Evening Star Newspaper, March 17, 1935, Page 33

-~ CZECHOSLOVAKIA IS HELD DEPENDENT ON TREATIES Nation Is Termed Embodiment of In- _ternational Ideal Struggling in orld of Nationalism. BY RANDOLPH LEIGH. Bpecial Dispatch to The Star. PRAGUE—As a relief measure in the crisis of 1360, a German (Aus- trian) ruler put the starving of Prague to work on the famous Hunger Wall. After more than 500 years the Ger- mans have been thrown down from power, but the wall and the hungry are still here In fact, almost 13 per cent of the people of Czechoslovakia are without work. But that is not half of the prob- lem, for the government of this re- public has been very adroit in finance and the nation has large resources, so that its economic difficulties with- in themselves are not insuperable. Czechoslovakia is the embodiment of the international ideal trying to main- tain itself i a world of rampant na- tionalism. It was first proclaimed as a re- public, .not within its own borders, but in Washington. Its basic gov- ernmental form was fixed not by spontaneous popular action. but by an international treaty, to which repre- | sentatives of part of its racial ele- ments were unwilling signatories. Its godfather was Woodrow Wilson and its charter of hope is the League of Nations, and one of these is dead and the other shows mortal ten- dencies. Treaties Back Government. If the treaties of Versailles and of St. Germain are to stand, then this government will probably stand. If they go, it will go, and go quickly. for it is the long, lean, hard arm of the treaties, thrust for 500 miles be- tween the Germans of Germany and those of Austria. Right now it is a rather nervous arm, for it is weakened not only by those internal factors which are causing strains in every land, but also by more serious out- side strains, due to its international status. On the purely economic side it is feeling increasingly the burden of maintaining its position as an export nation in the face of non-importation policies on the part of its neighbors. This causes unemployment and money stringency. Furthermore, today a citizen of this virtually international state is practically bound to remain in his own land, because of regula- tions which prevent him from going abroad with more than $10 for spend- ing money! To be sure, he is not alone in being bound thus to his soil. Germany, Poland and Italy have prac- tically the same regulations. That may salve his pride, but it does not help his purse, because those very neighbors would normally visit Czech spas, bringing cash with them. Even France, the chief patron of this na- tion (alarmed at the freezing of the tourist business by fiscal decrees). is threatening retaliatory regulations against any nation whose citizens can- not take money into France. We have, in this restraining of the citizen within his borders, the fore- shadow of the grim struggle that is shaping in Europe between the forces profiting by the treaties and those suf- fering (justly or otherwise) from them. Along with this has gone a system (humane in intent) of preventing the flocking of the unemployed to the cities by requiring proof of pre- arranged employment before a rural worker can go to the city to work. Thus millions of men in Central Europe cannot (though most of them | do not desire to) leave their provin- | cial abodes to better themselves in the cities, and the city dwellers can- not (save as a special favor) go abroad to better their condition. In the text books on medievalism this | was called serfdom. Today it is ac- cepted as an inevitable individuai sac- ‘rmte in the all-embracng struggle between various national currencies |and various national interests. | Within Czechoslovakia itself there are many noteworthy tendencies. This nation is the quintessence of | | self-determinism. It has, for instance, an intricate system of racial repre- | sentation, whereby an effort is made | to appease all elements. It formally | acknowledges distinct nationalities— | | Czechs, Slovaks, Germans, Magyars, | Jews, Poles, etc.—and distributes pro- ‘) portionately its representation. | Its permanency as a nation would seem to rest upon the unification of |its elements. However, it apparently | regards those elements as incurably alien to one another, and fosters that alienation. 1t even carries this to the point of providing that in every parish in which there are 40 children speaking a minority language, an elementary school shall be established for them with that language as the medium of instruction. Nine languages are thus, in varying degrees, in use. The Carpathian Ruthenian Slavs have been so intrigued by the individ- ualistic possibilities in this arrange- ment that, after 16 years, they are still divided as to which language they prefer—the Greater Russian. Little Russian or Carpathian Ruthenian tongue. That province is about the zero zone for broadcasters and pho- nograph manufacturers. | Has Broad Pension System. The government has an incredibly broad and generous pension system, | reaching from the most modestly paid even up to and including journalists. ‘The population of about 15.000,000 is divided, roughly, thus in percent- age: Czechs and Slovaks, 65: Ger- | mans, 24; Magyars, 5; Ruthenians, 3; | Jews, 2; Poles, .05; others, .05. In religious matters, the government has reversed the general tendency of modern times by attempting to estab- lish