Evening Star Newspaper, April 19, 1931, Page 29

QUAKE GAVE U. S. CHANCE]| TO WIN LATIN GOOD WILL Timely Relief in Managua by Marines, Army, Navy and Red Cross May Offset Presence of Troops. BY GASTON NERVAL. N “act of God” has given Uncle Sam an opportunity to earn the good will of the Latin Ameri- cans far greater than that Ng;ly m‘.{“ |‘1’p r:hmfigh mug gears o1 diplomatic effort and repea %o{ friendship. the / United States Marines have just done in Nicaragua, in a heroic task of rescue and succor after the Managua earthquake, and what the United States Government and pri- vate individuals in this country have done and are still doing to relieve the desperate situation of the quake’s vic- times will in a great measure help to remove suspicions and resentment pro- voked by the presence of U. S. blue- Jackets in a Latin American republic during the last few years. For disaster so sudden and over- whelming, as a New York magazine points out, never before was effcient aid so providentially close at hand. American = Marines, stationed in Managua for & number of months for the protection of internal order, and American Army engineers surveying the projected canal route through Nicaraguan soil joined hands, imme- diately after the disaster, to take con- trol, avert panic, limit the damage, re- lieve suffering and prevent starvation and pestilence. In the meantime President Hoover, within a half hour after the first news of the quake reached Washington, or- dered the Navy and War. Departments and the Cross, official relief agency of the Nation, into action. In a few hours the swiftest of airplanes and cruisers were speeding to stricken Managua with help and supplies, the Uni States Navy, the United States Army, the American d and vate relief agencies organized in country, all working together. ‘The task of directing the feeding and rehabilitation of Managua's 40,000 resi- dents made homeless by the earthquake ‘was taken over soon afterward by of- ficials of the American Red Cross, and money and food donations from public and private sources have not yet uring in from the United Btates. i A Helping Hand. Of course, it was only natural that the most effective help should come from the United States, the strongest and the wealthiest Nation in the conti- nent. She has always rushed to the | aid of other stricken countries in the | ‘Western Hemisphere, as at the time of the earthquake in Guatemala or the hurricanes in Porto Rico and the Do- minican Republic. In this case of the N disaster, however, the | ‘whole task of salvage and help has been | almost entirely in the hands of Uncle According to press correspondents it seems impossible to overestimate what the presence and co-operation of the Marines and engineers and sur- {'um- meant. A dispatch in the New ork Sun thus described the services of the brave bluejackets: “Men were ed to rescue persons from the , 1o clear the streets for the passage of ambulances, to fight the fire and to take their posts against the looters. Had it not been for the Ma- rines the loss of life must have been | much greater and inevitably there | ‘would have been appalling confusion.” | ‘This noble, unselfish action cannot | fail to gain ‘acknowlegdment for the | h humanitarian ideals of this coun- try. To it we must add the sympa- thetic attitude of the American press, private itions and the people of the Unif States in general toward unfortunate Nicaragua. Never before a sentiment of sorrow been so in- tensely felt in the great masses which make up the population of this country. Probably the presence of several thou- rand American citizens in the zone of the disaster influenced this sentiment. ‘To complete this scries of good deeds, America’s self-appointed ambassador at large, Will Rogers, flew last week down to Managua to convey to the homeless, stricken N & message of good will from the “gringos” of the Northern lands. Listening to the popular humor- ist's wise cracks, a cable dispatch re- ports grieved, sad President Moncada of Nicaragua smiled for the first time since the quaking earth crumbled Nica- ragua’s capital in a few seconds. Advising the Neighbors. On Tuesday next Prof. Edwin Kem- 1erer of Princeton University will leave ima. homeward bound, after a three nths' stay in the Peruvian capital, uring which he studied Peruvian finances and economic problems at the request of that country’s government. Soon after the success of the military uprising which brought to an end the 1l-year rule of President Leguia in Peru,” Prof. Kemmerer, internationally known suthority on financial matters and a close observer of Latin American conditions, was asked to assist in the economic rehabilitation of that country. At that time he was studying the Co- Jombian finances and advising the gov- ernment of Bogota, under a contract made with President Olaya of Colombia during his pre-inaugural visit to the after the completion of his work in Co- lombia the cable announced that the distinguished American economist was heading for the historic “City of the Viceroys,” where his advice and knowl- edge were demanded. For three months Prof. Kemmerer and his w-sistants have been studying the economic problems of Peru. Yester- day they delivered to the Peruvian au- thorities a serles of reports and recom- mendations in which the fruits of their studies are embodied. These are in reference to a new income tax system, the reorganization of the national treas- ury on a more stable and modern basis, new banking legislation, establishment of the central reserve bank, tariff laws and a number of reports on the status of the Peruvian cregit, foreign and in- ternal debts, Peruvian international exchange. etc. Following these recommendations the Peruvian authorities expect to end a long period of financial difficulties and business depression in the