Evening Star Newspaper, May 31, 1931, Page 27

CHANGE IN AMERICAN LIFE HOLDS CURRENT THOUGHT Shifts in Manner of ment Freely Living and Govern- Predicted by Present Thinkers. BY MARK SULLIVAN of American education, and business, a group of ideas which the average American newspaper reader has never Beard of, or at least never paid any attention to. The ideas, to describe them very briefly and very roughly, are facets of one central thought, and the central thought is that there is just ghead of us in America a revolutionary <hange in life as we know it. ‘The quantity of this sort of thought, e colleges, in some portions of the siness world, and in some areas of litics, is very great. The amount is lready great and it is increasing both in quantity and momentum. Yet the fact is that a line of ideas as sensa- tional as this can exist in great quan- tities in the circles named without ever coming to the attention of the average newspaper reader in Lewiston, Me., or Decatur, Ill. If the prophets of revolu- tionary change are correct then the average American is going to be living, within a few years, in a world that will seem very strange to him. If, how- ever, the prophets are overexcited and if the predicted change does not come, then the average American will be jus- tified in declining to let his peace of mind be disturbed. Expericnced Before. It happens the latter wey more often than the former. Such waves cf start- ling theuzht have passed over America rather frequently in our century end a half of history. They are especially prone to arise in times of business de- ression. A few such waves of ideas ave materialized into concrete events. Most of them have ebbed back with the return of prosperity and are known in our history as merely eccentric mani- festations, or lost causes, or movements that got-nowhere, such as the Free Sil- ver movement, the Greenback and Granger_and Populist movements. the Single Tax or Land Tax movement (long dead in America but just revived | in England.) I refrain from using the terms the resent-day prophets use, not beceuse heir terms are inexact, but because they will not convey to the average reader quite the same ideas that are in the minds of the prophets. The vol- unteer thinkers use the familier words and phrases of social organizatior— *capitalism,” “communism.” “individ- ualism,” “democracy” and the like. But the thing they mean, the thought that they assert, will be better understood by the average reader if we drop all such technical terms. Customs Well Founded. What the prophets are talking about 5 the kind of organized society we have in Amersa, the life in which a young man grows up, goes as far in educaticn as his ambition. leads or his circum- stances permit, gets a job where he can at such wages as he can command, mar- ries, starts a savings bank account, takes out a life insurance policy, buys or rents a home and raises a family. All these and the other familiar a: pects of American life compose a s tem. a way of living, which 99 out of a 100 Americans take completely for granted. They take it as much for granted as they take the air they breathe or the seasons or the weather. ‘To most of us it is a way of life familiar and dear. Most of us cherish it. Yet it is just this that the prophets say is going to be fundamentally changed. The milder and more cautious of the prophets say the American s tem is “on trial.” Those words “on trail” compose precisely the phrase used bv Dean Wallace B. Donham of the Harvard School of Business Administra- tion. Let not the reader suppose that because Mr. Donham has a university connection he is. therefore, an academic theorist only. He is, in fact, a business man, a lawyer, a director of the Old Colony Trust Co. in Boston, and of the Clinchfield Coal Corporation and of the Haverill Gas Co., and of the Cambridge, Mass., Savings Bank. This authority, high in both his educational and business associations, says that “our present situation . . . is a major breakdown of capitalism”—capitalism being, I repeat, merely Mr. Donham's word for the familiar system under which we live in America. Slow Decline Seen. Another authority of the same type is Dr. Oliver M. W. Sprague, professor of banking at Harvard University. He, too, has a business status as well as an academic one; he is deemed by the Bank of England worthy of employment by them in a role called “economic ad- visor.” Tt would be inaccurate to repre- sent Dr. Sprague as predicting destruc- tion of the present American system. He only goes so far as to say that unless certein things are done (and he seems to doubt whether they will be done), the American system of organ- ized society is heaced for “a slow de- | cline” before the competition of the Russian economic regime. “There seems to be.” Dr. Sprague says, “a growing unwiliingness or incapacity in an in- dividualized society to adjust itself to a changing economic condition.” ‘The present wave of prophecy of revolutionary change in America is in- spired by Russia, though not in the sense of propaganda. What has hap- pened is that a large number of per- sons in elevated positions in America have observed that an extraordinary experiment is being attempted in Russia. Seeing that, they start reflect- ing about America. Some of ‘them (these are likely to bs the more excite- able) are pleased by what they see in Russia, and think America should imitate it. Others are alarmed by what they sez in Russia, and think that America, in order to defend itself, must make revolutionary changes in its own system. The sum of it all amounts to a great outpouring of talk and writing, to the effect that great changes are immedi- HERE is afloat in important circles | litics | ately ahead of us who live in the United States. . Of that sort