a state church. As a result of this policy, approximately 2,000,000 have changed their religious affiilia- tions, half of them making no new connections, and 800,000 joining the Czechoslovakian Church. Of these a number later broke away and joined the Russian Orthodox Church. Some 150,000 joined the Protestants. The majority of the population, however, remains Roman Catholic, although the Reformation began here with John Huss. Despite its divisional tendencies in all directions, the republic has re- | mained steadfast to its President, | Masaryk. who, at 85 years of age, is | |the only man emerging from the | World War as the real head of a| government who still retains that position. His retirement in March or April on account of his poor health is generally expected here. Benes, the foreign minister, one of the best | known League of Nations figures, is | expected to succeed him. The office | is particularly important because of | | the fact that it has unusual powers over the legislative department— powers which the present incumbent has not hesitatéd to use on occasion. | New Approach to Pan-Americanism Through Culture Is Urged for U. S. | tional associations concerned with so- | cial welfare, education and culture. conference | pytical background should be less | emphasized in the training of dipo- | mats. Career men may perhaps not serve us best, at least for the present, in this region. This type of man and _(Continued From First Page.) 1823. The commercial which was held in Washington in 1889 under Secretary of State Blaine | made our people Latin America-con- scious. The political implications of doctrine and conference have moti- vated our public and private relations with these nations. Our public atti- tude, our popular imagination and our private procedure toward Latin Amer- ica have been informed and deter- mined by a literature that derives from the political philosophy of Mon- roe and the economic pragmatism of the pan-American conferences in- augurated by Secretary Blaine. The political approach has gradually led us to assume toward these countries a possessive interest that has grea‘ly his traditional technique emphasizes needlessly. sometimes to embarrass the political aspects of his mission. Our foreign service was established, and has since expanded, in the univer- sal belief of political protection as its major function. Career men are bred in this belief and trained to its tech- nique of expression. We need, how- ever, in Latin America, as our accred- | ited representatives, men with social understanding and vision. We need | fewer military and commercial at- taches. They can well be replaced by retarded their friendly understanding | cyjtural attaches; to promote detached of us. The commercial approach has | gnqd disinterested study and exchange created situations that have endan- | of information essential to mutual gered credit and morale.” | friendly understanding.” After describing at length the in- | what a different outlook, how more consistencies in policies and procedure | sympathetic—and more exact—an at- of both political parties and thflr‘ titude toward such important ques- leaders in their conduct of inter-| tions as the clash between church and American relations, Dr. Swiggett sug- | state in Mexico, the social unrest in gests that, if the Government and the 1 Cuba, the reform movement in Peru, people of the United States are really | etc., would there result in government interested in achieving accord in hu- | circles, as well as in the public opin- man relations, not merely temporary | jon of the United States, if the judg- political truces or artificial commer- ment of both could be enlightened by cial advantages, they should turn to- | the reports of such “cultural at- ward the “social approach” and |taches”! This gain, alone, would be modify materially the source and the | sufficient to justify the chance of em- purpose of their present knowledge | phasis, from the political and the eco- of Latin America. nomic, to the “social approach” and ‘This is the advice of Dr. Swiggett: “Greater encouragement should be given to private intiative in promoting this understanding, especially to na- | the “social statesmanship” which Dr. Swiggett advocates in his “new orien- | tation toward Latin America.” (Copyrizii. 1935.) Building Trades Are Found Among Most Danger GENEVA.—The building trades are the most dangerous of all forms of work, and lumbering, where the forces of nature provide an uncontrollable phe- | nomena, according to a world accident | survey just completed by the Interna- tional Labor Office. Germany, Canada, France, the United States, the Netherlands, Spain, | Sweden and Switzerland, among the countries in which working conditions were investigated, report that the number of accidents, fatal and non- fatal, among building trades workers is higher than the average of all in- dustries. In Germany, for example, 106 out of 1,000 full-time workers are victims of accidents annually, as against a total of 60 per 1,000 full-time work- ers in all industries. Seven fatal ac- cidents per 1,000 full-time workers is the average. In the United States the building trades claim 56 victims per 1,000 full-time workers, while in all industries combined the average is only 14 to 15. Five times as any | work-hours are lost in the building trades through accidents as in other industries