Evening Star Newspaper, March 6, 1932, Page 30

The Boycott—Is It War? (Continued From First Page.) ment and general strike among the merchants, it is then made in con- claves of the literati and gentry. This control of opinion from above accounts for the notoriously ‘“spotty” character of every anti-Christian, anti- foreign or boycott movement in the his- tory of China’s foreign relations. It will be remembered how the Boxer movement was confined to certain prov- inces, in which the imperial license to hate the foreigner had been passed on to the populace by the viceroys, and bow that license was withheld in others. The anti-Japanese boycott of the last six months has had just this spotty character, being violently effec- i wherever the Kuomintang—the official party—had persuasive or coercive jowers, languidly effective where the local officials were not real converts to the Sun Yat-sen doctrines; but has made no appeal to public sentiment | whatever in many nocthern communi- ties where reactionary officials were un- sympathetic to radical nationalism. | To get anywhere in China a boycott movement must, therefore, be officially inspired, or officially licensed, or tacitly | tolerated by the local officials—particu- | larly by the military officials. In| modern China the medium of propagat- | ing & movement which the central or local government indorses is the Kuo- mintang; this is the party organization from which the government derives its suthority and from whose hierarchy the highest officials are selected. ‘When the word to start something comes to a branch of the Kuomintang, 1n an interior city, let us say, the heads of the local unit go to the local official if he is friendly to them and get his consent or promise of support. If his| attitude is doubtful but not so openly hostile as to entail serious risk, it is decided to bring a litttle pressure on him through a demonstration, and this nowadays always begins with the stu- dents, ever ready to leave their classes and agitate. Handbills and posters are composed fn a hysterical jargon calling on the 400,000,000 brethren” to rise and strike | down imperialism, or to strike down militarism, or to wipe out the national shame, or to kill the “dwarf slaves,” ot these being the Japanese. Then one fine morning a test procession of cot- ton-gowned youths files ~ solemnly through the main streets of the city, shuffiing along av‘ls funeral pace, giving out their violent"literature and droning out their slogans in a singularly doleful and uninspiring monoton2. The popu- lace is pleased with the speciacle, but cold. ey are waiting for a hint from the higher ups. Now, if this procession is met in its course by a silk-gowned yamen subordi- nate, or a police official, with an escort of a dozen hard-looking yokels in uni- form, decorated with Mauser pistols and bandoliers of cartridges, and if the minor official barks a few biting words about youth belonging in school and national affairs being in thoroughly competent hands, while the yokels of the escort scowl and finger their pistol butts, the procession halts, murmurs feebly and breaks up. Unless the local dictator changes his mind or is coerced rrogx above there will be no boycott in that city. If, on the other hand, the local au- thorities are ready to support the move- ment or have secretly ordered it, they will receive from the student leaders a petition telling the national government Just how its relations with the alien tyrants should be conducted. This will be followed very shortly by similar documents presented by deputations of merchants, “workers, soldiers and peas- ants.” The town will be plastered over- night with inflammatory posters. An “Anti-Japanese and Save-the-Nation Association” will be formed by the Kuomintang agents, with representa- tives of all classes on its directorate; agitators will howl at every str=et cor- ner, and the tradespeople will resign themselves to the search of their prem- ises, the seizure of “enemy goods,” per- secution, arrest and even execution. How deeply all this will be permitted to stir the emotions of the “stupid folk™ ithorities want the boycott to be. ‘The Chinese are so matter-of-fact that nothing but dramatic action, repeated at frequent intervals, will sustain en- thusiasm for the principles of politics, religion or patriotism. To maintain a | boycott alive against traffic in goods which the merchants can get and the | g\:wc normally wants, the mob must stirred to supply the dramatic in- spiration, and once the mob gets a start in China, or rather, once it has indirect official license to start, it sheds all the qualities of decency and restraint, toler- ance and good humor which make the Chinese en masse so likeable. Those who