of thing there is a deluge. | | T mention it merely (so far as this article goes) to record the existence of an important phenomenon that has not | yet figured muct ir the newspapers. X‘\ am quite sure it has not been brought home to average readers throughout the | country. Most of this talking and writing is in | abstract terms, about theories of social | organization, forms of organized society | and their relative desirability. Let us leave that. Let us turn and| | take a brief look over America to see if | there is anything tangible, anything we can really look at and get our hands on. There is at all times in America a process of evolution (as distinguished from revolution). Ford is Quoted. Henry Ford, the other day, said or implied that we are about to have a fundamental change in farming. Mr. Ford's theory appears to be that in a period just ahead of us, farming, in the sense of the raising of fundamental crops, is going to be carried on in large units, on a kind of factory system. His | notion is that there will be immense | tracts of land, tens of thousands of |acres or hundreds of thousands under |one ownership. To this tract on a {morning in Spring will come great crews |of factory workers, traveling in trucks from dictant cities. These workers, with mote! awn plows and motor- |drawn cuitivetors and motor-drawn drills, will plant the whole of the great tract of land in a single crop; wheat, | for example. The whole of the planting | will be done, with Ford efficiency, in not more than four or five days. ‘Thereafter, the crews of workers will be taken back to the city and will re- sume the making of automobiles. or ‘flteel rails, or whatnot, leaving only a few watchmen to keep away crows and | other marauders during the period of the crop’s growth. | In the Fall when the crop is ripe, will | come the same or other crews of work- ers, this time with tractor inplements | for reaping. Agein, in the space of a few days, the crop will be harvested. The total number of days devoted to the ralsing of a crop of wheat. for example, | might be less than 20. During all the | remainder of the year the workers will | be in distant cities engaged in manu- facturing. Co-operative Farming. Mr. Ford seems to think that the man who owns the land will be the same who owns the factory, and that he will use his factory hands for the \work of farming. Supervision of the farm operation, presumably, will be done by farm experts. If farming is to be done in the way [ Ford suggests, the ownership of the |land must take one of a few' forms. Some (not many) of the big new units 1of land may be owned by individuals, | as Mr. Ford and his family own his auto- | mobile manfacturing business. Such cases of individual ownership will be as rare in farming as they are in man- | ufacturing. Most of the big tracts, if | the system is to come at &ll, will be owned and operated by corporations. | | Those who do the work on the big farms | will have the status of employes, as i5 | usual in factories. It will be corpora- | tion farming. (There s, of course, yet another possibility—the Russian way. | In Russia the land is owned not by any individual, nor by any corporation, but wholly by the State.) | Kansas Fights System. | Just about the time Mr. Ford made | his suggestion the State of Kansas, act- ing through its appropriate officials, in- augurated a movement to oust from | the State all of what is called “corpora- tion farming.” |the objective of this movement, there I In Kansas, according to | P shall be no farms owned by corpora. tions. Farming in Kansas shall be done |in_the familiar way. | Here, then, we have a direct contrast |between old and new. Ford believes | that farming (much of it at least) of |the future will be done on a factory 2sis. The State of Kansas is deter- mined that farming shall be done on an individual basis, in the familiar way. If Ford is right the American farm as we have always known it will largely | disappear (except, perhaps, as to vege- table raising and possibly dairying—| though Mr. Ford thinks that dairying |also will be done on the large scale| basis). If the Ford prophecy becomes |a reality the family-owned farm, fa- | miliar and fundamental in America |since the country was first settled, will | disappear or become a comparatively | small factor. The system under which |1and is owned in small tracts of from 50 to 200 aores, under which the tract is owned by one family, under which the farm commonly passes from father to son, under which all the work fis done by the farmer and his family with | seasonal help from a few hired hands— all that, if Mr. Ford is right, is menaced. Kansas is determined to rescue it. | Kansas is determined to preserve what | Mr. Ford thinks must go. One mentions the conflict without | venturing to guess the outcome. It is! presented here as merely one fruit of | a brief look at America to find a tewi concrete examples of the sort of chlngel that is always under way or being attempted. There is another, The Supreme Court the other day declared that the State of Indiana has a right to put a pro- gressively high tax on chain stores. Since that. decision any State that wishes to hold back the coming of the chain store can probably do so. In this case, as in that of the farm, we have a conflict between old and new. It is claimed for the chain store that it is a better and less expensive way of distrib- uting the goods the public wants. An- other school of thought wishes to pre- serve the individually owned store for what is claimed to be its social value. Bathing.in Iey Wa Wins Popularity With Native and Tourist GENEVA.