Georgia, Maryland, Mis: sippl. New Mexico and South Dakota. Miss Vandewalker is of the opinion that the passage of these laws is due in a larger degree to the women of the country, who formed associatio: for the promotion of kindergarten ed- ucation, and many of the cities owe their kindergartens to such effort. leIE 'S _THE- T BY HENRY W. BUNN. (Copyright, 1921, by The Washington Star.) HE following is & brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended July 0. GERMANY.—Gen. Hoefer, com= . mander of the German melf-dofenso force of Upper Silesia, says that all his men are across the border now, in Germany. His headquarters is at Brieg. He has issued & de- mobilization order. Many of his troops are = -~ a- -= st~t2 way home to Bavaria and other Puris v e wipire. But another little coup is in prospect. The free cerps will not disband; and Hoefer confesses he cannot compel them. Some of the boys may have gone home. Good riddance. Thelr places are taken by others of the right kidney, heroes of the first water, fir eaters of purest ray serene; hard-boiled ones, you'll see. Breslau is full of whiskerandoes. So the self-defense force is still 100,000 strong. Hoefer still in command, but “losing control,” he tells Berlin. I should think so. For what are they saying? “We are going to clean up the Poles, and when we have cleaned up the Poles, we are golng to Berlin to clean up the government.” ‘What of the Poles? I understood the pro- gram of the interallied commission to be as follows: Korfanty's men were to fall back half the way to the Polish border; then Hoefer's were to withdraw across the German border; then the Poles were to retire to Poland, being disarmed the while; then the self-defense force was to disarm and disband. If the program was as just stated (and as the cable reported), and 1t Hoefer has issued an order of demobiliza- tion, then if Korfanty's men have loyally ful- filled their engagements, they are now disarmed and helpless. But the Germans have sald all along that the Poles would conceal a large part of their arms and would return and resume .them. If the Berlin press is to be believed they have done just that, they are again mass- ing under arms. If this is §o, what beautiful material for charges and countercharges. The Poles may say, “Thank God, we were clever enough to conceal our arms. The Germans, you see, did not disarm. Had they done so, we would not have resumed our hidden arms.” The Germans may say: “Exactly as we predicted. We did well to detay disarmin; So there you are or are not, as the case may be. I do not find the latest dispatches concerning Upper Silesia quite convincing. I expect the interallled commission to deal firmly with Poles or Germans who may misbehave within Upper Silesia. I expect Hoefer's defense force to disarm and disband after appropriate feroclous gestures. I do not believe the Berlin report that detachments of the Polish army are in Upper Silesia. I do not expect war between Poland and Germany. But I recognize also that anything, however preposterous, may happen in the basin of the Oder. And, recalling the Kapp affair, I can see how a coup might be at- tempted against the Wirth government. But, * as Stephenson said of"the cow that should at- tempt to stop his railroad engine, “It wad be vera bad for the coo.” The Berlin government 1s sald to have taken the necessary precautions and Paris seems inclined to leave it to Wirth to deal with the furiosos and swashbucklers of Brieg and Breslau. The French government has withdrawn its mission from the Lelpzig court trials, deeming the trials a mockery of justice. Very important. * X % X BRITISH EMPIRE.—The premlers of the British emplire and representatives of India, as- sembled in London, were debating most indus- triously the question whether the Anglo-Jap- anese treaty should be renewed (If renewed, with what modifications), thinking a decision must be reached before July 15, for the treaty TORY THE WEEK HAS contains a provision that it shall continue to run one year from the date of denunclation by either party} and the joint note of July 16 last sent by Britain and Japan to the league of na- tions, stating that the treaty was not emtirely In harmony with the league constitution, was regarded as equivalent td denunciation ef the treaty, Buddenly the British lord chancellor ruled that the joint note should net be cop- strued as a denunclation, so that there Is plenty of time for discussion. It seems probable that the treaty (with medifications suggested by the imperial conference, chiefly caleulated to re: move &ll offense to the United States) wiil be submitted to the deminion’ parliaments and Indian legisiators for discussion and reeem-: mendation and that decision as to final res newal will be postponed