whose averages are com- bined. Canada also reports heavier casualties in building trades than in any other work, the record being 18.27 per cent of all fatal accidents in 1931 and 12.73 per cent in 1932. In Austria the building trades be- tween 1930 and 1933 showed the A L excepting mining, navigation | ous of Occupations highest accident rate of any industry | covered by the factory inspectorate. In Sweden building trades claim twice | as many victims as other industries. In Switzerland, Spain and Holland similar conditions exist. Great Brit- | ain has reduced her building trades risks by 30 per cent or more, if com- parison of 1932 and 1933 records is a reliable gauge. Countries in which modern methods, machinery and most up-to-date safety appliances are used do not appear to have attained a greater safety margin than backward countries where more primitive construction methods are still in vogue, In its campaign to protect workers— internationally—against unnecessary risk through accidents, the Interna- tional Labor Office has already se- cured the adoption of several inter- national conventions. White phos- phorus, lead poisoning and similar occupational risks have been mini- mized. Maximum loading of ships, marking of weights of goods handled by dockers and transport workers, | elimination of night work wherever possible, shortening of hours and fixing of age limits and maternity | privileges are some of the problems attacked. The mining industry, par- ticularly, has been subject of study and further investigations and recom- mendations in regard to the building trades will soon be forthcoming.— AE U L} gy Hitler Arousing British German Dictator Held Unable to Perceive True Basis of England’s Policy—Attitude Disliked. ADOLF HITLER. BY FRANK H. SIMONDS. still recent explosion of | ish White Paper, emphasized as it was by Hitler's refusal had been arranged, must evoke the | question, “What on earth did the Germans expect?” It must also elicit the mournful conclusion that Hitler himself is as little able to perceive the realities of British policy as poor Bethmann-Hollweg 20 years ago. And that is the more amazng because, whether or not it be the cleverest diplomacy in the werld, the British is, in reality, the most consistent. For something like three centuries the dominating concern of British statesmanship has been to prevent the development of any continental | state capable of controlling the main- | land of Europe. And British interest | has primarily occupied itself with the | low countries facing its own coast, | where the issue of national security is at stake. Nevertheless, the British have never failed to throw their weight against any great power whose disproportionate strength might tempt it to seek hegemony. Germany Rouses Britain. Now the Germany of Adolf Hitler presents the two basic factors that rouse British opposition. Inherently it is the most powerful continental state, and intrinsically Hitler's policies are aggressive and envisage domina- tion. Not only, then, will Britain oppose German policies of aggres- sion, but, in the same fashion, Lon- don will support those states whose interests, like Britain's, are menaced by the eventual, if not the immediate, implications of German policy. As long as Adolf Hitler plans to take Austria by force, or to conquer | the Ukraine by war, British policy will be arrayed against Germany and with France. And the single means by which Hitler could bring about a modification of British policy would be by consenting to change his own purposes. For the greater Germany | which der Reichsfuehrer is seeking to create would dominate the Con- | tinent and endanger British security. But Hitler, like his pre-war predeces- sors, continues to cherish the illusion that he can pursue his present poli- cies and at the same time avoid | British opposition. The recent incident illustrates the Hitlerian policy and the enduring German idea that British statesman- ship can be rendered blind to its own | interests. In the London conversa- tions between British and French proposed the extension of the original Locarno to cover the air. The French | had urged the establishment of new Locarnos on the Danube and in the east. These the British had approved | but declined to underwrite. Al} were submitted to the Germans by the British with a polite admonition that | they accept them. | | Disunion Sought. | Hitler, for his part, conceived that if he accepted the British proposal with enthusiasm and ignored the French in Berlin conversations with | Sir John Simon which were presentlyi arranged, then the British foreign | minister, avid for personal success, would take the German proposal back to London and urge its acceptance. Thereupon the French, the Italians and the Soviet Russians would be- come suspicious and indignant. Franco-British understanding would be abolished and Europe would be resolved into political disunity, patently profitable for German proj- ects. All of which would have been good enough strategy were it not for the German projects themselves which the British oppose. For them Ger- many is a prospective enemy just | as long as German policy looks toward continental supremacy. And since Germany is a prospective enemy France -must be an inevitable ally. To quarrel with France was, then, to play the German game at the ex- pense of British interests. And the British do not play