have faced such a mob | never forget it, and they wonder for a long time afterward how they ever saw any quality in the Chinese that was not loathsome. Since this anti-Japa- nese boycott was meant, as an “instru- ment of policy,” to be a more than usually effective one, the Japanese resi- dents of a dozen big Chinese cities and | the unhappy “traitors” whe tried to carry on business or social relations with them have had six or seven months of intimate knowledge of guch mani- festations of “polic T3 does not excuse, but it certainly helps to explain, the Japanese irregularities at Shanghal, | The boycott—the eighth serious one | that the Japanese have faced since 1908—began early in July with a Sino- Japanese diplomatic impasse over the Huangpaoshan incident. A Chinese ettack on Korean farmers near Cheng- | chun in Manchuria prompted anti-Jap- | anese Chinese riots in several Korean | towns. Dr. C. T. Wang. the Chinese min- about the middle of October, and there was & good deal of agitation, though no such devastating effect on trade as at_Shanghai. There, under the immediate direction of the highest Kuomintang organs, the movement developed at once an organi- zation like the Russian OGPU, whose terroristic acts put all thoughts of re- | sistance out of the minds of Chinese merchants. The paid agents of the 1ti-Japanese and Save-the-Nation As- | sociation” searched all Chinese shops, impounding _Japanese goods, arrested dvlll’nqusm_s high and low and carried them off under the noses of the police for trial and punishment, pounced upon Japanese cargo in the streets and held it, with the support of the courts, in de- fiance of Japanese protests. Thousands of Chinese employes of Japanese firms were forced to resign their posts. No Chinese were allowed to board Japanese steamers, and incoming passengers were mobbed. Chinese banks refused to handle Japanese bills, drafts, checks or other paper, and all Chinese accounts were withdrawn from Japanese banks. Within a month the tightest imaginable net had been drawn around the Japanese business community, the cotton yarn, picce goods, sugar and rape seed business went down to an absolute zero, and the time even came when it was almost impossible for Japanese residents to buy food. To get this effect in Shanghal and elsewhere, however, the emotions of the mob had to be released; so the boycott shortly came to be characterized, wherever it was really effective, by every form of criminal violence—petty per- secution, assault, murder, looting and arson. In no really fervent community were the Japanese given adequate police protection In some communities Chinese sus- pected of being lukewarm were public tried and sentenced in the courts. The Japanese government holds scores of official letters in which the suppression of criminally active societies or the prosecution of individual criminals is flatly refused. ‘The cue for the character of the boy- cott was undoubtedly given at Nanking when, at a mass meeting attended by government officials, it was decided cn September 23 that the boycott slogan ill the Japanese!” and “On 1" The mobs in Shanghai im- mediately began to assault Japan Within a short time 91 cases in whic Japanese school children had been stoned were reported at the consulate. As a matter of course, & few civilian Japanese were killed by mobs in every port where enthusiasm was sustained. It was such an incident in Chapei, the killing of a Japanese monk, Wwhich stirred the ruffianly Japanese element in Shanghai to reprisals, brought the Japanese marines under Admiral Shio- zawa to handle the situation and “break” the boycott, and thergby in- directly prompted the spectacular con- flagration which has stirred the world. This inadequate account of the boy- cott’s manifestations is perhaps enough to make clear its inspiration and char- acter, so that we can return te $ con- sideration of its merits as “an i~ ment of pojicy.” Obviously, it is not & “gpontaneous popular movement,” and is not passive. Just as obviously the uomintang, and therefore the highest official organs of the recognized Chinese government, have been parties to it and have never taken adequate steps to sup- press it. even when it assumed extra- lege® function and was charssterized by 3°ts of violence and terrorismt. Fui a judgment upon this thers i a prectdent, for in 1905 the United States Government, in the face of the first anti-foreign boycott, which also cen- tered at Shanghai but was much milder in form, pronounced the boycott “a conspiracy in restraint of trade” a treaty violation and, since the imperial government was convicted to Wash- ington’s satisfaction of being a party to it, a hostile act. Under pressure the Chinese government of that day, after