until after conference betw represeritatives of Great Britain, Japan and the United Btates on curtailment of naval programs (should the cenference contemplated by the Borah resolution take place within a reasonable time). Should that conference have the grand result hoped for by the most gen- erous minds of the three countries—namely, a cordial understanding between the three gov- ernments, if not a formal tripartite agreement —a dual treaty between Japan and Great Brit« ain would seem petty and reactionary. There/ is also a possibility, growing rap- 1dly to a probability, that the majority of the imperial conferees will recommend immediate denunciation of the treaty, if Japan will cor- dlally agree thereto, the notion prevalling that such action would induce President Harding to summon a naval conference at once. Britain is naturally sollcitous not to offend Japan, a faithful ally; but the Japanese seem to be growing really eager for a conference. The 1dea is gaining favor in both Britain and Japan that the conference proposed by the Borah amendment should be expanded to include China, France, Canada, New Zealand, Australia end India; and that the conferees should dis- cuss all Important matters of international complexion concerning the Pacific and the far east. The idea of the larger conference is very alluring, but many wise heads doubt it would achieve the definite, solid results to be expected from the smaller conferences. 4 Mr. De Valera agreed to meet Lloyd George to discuss an Irish peace; and & truce gves into effect tomorrow. To be quite accu- rate, Mr. De Valera is “ready to meet and dis- cuss with Lloyd George on what basis & con- ference as that proposed” (i. e., & conference to Include the Ulster premler) “can reasonably hope to achieve the object desired.” * ¥ %k % AUSTRIA.—The Austrian crisis seemed past. The plan for Austria’s economic salva- tion had been completed by the Austriun finance commission of the league of nations; it had been approved by the league council; it was being set on foot by the councll of ambassa- dors; Great Britain, France, Czechoslovakia and Japan had agreed to postpone for twenty years thefr reparation claims; Britain and France had agreed to postpone for the same period their claims upon the account of relief; Italy was expected to act likewise; an Austrian state bank was to be established on the rock of na- tional assets; the necessary forelgn capitai was being found; the exchange would be stabilized; the new government at Vienna had agreed to the international reforms proposed by the com- mission; the national assembly was expected to pass the necessary laws; Czechoslovakia had signed a trade agreement with Austria, which restored something like the old economic re- lations; the long delayed conference was at last to be held to straighten out the economic tangle of the countries which formerly com- posed the Austro-Hungarian empire. But ré- cent reports from Vienna state that the United States insists on being repaid at once the $20,- 000,000 which it advanced for food relief. It is WASHINGTON, D. C, JULY 10, -1921—PART 2. e alleged that uniess the United States will have pity the hopeful plan will go glimmering. “The Porto Rose conference has been again post- poned. One cannot but think that we are not getting entirely authentic reports from Aus- trla B 7 * %k ok CHINA.—The political complications in China, already complex enough, have received a notable accession of complexity, by the revival of the southern or Canten republic, Dr. Bun Yet-Sen has been elected extraordinary president. A very streng argument can be drawn out in support of the claim that thée Canton parlia- ment is the de jure parllament of all China and that the president elected by it is the de Jure president of all China. Moreover, Dr. Sun’s program for the reconstruction of China has many excellent points, Dr, Sun was chosen the first president of Chine, when, in 1911, the Manchu dynasty was overthrown. He then had & splendld reputation disinterestefl patriot. Whether justly or unjustly, however, that rep- utation has been largely lost among Dr. SBun's countrymen; he seems to be almost entirely dis- credited with the foreign communfties in China, He 18 said to harbor near-bolshevist no- tions, but this may be calumny. But, what- ever the character of Dr. Bun (and some of his intimas who have likewise lost kudos) this mecession movement in the name of oon- stitutionalism and China for the Chinese (for the Cantonese are violently opposed to Japanese “penetration”) may turn out salutory for China. The revived Canton republic seems to comprise only the province of Kwang-Tung. It has re- cently defended itself with marked success qgainst an attack from the province of Kwang- 81, carrying the war Into the enemy’s territory and capturing the importafit city of Wu-Chau. Dr. Sun ‘is continually memorializsing our gov- ernment, requesting recognition and urging rea- sons therefor. * k k % UNITED STATES.