other peoples’ games at their own expense. Consequently, the foreign office pro- ceeded to issue a White Paper which said bluntly that continental unrest and British resort to vast new arma- ment expenditures were the direct consequence of German policy, political and military. The inference, of course, was that it was for the German chancellor in his forthcom- ing conference with the British for- eign minister to remove those causes of disquiet. It was in the nature of a warning and an invitation, this famous official document, and it in- dicated that if Hitler clung to his | purposes Britain would stick to her friends. On the other hand, if Hitler | was prepared to renounce his pur- | poses he might count on British aid to right certain obvious wrongs. But what Hitler was counting on was to win British assent, if not sup- port, for his policles. He calculated that if he subscribed to British air proposals, which were directly re- lated to British security, the British l HE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C, MARCH 17, 1935—PART TWO. —A. P. Photo. - D-3 SIR JOHN ywould lose interest in German plans | rights, Germany can be brought back | them to take a definite stand against | CAPITAL HISTORY SHOWS TOLL OF SOCIAL DUTIES Women’s Styles in Arthur’s Time Added Offering After Offering to Pyre of Society Careers, This is the forty-sizth of a series of weekly articles on interesting persons and events in the National Capital during the 80s by Frank G. Carpenter, world-famous author and traveler. The next chapter in the zeries will be published next Sunday in The Star. CHAPTER XLVIL BY FRANG G. CARPENTER. HE use of enamel in Washing- ton society is growing more' and more common. It used to be that only the oldest and homeliest put enamel on their faces, and in such cases it rarely ex- tended below the neck. Now many young girls enamel, and with low-cut dresses they must, to carry out the | illusion, enamel arms and bust as well as their faces and necks. A sort of enamel powder is now used which is put on and rubbed until the flesh shines like polished wax. The illusion is well enough when the maiden has a form like that of Mary Anderson, or the neck and bust of a Venus de Milo, but when she 1s of the scraggy build, all angles and no curves, the effect is horrid. | There are nine scrawny girls to one plump one in Washington society, |and I think, if the men could have | strain which MON. ~—Underwood Photo. HE in the remoter regions of Central and | to the League of Nations and per- Germany, arguing that the German | wrath in Berlin over the Brit- | Eastern Europe. He could not—and |suaded to agree to a limitation of | will never change his nature and only \npplremly no German can—realize |armaments. | that while Great Britain was ready to | to meet Sir John Simon as |Co-operate largely with the Germany | parties shoul of Stresemann, the Germany of peace and understanding, it will never have any basis of common action with the Germany of Hitler and expansion Only Germans, too, will be misled by the criticism of the British policy from the opposition in Parliament, for that criticism is based solely upon | the assumption that the present Brit- |ish government is mistaken in its reading of the purposes of Hitler. Liberals, like Lord Lothian, whom Americans know better as Philip Kerr. are busily engaged in spreading the idea that Hitler is no longer violent and Nazi Germany no more aggres- sive, and that if the British govern- ment will only be considerate of Ger- man feelings and careful of German If. however, the Liberal and Labor Id win the next election and come to power, while they would unquestionably try to deal with Ger- may on the Lothian assumption, they would not view with one bit more sympathy or patience than the Tories | any attempt of Hitler to invade the Ukraine or forcibly destroy Austrian independence. In a word, the Tories say that the Germans are actually plotting these crimes and the Liberals and Laborites say they are not, but the moment there was evidence to prove the Tory charges true the re- action of all elements in Britain would be identical. The British do not like to be hustled and they always try to evade a fact until there is no way left to get around it. When the French try to persuade MIRACLES AMONG NEEDY | WORKED BY ROSENWALD Thousands of Colored Children Obtain Education in South Through Fund. Principal Shrinks to $5,000,000. BY MARY CHURCH TERRELL. F YOU should happen to be mo- | toring in any one of 15 Southern States you might pass a school in a rural section and see colored children either reciting their les- sons or playing in the yard at recess. If this school were particularly well built and especially attractive the chances are that it might be one of nearly 6,000 which have been con- structed either in the country or in towns in more than 800 counties by | the Julius Rosenwald Fund. The more one learns what this fund has been and still is accomplishing for an underprivileged group in this country the more the wonder grows that so much good could spring from a single, solitary source. one man did to promote the educa- tional welfare of thousands of col- | ored children in a section where this | help was most greatly needed, and | statesmen, MacDonald and Simon had | §SPecially what is being done now | | during the depression, when schools 1 over the country are