Evening Star Newspaper, September 7, 1930, Page 32

4 OLD-AGE-PENSION ' PLAN OF N. Y. NOW IN EFFECT Expected to Prove Boon to Elderly Folk Who Are in Need of Ass (Continued From First Page.) sloner Ertz, at the offices of the Depart- ment of Public Welfare, 50 Lafayette street. All the applications must be investi- ted thoroughly. The old folks will visited in their present surround- ings; their references will be looked up and all their history. It must be shown that they have little or no means of support and hone to whom they can appeal or who might be compelied to take care of them by reacon of rela- tionship. ‘There are 40 investors, of whom 35 are in the field, the others being sta- tioned at the branch offices of the de- partment in the various boroughs. The applications made out at the bureau of tga association, 22 East Seventeenth street, are forwarded to the Department ©of Public Welfare for investigation. All to Be Treated Courteously. Instructions were issued by Commis- sioner Taylor to both clerks and inves- tigators to treat all applicants with the utmost courtesy. Those who apply at the department are graciously received by one of the trained woman investiga- tors, who assigns them to the clerks, ‘who take down their statements and fill out the required blanks How much the applicants will re- ceive must be determined in the individ- Ual cases, after the investigations are complete, The law requires a report on every application within 30 days, but 1t is probable when the work is well un- der way that the average time for in- vestigation will be from a week to 10 days. Applicants who may be rejected or are dissatisfled with the allowances made them have the right of appeal to the State Department of Social Welfare. The amount assigned to applicants will depend largely on their present status and method of living. 1If, for in- stance, an aged man is found living on ‘Washington Heights, where with great difficulty he manages to pay from $3 to $4 weekly for his room, the authorities would make it possible for him to con- | tinue living there, if he prefers, and ar- range to give him something else for his State Allowances Vary. “How much?” is a question very to answer at this time. In some other States the maximum is $30 a month, or $1 a day; one State has $25 & month and Montana a maximum of $250 a year. The amount of allowance Wwill depend a good deal on the locality in which the applicant lives—whether it be in the city or in the rural dis- tricts, where the cost of living is sup- posed to be much less. If an applicant has a very small e, or he is able to get something, but not enough, to live on from his kinsfolk, because they can afford no| more, the department makes up the balance considered necessary for his support. If he has $3 to $4 a week from other sources, the investigator might recommend it be supplemented by as much more. One feature of the replies made is the moderate requests made by the aged. mention such sums as $20 to 830 month as being sufficient for their needs. Where the husband and wife are living together and are tryin, to keep their household intact an al- lowance of $25 to $30 a month aplece would be a godsend in most cases. State and City Share Cost. Amounts paid to the beneficiaries, as ‘well as expenses of administration, are shared equally between the State and the county or eity. The loca is reimbursed every six-: share which it has spent wl tha:h& the objecti e objections made to the law is that it puts too much responsi- w‘ local officers. This is a feature, however, which ap- in the aged poor security laws of most ‘of the States. It is, after all, g:fi & detall of bookkeeping, which id be modified from time to time. The statute is somewhat elastic and govldu for readjustments of the al- ;!lnw in lfndlvfid;mlr cases. ogress of relief for the aged—as distinguished from a {:mon system— has been backward in the United States. The first law passed was that of Mon- r for the on behalf of (Continued From First Page.) involve a series of amendments to the covenant which would forbid war in :‘ll eircumstances and strengthen Council’s intermediary of threatened or actual conflict. The status quo group favors these proposals, Some members of the other two groups are thought to make adoption contin- gent, again, on disarmament. Financial ald to states, victims of aggression—This proposal insures im- mediate credits from other League members, under appropriate guarantees, to a state victim of aggression duly designated by the Council. The status quo group favors this measure. The viewpoint of the neutral and revisionist 8roups is not clear. Insofar as it tends to make sanctions more definite, they seem to oppose it, but insofar as it :l.!:lllclam:‘he r\'nf;l'l;’rl and more general s of article 18, n‘&:‘“_ 6, they seem to us of minorities—The revisionist states want to strengthen the League's sction for the protection of national minorities, on which, in part, they base their revisionist claims. The status quo states, which are trying to absorb these minorities, resent the League's activi- ties in this respect. The neutral group occupies a mld'ld_l_e’!