country. ‘They rely on the experiences of Chile, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia and other countries where Prof. Kemmerer was before in the same capacity, and where his counsels have proved successful. Almost at the same time that Prof. Kemmerer is closing one more chapter of his long record of engagements with Latin American governments a dispatch from Tegucigalpa, capital of Honduras, announces that the minister of finances of that Central American republic has asked authorization of Congress to con- tract the services of William Walter Renwick, another prominent American economist, to help the government in the financial development of the country. |, It 15" encouraging to see the Latin | Americans seeking the advice of experi- | enced financial authorities of this coun- try, in spite of ill-intentioned propa- ganda and suspicions of “Yankee impe- | rialism,” dollar diplomacy and United States economic domination, which are constantly being repeated among them. In doing so they give assurance of their confidence in "American honesty and methods. And confidence is the basi of international good will. That Perfect Peace. In a sunny April morning, under the shining colors of the 21 republics of the Western Hemisphere, the diplomatic representatives of the Latin American countries in Washington and Govern- ment officials of the United States gathered last Tuesday in the palatial building of the Pan-American Union to observe, for the first time in history, ihe celebration of “Pan-American day.” President Hoover himself was there; Secretary Stimson, too; Dr. Leo Rowe, director general of the Union; the Ambassadors and Ministers of the Latin republics; and, then, Government authorities, representatives of colleges and universities, distinguished guests, and, last but not least, the gentlemen of the press. President Hoover spoke solemnly on the significance of the day and his words were enthusiastically applauded as expressing the good will of the great Nation of the North toward her Latin sisters. Secretary Stimson spoke on behalf of the Governing Board of the Pan-American Union; Ambassador Tel- lez of Mexico spoke on behalf of the Latin American missions; Ambassador Ferrara of Cuba addressed the students and they all described with unusual eloquence the development of inter- American relations. All was quiet on the Pan-American front until the Latin American student selected to answer Ambassador Fer- rara’s speech stood up and began: “Un- precedented in the history of civiliza- tion is the example of the 21 republics comprising the states of the New World, which since their inception more than a century ago have lived the most perfect tranquillity and harmony known to Here the Latin American diplomats opened their eyes wider and glanced in astonishment at eagh other. They had been taught for years that half a dozen international wars—the war of the Pa- cific, the war of the triple alliance, the Mexican-American war, the war against the Peruvian-Bolivian confed- eracy, the war for the independence of Panama, as well as a number of other minor armed conflicts had taken place in the last 100 years among the countries of this continent. Not to mention the internal disorders and continuous domestic restlessness which have made “perfect tranquillity” an al- most utopian phrase on this side of the Atlantic. Several of the Latin diplomats whose countries are still suffering the conse- quences of some of those wars could not conceal a benevolent smile when the Southern student repeated, at the end of his speech: “For over a century our countries have lived in the most perfect. state of peace and co-operation that history can record and, God will- ing, we, the future citizens of Pan America, will strive our utmost to in- sure its preservation.” ‘To which it ‘would only be fair to add, with all due respect to our forefathers, that G have mercy on us if we, the future citi- zens of Pan America, can do no better | United States. This prevented Prof. Kemmerer from accepting the Peruvian | invitation at once, but immediately | in this century than did they in the last 100 years. (Copyright, 1931) Gradual Withdrawal From India to Be LONDON.—The Experts’ Committee, eonsisting of well informed Indians, which will soon meet in Simla to carry out the Indianization proposals passed | by the Round Table Conference, will | have before it & new scheme sponsored | by Sir Philip Chetwode, commander in chief of the Indian army. In well infcrmed Indian circles it is stated that Indianization could be achieved within 20 years. The Indian ndhurst would be started in 1932, and the end of 1952 the Indian Military College would be able to supply all the | needs of ghe Indian soldier; would also be stes improved in order to bring the Indian troops to the standard at- tained in Europe and elsewhere. ‘This scheme for Indianization in- cludes also the withdrawal of British troops and the replacing of them by new Indian regiments. There are 50,000 British troops in India at the present time. The scheme as proposed would begin with the withdrawal within five years, the time nccessary to raise a sim- iiar body of Indian troops to replace them. The withdrawal should begin, accordingly, in 1937. ‘The present proposals are an expan- sion of the scheme proposed by Lord Rawlinson in 1922. That scheme was pi led in the war office in London mainly because its acceptance would nave meant the upsetting of the whole ition of the British army. Tn- der what is known as the Caldwell sys- tem the British army was composed of urms in duplicate, by which means it ‘was possible to keep one part of the unit in Britain while another was serving overseas, either in India or elsewhere. ‘The section of the unit remaining in Britain continued recruiting for the regiment, and could send out drafts to