suffering, reads like a fairy tale. When Julius Rosenwald estab- lished this fund one cannot help wondering whether he himself was so far-sighted that he could visualize and realize the miracle it would work in the advancement of the group for which it was created. In the first place, when Mr. Rosenwald decided to donate money to promote the cause in which he was so much in- terested, he did a very wise thing, as might have been expected. A board of experts was appointed, whose duty it was to find the best way in which his money could be spent. Having | done this, he displayed his wisdom by following the plans which the board advised. As a consequence the work is going on in the same methodical, effective way today, three g;ears nf!eruhlsl death, as it did when e was actively engaged in ca it on himself. T Not So Much to Spend Now. To be sure, there is not so much to send today as there was a few years ago. Like other emdowments, the Rosenwald Fund has felt the de- pression keenly. Five years ago the principal of this fund was considera- bly more than $30,000,000. It has shrunk to $5,000,000 today. But this decrease has not been entirely due to the fact that securities have collapsed. To a certain extent it is because the board has followed Mr. Rosenwald’s instructions to spend' the principal as well as the income if in their judgment the need was great enough to justify such a course. For several years, even when there was no income at all nearly one mil- lion dollars a year was spent mainly on schools for colored youth and for promoting the welfare of the race in various ways. Recently not much has been appearing in the newspapers about the activities in which the fund was engaged, because the policy of its managers has been to give credit to the schools and to the people who have actually done the work which was planned rather than to the foun- dation which furnished the means to do it. If you talk with Mr. Edwin Em- bree, president of the Rosenwald Fund, he will tell you that the board delib- erately minimizes its part, so that the individuals who succeed in doing a piece of work may have full credit and assume full responsibility for it. He is especially gratified at the changed attitude of Southern States toward colored schools and wishes to A What that | increase their interest and activities 1t is well known that during the de- | pression in every section of this land | | thousands of children, both white and | black, have been deprived of the edu- cational facilities to which they have | been accustomed. There has been no money with which to pay the teachers and to defray the expense of running the schools. But, even during these very lean years, the Rosenwald Fund has been functioning most generously. In addition to putting $800,000 into schools and colleges for colored youth it has spent $450,000 to improve the health of the race and to minister to its other needs. In 15 Southern States, therefore, there are thousands of colored children going to school to- day who would have been deprived of any educational facilities whatsoever, |'if it had not been for the money | which Mr. Rosenwald left for this purpose. Wanted to Better Schools. | in raising them to a higher standard. | force can insure European peace and | British security, the British rebel. | | Al through the Disarmament Cnn-i ilerenre they opopsed and condemned | the French refusal to make conces- | sions which they believed would sat- | isfy German demands and prevent ! German withdrawal from the con- ference and the League, which pres- | ently occurred. | But when the blood bath in June and the Vienna putsch in July of last year occurred the British public | | opinion crystallized overnight and found expression in the renewed as- sociation with France and the out- spoken opposition to German policy alike in the east and the south of Europe. Now, however, Influential voices in England are asserting that since last Summer Hitler has become a “good European” and it is no longer | necessary or wise to pursue toward him the policy which last year's events rendered inescapable | If Hitler had modified his policy ! and had been ready to give proof of it either before or during the projected talks with Sir John Simon, British public opinion would have hailed the change and British official action been influenced thereby. But when Berlin undertook to exploit the visit to create a wall of misunderstanding between Paris and London, without the smallest evidence of any change in its own policy, London struck back | swiftly and, on the whole, savagely. | For, after all, if the British indulge in self-deception to an extent hardly paralleled by any other people, they are not any more easily deceived by others or any less quick to resent any | soctal the matter put to a vote, they would decide in favor of high-necked dresses and sleeves buttoned tight at the wrist. Fortunes are spent here in paint and powder every season and had I the income from the rouge alone, I would not have to work to support myself in good style. Miss Bayard's death is another of- fering on the funeral pyre of Wash- ington society. There is no doubt but that Kate Bayard was killed by overwork, with the terrible its costumes and its duties entailed upon her. Mrs, Endi- | cott has not been well and a num- ber of the young ladies of the higher circles here have suffered greatly from their nightly