%round. amen e neutral and revisionist groups favor urgent steps the general limitation of arm- aments. The status quo group opposes powers in case | istance. tana, enacted in 1923. For at least 15 years, however, the friends of the cause have been laboring, in season and out. Pennsylvania has a law on this subject, which was passed after much research, | but it was adjudged unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. Arizona had a sim- ilar experience. Security Laws in 12 States. ‘The States which have old age se- |curity laws are Massachusetts, New | York, Maryland, Kentucky, Wisconsin, | Minnesota, Monta oming, Colo- | rado, Utah, Nevada and California. The Territory of Alaska also has an enact- | ment. | The States In which the law is really | in effect or partly so are Massachusetts, Maryland, New York, Wisconsin, Mon- |tana, Wyoming and California. Mon- |tana’ and Utah have 1,000 aged wards | each and California, which began pay- | ments on January 1, has about 32,000. Alaska is dispensing funds from the Territorial treasury. The other States | mentioned share expenses with the counties. There are localities in some States which allow pensions on their own ac- count. Altoona, Pa., for instance, de- !clares itself the first municipality in the country to give pensions to its aged poor, although the Keystone State law | was repealed. In Delaware Alfred I du | Pont put 1,100 old persons in the State on his own private pay roll. | with the exception of Quebec and Labrador, all the Canadian provinces have aged poor security legislation. Germany First to Give Aid. Germany, under a law passed at the | urging of Bismarck in 1889, was the first to give governmental aid to the aged. She provides for a compulsory | insurance to which the employe, the employer and the government contrib- | ute. The allowance becomes payable to the workers at the age of 67. Great Britain and France have practically the same compulsory arrangement. Forty-one nations in all have old age | provisions. Among the populous countries of the world, to quote from a bulletin of the association, ‘“only the United States, India and China remain today without c(]:wu'ucuvs national provision for their old.” Strong efforts have been made in Congress to advance the cause of old age allowances, as wellas the Legislatures of the various States. Practically every legislative body in the country has had it under consideration in some form— | although only one-sixth of the 48 | States have put a law on their books. Bishop McConnell Heads Association. Most, of the activity is headed by the American Association, which has in its | membership persons of many creeds and races. Its president, Bishop McCon- nell, represents a large Protestant ele- ment, both as a leading Methodist leader and on account of his connection with the Federated Council of Churches. Among the vice presidents are the Rev. John A. Ryan, a prominent-Roman Catholic of Washington; Rabbi Stephen 8. Wise of this city; Mrs. Jane Addams of Hull House, Chicago; Mrs. Mary K. Simkhovitch, C. C. Burlingham and Dr. Haven Emerson. ‘The advocates of the old age security allowances, to which they never refer as pensions, seek to provide for those who cannot be financed in their declining years by other means. Many railroads, for instance, pension old employes, but only after the expira- tion of a long term of continuous serv- ice, such as 20 or 30 years. Compara- tively few employes ‘continue in one place more than a decade. Policemen and firemen receive pensions to which they have contributed at the expiration of 20 g%lrs‘ service, ‘hers get pen- lons from funds of their own creation, T What Does Your Butcher Say? NE day last Winter I was riding with the genleman who runs a livery stable and provides food and lodging for my horse. It was some weeks after the stock market un- pleasantness. “How s business?” I asked him. He answered that he had nev- er known it to be worse. “Only a few of our horses are saddle horses,” he sald. “The others are owned by the butchers and bakers and candlestick makers who supply the fashionable people on Park and Fifth ave- nues. And do you know that those little merchants can't in 1828, of which, however, $89,000,000 was paid for ocean passages in Amer- {can ships. ‘Total outward payments by countries which normally send tourists abroad are given as $1,150,000,000. Statistics from Great Britain for some occult rea- son were not forthcoming. Had they been included the world invisible export figures would have been increased greatly. The figures given do not include pas- sage money paid by nationals of any country to overseas ships flying foreign flags. There seems no definite way of arriving at this, though in the case of France, Germany and Italy such are included in freight receipts from sums paid by foreign shippers to ocean trans- port lines flying their respective flags. totals in this case were, respec- tively. $133,000,000, $159,000,000 and $101,000,000. (Copyright. 