—The icy waters of Swiss lakes are no deterrent to Swiss bathing. The craze is something new. Time was when sport in Switzerland was bound up with ice and snow, but scarcely a lake resort in this mountain land but now has or has had under construction its plage, or bathing beach. ‘The Swiss beach do°s not begin and end with sand and pebbles, any more than does Coney Island, but carries with it all the accessories which usually go with cabarets, al fresco restaurants, dance halls, bathing cabins, bath chairs and s umbrellas, often mor> useful in keeping off the rain than the sun, though on occasion the sun of Switzer- Jand can broil like that of the French Riviera, ‘Two Plages in Geneva. Geneva, which pleascs to call itself the capital of nations, has two plages and another in projection. The dainty little feudal-castled Nyon has a charm- ing and excellent beach, Lausanne- ©Ouchy a whole battery of them, to say mothing of the still more dignided Vevey. The most chic of all is at Montreaux, where you may float or swim, but against the current, to the | famous Castle of Chillon n°arby, where | Byron and Shelley and others of the | romantics did the same thing genera- tions ago, though they never realized that they were the precursor practi- | h: tioners of water sports. * . Lake Leman ters of Switzerland head waters flowing down from the icy Rhone Giacler, but the Laks of the Four Centons, so decp and unruffied that it never fresz>s in this none too iropical climats, is even more s0. Lucerne, too, has its waterside resort.. High Altiiude Plages. ‘The really unique plages are those | just coming irio b2ing on the shores of the high a'titude riountain lakes at St. Moritz, Davos, Montana, or even at the top of th» Gt Gothard pass at 7,000 feet above the sea, where actually you may break the ice at almost any time of year and piunge in if you care to, as some do. Lozarno and Lugano are the gems of all these Swiss plages, dug into the heart of the Swiss-Italian canton of the T:ssin and running hard the pace of compelition with the Itgilan lakes, wiaich the Italian tourist business is already beginning to feel in a measure not hitherto known. At a'l events, the deve’opment of the bathing beach in Swtzerland is another example of the Swiss genius and capacity for making mon~y out of its God-givon endcwment of much that | pleas’s the home and traveling pubic. Incid ntally it helps cut the phono- graphic and striped umbrella industries, At all times changes are under way.. |ican countries where lack of sympathy | unfortunate experience of the Pana- BY ALBERT EDWARD WIGGAM. “ ON'T go to college if you would succeed in business!” This is the advice which many big business men, rely- ing mainly upoh their own experience, occasionally pass along to the youth of America. Such advice is merely another illus- tration of the tendency of a fairly large group of industrial leaders both to be- little higher education as a pathwny to business success, and to show an Amaz- ing ignorance.of the broad and Impar- tial investigations that have been made both as to the effect of highet scholar- ship and of higher education. both high school and college, upon success in business. During the next few weeks some 40,000 students will be graduated by the colleges of the country and many of them will begin business careers. So this is a. particularly aporopriate time to study this type of advice and to de- termine how valuable it is and how much truth it holds. Since I feel strongly that such re- marks as the one I have quoted do grave injustice to American education and may do irreparable damage to the life careers of many young men, who | believe that all utterances coming from | such sources must be 100 per cent true, 1 shall endeavor to show that they are at least 75 per cent untrue. | In order to do this I shall set forth investigations in three fields of educa- Ition and business. First, the effect of i high scholarship on business success. |Second, the comparative effects of eighth-grade, high school and college graduation upon business success, Third, i the effect of both high scholarship and | other college successes upon business | success. I think T can best introduce the first investigation by a simple story. One day a college professor and a committee of “Old Grads” were going over the records of 1,800 of the gradu- ates of one of our great universities in order to find how the “old boys” were succeeding. They wished to learn whether the high-mark men in college were making the high marks in life, or whether the low-mark men were the ones who had achieved worldly fame and fortune. By and by they came to one man who gave as his occupation town.” This is certainly a respectable { occupation, but not one usually contem- plated as the chief objective of a col- lege curriculum. At this point one member of the Old Grad Committee, who evidently had not lost his sporting blood, offered to bet 100 to 1 that if they would look up this man's college grades they would find them to average below 87. member of the committee would take the bet. Yet I am certain that ninety- nine business men out of a hundred throughout the United States would have taken the bet, not only at 100 to 1, but at 1 to 1. If they had they would have lost at any odds, because this man’s grades averaged below 83. Now the reason why I say business men generally would have taken this bet without hesitation is becaus> there Ni BY GASTON NERVAL. RESIDENT HOOVER received a few days ago the new Minister from Colombia. At the White House Senor Don Fabio Lozano presented his credentials and was officially recognized by the Chief Executive as the diplomatic representa- tive of the Colombian Government. A diplomat of long carcer and a re- nowned statesman in his own country, Minister Lozano is in Washington to promote ideals of good will and co- operation between his government and that of the United States. His ap- pointment