protesting frantically for some weeks that it had no control over popular resentment of the American immigration laws and could not make the people buy foreign goods, assumed ibility. Under direct pressure at Shanghai the local Taotai, fearful of direct military action, set out one day and abruptly brought the boycott to a close. No one has ever broken & boycott nor seriously challenged its legality as a weapon from that September day in 1905 until Admiral Shiozawa broke this greatest of all boycotts on demand on January 28 of this year, and then forfeited the tremendous advantage gained by his indiscreet descent upon Chapei. Up to this time the Chinese had preferred to forget the American precedent and to remember the oul come of the officially directed anti- British boycott of 1922, when, after holding Hongkong in a state of com- plete paralysis for months, the British authorities, without an attempt at re- prisal or serious resentment, made an abject and conspicuous surrender. Precedents for such measures as “in- struments of policy” are to be found in our own early national history. The first of a series of half a dozen “non- intercourse” acts, extending over a peri- od of about 15 years, was passed by Congress against Prance and approved by the President on June 13, 1798. ‘Though these were economically and financially similar to the Chinese boy- cott, were officially directed and made ister of foreign affairs, with his campaign | against Japanese extraterritoriality at the back of his mind, at once became tndiplomatically blusterous. The stu- dents were aroused and the organiza- tion of a boycott was almost immedi- ately under way. Nanking wanted it &s an “instrument of policy” to support the Chinese point of view in a number of outstanding diplomatic issues; but | the commercial communities in Shang- | hai, the Yangtze Valley and South | China viewed the occasion as too pe- culiarly Manchurian and responded | feebly. | In North China, however, where| Chang Hsueh-lia and his officers were in control, the people were made to feel that a Manchurian issue was theirs; so the boycott made steady headway throughout August and Sep- tember in Tientsin, Peking and Tsing- tao and was assuming really serious proportions when the big clash came in Mukden on September 18. It is worth noting that while to Nanking this was the signal for starting a movement in the south which in three weeks out- stripped any previous boycott in thoroughness and violence, to Chang Hsueh-liang and his organization it was such a calamitous reaction to their pin-pricking policy that the boycott in the north promptly subsided. Stirred by the Kuomintang but re- pressed by the authorities, the turbulent students were given no scope for their zeal in the north; so they swarmed southward in tens of thousands and de- nded upon Shanghai and Nanking, fountain heads of boycoit in- spiration, to the great uitimatediscomfort of both residentsand government officials ‘The absurdities of this student situa- tion, which drove Dr. Wang, who had fomented it, from office after an attack on his person, forced the temporary retirement of Gen. Chiang Kai-shek | in December, and then threatened his successors with extermination because they could not recall him—all this de- sezves much fuller treatment as the Prankenstein of the boycott movement than it can be given here Under open Kuomintang auspices the intensified boycott started almost sim-| ultaneously in Nanking, the capital, in Shanghal, Kankow, Canton, Foochow, Swatow and a dozen lesser commercial centers. Hankow the Chinese Chamber of Commerce resisted stoutly for & time, but official pressure finally forced it to at least a show of In Canton it took the merchants into Jations with Japanese banks, houres and shipping companies, but & financigy boycoll was fnally :m,sed EUROPE Never before could you buy so much for so little.. .. trans- atlantic rates are lower ... hotels more anxious than ever 10 accommodate you. Let COOK'S arrange your steamship pas- sage, passport, visa, hotel accommodation, railroad tickets, travel...all the hundred and one matters, which must be thought of. EARLY SPRING TRAVEL .. Direct to Mediterranean orts; motoring thr B sconco, Algsein and Tomistas Sicily, Italy, the Riviera. pecial Cruise Tours by Airplane; General Airplane and Private Automobile Travel. INDIVIDUAL INDEPEN- DENT TRAVEL. .. At any time . . . with or without courier escort. Consult us gn-d there is no WO e g b fi today—d p.m. WRAL Bldg.. 9th and P Streets. 