1930.) PUBLIC LIBRARY Recent accessions to the Public Li- brary and lists of recommended reading will appear in this column every Sunday. Poetry. Buchanan, E. S, and Hiss, P. H, eds. Immortal Verse. YP-9B85i. Flanner, Hildegarde. Time's Profile. YP-F61t. i & : Foulke, W. D. Farth's Generations Pass. YP-F825e. although their organizat; e iy rgal fon leaves much Relief is provided also for superan- nuated clergymen by some dmom- tions. The aim of the old age secu: o sors is to gmvme mn'l'u !ordm:d and peaceful latter days for the veterans in the battle of life Who through cire cumstances are without sufficient means, and to do so without sending them to 1;-;:1:;::'1:;.:};13: ?l?eut:e all classes with~ ce or character. e ;,hts m‘:lm guaranties rst given. Practically th 1] France and Italy to llr'uc): :::l“" e:r- ment on navies at London bids fair to block temporarily any further action in this respect by the league. Problems Ahead of Union. Generally speaking, fore! Aristide Briand's aim at oe‘::vnm flx‘f'fie' to convince the revisionists that if a | European union is formed, the frontiers will lose their importance and hence Tevision will be unncessary. The revisionists will reply that they are ready to make the union frontiers are first revised, and since frontiers will then be less important, there is no reason why the Status quo group should refuse. Theoretically, if France, Germany and Italy could come to an agreement on a certain number of changes, a European union might yet be ible, The chances are, however, that the Geneva discussions will end as usual in a serles of minor compromises and postponements whose general direction, :::::thelul, will be in the sense of Judicial and political studies already made of the covenant lead to the belief on the part of not a few observers that the league's peace machinery is already ' much more effective than is generally | imagined and that it is probably actual- of security are (Copyright, 1930.) France Gets Bulk of Tourists’ Money, . League of Nations GENEVA.—The League of Nations 8 formidable document treating of the world's balances of payments has thought it worth while to compile a balance sheet of the world tourist ex- penditures. Catering for stranger tourists is a ess that pays well. All Europe knows it. Forelgn trade exchanges as based on the receipts from “le tourisme" are classed under the head of invisihle exports, much as are immigrant remit- tances to the old country and as are freights and fares peid to foreign l'tl-ll\lhdlrl by shippers and travelers, According to the League tables France, since the war, has reaped the greatest cash benefit from tourists’ expenditures, ‘The figures applying to Europe entire are eloquent as to their being an im- portant ceipts =" France's $293,000,000. Nine European countries have re- md thelr specific trade balances this source as being in their favor, with those of France far exceeding those of any other country at the equivalent of $203,000,000, virtually two and s half times that which Italy takes from the stranger within her gates. French tourists abroad s factor In local prosperity. Re- therefrom are entirely for home- products whether it be cheese, sausages, chambermaid or hall services, room rental or railway nt, how- aver, but $58,800,000, most of those Who Discloses in Report myxpgec it going to Italy and Switzerland. | Tme \y, curiously, shows a red ink entry on he ledger account since Ger- mans abioad spend 50 per cent more Eight European countries fn all show unfavorable balances. ‘The countries still increasing the volume of their rml&v;l from foreign tourists, in order of priority, are Prance, Italy, Austria, Germany, Czechoslovakia ly capable of preventing war even now. | | United States Naval War Coll than do strangers touring that country. ‘ Kr'ymbor‘. Alfred. Mushrooms. 1928. YP-K889m. Montgomery, Mrs. R. M. Many De. vices. YP-M766m. Morris, Jou:.h ‘I:nd Adlfl;l, ‘!'t“ Cl‘:il'r, comps. Facing Forward. . YP- s Nixon, Richard. Echoes. YP-N6j6e. thunhg‘g:.". J. B. The Becret Bird. Educational Psychology. Bode, B. H. Conflicting Psychologies of Learning. IKI.B6S. Fox, Charles. Educational Psychology. 