wining and dining, their dancing and their reception giv- ing and going. The decollette dress has grown lower and lower, the change of the administration and perhaps its Jeffersonian simplicity has made it as open as possible. Dresses were low enough in Ar- thur's time to sprout the seeds of consumption in many a fair woman’s chest, but it is even worse this year, and in many cases there is nothing but a strap over the shoulder to hold up the low-cut corsage. Society peo- ple here remember how Miss Kitty Veach, whom it was said young Allan Arthur was to marry, nearly caught her death of cold at the White House one night. Clad in a very low-necked dress she went with young Arthur into one of the colder halls or onto the porches, I forget which. The wind struck her and she was laid up for weeks. It is no wonder that these Wash- | ington belles should be their mode of dressing. injured by They wear, during the day. the heaviest of cloth | dresses and flannels. When they 80 on the streets they wrap them- selves in sealskins and, if they do not wear cloaks, they have their shoulders and chests covered with heavy wraps or furs. Warm even to perspiration by such dressing, as the cold night air approaches, they throw off all their heavy clothes and, so far as warmth is concerned, they might as well be attired in the Summer costume of an Indian squaw. The Dress Suit Question. Attorney General Garland’s action in not attending the state dinners at the White House is construed on | different grounds by the different | elements of Washington society. Mr. | Garland’s friends say he excludes attempt at deceit. Founded on Tradition. ' £ | account of bereavements in his fam- British policy in Europe today, and ay. Another explanation is tl?;! jthu is that this policy is founded | Garland has made a holy vow that {upon a sublinfinal and instinctive | he Wwill never wear a dress suit, that tradition. If a balance of power can | SUCh & thing has never been known ‘ : . ’ !in his family and that he does not | be established between opposing con- | propase to be the first to introduce tinental powers, Britain, assured of it. The matter of the dress coat cheap security, will revert to isola- tion. But if any country seems able and determined to dominate the con- tinent, while the British may be de- troublesome question to many a man before Garland. Senator Joe Brown worried his soul about it for months | liberately slow in recognizing the fact, | before he made the attempt and | | they will not be tardy in acting upon | finally compromised the maiter by {it once they have made up their having a swallow-tail made out of |minds. And nothing the Germans |chinchilla beaver and wearing a red |can do will permanently blind the flannel chest protector under the | British to German purpose, if it be | bosom of his shirt. aggressive. Brown was influenced by his health No shadow of a doubt exists in the |85 Well as by the fear of his con- French mind that the German is | Stituents. Ex-Secretary Kirkwood There is only one basic truth about | Dimself from social Washington on | and Washington society has been a | the mistake, and he was considerably embarrassed to find that the offender was Daniel Ermentrout, one of the | very richest and most influential Dem- iocrlm of the House. | Society Center. Washington becomes every year more of a society center and to the crowd of stotesmen and their families there is now being added the throng of rich people who make Washington their Winter home. These rich na- bobs are a queer set. Some of them have veins flowing with the bluest of blue blood, education acquired at the best schools and manners polished by long sojourns in Europe. Such people have many friends among public men and they are, of course, invited every- where. There is another class who have nothing to recommend them but their newly acquired money and who make a vulgar ostentation of it. You can | hardly fail to spot them at a glance. | Many use bad grammar, the men find it hard to avoid mentioning their wealth and the women, whether their forms permit it or not, dress in the | extremes of fashion One such woman whom I shall call “Mme. Codfish” has a husband who made a fortune in trade and who - has come to Washington with his millions. They rent the house of a great statesman for something over $10,000 a year. Mme. Codfish dresses extravagantly and gives some of the most gorgeous entertainments. She pretends to be careful in the selec- tion of her guests and is as snob- | bish a body as you will find this side of the Alleghenies When she first came to Washington and took possession of this grand mansion, she determined to make her way into society. Her first act was to call upon each foreign minister. Before they had time to return her call, provided they wished to do so, | she issued cards for a reception, send- ing one to each legation. The for- eigners did not know what to make of this. It is said they held a meet- ing to decide whether they should countenance such vulgarity. The re- sult was that some of them went and others stayed away; but those who did go gave Mme. Codfish a foothold in | society, upon which she has so built that her name is now in the society column of every newspaper. A new story is told of Mme. Codfish this week. A day or two after the funeral of Miss Kate Bayard Gen Sheridan called upon her. She re- ceived him with a smile