1 6119 and NB/ . Passenger Agents for j THOS. COOK & SON WAGONS-LITS INC. ‘Telephone: NAtior Cook’s Travelogue all Stearnship Lines Uee Cookde Fravellers' Chagues THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, . D. C. MARCH 6, 1932—PART TWO. effective, they were, of course, char-| acterized by no violence, but it is in- | teresting to find from current comment that the American Government was never under any illusion about their provocative character. The first was pronounced “a state of limited hos- tilities” and no such act was ever passed except in the full anticipation that the state.upon which this form of “reprisal” was imposed might con- strue it as a measure justifying open hostilities. ‘The phrase, “a conspiracy in restraint of trade,” which was the first judgment passed upon the anti-American boy- cott of 1905, is taken from United States Supreme Court decisions in which domestic boycotts are pro- nounced illegal on this ground. The boycott has elsewhere been pro- nounced in a domestic court “a cruel weapon of aggression whose use is immoral and anti-social.” This is in line with the opinion given some publicity n 1920 by a phrasemaker, whose name the writer has forgotten, upon the introduction of the boycott into Article XVI of the League Covi nant, when he pronounced it “the pacifist’s polson gas.” The argument against this provision then was that the boycott is a blight which falls wholly upon the civilian population of the offending nation, and first upon the homes of the poor, while warriors continue to draw their rations and high officials their salaries unperturbed. In the case of the League Covenant's provisions, as the writer has pointed | out before, the boycott is frankiy & sub- stitute for war and, therefore, so far a8 its hostile intent is concerned, an in- strument of war. Whether such an appraisal will eventually be put upon the Chinese boycott or mnot will un- doubtedly depend very largely upon the effect which events to come have upon the world’s partisan sentiment toward this Sino-Japanese feud. Interna- tional law s always made of such tentative rules of international propri- | ety as urgent policy has not deleted. | So just what kind of an “instrument of policy” the Chinese boycott will be pre nounced in the future undoubtedly de- pends very much upon the attitude to- ward the whole Oriental problem which Japan's conduct in the immediate future elicits from the family of na- tions. American Gold Star Mothers The American Gold Star Mothers met Tuesday at headquarters in the Hamilton Hotel, Mrs. Mary K. Killeen, first vice president, presiding. Mrs. W. J. Seelye acted as chaplain and the opening prayer was a special plea for the early recovery of the national pres- ident, Mrs. George Gordon Seibold. Mrs. Delia Barber of the Welfare Committee reported the delivery of| clothing to the War Veterans' Shelter Home on Pennsylvania avenue. Mrs. Barrack presented these boys with a bushel basket of apples and guaranteed the payment a bill for paint to| brighten up the quatters. + Mrs. Lottie | Davis gave a palr of blankets and pil-| lows. Mrs. R. E. Jacobs donated a| crate of eggs and an ironing board and electric iron and some clothing. Anmher‘ Mother deposited $3 so one of the vet- | erans could secure a driving permit and each of the following named Mothers gave supplies for the pantry and party refreshments for the 150 men present: Mrs. H. L. Hurley, Mrs. Margaret E.| Warfleld, Mrs. R. E. Jacobs, Mrs. Mary | K. Killeen, Mrs, Delia Barber, Mrs. How- | ard W. Davis and Mrs. E. M. H. Guedry. | Plans were discussed and committees appointed for the planting of a Bi- centennial tree by the organization Mrs. Margaret E. Warfield and Mrs. Johp C. Kelton will confer with Lieut. | Butler, U. S. N, who is in charge of this feature of the celebration, as to| dates, etc. | An invitation was received from the Spengler unit of the American Legion Auxiliary to attend the birthday party | to be given by them March 23 at| ‘Thomas Circle Club. The Mothers will | attend in a body. { Comdr. Murray of the Government | Printing Office unit of the United War | Veterans spoke. New members admitted were Mrs. Ellen Reid, mother of Lauren Gilbert Reid, killed in action while serving with Company G, 308th Infantry, A. E. F; Mrs. Clara A. Fox, mother of Corp. Walter L. Fox, Company G, 328th In-| fantry, who died ' the following day | from wounds received in battle; Mrs. | Anna I. Goldberg, mother of Jesse Klement Goldberg of Washington Uni- versity, Company I, S. A. T. C, who| died of tuberculosis contracted in line| e OARDING i H BY BRUCE BARTON. BOUT 15 years ago there was a typhoid epidemic in a certain city, which baffled the health authorities. Children were stricken in widely separated neigh- borhoods. The water sup- ply was all right; so was the milk and so were the general sanitary con- ditions. Yet new cases continued to develop. Finally the mystery was solved. A doctor discovered a domestic servant who was a “carrier” of typhoid germs. Though per- fectly well herself, she took the disease with her Wherever she went. She became nationally famous under the name of “Typhoid Mary.” a lot of male “Typhoid Marys. ing gold?” 1. 