make up for any deficiencies in the other section of the same unit serving abroad caused by retirement, death or other factors. If the Rawlinson scheme had been adopted, it would have meant & serious dislocation of this system. The war office promptly decided to pigeon- hole the whole scheme, and nothing was heard of it for many vears. The Simon commission’s report does not L en admit the possibility of e - f | 1 ecting | mosguite of British Army Planned by Experts {Ll:lanlmtlon within any reasonable . During the discussions of the Defense Committee, presided over by J. Thomas, when the official spokesman had raised the usual difficulty of ef- clency and the delay caused by want of suitable training and material, Sir Mahomed Shafi threw a bombshell into the meeting by referring to the Rawlin- son scheme. Sir Mohamed was a mem- ber of the Viceroy's Executive Council when the Rawlinson scheme was adopted by the government of India and submitted to the War Office for sanction. It was then left to the sec- retary of state for India to rescue the document from the War Office pigeon- | hole and circulate its contents to the members of the Defense Committee. | It was then discovered that Lord | Rawlinson had not contemplated any serious Indianiation during the first 10 | years, but a rapid one later on during |the next 20 years. ‘The progress in Indianization during the last eight or nine years has not been as rapid as Lord Rawlinson contemplated, but the ground has been surveyed, the possi- | bilities of an Indian Sandhurst have | been investigated and the scheme can | 8. | twenty-five years of H. | particij | now be placed on a surer and sounder | footing than was possible in 1922, Even accepting the geomlblllty of Lord Rawlinscr.’s scheme being adopted that year, the Indianization would have been completed in 1952. Sir Philip Chetwode’s scheme proposes to make future progress and bring it to complete fruition in 1952. Celestial Stamp Collectors. | Prom the Columbus Ohio State Journal. | Mrs. Conan Doyle, having received a letter from the dead Sir Arthur, no doubt there will be some spirited bid- ding among collectors for the stamp. —_———— Military Fly-Swatting. Prom the Bouth Bend Tribune. | A new military airplane can fire 3,000 | shots a minute. It will be swell for “| there were poignant, heart-rending pas- Y HE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C, APRIL ‘19, 1931—PART TWO. [ROME HOUSING PROGRAM TO CARE FOR 2 MILLION How Fast Can We Fly? . Our Future Airplane Speeds Will Be Almost Unlimited—but Man Must Train His Body and His Senses to Withstand the Strain They Will Entail, Says Noted Army Aviator. BY. LIEUT. LESTER J. MAITLAND, AN will be able to fly great dis- tances, at tremendous altitudes and with unheard-of speed, as soon as he can train his body, hhfn;rves lnhflmhl-l eyes to take advantage of the machinery engineering genius will put at his disposal. “This i5 my answer to the three ques- tions of how fast?>—how high?—how soon?—that are continually being asked by every person remotely interested in aviation. How soon the human machine can be trained along these lines still re- mains to be seen. In the light of the achievements of our present-day flyers, I would say that the day is not far off. Many records have been broken in recent years. Planes have climbed dis- tances into the skies hitherto believed impossible. Over 40,000 feet above the earth, man-made machines piloted by human eagles have soared and come down_safely. A plane piloted by Squadron Leader Orlebar of the Royal Air Force has rushed through the air at a speed of more than 350 miles an hour. And the feat of remaining in the air for weeks at a time has passed into the| realm of the usual. | Future In Experiments | And to the public asking just how | such records affect commercial avia-| tion. my answer is: The whole future | of commercial flying is bound up in| these experiments. | The machinery that has so lightened | the work of the farmer was achieved through experimentation. The automo- biles that now travel at so swift a pace over our roads came from the first un- | certain “gasoline buggy” after years of | hard, grueling tests. Just so the airplane of the future will emerge from its present adolescent stage into a thing of now undreamed | perfection. | Nothing is impossible in connection | with airplanes. Twenty-five years ago | the thought of man flying in heavier- | than-air craft was regarded as ridicu lous. And yet, look what man has ac- complished. | He has not only learned to keep him- | self aloft, but has been able to fly oceans, conquer all sorts of hazards and even carry on successful warfare from the clouds. ‘What, then, can we not accomplish in the same amount of future? Progress Unlimited. We can only judge the possibility of | future accomplishments in the light of past ones, and, taking the last {)ronw as a stand- ard, the vista that opens out before students of aviation is practically un-| limited in its scope of possibilities and probabilities. Think | of arising at a fairly early! IN THE CLOUDS ABOVE HELL GATE BRIDGE hour in New York, having breakfast| carry on a day's work! This s not idle dreaming. It is pos- sible. made in the last few years bring near- | able to bend time and space to being his will. ‘This fast time, according to scientists, I upper regions there are winds that blow | will be made in the upper regions of the | air, ‘The efforts made by flyers today to t time in the | ang due to the difference in time, ar- |reach the ultimate ceiling are far more | | riving on the West Coast in time to|important than a mere desire to shatter a record. 