as Minister to Washington was only another step in a series of friendly developments which thave characterized Colomblan-American re- lations in the last few months. Not very long ago Colombia was known to be one of the South Amer- for Uncle Sam and a certain fear of his political and economic expansion in the continent were most noticeable. The ill-will created by the untactful attitude of some American business and com- mercial pioneers down there, and the man_war of independence, in which the United States played a conspicu- ous role. were probably responsible for that state of mind of the Colombian people. Refused to Take Sides. Moreover, anti-American propagand- ists had availed themselves of certain differences between the Colombian government and American oil inter- ects to raise their favorite war cry of “American imperialism.” Three years ago the oil question was on the verge of disturbing amicable 'relations be- tween the two governments, and only the firm reluctance of the State De- partment to take sides with the Amer- ican concerns operating on Colombian soil prevented a crisis. Possibly this attitude of the Wash- ington Government had some influence in changing the sentiments of Co- lombian public opinion toward the “great colossus of the North.” The fact is that today Colombia stands as one of the best friends of Unclc Sam on the other side of the Rio Grande. The first indication of this change of attitude toward the United States was given last year by the election of Senor Enrique Olaya Herrera as the chief executive of Colombia. Senor Olaya prior to his nomination had been for eight years the diplomatic representa- tive of his country in Washington and had been an earnest advocate of friend- ship toward the United States. His name had been closely associated with that of the United States in the minds of his countrymen, and his voice had been heard many a time in defense of the ideals and true intentions of the Northern statesmen toward Latin America, Received News in U. S. It was in the offices of the Colom- bian legation in Washington that Senor Olaya received th> news of his nomi- netion for the first position in his native land. Rushing back to Colombia to organize his campaign in only a few weeks, he made co-operation with the United States one of the outstanding issues of his electoral platform. He praised the advantages of a close eco- nomic and political friendship with the United States, and announced in his campaign that his government would welcome American capital and enter- prise in Colombia. The electibn Senor Olaya by an overwhelming ma- jority therefore was interpreted as & clear indication that the Colombian people had set aside old prejudices, mis- understandings and resentments. Immediately after his el:ction Senor Olaya came back to Was] n and was officially welcomed by ident Hoover as the elected chief executive of Colombia. Later on he was the hon- ored guest of the ma:prs of New York, both of which have grown big enough to stand alone, or at least seriously to curtail imports of the former from America and the latter from Italy. It as alsb increased the afternoon tea habit, ‘and that brings ite t along, 1s frigid enough, with its ' too. Chicago and other “important citles, where he was received with ovations confirming the :ymhan.hy his long stay selling chicken wire fence in a small | Neither the professor nor any | -3 [REPARATIONS DISCUSSION AT CHEQUERS IS FORECAST ollege Pay? Comparative Statistics on Income Reveal That it Does. business public that the brilllant scholar in college is usually a failure in business. He is believed to be “im- | practical,” “a dreamer,” a man full of |theories, and almost certain to be a failure as a high-power salesman, a pro- | duction manager, a judge of securities or as any type of executive. | I know this personally from having out the country. Moreover, we see this opinion constantly and voiced by many of America's leading business men. college studies, but who are leaders in college pranks cr in athletics, or are among the champion dancers and ladies’ men of the campus, and who bluff their way over the prostrate forms of the pro- fessors and deans are the ones whom big legal battles or holding down impor- tant jobs as presidents of big corpora- tions and managers of the country’s destinies." On the other hand, the reason no member of this committee would risk his money on the foregoing bet, even at abecut it. It was because this committee and this professor, Dr. Hugh A. Smith, | now of the University of Wisconsin, had been engaged upon a two-year research | to find just how the good, bad and mediocre students in this list of 1,800 | had really turned out. I must confess | that while all my own studies have con- began to work out his principles of inter-American co-cperation and {o test the confidence of ihe Colombian people in them. Sought Aid of Experts. One of the first acts of his admin- istration was to contract the services of American experts in economic and in- dustrial fields to advise the Colombian government. Paramount among these contracts was that made with the financial mission of Prof. Edwin Kem- merer of Princeton University. to re- organize the fiscal budget, reform the tax and revenue systems, recommend new banking legislation and study gen- eral economic conditions in Colombia. several months of laborious work, the Kemmerer mission submitted cer- tain recommendations which are now being carried out by the government of Bogota. Another American expert, George Rubles, was called upon to assist the vernment in the solution of what of guwmt Olaya considered the chief problem of Colombia—the ofl differences existng between foreign _exploiting companies on the one hand and the laws and interests of {he