2. parade on my white horse. germs they carry are rumors and fears. me last October when things were looking very bad. Shaking his head dolefully, he suggested that I ought to have some wioney tucked away in gold. I blew up and rained all over him. I said: and liquid. It will be solvent unless the United States is insolvent. And if things get to a point where Uncle Sam is busted, then what good will gold be, do you think? Do vou imagine for one moment that, in a period of geheral chaos, the mass of people would deal tenderly with those who had helped to bring on the crisis by hid- Organized Reserves A new policy has been inaugurated by the War Department governing the form of address to, and the wearing of insignia by, reserve officers detailed to general staff positions, and for as- signment with the Inspector General's Department Reserve. Under this new policy, Reserve officers detailed to the general assignment group for & four- year assignment to the War Depart- ' | ment General Staff will wear the gen- Times like the present produce One of them came to see “My bank is strong My general attitude in this whole situation has been as follows: I pay little attention to the market quotations on good bonds, preferred or common stocks. more than their current prices or they are worth nothing. either case there is nothing I can do about it. . If the worst were to happen I have enough egotism to believe that I could make a living and provide for my family under any sort of government or any sort of conditions. I keep a white horse and ride him every day. If we have a social set-up you will find Aned rightfiat the head of the people’s nd the first place we shall head for will be the homes of the hoarders, B Some day, in the not far distant future, we all shall have to look back on this period and consider the record we made. when my youngster cl_lmbs on my knee and says, “Dad, what did you do in the panic?” I don't want to have to answer: smart and yellow, sonny. I hoarded gold.” (Copyright, Either they are worth a lIot n And “I was 1932)) eral staff collar insignia but not the black sleeve braid. They should be addressed as officers of their respective arms and services, Reserve officers or officers of the Regular Army detailed in the general staff positions of Organized Reserve divisions will wear the general stafl collar insignia, but not the black sieeve braid. They likewise will be addressed as officers of their respective arms or services. Reserve officers detailed to the In- spector General's Department Reserv under the provisions~of paragraph 8, Army Regulations No. 140-5, will Wear the insignia and be addressed as offi- cers of the Inspector General's De- partment. officers detailed to the general staff | positions of National Guard divisions will wear the general staff collar in- signia but not the black sleeve braid. Cavalry Reserve officers of the Di: trict will meet today at 9:15 am, at the Fort Myer riding hall for instruc- tion in equitation under the direction of Maj. H. C. Dagley. Maj. C. C. Drake will conduct the conference for District Reserve quarter- masters at headquarters tomorrow eve- ning. The subject of his lecture will be the supply of Von Gluck's First Army. Washington Chemical Warfa-e Reserve officers will meet this same evening under the direction of Capt. E. P. H. Gempel, who will discuss map and acrial photograph reading. District Coast Artillery Reserve offi- cers will hold their instructional con- ference at local Reserve headquarters Tuesday evening, under the supervision of Lieut. Col. T. E. Darby, who is on duty in the office of the Surgeon General of the Army. Lieut. Col. Darby will discuss evacuation in the combat zone. Washington Air Corps Reservists will meet this same evening, under the direction of Howard Gatty, who will discuss air navigation. Combat intelligence will be discussed by Lieut. Col. W. E. Shedd, who will conduct the conference for local mili- tary intelligence Reserve officers at headquarters Wednesday evening. Ordnance reservists of the District Khabarovsk and the Amur branches off. In theory it would be quite practicable for Japanese troops from Manchuria and Korea to move simultaneously upon Viadivostok, but it would seem that Russain troops, based on Nikolsk and operating on “interior lines” would have a considerable strategic advantage. Seventeen Divisions in Army. Moreover, the Russian Army in the Trans-Baikal region, could not be dis- regarded: to employ a Soviet expression, Japan would