1925. IKIF83. Garrison, 8. C. and K. O. The Psy- chology of Elementary School Sub- Jects. TKI.G197p. Gast, I. M, and Skinner, H. C. Funda- mentals of Educational Psychology. IK1.G21. Lindworsky, Johsnnes. The Training of the Will. IKLL64.E. Pintner, Rudolf. Educational Psychol- ogy. IKI.P65Se. Skinner, C. E. and others. Readings in !dl;:nfinn.l Psychology. 1926, <. Brief Introductory IKI.8k Ry chology for Teachers. 1922. I 8t86. Strong E. K Wilson, C. B. Outline for a Course in Introductaory Psychols and Child Study. 1928. IKLW6S0. Science. Dampier-Whetham, W. C. D. A His- tory of Science and Its Relations with :hlluwphy and Religion. LA- 4D18h. Hlldnn:. J. 8. The Sciences and Philosophy, B-H 125s. Slosson, E. E. Short Talks on Science. LA-8158sh. | Whitehead, A. N. Process and Reality. BGC-WS8) p. International Law. Gibbons, H. A. Nationalism and In- ternationalism. JAJ-G352n. Kiessclbach, Wilhelm. Problems of the German-American Claims Com- mission, JX-K543.E. Potter, P. B. This World of Nations. JXAR-P85t. e, New- International Law Situations Solutions and Notes. J Teaching. | Gaither F. F. Source Book in Project hiny 2. ‘Teac] . IP-G 12, {Hall, 8. R. Lecture on School Keeping. IP-H 148 Johnson, Amanda. The Teaching of History and Other Social Studies. -J63. Lancelot, W. H. Handbook of Teach- Magomber, A, B, Favaround Myste i 7, M. E. Playground Mys Boxes. IRS-M136p. i i McGraw, H. W. The Teachin, ofl,‘l'.-l; and Poland. Those {falling off are Switzerland, Latvia and Sweden, though the percentages are so slight as to sug- gest, as is obvious, that it is difficult to 8ot complete, precise returns. ‘The case of Switzerland is probably explained by the fact that no account is taken of expenditures of one-day tourists, of which large numbers come Of European countries tionals are debited with tourist expendi- tures abroad Ciermany leads the list with the figure of $62,100,000. It may be taken for granted that the German abroad travels for pleasure and business and vice versa, hence the figure might be considerably swollen if there was any just way of arriving at it. France comes second on the list. Poland third, Ttaly fourth and Switzerland fifth. What Americans Spend. ‘Tourist heydmuu of United States citizens and on board ship are estimated ‘baving been $782,000,000 .{It\ll’l in the High Sch 17t Raleigh, N. C. Public Schools. Teach- ing in First Grade. IP-R 13, ’mxd’erm!. H. Simplifying Teaching. 53. | Ruediger, W. C. Vitalized Teaching. | 1923." IP-R833V. A Varied Collection. v, A. V. In the Land of Com- munist_Dictatorship. HF54-Bl4. M. W. Who's Obscene? -D4IW. Fisher, C. 8. The Excavation of Ar- mageddon. ~F53. Gold, Michael. Jews Without Money. F61Z83-G56. , E. Y., and Grant, Bruce. Tong ar, F8399C-G58. Heard, Gerald. The Ascent of Hu- manity. H-H357. Kallen, H. M. Indecency and the Seven Arts ZY-K1251. Langdon-Davies, John. Man and His Universe. BGC-L25: m, F. K. (pseud). 'King Mob. 8478 A CEPRESSION collect enough even to pay my oats bills? It is terrible.” A little later I was repeating the conversation to a friend who makes his home in a fash- fonable suburb. He has ample means but, compared with some of the multi-millionaires whose estates are in the same community, he is compara- tively poor. He told me that he had been protesting mildly to the butcher about the steady increase in his meat bills. “I do not understand,” he had sald. “We always pay promptly on the first of the month. We do not eat extravagantly, and yet our meat seems to cost us more all the time.” The butcher confessed that the bills were high. He shrug- ged his shoulders helplessly. “What am I to do? You and the other people of moderate means are the only ones who pay your bills. The rich men on my lists keep me waiting for six months or even a year. Everybody’s meat costs more in consequence.” I suppose the percentage of four-flushers in the Park ave- nue district and in the New York suburbs is very high. There must be thousands of families struggling to “keep up (Copyrisht, 1930.) IN LATIN AMERICA By GASTON NERVAL. INTERPRETING LATIN POLITICS. T i8 due to a mistaken impression ] that the recent political disturb- preted here as merely the continu- ance of a long, traditional series of domestic upheavals having no other gratification of a restless spirit of eivil disobedience which is supj d to be characteristic of the Latin tempera- Such seems to be the way most Amer- ican editorial writers regard the recent domestic incidents in Bolivia and Peru, ments—the one two months ago and the latter only last week—have taken place. posedly well informed a writer as for- mer President Calvin Coolidge has escaped the influence of such an er- comments on world affairs he refers to the Peruvian outbreak as a “curse,” and tries to explain it as only “an attempt to as it can under all the circumstances