1t is up there, at a helght incompre- The great strides aviation has| hensible to the ordinary person, that| alr lanes may be found over which the | er and nearer the possibility of man's | planes of the future will fly at light- ning speed. It is already known that in these et _hundreds of miles an hour. It re- quires no great stretch of the imagina- tion to realize the desirability of s fast plane's taking advantage of a wind blowing 300 miles an hour. We know from Lieut. Orlebar's | record that planes can be flown at more than 300 miles an hour. We also know that there are swift trade winds in the upper regions, Knowing these two things, the next stop is to combine the two and thus increase. the speed of our flying. These upger regions lure every flyer on. They hold mysteries, and at the same time they hold the greatest pos- sibilities. Here again the flyer's physical ability is taxed to the utmost. Thin air, lack of oxygen and subzero weather are the great foes of flyers at the maxi- mum “ceiling.” There are many menaces in altitude flying. But just now I want to say more about another part of flying that exacts its physical toll from the avia- tor—speed flying. In the Pulitzer race in 1922, when I raced with Lieut. Maughan, his | plane reached a speed of more than 1200 miles an hour. Completely Exhausted. He came down from the gruelling test completely exhausted, and said that at times when the plane was traveling at this then unprecedented speed he was absolutely lost in a haze. On every turn he said he was stunned almost into unconsciousness, and at one time he was completely “out.” Were it not for the fact that he re- covered almost instantly that race would have ended in tragedy. I myself was thoroughly fagged out, and so I could understand his state of complete enervation. After making sharp turns flying at fast speeds I have gone “blind.” This condition is caused by the blood being drawn from the brain by the sudden turn in direction. While uncomfort- able, it is only a temporary condition, for when the ship gets back or an even keel the head clears instantly. The ‘sensnficn is somewhat like having a bright sun suddenly dispel a dark cloud. At the present time the strain of fast flying is terrific. It is not only a physi- cal strain but a nervous strain as well. ‘When the upper air lanes are fathomed, however, there will be a great change in the status of flying. Earth-Bound Vehicles Restricted. Earth-Bound vehieles are restricted in their possibilities for speed. They travel now as fast as they can within the limits of safety. It is not because they are unable to go faster, but be- cause it is not safe to do so. ‘The ground is covered with living things constantly crossing and recross- ing each other's paths. Too great speed endangers not only the life of the speeder, but the rest of the world as_well. No such condition exists in the air. (Continued on Fourth Page.) The Story the Week Has Told ceto Alcala Zamora, chief of the Re-|ment. Note the history of Spain in the |carious health (involving, indeed, two publican party—the same who was in | 100 years preceding the arrival of the‘mnjcr operations) since the attempt on BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is a brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended April 18, 1931: BRITISH COMMONWEALTH OF NATIONS—On April 16, immediate- ly upon the reopening of Parliament after the Easter recess, the Conserva- tives offered a motion of censure in the Commons against the government for its failure to deal effectively with | unemployment. The motion was de- | feated, 305 to 251; a rather larger | margin than was expected. The dis- sident Liberal group cannot decide to | throw out Mr. MacDonald. They don't | like the Labor government but are not | at all sure that they'd like a Con-| servative one better, Its the old en- tomological problem. As between the louse and the flea, there's little to choose. Why change? The government will now with the budget, which will be presented on April 27, and presumably the presentation of the report of the Commission on Unem- loyment Insurance will be the next| h point. Charles W. A. Scott landed at Port Darwin, Australia, on August 10, having flown from Lympne Air Field, England, in nine days, four hours and eleven minutes; a new record, better by some 19 hours than the old one established | by Wing Comdr. Kingsford-Smith. Machine, a Gypsy Moth; distance, about 12,000 miles. Mr. Scott is one of Australia’s best known fiyers. He | 15 confident that a 12-day regular | service between England and Australia | is feasible and he has gone so far to| prove it. * % % SPAIN—The long-expected has oc- curred. On April 14 Spain became a republic. The municipal elections of the 12th resulted in smashing re- publican victories in almost all cities | and towns, including Valladolid, Se- | govia, Guadalajara, at the very heart, 50 'twas esteemed of monarchism, and | ‘Toledo, the very center of clericalism. Information of the rural areas is vague and untrustworthy, but apparently the total popular vote was overwhelming- ly lican. In Seville every re- publican candidate was elected. In Ma- drid some 93,000 republican votes were cast as against about 33,000 monarch- ist. Zamora and the other republican chiefs who were imprisoned for their tion in the proceedings of last December, all won hands down. ‘The situation on Monday the 13th was fantastic enough even for Spain. Lady Rumor was having her grandest day of years., Now one heard that Senor Alba would be invited to form a government—then that it would be Senor Alvarez, head of the Constitu- tionalist party (the which party had been advocating suspension of the King’s functions while a Constituent Assembly should decide as to the fu- ture form of government). Ah, what is this report? A true one, apparently, namely, that the Aznar government will resign, to be succeeded by a govern- ment headed by Juan De La Clerva, now minister of public works, a dyed- in-the-wool, never-say-die conservative monarchist, all his associates to be of the same kidney, none of your wishy- washy, funambulatory, trimming gentry; your liberal monarchists, a Romanones t;;fl an Alhucemas—in fact, a dictator- p. ‘The first reverberations of this report were scarcely audible when ultimatums flew from the republican and soclalist headquarters, importing that the vox populi had created the republic, that the King and his partisans had best acquiesce quietly, else they’d know com- pulsions pronto; that, should a Cierva government be installed, a general strike would take effect at once, all being pre- pared. No doubt, as per report, the paladins got together and debated dic- tatorship and bloody conclusions. 