—July 2 the President signed the resolution declaring the war with Germany ended. What next? Proclamation? Some sort of treaty, of course; but what kind? The Tamploo situaztion has not developed as was predicted. The workmen, whatever their nuinber, thrown out of work by the decision of American ofl producers to ceasé exportation, have kept quiet. Gen. Obregon says he does not expect trouble, but he has sent the best man possible, Gen. Pelaez, down to Tamplco, to take charge. At last agreement has been reached be- tween the Senate and House conferees on the naval appropriation bill. It is expected that the bill will be in the President's hands early this week. * %k x MISCELLANEOUS.—The situation in the far eastern republic is altogether obscure. There is a rumor that Gen. Sternberg, who had Leen harrying the country about Chita, at last came a cropper. Seminov, it seems, got ashore surreptitiously at Vladivostok and made his way up country. It is rumored that he is moving upon Viadivostok. The Kappelites must ac- cept his leadership or fight. Today, according to dispatehes, the Japanese occupy all the stra- tegic points In the maritime province; tomor- row they are in treaty with Chita looking to evacuation. A moderate Italian cabinet has been formed by Signor Bonomi to succeed that of Giolittl. The third congress of the third interna- tionale is nearly ended. - Reports indicate that the moderates have been defeated, that an un- compromising program of the most violent crimson has been adopted; that Lenin has Sup- ported the radicals. Lenin would seem to have a domestic policy which calls for recon- struction in Russia with the aid of foreign capi- tal and a foreign policy which calls for revolu- tion and destruction of foreign capital. ' ARMY AND N AVY NEWS ————% | THE ARMY | At is probable that the wearing of the white uniform by officers when off duty will be authorized shortly. An order to that effect would prove most welcome to many ocommands nowi serving In southern posts where the heat is uniformly intense. There can be no question that an officer'’s men- fal attitude and physical welfare is improved by the change to a light garment after the drills and routine work of the day. There is some di- vergence of opinlon among officers as to the merit of the recent order of the Secretary of War directing the wearing of the Sam Browne beit on or after July 15. It is generally admitted, however, that the snappi- ness of the belt adds to an officer's appearance. Judging from public comment the wearing of the Sam Browne belt by our officers has met ‘with the approval of civilians; every- thing being equal, this fact alone might justify its wear. The order is- sued July 6 directing its use is as follows: “The Secretary of War di- rects that the following be published to the rvice: On and after July 15, the Sam Browne belt will 'be worn at all times on all commissioned officers outside their quarters, when in service coat, and with the O. D. shirt if under arms. It will not be ‘worn by members of the Army Nurse Ccrps nor by warrant officers. Officers who have Sam Browne belts of any type approved during the war are au- thorized to wear them while service- able. The liberty belt, now obtainable from the Quartermaster Corps, is an authorized form of the Sam Browne belt. Attachment for saber slings may be either in the form of leather slides or riveted to the belt, until the adoption of a standard design.” Reserve Regulations Completed. It is anticipated that the regula- tions governing the Officers’ Reserve Corps will be approved by the Secre- tary of War and issued in printed form prior to August 1. The regu- lations as submitted by the committee comprise twenty-one sections, which are complete and will make clear, comprehensive reading. The commit- tee of the War Department general staff, which compiled the regulations, ‘was composed equally of regular and reserve officers, as provided by law. It is the purpose to provide every reserve officer with a copy of these regulations at the earliest possible moment. Notwithstanding the long period " of necessary delay in the preparation of these regulations, there has been & constant increase in the number of applications from former officers for reserve commis- sions. By grades the corps is com- posed of 25,291 second lleutenants, 16,413 first lleutenants, 13,192 cap- tain majors, 1,189 lieutepant col- onels, 314 colonels, fourteen brig- adier generals, and two major gen- erals. Many notable citizens of the country are members of the corps. Among the number