country on the other. Realizing that the oil ques- tion was the major obstacle standing in the way of Colombian-American re- lations, President Olaya set himself to eliminate it. After careful study new o'l legisla- tion has been submitted by hic govern- ment to the Colombian Congress and is now on the verge of becoming enacted into law, having already been approved by the Senate. This legislation, as I had occasion to comment upon exten- in America and thorough under- standing of the American people had won him, sively several weeks ago in these columns, Once inauguraled, President Olaya is favorable to the investment of Amer- | cocked hat the notion that the college | lectured to hundreds of chambers of | prodigy and the brilllant student are | commerce, executive clubs and sales- | likely to fail in practical life, and that men’s conventions and the like through- | the dull student is likely to succeed. | confidently | the graduates of this university, num- | bering 1.800. who had been out in life We see also the opposite | from 15 to 45 years, study their worldly | opinion as confidently expressed—name- | success and then compare with their ly, that the men who are low in their | college records. | determining “success,” Dr. Smith asked we usuaily find in after life fighting the | 100 to 1, was because he knew too much | for The Sunday Star by J. Scott Willlams. high intelligence, high character, high | personal qualities and high success in | iife all tend to go together, the results of this study are truly astounding. A great deal of the data have not been published, but Mr. Smith has given me | some of his main conclusions. To use | common parlance, they knock into a | ‘What Prof. Smith did was to take all In order to be fair in the committees of the various classes to give their frank opinions on the post- college careers of their classmates. He also secured the opinicns of numerous | other persons acquainted with these | men'’s careers. Doubtless some of the judges laid em- phasis on intellectual or literary or pro- fessional achievement, some on emi- nence as a citizen and some on money and other things. As a result, there-| fore, a composite, well-balanced judg- ment of the success of each man was | reached. They then compared these | rankings of worldly success with the rankings that their college teachers had zZiven them, 15 to 45 years ago. How did the two gradings agree? The agreement was almost unbeliev- | able. As Prof. Smith says: “If a man | was higch in one list he was almost | invariably high in the other; and if low is an almost universal belief among the | firmed my belief that high scholarship, | in one, low in the other. This situation ' Fear of U. S. Banished Colombian Envoy Represents Changed Era of Friendliness, FABIO LOZANO, MINISTER OF COLUMBIA, ican capital, and it effers protection and facilities to the intcrests already engaged there in the development of Colombian subsoil res>urces. Indicates New Era The submission of this favorable oil leg'slation only three ycars affer a so- | called nationalistic campaign threaten- ed an international controversy is the best indication of this new era in Co- lombian-American relations, which started with the election to the presi- dency of Colombia of a man who really knew and understood Americans. And now the Colombian government has sent to Washington its foremost diplomat. s With a distinguished record service and widely known in Latin writings, well qualified to conduct Colombian- American relations. A ‘finer interpreter of the spirit of friendship which ani- mates Colombia could not have been sent to Washington. Like President Olaya, Minister Lo- zano is a warm advocate of the Pan- American ideal. He believes that Pan- Americanism is the greatest problem for the world today. In the course of a brief conversation he explained to me why. “The future of the American continent,” he said, “depends entirely upon the success of Pan-Americanism. If we are able to orient inter-American relations with sentiments of mutual re- spect, justice, good will and co-opera- tion, which are essential to Pan-Ameri- | “Who's Who.” usually | Shanghai Chinese was repeated with such monotony that the temptatiozu became strong when one facter was known to accept it as tain indication of the other. Experi- ence with hundreds of others made it sure he would be classed with 99 Fe'r' cent of certainty in the group with low | marks. On the other hand, if a man had a grade in college of 93 or better, it seemed superfluous to consult records and write letters to learn that he held & position of importance or eminence.” As an example of this, in one class of fifty-four graduates nine were judged by this jury to have achieved true success. 8ix had grades about 91 and two had 89. Only the remaining one had a grade as low as 85. In another class of seventy-five members eleven were nominated for high worldly rank. ‘Ten of the eleven had been the first ten in scholarship in college. The eleventh had a mark of only 85, being one of the few exceptions to the rule. And it is discouraging for America's future to find that this man and most of the other low-grade men who did attain eminence were politiclans! As Prof. Smith remarks: “It does not seem certain that a high college record is an asset in getting votes.” But the most s thing was that a separate list was made up of the ninety-seven who were considered “the most worthy, successful or eminent.” Another list was made up of the ninety- three who had the highest grades. The astonishing thing is that these two lists cont?ined eighty-seven names in com- mon Prof. Smith made another compari- son between college grades and election to “Who's Who in America He took three of the earlier classes, numbering ninety-three