'Tis said the King proposed to abdicate in favor of one of his sons, but that Zamora would not hear to it. No doubt sages in the palace and the government offices, whereof the memoirs will inform us in due time. Whatever happened, the King at last wisely decided to give up. The Spanish house of Bourbon on the throne, with some brief intervals or interludes, since 1700 into the limbus regum—I will not say faturoum, {lfl; one of the house, m.mellz,ms'hnlu , was a very good King as 80, ‘The King turned over to a “provisional |far less trouble than was to be appre- prison only the other day, the same | who in the good old time prior to 1923 was thrice one of the King's ministers, golden-mouthed, 65. His republicanism is said to have been kindled by con- temptuous treatment at the hands of Primo de Rivera. ‘The new government has begun to decree as though to the manner born. | It promises revision of the landholding | system; important. Presumably there's | to be no further debate on the rival | merits of republic and monarchy | (though possibly there will be a formal ! reference of the question to the people); | presumably the constitution of 1876 goes | into the discard, and a Constituent Assembly will right soon proceed to | draft a republican constitution. It is put about that the Constitutionalist | party will probably disband and merge | with the Republican party. On the night of the 14th the King speeded by automobile to Cartagena, whence a cruiser conveyed him to Mar- seille. It was thought not quite safe| for him to travel through Spain by day. The Queen and others took train | for France. One learns with relief that | his majesty made ample financial trans- fers in advance. His “private” fortune | 1s huge. | ‘There were some clashes between the civil guards and police on the one side | and the populace on the other on the| 13th, the day of suspense, involving a& death or two and some wounded; but hended, perhaps because, as some say, the guards and police were not sympa- thetic to the crown. There was some extravagant jubllation, but not much violance, after the abdication. It remains to see how far the po- litical education of the Spanish people has progressed since the gro publican fiasco of 1873-4. hoped that certain fables will not be found now, as then, applicable as to the capacity of the Spanish for self-govern- first Charles from Flanders. ‘The flag of the new republic is red. purple and yellow—same as that of the 1873 republic. A Catalan republic was proclaimed on the 14th, but fhe fear of friction thus suggested has been at least iemporarily dissipated by a declaration by its pro- | visional President to the effect that he had “assumed office provisionally under Senor Zamora as head of the federated Spanish republic; that Catalonia would be a member of that federation.” Alfonso is 45 years old and reigned 29 years. So the King didn't really abdi- cate; not in set terms, not literally. In- stead of a formal instrument of abdica- tion, he issued & manifesto which con- tains the following interesting state- ments: “I do not renounce any of my rights, because they are more than mine—they are the accumulated store of history and I shall one day have to make a rigorous accounting of their conservation. I am waiting to learn the real expression of the collective opinion of my people and while I am waiting until the nation shall speak, I am de- | liberatedly suspending the exercise of the royal power and am leaving Spain.” Let us miss none of the “values” in this extraordinary episode. I note that a statement given out by Senor Zamora contains the following: “The republic will acknowledge the existence of syn- dical and corporate institutions which will form the basis of the new soclal order.” * K K * JAPAN.—On April 13 the Japanese cabinet, headed by Premier Hamaguchi, resigned. The Minseito pnng remains in power, Baron Wakatsuki heading a new cabinet, and most of the members of the late cabinet, including Baron Shidehara, resuming their old portfolios. Of course, old, old Prince Saonji, last surviving of the elder statesmen, gave his advice upon the occasion. Hama- guchi, “the Lion,” has been in very pre- Great Britain’s Telephone “Density” Is Placed Tenth on List of Nations LONDON.—In telephone “density” Great Britain stands today tenth among the nations, despite the fact that the British postmaster general, Maj. Atlee, has recently told the House of Commons that in 1930 the increase in telephone installations here was 10 times as rapid as that in the United States, where there are 109 telephones for every 100,- 000 of the population, as compared with only 42 in Great Britain. He was informed by some other mem- bers that it was intolerable that this country should be so far down in the list, and it was advised that the tele- phone service should be taken from the control of the post office and placed under the supervision of an expert commission. Among the countries be- sides the United States which leave Britain far behind are Canada, New Zealand, Switzerland and Germany. But it is doubtful whether in any of these countries more specific directions