and a smirk, and in the course of the conversation said: “General, owing to the death of Miss Kate Bayard I am having but few calls today. The best people are not calling, you know.” The story fails to give Gen. Sheridan's reply, but I suppose he was only amused at her vulgarity. Gen. Van Vliet. One of the old stand-bys of Wash- ington society is Gen. Van Vliet. You will find him at every grand re- ception. at nearly eve dinner. You may have heard the story of how Gen. Sherman. who is nearly as great a dinner-goer as Gen. Van Vliet, once forgot the place at which he was invited to dine. Seeing Van Vliet pass his house in full evening dress, he decided to follow him, being sure he would lead him to the right house. He was not disappointed. Well, during Arthur's administra- tion Gen. Van Vliet was as much of a leading figure as he is at present. He was a strong Republican. Every one is now surprised to see him so thick with the Democrats. Still every one likes Gen. Van Vliet, and an Army officer should have no politics. The day after Cleveland was inaugu- rated Gen. Van Vliet appeared at the White House and began to instruct, in the presence of others, the Presi- dent’s secretary, Col. Lamont, as to how he and Mr. Cleveland should |carry on the administration, espe- cially in a social way. After he had | gone on at some length, one of the | bystanders, a statesman of promi- nence, spoke up: “And pray, how long have you been a Democrat, Gen. Van Vliet?" “Since yesterday noon, sir," the reply. was, Background Factor In Correcting Youth CHICAGO (#)—The background, rather than the age, of a juvenile de- would not wear a dress suit while he | linquent may become the determining a potential and permanent peril to But he wanted to do more then a4 France. On the other hand, in the build schools, however. He wished a very much to improve the methods | British mind there is a Germany used in the schools for both colored | Which is perilous and a Germany which and white children, especially those | is devoid of menace. Over and over in the rural sections. For that m-"‘lflm since the treaty of Versailles son 14 yeung people of both races | the British have modified their atti- are working this year in the rural|tude toward Germany because they communities of Georgla, Arkansas and | have been convinced that German Louisiaha to ascertain what can be | Statesmen and public were sincerely donie tJ raise the work to a higher | €ager for peace and understanding. plane.,/ Some of the most distin- | These changes in British policy have guishéd educators and publicists in | invariably precipitated quarrels with the country are directing these activi- | the French, who have rejected British ties. They do not expect to revolu-, r“fmmg- And the Germans can tionize the methods which have been | never escape from the delusion that used or the conditions under which they can separate Britain from France was in Washington. He often ap- peared at the White House receptions |in a black string necktie, frayed at |the edges, and coat and pantaloons | of broadcloth, shining with age. Senator George of Mississippi is another man who affects that phase | of snobbishness that causes a man to dress roughly rather than well. George promised his constituents in |a speech about two years ago that | he would neither wear a dress coat |in Washington nor ride in a car- | riage. He has kept the promise re- | ligiously, going about at all times | dressed in business clothes. In speaking of this matter of dress | the work has been conducted in & couple of months. They intend to make an intensive study of both, formulate plans end then try them out, confidently expecting that some will prove worthy of acceptance and some will not. When a decision has been finally reached there will be a complete reorganization of schools for the children of both races in some of the country districts where the conditions have been thoroughly studied and plans for improving them have been made. One of the activities which the fund has promoted has literally filled a long-felt want. In 11 Southern counties it has provided library fa- cilities for colored people where none existed before. It was necessary to do this piece of work, because, as a general rule, colored people are not allowed to use the libraries in the South. Sometimes there were im- provised libraries consisting of trucks filled with books and magazines which were easily avallable to the people for whom they were pro- vided. Then certain parts of schools, or churches or even private homes were converted into libraries. And wherever these arrangements have been made books eand magazines are as free and as easy to get as water and air. In addition to providing libraries especially designed for chil- dren, the fund has been used to en- large the libraries of 30 of the bast known colleges for colored youth. During the last three years at least $300,000 has been spent in this wa; Fellowships Established. Another important benefaction which the endowment has made possible has been the establishment of fellowships for young men and women who want to do post-graduate work so as to fit themselves to become teachers or for (Continued on Tenth Page) \ without renouncing the policies which each regards as equally menacing to | itself. Germans Miscalculate. The last time I saw Marshal Foch he said to me, speaking of a con- | temporary