surrounding it for the purpose of get- ting the power and spolls of office.”” He only a loss of life and prupertg" in order to substitute a new regime that is no better than the old it accomplishes no This is not the case with the Peru- vian revolution, nor was it with the Bolivian one, two months ago. ~This phenomenon—not quite so new to Latin America, for two other nations went through it before Bolivia and Peru, with the majority of political observers of South Ainencm conditions in this coun- try. If we wish to understand the real those two Latin republics, we must_consider first the circumstances eceding them and get away from the meaningless, passionate, capricious do- mestic quarrels, which until recently were the unfortunate fate of Latin be able to arrive at a correct interpre- tation of these events in current history. ‘The Bolivian movement was not one certain political regime for another, nor was it the result of selfish rivalry. On the contrary, it was one undertaken in which, regardless of partisan purposes, sought the re-establishment in the country of lost democratic liberties. It dent Siles intended to have himself re- elécted, in spite of a constitutional pro- vision forbidding & President to succeed ances in South America are inter- motives than personal ambitions or the ment. where two similar revolutionary move- Not even so authoritative and sup- roneous attitude. In one of his daily seize a government that is doing as well adds that when a revolution “means cunstructive purpose.” time we come upon an entirely difforent similar results—but evidently new to .I“(‘tnmunu of the latest coups d'etat dea that they are a mere repetition of American politics. Only thus shall we almed solely at the substitution of one defense of the national constitution, one had become clearly evident that Presi- himself, and to remain in the govern- ment for another four years. Thus President Siles seemed to be desirous of following the example of other South- ern executives who, during the past decade, had been perpetuating them- selves in power. A new personal dic- tatorship mmed in the Latin political horizon. To avoid this, and after all the protests of civilian leaders had roven useless, only & few days before he holding of popular elections for a Parliament which was to comply with Slles’ designs the army intervened and proceeded to take control of the situa- tion by force in all the important in- terior citles of Bolivia. A military gov- ernment_was established in Oruro, the second largest city, which demanded the withdrawal of Siles and his follow- ers and the preservation of the consti- tution. A ‘That public opinion was nof avor of the a?cuwrxsll’ ambitions of the Siles regime, accused of following bad eco- nomic policies and non-democratic practices, was shown by the fact that the country at large pledged itself to the revolution and supported it. After slight resistance the coup d'etat suc- ceeded and a military junta took over the government. The first act of the junta was to declare the military gov- ernment to be but a provisional one, which would only aid bringing the republic back to a normal and ‘legal political status and save her for de- mocracy. ; . This pledge has been so far splen- didly kepple.d.’rha members of the mili- tary junta have refused any personal intervention in pellucal‘ mb-u'ture:n h-uv(: promoted an agreement Wi leaders of all e:ttmx rties in Bolivia for the nomination of a “single coali- tion ticket” for the next presidential elections and ,3}." “:in in 1- ggg:ld v:‘yd ule rom national g““r.l.y tion. ’An instance of their disinterestedness is found in the fact that they refuse any extra salaries for their services in the civil government and also encourage policies of strictest economy for the country. il ‘The result is that today pol factions are united in Bolivia. They have just selected the heads of the three ‘parties to be “national candi- dates” for the presidency and the two vice presidencies in the elections of next January. Al personal liberties have been restored. There is no press cen- , there no political prisoners and there are no administrative em- nts, Far from being a pitiful repetition of NS, el reie] trrice: e n 1o put an end to these, An end which means the beginning of a new and more democratic era in that South American republic. Down With Dictatorships! The situation in Peru was only dif- ferent from that in Bolivia in that it was worse. President Leguia, who came into power 11 years ago as a “dictator,” had succeeded in changing the Peruvian constitution arbitrarily so that he could perpetuate his hold upon the govern- ment. Twice, in 1924 and 1929, he was re-elected by his political friends, and for 11 years he had ruled that country as a “strong man,” whose word was