are given as to how to use the telephone. The person who fumes over wrong num- bers and the operator’s “Sorry you have been troubled” will find a mine of in- formation in the early pages of the telephone directory, with specific em- phasis laid on the necessity for speak- ing clearly and directly into the trans- mitter. There is, for instance, a warning that the “distinctive sounds of consonants become blurred in the transmission of speech by telephone, and words con- taining the same vowels are apt to sound: allke.” In telephoning figures it is advised that the figure “3” should be pro- nounced ' “thr-r-ree,” with rolling “r” and long “e.” Also that “4” should be pronounced “foer,” one syllable, with long “o.” While “5” should be “fife” and “7” “sev-en (two syllables). Also nnder. the heading of “Phonetic Similarity” instructions are given re- garding the correct way of telephoning names or words, or how letters or words can be verified by analogy. Thus “A” is for “Alfred,” King who burned the cakes; for “Benjamin” and “C” for “Charlie.” The rule makers did not have one Charlie Chaplin in mind at the time, but possi- bly they had been thinking of bonnie Pripge Chatlle. - It i5 also Juat mayhap the that “D” for “David” had relevance to the Prince of Wales, for he is known to his family and some of his cronies as David. When it came to finding an analogy for the letter “E,” what was more natural than to hit upon “Ed- ward”? For there have been numerous Edwards on the throne, including the prince’s grandfather, Edward VIL At one time “E” stood for “Easter.” 1f the telephone operator questions a word with a “G” at the beginning of it, the person using the phone should say “'G" for George,” a name which has a very pertinent royal association. “K,” of course, means “king” in the process of verification by analogy, but when “Q" is the letter in doubt the analogy prescribed by the telephone instructions is “Queenie,” not “Queen.” However, the letter “M” could well mean “Molly,” but the telephonist is expected to say “*M’ for ‘Mary’ ” and Mary is not only the name of the Queen but of her daughter, Princess Mary Viscountess Lascelles. Royalty Much in Mind. Without any stretch of the imagina- tion, the telephone subscriber of an in- quisitive turn of mind will conclude that royalty was much in mind when the rules for spelling by analogy were contrived by his majesty's post office. But in the words of T. J. O’Connor, M. P., “Our telephone service is the greatest irritant in life and is respon- sible for more of the nervous diseases which afflict humanity at the present time than anything else.” A Londoner who recently threw his telephone out of the window probably shared that view. (Copyright, 1931) Boon to the Baggage Man. From the Columbia Record. ‘What the railroads need is more trav- elers like Lady Mountbatten, who takes with her 56 trunks. - RIS Second-Hand Nation. From the Columbus Ohio Btate Journal ‘This is becom! a nation of second- hand cars, duumfmr blades and di- yorcees, . - his life last November, The controversy arising out of the London naval treaty has fairly done for him. Baron Wakat- suki was premier from June, 1926, to April, 1927, * K K X NICARAGUA—The situation develops rather unpleasantly in Nicaragua. Seiz- ing the opportunity presented by the great disaster, the bandits are showing increased activity. Apparently the Ma- rines and national guardsmen protect- ing the Ocotal, Jinotega and Matagalba coffee regions have their hands full, and those at Managua are fairly tired out; s0 the time was well chosen by the bandits for a descent on Puerto Cabezas on the east coast. Report of April 12 told of the surrounding by bandits of National Guard detachments in the vi- cinity of Puerto Cabezas and the kill- ing of the commander of one of them, Capt. Pefley of the Marine Corps. measures immediately taken against the emergency were the dispatching of Ma- rine planes with ammunition from Managua (the beleaguered detachments were reported shy of ammunition) and the dispatch of the cruiser Asheville from Cristobal for Puerto Cabezas with 75 Marines aboard. The Asheville ar- | rived on the 13th after a record run. Report of the 14th told of four Amer- ican dead and three missing (all, I think, civilians) in the course of the previous 24 hours, besides a number of other casualties to natives and foreign- ers. There are or were about 300 Ameri- can civilians in or near Puerto Cabezas, mostly employes of the Standard Fruit & Steamship Co., whieh owns the Brag- mans Bluff Lumber Cv., and their fam- ilies. Two ships of the company stood by ready to carry away those Who wished to go. ‘The latest reports indicate that the bandits have drawn off from Puerto Cabezas and transferred their pleasant activities elsewhere—to Rama, up coun- try from Bluefields, and Cape Gracias a Dios, at the very northeastern corner of Nicaragua, Apparently they captured and sacked the settlement at the latter point and withdrew. Reports of the 15th told of nine Americans killed to date. Probably the toll is no larger. The Marine planes seem to have done some effective bombing. ‘The cruiser Memphis from Guanta- namo and the gunboat Sacramento from Balboa have reached Eastern Nic- aragua ports, and the cruiser Rochester, flagship of the special service squad- ron, is making for Bluefields. Despite the special measures of our Government to meet the emergency, our lately promulgated policy as to withdrawal of Marines is unaltered. We expect to have only about 500 Marines left in Nicaragua by June next. Here is news indeed. Our Depart- ment of State has announced that “This Government cannot undertake general protection of Americans through- | out Nicaragua with American forces. ‘To do so would lead to difficulties and commitments which this Government dces not propose to undertake. There- fore, the department recommends to all Americans who do not feel secure under the protection afforded them by the Nicaraguan government through the Nicaraguan National Guard to with- draw from the country, or at least to the coast towns, where they can be protected or whence evacuated in case of necessity. Those who remain do <o at their own risk and must not expect American forces to be sent inland to tHeir aid. ‘This is most important, not least so in the implications as to non-Nica- raguan nationals besides Americans. The old name of Puerto Cabezas is Bragmans Bluff. It is near the north- east corner of Nicaragua. * ok ok ok NOTES.