face an invasion of Man- churia and the possible “liquidating” of her whole Manchurian enterprise. Her entire army includes but 17 divisions probably expanding to 17 corps of two divisions each by embodying only the first reserve, and leaving the “Kobi,” or second reserve, to act as replacements. Considering that three—probably four— divisions are tied up at Shanghai, two more required to keep Korea quiet, at least two or three more for Manchurian garrisons, the utmost strength that Ja- pan could muster for a Siberian enter- prise would be 27 divisions, of which not more than 10 divisions would be available at once. It would take at least & month to embody the reserves, transport this force to Manchuria and influenza while serving in said company at Columbus Barracks, Ohio; Mrs. Dena Kramer, mother of William Kramer, 1918, while serving in the United States Navy. Henry Leaders, whose wife is an ac- tive member of the organization, was admitted to honorary membership, being the father of Lester Floyd Leaders, of duty; Mrs. Nellie A. Densmore, mother of Harold E. Densmore of the| 10th Recruiting Company, a victim of | STEAMSHIPS. Company L, 77th Infantry, who suc- cumbed to pneumonia October 6, 1918, while serving in that outfit. STEAMSHIPS. Security of Vladivostok, Strengthened By Moscow, Causes Harsher Red Tone (Continued From Third Page) _ |assemble it in its “jump-oft” positions; this process could not possibly be car- ried on in complete secrecy. ‘The Russian strength, estimated as above at 11 divisions available imme- diately, plus three or four available in say three weeks from Turkestan, plus, say, four divisions and corps troops & month from Europe up to a total of 70 divisions (29 line and 41 teritorial) should be able to deal with any con- ceivable Japanese attack. Especially in view of Japan's commitments in China! Of course, Russia could not send her whole army out of Europe and her ter- ritorial divisions are probably nothing to gladden a West Pointer’s critical eye; but it is quite apparent that she can match bayonets and machine guns with Japan on the Siberian frontier, which will be all that is required to deter the Japanese staff from attempting any Russian adventures, As for the alleged “White Pussian” | bands in Manchuria, if they are of no more promising military material than most “White Russians” invading forces | have been, the Soviet need not worry. In fact, there has been some expression of a Soviet desire that the “Whites” would try some such stunt; there are some old accounts which need settling! ©One has only to read Maj. Gen. W. S. Graves’ account of “America’s Siberian Adventure,” to lose all vestiges of sym- pathy for Ataman Semeonoff and his colleagues. The Japanese proceedings at _Shanghai have already cost them | sufficient loss of Western sympathy; they who died of influenza in September, | | will not improve their standing by fur- thering the schemes of such rascals as Semeonoff. Believed to be that of Nero, the Roman Emperor, a marble statue, six | feet in height, has been found at Anzio, Italy, which is on the site of the ancient city of Antium. STEAMSHIPS. i) 7 o V/fi/’k N\ = Y STEAMSHIPS. ORWAY Direct short and convenient route with connections to Sweden Denmark Germany For sailings, rates, etc.. apply to New York B 1 S Sfovety Mow. ¥ GREATLY REDUCED RATES National Guard or Regular | kil'l‘ifi‘sh"bli'n NEW DE LUXE MOTOR LINER 18 > § Mar. 12 About 51¢ hours after you bosrd | A the early evening train at Wash- Y ington you are on the ocean. Leaves New York—Visiting | VENEZUELA PANAMA HAVANA For information apply Local Agent or SWEDISH AMERICAN LINE 21_State St.. 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James R, Craighill, jr.| 3400 Macomb street, March 7 at 1:30 Field Artillery, who has been promoted | pm. The assisting hostesses will be to captain, will remain assigned to the | Mrs. T. B. Jarvis, Mrs. M. C. Mulquim, 31%;}; H‘;.‘](;AAY&UCE)&M % Woonwaal Mrs. J. C. Marquis and Mrs. A. B, Mc- ond Lieuts. Dudley H. ward | Manus. Dr. Hem: 1 and Greene C. Maxwell, both Infantry ' the speaker. N S STEAMSHIPS. RELIANCE WEST INDIES SOUTH ano CENTRAL AMERICA The De Luxe Easter Cruise of 18 days. Minimum, $205. Many superfine accom- modations reduced over 50% astounding values. HAMBURG-AMERICAN 39 BROADWAY L'NE NEW YORK ~ MAR. 12 from New York ASK YOUR TRAVEL AGENT NEW... REDUCED FARES TO FLORIDA! Two excursions this month ... March 8, 22, from the PORT OF BALTIMORE to Florida at record low fares, which include excellent meals and berth on one of the newest, largest ships of the Merchants & Miners Line. JACKSONVILLE MIAMI 540 555 Round trip; regularly $56. Round trip; regularly $83. 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