in Washington may be mentioned Gens. Dawson, Sawyer, Richards and Lieut. Cols. Wainwright and Roosevelt. Paek to Clvillan Clothes. ‘With the official termination of the emergency it is possible that officers may be permitted to return to the situation that found the uniform of the service worn only with troops and on occasions of formality or ceremony. There is much to be said in favor of not wearing the uniform by, officers who are on duty of an ad- ministrative character in Washing- ton. exaction of service dress on such occasions hardly - adds to the efficlency of the wearer ang it does not materially, if at all, ex- edite the tranasaction of public glllln'll. There are those who insist that the uniform is essential, but the most plausible and appealing reason that has been advanced against any radical change that shall be manda- tory in its terme is that officers may not be in a position to acquire civil- ian clothing, an element of personal expense that should not be ignored. Pay for Reserve Mecdical Officers. According to a ruling of the con- troller, specific appropriations have been made for pay of reserve officers separate and apart from other ap- propriations for Army pay. While the national defense act limits serv- ice of reserve officers to these spe- cific appropriations, the specific ap- propriation may now lawfully be supplemented by sllotments of the bureau of war risk insurance ap- propriations, with a statutory au- thority to expend the same under the heading of this appropriation to such extent as may be necessary. This statutory duthority is sufficlent to cover payment of such reserve medi- cal reserve officers and nurses of the Army employed in the treatment of war risk {nsurance patients as may be ordered to active duty for that purpose. A. G. 0. to Handle Class B Cases. Beginning September 1, the adju- tant general's office will take over all operating functions in connection with the classification and elimina- tion of officers under the provisions of section 246 of the act of June 4, 1920. Policies and procedure for these cases are now being formulated by the general staff, which will complete all cases now under consideration or that may arise prior to September 1. Correspondence —covering cases al ready completed and in which orders have been issued will also be han- dled by the adjutant general's office without refrence to the chief of staff, in accordance with existing policies. Pay for the Army. There are many items under “pay of the Army” where Congress failed to approprite sufficlent money, ex- amples being commutation of quar- ters and foreign service increase. Of course, it will be possible to draw upon the pay of enlisted men and the pay of officers as well to ek out the deficit; or it be meces- sary to bring the enlisted strength below 150,000, reducing the average correspondingly, in order to bring the expenses in various directions within the amount available. It is quite evident that the War Depart- ment will have to figure out how this may be done and adopt a plan which will indicate where the cuts may be made. - Encourage Leaves of Absence. Officers and en! avail thes lves of opportunity for leaves of absence or furloughs when it is due them. This is a new policy which has been enunciated by Secre- tary Weeks, in a memorandum signed last week, which reads: “Periods of cessation from routine work for the purpose of travel, healthful recreation and diversion are ential for the best efficiency of all persons in the military service. Except In cases of great emergency, it is the policy of the War Department to encourage the taking of leaves of absence by offi- cers and warrant officers and of fur- loughs by enlisted men. It is the duty of commanding officers, having uthority to grant leaves, to encour- e all such officers-to take the full legal amount of leave due them.” By the same token, enlisted men will be permitted to go on furlough, “when this can be done. without manifeat injury to the best interest of the in- dividual.” Decorations Board. For the purpose of recommending individuals who are entitled to the award of medals or decorations as authorized by Congress, the Secretary of War has directed'the appointment of'a board of decorations to convense September 1, composed of the nine following officers: One brigadier. gen- Meade, one colonel eral from Camp from the operations division of the general staff, one colonel from each office of the chiefs of infantry, ca: alry, fleld artillery and coast artil- lery; an addftional colonel from one of the services and a recording offi- cer, without vote, including-a fleid officer from the adjutant general's ofice. Hercafter, when necessary to convene a board of decorations, fts composition will follow along similar