law. ‘This is not the place nor is this the moment to analyze conditions under the Leguia regime, but whoever lived in Peru during the last 10 years has had an opportunity to understand the ex- tent of the eclipse that all personal liberties were undergoing. Slowly, but tenaciously, President Leguia extermi- nated all opposition. The most out- standing smy leaders were exiled or imprisoned, newspapers were expropri- ated b the government, and the slight- est sign of opposition punished with ex- treme severity. The dictatorial ways of President Leguia became internationally known, and he himself was called the “‘South American Mussolini.” And this departure from democracy was not the only sin of the Leguia re- gime. Economic conditions in Peru had been growing worse and worse dur- ing recent years, and although some material impfovements and public road bullding may have given the impression of economic prosperity, the real situ- ation of the country’s finances was the extreme. Allowing for the natural exaggeration of his enemies’ charges, it cannot be doubted that the ovel own dictator should have had some responsibility in the management of Peruvian national funds. e was accused of being too liberal in the dis- tribution of public funds to his political friends. This is one of the charges upon which he is at present held in prison by the new authorities of the country. the rigorous policies of the dic- tatorship and Leguia’s “iron hand” had prevented for a long time the outbreak of vinlent resistance aga'nst cuch an un- mull.r regime. Without the support of armed forces, however, any opposi- tion was hopeless and one after another several attempts at rebellion failed with little struggle. As in Bolivia two months ago, and probably influenced by this ex- ample, the Peruvian army has now in- tervened and, tm'v:mfl President Legula to resign, has established a military gov- ernment in Lima, which will see that democratic liberties are ‘estored to the people and Peruvian economic probiems duly studied and solved. Like the Bolivian movement, this 15 not a mere political uprising for a change in ambitious “caudillos” in the government of Peru. It is a “legalistic” coup d’etat, inspired by the intellect- ual class of the country—almost entirely in exile—and carried out by the Army, not in detriment to, but in defense of the original constitution, and for the sake of individual liberties. It might so happen that selfish politi- cal opportunists may try to take ed tage of the situation and thus give rise to civil struggle, but this is only a pos- nhuniy. and a distant one. In such case it would be justifiable to regard Peru as having gone back to unfortunate conditions of political unrest and an- archy. But until that happens, there is no reason why a democratic and orderly move to save the country from despot- ism should be mistaken for that typical Latin restlessness which one sexs so much exploited in moving pictures snd ks of fiction. Until that happens, it is not right to call the Peruvian coup d'etat a “curse,” only entailing “loss of life and property,” and with “no con- structive purpose to accomplish.” A much more Dccurate interpretation was given in an editorial in the New York Herald-Tribune, which, after ex- laining the recent revolutions in Bo- lvia and Peru as instances in which “the army was instrumental in peace- fully easing out a President who had lost his lrlr on the country,” added that “if the Bolivian example is followed in all detalls the change of administration :'ll.l{l;\gc upset Peru politically or finan- The Army in Politics. I referred to two other South Ameri- can republics which have previously gone through a political phase similar to that now existent in Bolivia and Peru. They are Ecuador and Chile, and it seems important for-a better understanding of the situation to men- tlon°briefly the results attained in those countries, In 1925 the Ecuadorean Army re- volted st the government in power, ;:‘rd' thus put an encll Ja ully lt.-n!fi a( af- serious both IC N clally in l.hlbnpug‘l‘l‘c. ght then, ), that this mili 0= nunciamento” was but another plot of political agitators moved by pe: ambitions. Instead, the army officers of high rank in provisional charge of the government, themselves refusing to mix in politics, selected an honorable and impartial man and intrusted to him the direction of national affairs. In this way the government of Dr. Ayora, 8 practicing physician, was in- augurated in , and .