—Nicolas Titulescu failed in his attempt to form a Rumanian coalition or “concentration” govern- ment, owing to the uncomplaisant atti- tude of the representatives of some of the groups concerned, and so an- nounced to King Carol. The resulting situation is exceedingly obscure. The King seems to have directed Titulescu to form some kind of government, even though under the euphemism of a “government of personalities” it should be an approximation to a dictatorship. But the Spanish developments have in- duced a doubt as to the acceptability of a dictatorship with the lieges. General elections are to be held in the peax futuce. Transformed City to Rise Above Ancient Ruins in 15 Years, Il Duce and Ludovici Backing Construction. OME.—Paris was hardly more transformed during the Second Empire by Napoleon III and Haussmann than Rome will now be by Mussolini and Prince Bencompagni Ludovici, the present Governor of the Eternal City, if the fifteen-year urbanization plan, recently approved, is carried into effect in its principal details. The French Emperor and his Prefect of the Seine changed what had been for the most part of medieval town into & modern metropolis within a period of two decades. Like- wise, the Duce and the Govermor of Rome are now embarked on an ambi- tious urban revolution, designed to pre- pare the somewhat antiquated Italian capital for the 2,000,000 inhabitants— twice the present figure—and the 150,- 000 motor vehicles which, it is pre- dicted, will be within its extended limits by 1950. ‘The last five years have seen marked changes in the &hyxlcll characteristics of Rome, but hitherto the work of ren- ovation been undertaken more or less in piecemeal. Now there is a cor- related plan which provides for new avenues, subways, piazzas, parks, public buildings, railway stations, suburban sections and finally for continued exca- vations, for demolition of much archi- tectural rubbish and for the isolation of some ancient structures which have been half or wholly hidden by other buildings for centuries. ‘The builders of the new Rome give assurance that no one of the city’s an- clent, medieval or renaissance struc- tures which is really worthy of the name will be lost in the ffie. In fact, they point out that ce in well recognized principles of modern city planning are to be sacrificed to the desire of preserving the architectural vestiges of the Rome of other times. Supersedes Earlier Projects The city plan is in large part the work of Marcello Piacentini, a mem- ber of the Academy of Italy and an architect of some note. His work has been _closely supervised by Mussolini and Prince Boncompagni Ludovici, both of whom are taking an intense "per. sonal interest in the molding of the new metropolis. The present far- reaching project supersedes several earlier ones which were found unsatis- factory in certain of their principal features. Interest must always center in that fascinating area which extends out in a radius of several hundred yards from {the hill on which Rome had its birth, the Capitoline. In this restricted dis- trict much of importance has been ac- complished recently, and the newly changes on a grand scale. It is not always realized that the hundred years immediately preceding the World War saw a tremendous alteration in the between the Capitoline, the Palatine and Colosseum, and that only through intensive excavations during t period did the valley assume its present definitive appearance. ‘When, in October, 1764, Edward Gib- bon “sat musing midst the ruins of the capitol,” and lamenting the decline and fall of an empire, he looked out toward the Colosseum across an area from which capitals of temple colums emerg- ed and little more. The Roman Forum, long covered many feet deep with the debris of centuries, was then a fleld for the pasturage of cattle, which were watered at a fountain resting above what had been the Temple of Cas- tors. A wide road, lined with shade trees, traversed the little valley, p: above temples, fora and the stones the Via Sacra itself. Here the first archeological attacks were made, and by 1914 there was rela- tively little more to be done in this specific territory. But there was an abundance of work yet ahead elsewhere in the city, much of it within a stone’s throw of the forum valley. Tasks Near Completion. The Fascist government some time ago undertook the excavation of the imperial fora and the theater of Marcel- lus and the isolation of the Capitoline Hill, and the three projects are now nearing completion. The new urbaniza- tion plan incorporates three earlier un- other features of the far-reaching scheme. -Thus one of the spacious new ave- nues, which will probably bear the name of the Via del Fori, is to issue from the Piazza Venezia at the eastern side of the massive Victor Emmanuel Monu- ment and to pass near the newly exca- vated fora; those of Trajan, Augustus, Nerva and Vespasian, in order from north to south. This new thoroughfare will then continue past the ruins of the Basilica of Constantine and finally on to the piazza before the Church of-St. John Lateran. Many comparatively modern structures of little or no archi- tectural importance will be demol to