members, both men and women, and selected the twelve with the highest college records. Nine of these twelve were in “Who's Who,” while only one out of the eighty-one remaining members with lower records were in “Who's Who.” Since few women are elected to “Who's Who,” he took a list of two hundred men from the five classes about midway in age and found, among the twenty-eight high-mark men, eighteen who were in Only two of the re- maining one hundred and seventy-two low-mark men were in “Who's Who.” Combining the two groups just men- tioned, we see that out of the forty high-mark students twenty-seven are listed in “Who's Who,” while among :'l‘::rkw«: gun'dredlnngrnny—three low- students only thre s ot ly three are found in This study makes it obvious that when some twenty or thirty college professors and several deans mark a man with high grades for intellectual achievement, industry and general soundness of character it gives a pretty clear indication of what the world may expect of that young man. College pro- fessors are not very different in their Judgments of human nature from busi- ness men. As one philosopher said, College does not make fools, it de- velops them.” ~Neither does it make wise men; but it gives the fool his ;3:{5;“ :’undgnm the studious, in- | ind-hearted an | their chance to show. what, they, Sre| (Continued on Fourth Page) can relations continue to be guided by | misunderstandings, resentments and de- | structive antagonisms, nobody can really visualize what a horrible fate awaits us on this side of the Atlantic. Foresees Great Future. “Now, I believe that the next 10 cen- | turies belong to America—that is, to the | American continent. Some regions of | the world are already worn out and on | the threshold of decadence. Others have not as yet reached a stage of ma- turity in their cultural development. The fate of civilization right now rests with the American continent. There- | fore, any problem which affects the fu- ture of the American continent, like Pan-Americanism, must concern the hu- | man race as a whole. This is why I| call Pan-Americanism the most impor- tant problem of the world.” | Minister Lozano sees in a real mutual knowledge the best means to stimulate | friendship and trade between his coun- try and the United States. “Knowledge | usually spreads understanding,” he says; “quite often it spreads love.” And then he adds: “In the United States there is a great number of people who do not know | what Colombia is; what part Colombia | plays in the interrational concert; what kind of buyer and seller she is; which | is her democratic organization; which is her civic advancement; how peace | has been maintained there and how in- | ternal order has existed in the country without a single disturbance for more | than 28 years. But when a North American goes to Colombia he sees and experiences all this; he finds cordial and | sincere hospitality; he finds business | and industry. He then understands | what before he did not even suspect: that if his' countrymen are led by jus- tice and good will they can find in Co- lombia a vast field of action.” ‘Words Find Response. ‘The Colombian Minister stresses the phrase “if they are led by justice and good will,” for he has always held these two the fundamental elements in the solution of Pan-American problems. In his official speech at the White House, likewise, he emphasized that in the course of his long public career he had faithfully served “a Pan-American doc- trine of justice, mutual respect, good will and co-operation. ‘The words with which President Hoo- ver answered his reference to a Pan- American doctrine of equal privileges might be recorded by Minister Lozano &s a happy augury of the success of his diplomatic mission here. The Chief Executive said: “Your timely allusion to Pan-American ideals and your con- viction that the practice of the doctrine of justice and respect, of good will and co-operation between the nations of this hemisphere will prove of valuable and lasting benefit to the welfare of the world will strike a responsive chord in the hearts and opinions of the Ameri- can people.” ‘This recognition of the principles ad- vocated by Senor Leozano gives a fur- ther impression of the conciliatory and understanding spirit which has been lately characterizing the Latin-Ameri- can policy of the Hoover administra- (Copyright, 1931.) German Officials Expected to Sound Out MacDonald and Henderson, Despite Lack of Set Plan. BY FREDERICK OECHSNER. ERLIN.—Official intimations here are that next week's visit of Chancellor Bruening and For- eign Minister Curtius with Ram- say MacDonald and Arthur Henderson at che:suen in England will be purely informal—merely to have a pleasant cup of tea. One can imagine no possible momentous topic of discus- sion between the four ministers when’| they meet at Chequers, Mr. MacDon- ;‘lld'a estate, according to these official nts. ‘This correspondent was assured a responsible spokesman that neither Bruening nor Curtius had any prepared plan, any proposal, any bargain to set forth. At the same time, nothing is more obvious than the fact that neither of the Germans is making the trip for the sea voyage. After all, international affairs may be discussed pointedly over the tea table as at a formal con- ference. If Bruening and Curtius are going to England to see what a pretty place the prime minister has, they're going to mix their compliments to his gardens with a few illuminating re- marks about reparations. No two Ger- mans can sit down together nowadays ;’X:;l:;)ub talking about international lebts, It is not Bruening’s style to hammer his desk and make blatant demands. But even over the rim of a tea cup, or between bites of pastry, Bruening might announce that Germany had neared the end of