lines, the senior member to be d tailed from the nearest combat div sion, the Coast Artillery Corps mem- ber to alternate with the balance of the combat arms, the detail from the services to alternate between the service. Hereafter retained records of all cases completed or unfinished will be handled by the adjutant gen- eral's office. For the present, when revison is necessary, the case will be referred to the operations division, War Department general stafl, for action, Added to Surgeon General's Office. There was established in the sur- geon general's office, U. 8. A., July 1, a training division under the direction of Brig. Gen. Walter D. McCaw, M. C, U. 8. A. Gen. McCaw will assume these duties in addition to his duties as commandant of the Army Medical School at Washington. His chief as- sistant is Lieut. Col. Robert U. Pat- terson. The training division will have general supervision of all train- ing in the medical department, in- cluding the Medical Fleld Training | i School at Carlisle, P School, Washington, T. C. work and all mer camps, etc. I NATIONAL GUARD Army Medical 1 R. O. , D. C.; all training in sum- Revision of Drill Pay Regulations, | In order that officers and enlisted men may receive pay for armory drills or other commensurate service, the following provisigns of law and regulations must be complied with: Captains and lieutenants belonging to organizations of the National Guard shall receive compensation at the rate of one-thirtieth of the monthly base pay of their grades as prescribed for the Regular Army for each regular drill or perlod 'of instruction, not ex- ceeding flve in any one calendar month, providing the following con- ditions are met for each drill: At least 50 per centum of the commis- sioned strength of the organization must attend and participate for not less than one and one-half hours, exclusive of rests and interruptions. At least 60 per centum of the enlisted ltren:th of the organization must attend and particlpate for not less than one and ope-half hours, exclu- sive of rest apd interruptions. The character of the instruction shall be such as may be authorized by the Secretary of War. Captains com- manding organizations shall receive $240" a year, in addition to the drill pay:; Captains and lieutenants not belonging to organizations shall re- ceive a compensation per month at the rate of one-thirtieth of the month- ly base pay of their grades, as pre- scribed for the Regular Army, when they have satisfactorily performed the duties prescribed in these regu- lations. Officers in this class are on titled to their maximum pay provided they have attended not less than four driils, assemblies, or have satisfac-. torily performed the duties prescribed in regulations for.any month. If the number attended flurlx a calendar month is below four, they shall re- reive for each drill attended, or equi- valent duty performed, one-fourth of their monthly rate. All officers above the grade of captain, whether belong- ing\to organizations ar not, when they have satisfactorily performed the duties prescribed in these regula. tions, shall recéive compensation &t the rate of §500 per annum, = monthly pay basis and will be en-i H > 3w h Will Command Big Dirigible When It Comes to U. S. COMMANDER MAX FIELD, U. 8. N., Whe is now in England supervis niahing fouches to the alrahip TR, hich will soon make a flight acrosy the Atlantic. ‘ THE NAVY . . i -~ s The United States is in a preferred position pbove ‘all countries in aero- nautical matters by reason of having a national advisory committee for aeronautics which has been in opera- tion long enough to be informed thor- oughly in aerenautical development all over the world. Great Britain had an advisory committee which was done away with when the royal air force was formed, thus turning over to a small group of military engineers the research and aeronautical devel- opment of that country, which pro- duced a condition at the time. of the armistice that wae deplorable in the extreme. Great Britain having no aircraft at the termination of the war that she did not have January 1, 1917, her progress in the dévelopment of types was killed and a few firms favored by the military engineers prospered greatly, while the balance of the aeronautical industry of the British Isles starved to death for lack. of or- ders. On the other hand, the United States, protected by her non-partisan advisory committee, was not In such straits. With the examples of the royal air force and aeronautical de- velopment in the United States before them, the French authorities this year established an advisory committee patterned. after ours. - Italy and Ja- pan have taken similar steps. .The national advisory committee this country includes representation of the Army and