‘.lAgm-.mtu unrest came am end. Dr. since been an exemplarily with the Joneses.” the country the same thing occurs to a greater or less de- gree. the fact that people are living beyond their means. Much of it 1s nothing more or less than downright thoughtlessness. rsonal | made a change of administra has | tor. HE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C, SEPTEMBER 7, 1930—PART TWO. —By Bruce Barton But all over It is due not merely to I used to be a great believer in reforms. I enrolled in Causes and supported high-grade Can- didates, and was generally loud and vigorous. In my old age I have come to feel that most of our troubles would be washed away if we would only be just reasonably courteous and decent to one another. good administration, and his standing as a statesman 'w 80 rapidly that in 1929 he was ecg; constitutional Presi- dent by a large popular majority. In- ternal conditions are better in Ecuador, the finances of the country have been straightened out, the administration brought to a high moral standard, edu- ational and soclal reforms encouraged and the national credit tremendously strengthened abroad. Political compli- cations or disturbing personal ambitions have not arisen, nor the “militar- istic menace” endangered the normal and legal existence of the republic. In Chile the process was rather dif- ferent, but the results the same. After a series of domestic anrela, during which several political leaders tried to take personal advantage of chaotic conditions, the leaders,”p of a strong man was felt necessar? to avoid politi- cal anarchy in the coutnry. man appeared in the son of a colonel in the army, Carlos Ibanez, who, also with the co-operation of the armed forces, took control of the situation and extri- cated the nation from vicious political strife. As in Ecuador, the army saved the country from anarchy and from economic bankruptey, although in this case behind the army there was an offi- cer of extraordinary ability and ambi- tion. Col. Ibanez was elected President of Chile, and since that moment Chilian conditions began to change. The ma- terial progress of the country can only be judged by the great improvement in its financial status, political unrest has been entirely banished, the outstanding international problem of Chile has been solved in an unexpectedly favorable way for the Chil.ans, and, & word, the Southern republic is much “better off” with Ibanez than she was before. Al- though this time the intervention of the army did not have a democra outcome, it saved Chile from civil stru; gle and gave the coutnry the best gov- ernment it has had in a long while. ‘With these two instances of such re- cent occurrence, it does not seem fair to condemn so hastily the army inter- ventions in Peru and Bolivia, or to aaso- clate them with the beginning of domes- tic anarchy in that part of the worid. Other Factors Involved. 1f, instead of considering each partic- ular case by itself, we wish to generalize and axfllll.n as & whole this widespread domestic restlessness in Lalin America, which has resulted in military coups d’etat in Bolivia and Peru and menac- ing disquiet in Cuba, Argentina and | Brazil, we must take into account three fundamental elements, one political, one chological, and one economic. itical factor may be character- ized as the awakening of feeling in Latin America against dictatorial re- gimes, the reaction of pubiic sentiment #gainst the “strong man"” volicy which grown so rapidly in the Southern continent since European leaders set the example in the Old World. The success of Mussolinl in Italy, and the apparently successful imitation of it by Primo de Rivera in Spain, awoke the ambitions of several Latin American executives who, believing themselves to be the chosen of Providence, decided, whether or not sincerely, to help their countries by sta; indefinitely in power. At first public opinion seemed to favor this dictatorial trend, which was giving splendid results in two Eu- ropean nations of Latin origin. Later on, however, the Latin Americans were enabled to see that Fascist methods are an exclusively Italian phenomenon, and that there were reasons to doubt the real success of the Primo dictatorship in Mother Spain. The consequences of such change of opinion, intensified by the mistakes and abuses on the part of the ‘“iron-handed” regimes in Latin America, can be observed in this gen- of government, which is Lo it t, c] now producing Politically speaking, this can be de- scribed as the denunciation of dicta torial power by Latin America. Per- haps, as her first step toward true dem- ocratic maturity. There 1s also a psychological element in the situation. Just as with individ- uals, the masses are extremely suscep- tible to intellectual contagious influence. The ‘rower of suggestion is master of crowds. ‘The propagation of political ideas in the mind of the masses is ex- traordinarily contaglous. Just as a sui- cide is never an isolated case in & com- munity, but is always followed by two or three, or more, suicides, which scientists are agreed in attributing to