her rope and needed relief from the Young plan. And his remarks would carry the weight of an impas- sioned polemic by any orator. Be- cause Bruening is &he type of man he is, it is clearly to the advantage of both England and Prance to deal with | him, rather than with some more vio- lent successor. Expected to Sound Opinion. ‘The German cabinet ministers, de- spite the Berlin representations cover- ing their real intention, are expected to get their bearings on English opin- ion relative to modification of the Young p'an payments in advance and the advisability of making an official appeal for revision. The recent Wash: ington meeting of the International Chamber of Commerce revealed a dis- tinct lack of sympathy in America for any project for revising war debts, but, regardless of this attitude on the part of Germany'’s creditors, Bruening seems forced by necessity to take a chance. Emerg>ncy gecrees combating ad- verse conditions in Germany (another of which dcerees is expected during or shortly after the Chequers meeting) may be effective temporary remedies, but they are purely palliatives, in the face of prevailing conditions. It is ques- tionable whether Germany can stand many more such adjustments without grave consequences. What Germany appears to want now is & suspension of payments under the by | Prench government is aware of | inet, ure, for & period of two or preferably. three years. The condition of the Ger-". man budget, despite drastic cuts in ap- P iations in the various departments and raising tax levels, is such as to" make it dubijous whether or not Ger- many can continue the payments at the present annual reparations beyond this year. abroad, such as has recently, or other proposals to late German trade and industry are not regarded here az a solution of the problem. It may safely be presumed mnotgs many’s needs and plans in this mat. ter, and that it has its own plans wherewith to meet Bruening. Any in- clination on the part of France to listen to the German proposals will be of great importance. With Germany disposed to make concessions in order to gain a point, all that will be needed will be a friendly mediator submitting Germany’s cause to France. It has been hoped that England would be this mediator, and so far as the present discusston is concerned, England means MacDonald and Henderson. French Want Arms Concession. One thing which Bruening and Cur- tius may be logically considered as will- ing to concede to France is the re- nunciation of the Austro-German cus- toms agreement. Such a concession would not be so great a sacrifice as it might seem, for the customs union with Austria found comparatively few sup- porters in Germany. Clinging to the plan becomes today as much & ques- tion of expediency and prestige as any- thing else. Prance, however, as it is known here, would not be satisfied with Germany simply giving the customs union a decent burial. France makes the point that Germany submit to French inter- pretation of disarmament and that it renounce all claims to armaments on an equal footing. On this issue Eng- land is presumed to take the same stand as France, and here arises an almost insurmountable difficulty for Bruening. Yielding on disarmament may mean for Bruening the overthrow of his cab- especially since he has little prospect of driving a profitable bargain at Chequers on the reparations issue. Even in Berlin political circles there is held out small hope for obtaining from the British government an agreement for suspension of Young plan payments, but that Bruening probably will have a determined try at this cannot be doubt- ed. The financial and economic straits of the Reich leave him little choice. So far, he has succeeded as much as any man could in tiding Germany over the problems of unemployment, busi- ness depression and reparations. The final solution will not come automatic- ally. It must be the result of definite negotiations with other powers, and in these negotiations Chequers looms prom- inently, whatever may be said to deny it. Young plan, in whole or in large meas- (Copyright. 1931.) Norwegians Know H Plenty of Fresh BY JUNIUS B. WOOD. OSLO.—Our ecar swung around an- other curve on the hill and stopped in |a bay of the road. where Hans H. Krag—TI never met the gentleman, but that is the name on his pedestal—over- looks the landscape. Hans stands with his legs crossed, his stout figure braced against a cane, hat on the back of his head and apparently quite comfortable and natural. As a status, Mr. Krag is a welcome relief from the conven- tional styles—men in uniform, men on skittish horses. men in scholarly gowns and in other dour-faced stage positions. He is just as a man would stand, whether for 5 minutes or 500 yeers, if he were going to enjoy the view of the city below, boats on the bay and rays of the setting sun gilding the fortress- crowned bor, wooded hills and silvery lakes. “Norway knows how to enjoy its leis- ure better than any other country,” said my American companion, inspired by Mr. Krag's deliberated pose. This was that gentleman’s favorite stopping place when he tramped the hills, and many thousands since have agreed with his choice. The Norwegian does love to hike. He hospitably invites you to Sunday dinner and adds: “Come about 11 o'clock end we'll take little walk for our eppetites.” So at 11 the “littie” walk after plodding over the hills you back at house for ¢inner at 3 with the appetite. On Suncay tae hills a2 alive from dewn until dark. In the Winter the young people are in their shirt sleeves, bright scarfs contrasting with the snow, and most ¢f them on skis. It makes a healthy people, and the diet suits them—meat and fish, car- rots and potatoes, with the white bread and sugar. If other countries would learn how to