Navy and -the sclentific bodies of the government, namely, the Smithsonian- Institution, bureau - of standards and weather bureau. President Harding recently took ad- vantage of the existence of the na- tional advisory committee and charged them with organizing a subcommittee to work out and report upon a na- tional air policy which was embod- fed in his first message to Congress and shortly after was sent to Con- gress with the President's approval. In the chaotic state of aeronautical development in the country at this time such prompt action would have been impossible without the aid of's non-partisan,’ sclentifig orml&ltlhl te of such as the advisory commit IN BY BEN McKELWAY. HE United Statey will retain ican trade despite increasing competition from European countries anxious to regain their commercial losses in South America during the war, according to Dr. Jultus Klein, recently appointed chief of the bureau of foreign and domes- tic commerce. A new era in our trade relationship with South Amer- fca is opening, Dr. Klein believes. There are new situation to be dealt with; new problems to be overcome, but the American business man, shown the way by a sympathetic government, is going to shape his new policy to the need of the times. The war brought changes in South America. Cut off from outside sup- plies, depending on her own resources, new industries were created to develop them, new fields were opened, and the armistice found a closed mar- ket In many of the republics which formerly welcomed supplies and help from the outside. The problem, or one of the big prob- lemn, which the United States now faces in maintaining its trade su- macy in Latin America is to study changes wrought by the war and t its commercial relationship to ‘Where the Ameri- can exporter once found a market for 0es, for example, he will find today & factory supplying those shoes. His problem’ {s to help the South American to make his shoes by selling him bet- ter shoe machinery instead of moping over a protective tariff set up to pro- tect the infant, competing shoe indus- The bureau of forelgn and domestic gommerce Is going to lead the way in studying t trade relationship with South Amer- ica. There is now under way a wide survey. which takes in the principal countries of Latin America. directed toward obtaining the latest data ou economic changes brought about in the southern republics by the war. Infant industries born during the war will be tabulated, with information showing how new trade can be de-| veloped by their birth. The bureau will seek to help those industries and develop the good will and respect of South Americans, at the same time pointing the way for increased trade to the exporters of the United States. Dr. Klein is an expert on South American trade and has long been a student and writer on South Ameri- can affairs. He believes, with others who have watched the trend of our forelgn commerce. that the makes the development of trade with South America a necessity. And with this in view he intends to reorganize | and to enlarge the Latin American division of the bureau to meet the new fleld which is rapidly opening. A number of trade commissioners now in South Amerlea arc to be brought back to the United Staten to assist in the division's work. This have been to the bureau men who have been in the fleld of operations. who know the situation and who can ofter advice from personal experience This step alone, it 18 believed. will be important one in the program of reorganization. Although much has been said concern- ing the losming danger_of Germany’s commercial activities in South America, Dr. Klein is of the opinion that Ger- many's strength is overestimated. Lit- tle {8 to be feared by her competition, he belleves. The decrease in value of the German mark, which has been ad- vantageous to the South American business man. is a temporary factor only, it Is pointed out, and if German trade increases. the mark will naturally gair in value. Germany's raw products are limited. and she soon will be put to it to find new sources of supply. The {long-time credit offered by Germany's commerctal ag-nts is losing value in the might of the South Amerigan, Dr. Kiein believes. The short-time credit (which S,ecial Dispateh to The Star. WINCHESTER, Va. July 9.