open up the area between the Piazza Venezia and the Colosseum, and thus to provide ample space in that district for the broad avenue. ‘The substantial block of buildings which has been removed recently to lay bare the long-hidden Tarpeian rock on the northwest face of the Capitoline has left an area sufficiently broad for the construction of a second new avenue, which likewise is to issue from the Pi- azza Venezia and is to run into a new piazza before the Theater of Marcellus nearby. This avenue will continue past the Forum Boarium and on to the Porto San Paulo, which opens onto the road to Ostia and the sea. ‘The appearance of the Piazza Venezia itself will be appreciably modified by the construction of detached colonnades, one on either side of the Victor Em- manuel Monument. In some respects, though not in all, these colonnades will resemble those with which Bernini in- closed the Piazza of St. Peter’s. In part their purpose will be to provide some- thing of transition between the ancient ruins in the vicinity and the massive, modern_ white structure which is the Victor Emmanuel Monument. Shrine of Unknown Soldier. Many good Italian patriots wish that this monument of doubtful architec- tural merit, had never been erected, or, if it had to be erected, that it had not been crowded up against the saered Capitoline. But today it not only sym- bolizes the Risorgimnto, but as well holds the remains of Iialy's Soldler, so there is nothing to do but to make the best of it and that is what Piacentini has tried, with his projected colonnades, to do. Hardly less interesting will be the changes in the vicinity of what was once the Mausoleum of Augustus, now completely hidden from view by a mis- cellaneous clutter of comparatively modern structures. When the mauso- leum was erected, at the very begin- ning of the Christian era, the vk was meadow land, used by the Roman youth for their athletic exercises, but today the ruined masonry stands in the heart of a crowded section, just off the Corso Umberto I. After this sepul- cher, with the empire, had fallen into decay, it was emplk in turn as a fortress, an amphitheater and, in part, as a home for aged women. Today it is & concert hall and Arturo Toscanini phony entertained there on iwo consecutive nights last Spring. Recent excavations in the crypt have brought to light several burnal urns in marble which have a real importance. One of the urns bears the name of Octavia, sister of Augustus, and another that of her son Marcellus, whose praises were sung by Vergil in a passage of the “Aeneld” The crypt will be further excavated and restored. ‘The new city plan provides for the complete isolation of the great circular ruin and for the leveling off of the surrounding area into a spacious piazza, extending on the west to the banks of the Tiber. Perhaps by 1950 the mausoleum will have acquired some- thing of the interest for the tourist that the tomb of Hadrian, on the it in importance from throughout the medieval and renais- sance periods it played a conspicuous part in the history of the city as the Castle of San Angelo. Plan Parallel Thoroughfare. ‘The all too narrow Corso Umberto I, adopted plan provides for additional | allel aspect of the small valley which lies | Will feet to something ap- proaching the ancient level of the dis- trict, the Pantheon itself is to be re- stored as nearly as possible to its origi- PR e emarge mug mA third :vem‘l'el.“ mmmp-‘nlu fi{ e other two, begin tunnel through the medieval wall near northern | ! e Y [ ] L s 3 s ; | Eé i 2eEdisk: dertakings and correlates them with |del'Esedra Hulia. ‘The grea! much the same routes in are anc the Via Flaminia, which principal highway from cany for upward of 2,000 years, is to be completely transformed at its Roman Flaminio. The on the southern side of the via are to be demolished. In the center of this Flaminia_traverses the Ti monumental bridge will be under construction near the the river. This forum is to be an im- sports center, with two stadia, and an obelisk, dedicated to many other obelisks of Rome. ‘Two new suburban zones are vided for, one aristocratic and the popular. The aristocratic zone will ex- tend over the hills to the northwest and west, such as Monte Mario and the Parnesina. The popular zone will be developed to the south and southwest in the direction of Ostia. It is to decrease the population to acre of the crowded zones of the existing city and to entice the overflow into the new suburbs. The whole center of the city is %0 be honeycombed with modern sub- way lines. ROME.—Among the theories for im- proved production and diminution of costs entertained by Pascists was that of unification in industry, th:h they fondly hoped to see effected 'and added as one of the revolutionary conquests, industrialists throughout the country stubbornly opposed it. A meeting was called in Rome of the | 1, National Institute for Unification in In- dustry (which exists largely on pa- per, as it was a political conception) to discuss the plan. The secretary general of the Confedration of Industry, Oli- vetti, who is a very intelligent and patient organizer but no industrialist, explained that the purposes of unifica- tion were to economize time, cost, en- ergy and labor and to introduce Fascist discipline. The principle advocated was 'l;fihe lr;urchlngelbllltty of Plll':l!l.; i:hl";: e declar nt, espect Techanigal feld. X ‘The #*interchangeab of parts” might_Be well as a metaphy#igal or theo- retical conception, but it did ? appeal ige or Fascist Plan' for Industries’ Unification Fails When Italy’s Manufacturers Balk going to make cloth all of the same measure, thickness, color or but which has signally failed because [bons, lace and cally the various professional and vocational groups. But the the Italian hal to the industrialists, either ol o e