German miscalculation: “Oh, those German mistakes, where would I be now if it were not for German blunders!” diplomacy as of military operations the German mistakes arise from the | same essentiai miscalculation. Tac- | tically during the war the Germans | were superior to their foes beyond all | doubt—strategically they were in- | ferior because they were never able ! | to penetrate the minds of their op- | ponents. Thus their attack upon the point of contact of British and French Armies in Picardy, just 17 years ago this month, produced an | enormous tactical success, but it brought abcut the unity of command which was the sole prescription of victory for the allies. The recent adventure of German diplomacy was of the same order. It aimed at producing a rupture be- tween British and French statesman- ship, but it actually elicited the White Paper. Germany could, beyond ques- tion, separate Britain from France by renouncing policies condemned by the British, but such separation would then be without advantage. On the other hand, to expect to produce di- vorce by merely disguising policy can only end in German discomfiture. Exaggeration of the extent of British repugnance over having to associate themselves with the French or any other people is impossible. long as the British see German policy as a menace and France as the sole and necessary ally against that men- ace, German diplomacy is bound to be as futile as was its military strategy. (Copyright. 1935.) L) In the realm of | But as | | to me the other day, a leading Sena- tor said: “Public opinion has changed of late years and the people want their repre- sentatives dressed like gentlemen. To underdress is a greater weakness than | to overdress and it will hurt the man | more who affects it. The day of “Blue | Jeans” Willlams has passed away. The standard of intelligence is too great today for dirt and rags to represent | greatness. In 20 years you will hear no more of the buncombe statesman whose chief capital is a dirty shirt, a slouch hat and a shake of the hand. | The day of respectability has suc- ceeded that of the commonplace, the | people see that rough clothes do not than those of a dude the gentleman.” Two rich Congressmen have been having trouble about an overcoat lately. Before he came to Congress Gen. Viele of New York bought a brand-new made-to-order overcoat which cost him $60. It was cut so that it pleased even his fastidious taste and it fitted him like the paper on the wall. The other day while in attendance upon committee, he lald his fine overcoat on a pile of those of his fellows. One of the last to leav: the committee room, he found his fine overcoat gone and a rather cheap and decidedly shabby one in its place. It was, as he said afterward, a hand- me-down worth $14 at a high figure. Gen. Viele said he did not care so much for the loss of the money in the overcoat but he wondered at the moral | obliquity of the Congressman who the $60 overcoat and the $14 one left | behind. He did not like to wear a second-hand coat, he declared, and he did not know whether he could ever wear his own coat again if it was re- turned. After Viele had told this story abroad to several fellow Congressmen, he learned who it was that had made make the good Democrat any more | could not see the difference between | factor in the handling in Chicago of | eriminal cases in which defendants | are children. Meeting with Judge Frank Bicek of the Juvenile Court, State's Attorney Thomas J. Courtney and judges of the | Criminal and Juvenile Courts agreed | to institute legislation making it more difficult for youthful criminals to take refuge behind the juvenile age limita- | tions. Under the present Illinois law, boys under 17 and girls under 18 come automatically under jurisdiction of the Juvenile Court. It is proposed now to ask the State Legislature to | amend the law to lower the age limit | of boys to 15 years and that of girls | to 17 years. | “A change is necessary in the in- terest of society,” says Courtney. | In all cases involving juvenile of- fenders the judges are on record as | favoring _an” investigation into the | backgrounds and home lives and | training of the defendants as the de- | termining factor in_ whether they | should be tried in Criminal or Ju- | venile Court. Brazil Revives Mining By New Price on Gold | BELLO FORIZONTE, Brazil (#)— | Gold fever, newly inflamed by the government’s establishment of a price of approximately $1.20 a gram, has broken out once more in Brazil. For more than 250 years dreams of sudden wealth have been kept alive by legends of vast untapped gold de- posits in remote sections. Even the government appears to be playing a part in the current zeal for exploration of undiscovered mineral resources, An Englishman, A. J. Ben- susan, who recently arrived in this capital of Minas Geraes State said he had been engaged by the government as an expert to make a survey of gold mining possibilities. This state has been a favorite stamping ground of gold prospectors since 1693. At one time during the nineteenth century, the Portuguese crown derived an annual income esti- | mated at more than $1,500,000 from | the mines in this vicinity | The outstanding Brazilian mines | now being worked are owned by Brit- ish interests. Among the most im- portant is Sao Joao Del-Rey, with an estimated annual output of 6,612 pounds of yellow metal. 14