—A flerce battle between eight rattie- snakes and a dozen berrypickers was reported today from Capon Bridge, W. Va., by farmers of that section. Tyl fight lasted an hour. with the temperature registering 120 degrees in the sun, and, although all the snakes finally were killed, the men who fought them were exhausted at the end of the fight. The snakes, one about six feet long and the otbers ranging from three to four feet, were sald to have come down out of the moun- tains for water, and were headed toward a stresm when they al- | | war TOLD|NEW CONDITIONS MET LATIN AMERICA American Exporters Adapt Themselves to Cope With Increased Foreign Compe- tition for Southern Trade. e -new aspects of o rl | has been held up as a setback to Ameri- can trade) is finding favor with South American business men, who realize itg its leadership in Latin Amer- | business advantage in the end. And finally, and this applies to other European competitors as well as to Germany, the pre-war advantage held by Germany of having Germans on the 8pot to look out for German interests is no longer an advantage. There is an in- creasing army of American business rep- resentatives in South America. Ameri- can chambers of commerce are being established, American industries are sending their men to establish branch houses in South America. An all- American team is entered in the race, its members working individually and collectively toward the same goal. * % % % ¢ Dr. Adolpho Ballivizn, recently ap- inted Bolivian minister to the United has arrived In Washington. Al- though this is his first assignment to Washington in an official capacity, the new minister is known here. He was for several years Bolivian consul gen- era] in New York city. Later he served in London as Bolivian minister to Eng- nd. pol St * x * % “Billy,” a pretty polo pony, member {of the Cuban army team playing here not long ago, came mnear joining the White House owis and Laddie Boy as presidential escorts recently, but Mrs. Harding’s sympathy with the polo team preventcd it. Col. Eugenio Silva, cap® tain of the team, heard that'Mrs. Hard- ing had expresscd great admiration for the pony when he played here, and so he wrote to Mrs. Harding asking her to accept “Billy" as a present from the team. Mrs, Harding replied that while she “appreciated the offer and liked “Billy” immensely, she could not think of taking him away from the team, of which he is such a valuable member. * % % % Gen. Emiliano Chamorro, Nicaraguan minister to the United States, was re- ‘c’;lved by l’n‘sfld&rg Harding Wednes- With the receipt here of the dispatch indicating that Nicaragua may become 2 member of the Federation of Central Anierica, it develops that there are two mary conditions which must be met y_the member states of the federation before Nicaragua will formally accept the invitation to join them. The first hinges on the Bryan-Chamorro trea but not on the treaty as it stands day. Nicaragua, it is understood, will seek to have her rights as provided m the present treaty retained, and at the same time will ask for assurances that if a canal through her territory is ever built she can enter into new and more _explicit agreemenis with the Tnited States concerning her privileges without interference from other mem- bers of the federation. The second condition under which Nicaragua is understood to consider en- tering the union is that she will retain her rights as an individual state to enter into loans with foreign governments without interference with other states. *x ko Dr. Julio Bianchi, Guatemalan min- ister to the United States, will leave for his country in a few days for a short visit which, he states, will be confined to transacting personal busi- ness and diecussing certain financial matters with officials of hi= government. Dr. Bianchi probably will spend some time conferring with those interested in the formation of the Central Ameri- can Federation. although, he says, this is nct the chief object of his visit. Dr. Bianchi has done a great deal éur- ing the time he spent in the United States toward the cause of the union and he is considered one of the best in- formed men in this country on the de- ails_of ite organization. "He has de-- voted a considerable part of his life toward the union. The attitude of this country on the matter is said to be eagerly sought by the Central American countries, and Dr. Bianchi will take word direct from Washington as to the feeling of the government toward the latest efforts of the Central American states to organize. It is understcod that the minister has been in conference with Gen. Chamorro recently on the subject. KILL EIGHT RATTLERS IN BATTLE, WITH TEMPERATURE 120 DEGREES most ran into a group of berry- pickers. The fight began as soon as the men could grab fence rails. Some of the rails were rotten and de- cayed and ke with the first blow, and several times during the fight the berrypickers admitted they felt impelled to run, but with renewed courage they held their line intact, and finally slew the snakes. The reptiles were placed on ex- hibition at Capon Bridge and tracted large crowds. It was th biggest snake killing to occur in that region in many vears, it was said. Mountain folk suid the rarerly come