enjoy leisure, overproduction and unem- ployment might be reduced. Enjoying | life is more important than work. No- body expects to find the head of an office before 10 o'clock in the morning or after 3. He may be playing golf— Oslo has the farthest north golf course —or just rambling around, but, acyway, his day's worries are fAnished. Then there is a vacation in the Summer, away in the cool pine-covered hills, two weeks in early September hunting grouse, two weeks around Christmas to start the new year right and two weeks at Easter time for skiing. Leisure by those who can afford it has brought social legislation for the larger number who must work, a gov- ernment grain subsidy for the peasant, health and old-age insurance and gov- ernment loans and rent control for workers' homes. Stabilizaticn of the kroner hit the rural districts and un- employment affected the cities. Farms which had been in families for centuries were lost, and & novel law allows each heir in order of succession three years years to buy back a farm or forest Which has been in the family for 20 years. Appraisers fix the value, and it usually equals the mortgage. Norwegians are probabiy the most voractous readers in Europe. Educa- tion is compulsory, and the country has 20,000 technical school graduates. They are more then it can absorb, bringing both the complaint that the young man cennot find a place for his talents at home and that the country is giving an edx‘i‘c&"ghn wweflu other countries 'y g0 al lish is ldptagb of thel:‘l'lblle .school sys- tem, an ere are the American cannot be understood. Norway is akin to the United States, while Swm:x{h;flmm the dignity deportment of 4 Guide books tell all Mn“ s To Build Hospital |sces n SHANGHAI—A campaign for & Sun Yat-sen memorial hospital for Chinese, situated outside the foreign-controlled area of Shanghai, has been inaugurated. Ministers, vice ministers, bank direc- tors, all Chinese, are assisting in_the drive for funds, rolnunz out that hos- pital facilities of Shanghal, consisting of only 2,000 beds, are inadequate to care for the more than 3,000,000 resi- dents of this area. Special facilities of exhlblu:umlturtefl statuary and even the ha'l. A few blocks farther for research medical work are to be af- forded for foreign and Chinese doctors, canism, a future of uninterrupted peace and progress is ahead of us. “If we fail to do 50 and inter-Ameri- if the plans materialize. The cost of the projecéhas not definitely been an- ‘loved, is in a seperate building. The Sandvig collection—work of one nd, though smaller, ly more %flh} ‘complete the state ow to Enjoy Leisure; Air Brings Health exhibit—1is at Lillehamer. an easy four and one-half hours’ train ride from " | Oslo. Lillehamer, clean little town on the side of a pine-covered mountain, | snow-capped peaks above and a broad | lake below, is an ideal spot to loaf, | swim and tramp, eat and drink, even without sightseeing in archeology. Not far away is the home of Sigrid Undset, best known of modern Scandinavian writers. The Sandvig collection is in a big park, a girl in costume at each group of houses and each one furnished in the style of its time. The tour through tte ages starts with two “koikoiene,” sod huts with a crude fireplace of stones, a trench in the center and the higher sides covered with pine and moss for sitting or sleeping. The type of 300 AD, is tent shaped and the other square, an advance in architecture. . | After that comes a real house of jointed beams, preserved from the thirteenth century. its only furniture a cloven tree trunk for a bench. From it the groups develop to pretentious estates with barns, store houses, churches and guest hotels. (Copyright, 1931) it | Englis; Teachers ‘Hit U. S. Films in Turkey ISTANBUL, Turkey.—The English teachers in Turkey have a grugge against the American talkies. Teaching | #nglish has become a terribly difficult “m ever since the silent screen went out of style. One of the teachers ex- claimed: 2 “There is war on, a mighty war. We, the English teachers of the world, and &: ll'lallywood stars are fighting a grim tle.” The students of English run to the talkies to improve their vocabulary. They listen to American slang and twang and soon they begin to talk like any Yankee or a New Yorker. It is impossible to break them of the habit and the task of teaching them “pure” English has been made more difficult. This is an age of struggling and fight- ing in Turkey. The handworker can- not abide machinery; the is the bitter enemy of the chauffeur; but no one had ever thought that one day it would be the turn of the English teachers to combat the American movie stars. Five-Bob Shares Place As Jinx With $2 Bill LONDON.—Superstition may have given the $2 bill a bad name in the United States, but it has also got the “five-bob” piece in bad in England Only a limited number of these silver “cartwheels,” somewhat larger than a silver dollar, are now minted. They have become numismatic curiosities. There are a few hardy souls, individuals who are not afraid of walking under & ladder, or using one match to light three c‘urellw:. w‘-ho carry them about as good-luck pieces. ‘The English barmiaid is, however, the most timorous person about receiving one of them, for it has come to be as- . soclated with the imminent loss of & job. The keeper of a small shop if prof- fered a ‘“cartwheel” will look over it carefully and chuckle & bit incredulously. Ultra Modern Ideas Mark New School In Germany room, while every desk in the physics room has its own gas, water and elec- trical connections. The geography room has a projection apparatus with which the movements of the celestial bodies can be shown on the ceiling. There 2'so a greenhouse, in which the pupils 1 can raise plants throughout the-year.