to the unless the mountain fail in dry weather. e et aeronautics. This committee serves without pay and under the law holds itself at the service of any depart- ment or agancy of the government for the furnishing of information or as- sistance in regard to scientific or technical matters relating to aero- nautics; their work in particular is the investigation and study of prob- lems in this fleld, with a view of their practical solution. There are eleven members of the committee which rep- resent the high type of scientific and engineering ability In America. Pay of Naval Reservists. Under the new system of payment of retainer pay of naval reservists, duties as aide for supply in the third naval district and reported to the paymaster general for his new duties in charge of the Supply Corps School of Application, which will begin its work ve shortly. Capt. Hunt is on duty aide for supply in the first naval district, Boston. To Return on the ZR-2. Lieut. Clifforda R. Tinker, naval reserve force, recently detached tem- porarily from duty at the Navy De- partment, in the office of the director, of aviation, salled from Boston July 5 on the Utah to Cherbourg and thence to England for duty as pub- city oficer in conneétion with the 1t eftective July 1, payments to con-|gigiple ZR-2, now undergoing trial firmed members of the naval reserve force will be made guarterly from date of enrollment, except that pay- ment to those who hold only provi- slonal ranks or ratings will be made annually. All members of the naval reserve force, except classes 1lc, 14 and 3, are required to attend thirty- six drills or perform other equivalent duty during h enroliment for the year. Drills are based on the en- rollment year; heretofore, payments have been made on the fiscal year basis. Commandants of naval dis. tricts, subject to specific instructions, will be allowed to détermine what may be credited as equivalent duty, except that officers of class 5 must have at least fifteen hours of actual fiight and members of class 3 will be required to perform such duty as prescribed by the Becretary of the Navy; and naval duty ‘without pay may be accepted by the commandant as equivalent to an appropriate num ber of drilis. The proper return of vouchers and the utmost care must be_preserved in preparing them, as discrepancies in names, dates, or rat- ings, will cause unnecessry corré- spondence and delayed payments. The two months’ active service required for .each term of enroliment, and which may be taken in periods of less than fifteen days, will not be prorated for the present, but credit may be as- ed for such pay as accrues after it becomes apparent that the re- quired duty cannot be performed prior to expiration of enrollment, pro- vided some duty has been performed within the current enrollment year. Supply Corpa Appelatments. The appointment for the rank of rear admiral of Capts. John 8. Car- er and Livingston Hunt will be- come effective with the st by tion of commissioned perso! 1 whi the new sppointments are made in the permanent establishment. Capt. arp::rm has been detached from h! l'—l‘ht rul and which will sail for this country about August 15, under com- mand of Commander L. H. Maxfleld. GRIDIRONING THE U. S. WITH AIR HIGHWAYS (Continued from First Page.) be ‘employed. Even now the wireless telephone is being standardized a mplified with speclal design for its use on the transcontinental alrways. beacons would be set up every forty miles as guides in night flying. The nt interest of civic and centerad business organimations is in the modern municipal landing field, becat 1t is here that the communities can give their personal co-operation in_developing the air- ways system. With cdmmon landing and take-off facilities, the municipal 1anding fleld should be owned by the city or local inhabitants. The city councll or owners would lease Son- cessfons adjacent to the landing area, but in no case more than five acres In extent. A National Guard unit would lease one corner of the fleld adjacent to the landing area, erect a hangar and from there carry on its operations. Over in the opposite cor- ner the aerial mail hangar would be placed on two acres of grou: it would lie the commorcial fleld, oper- ated by a company owning and flying planes along the alrway. Every facility ‘would be offered for the care and main- tenance of planes and for the comfort of the passengers and crews. Broad, smooth highways would make the municipal field accessible to the center of the city. Under the direct administration of -local authorities, but subject to federal regula- tion Tules, these municipal landing fields, now 80 few but multiplying rapid- 1y, would vie with railroad terminals in {mportance, those Who are projecting the is | airways claim.