psycholo- gical influence, so it happens that any political trend in a Latin American country is almost invariably followed by similar phenomena in the neighbor- ing nations, which have, moreover, their origin, traditions and ' political 'back- ground in common. And last, but not least, the economic factor has played this time & most im- rtant part. It gave a concrete form the political ideal and really deter- mined the time of action. It had pre- cipitated events. Until economic crises peared on the. horizon revolutionary mn did not go beyond mere intellec- tual aspirations in Bolivia, Peru, Cuba, ete. But when the tin crisis affected the financial situation of Bo- livia, a country almost entirely depend- ent on its tin exports, the poli prob- lem reached its point of saturation and tion immi- nent. In like manner, real revolution- ary unrest was not seriously felt in Peru until the government finances to fall seriously since the early days of this year. In Cuba the government's position is now being greatly embar- rassed by the sugar crisis and all men- aces of rebellion are intimately con- nected with this critical economic . In Argentina and Brazl the re- cently reported internal discontent is HAS HUMAN ANTIDOTE FOR HUMAN CONFLICT New Yorker Campaigns Against War Through Interchange of Young Students Among Nations. (Continued From Third Page.) wanted s fellowship to study in France. None was available then. Dr. Duggan e him to go to Germany, where there was a fellowship availab! But no; this young man—and his par- ents as well—had a strong distaste for everything German. Hadn't we just fought the Huns? He would have none of them. Stephen Duggan is very persuasive. The young man eventually went to Ger- many. He boarded with the family of a German professor. His first letter to Dr. Duggan expressed surprise—appar- ently there were some fine people among these Germans. His second let- ter, several months later, showed a very cordial attitude toward things German. His third letter, at the end of the year, was enthusiastic. He had seen and un- derstood. Association of Students. In Prance there is an association of French students who have studied un- der fellowships in America. It now numbers 350, “And,” says Dr. Duggan, “it has done yeoman service in making the United States better understood by the French people, especially in times when frritation has existed between the two countries.” There are similar as- sociations in other countries, and they are all helpful in making us better un- derstood abroad. The United States is not above the need for friendly under- standing by foreigners. Nor, for that matter, is France or Italy or England or Japan or India. All of us need all the understanding we can lay our hands on. ‘That is why the Institute dug up in- formation from American colleges and universities showing for the first time Just how many foreign students there are ltudylnr in the United States. Dur~ ing the col e{e ear 1928-9 the number was 9,685. It had increased by more than 50 per cent since 1921-2. These students came from 97 countries. They rerrmn'- a most significant contact of all the world “with America. There were, for instance, 41 from Australia, 1,122 from Canada, 1,287 from China, 54 from Denmark, 21 from Egypt, 369 from England, 122 from France, 360 from Germany, 11 from Guiana, 67 from Holland, 4 from Iceland, 213 from India, 16 from Irak, 215 from Italy, 814 from Japan, 3 from Liberia, 271 from Mexico, 30 from Persia, 501 from Rus- sia, 75 from Spain, 99 from Switzerland, 53 from Syria, 50 from Turkey. ‘While it was getting this information the institute also made the first com- plete survey showing all the fellowships and scholarships open to foreign stu- dents for study in the United States and open to American students for study in foreign countries. The number is surprisingly large; the list fills 150 book size pages. There are fellowships for almost anything that anybody would want to study, practical or theoretical, from agriculture through the alphabet to_zoology. i Stephan Duggan keeps an lpmmng e{s on many another aspect of Tna- tional education, gives the help of the institute wherever it can be of value. For example, the recent practice started by the University of Delaware, and ex- tended by Smith College, of sending undergraduates abmoad to spend their junior year in aug_ervlnd study in a foreign country. 'his, too, was con- fined to those who could afford it and to Delaware and Smith students. The Committee on Fore Travel and Study donated nine full fellowships and 20 partial fellowships that will cover the cost of transportation. Open to Juniors. They are administered the insti- to juniors in any in the country. The work student movement other new idea in international is an edu tic | tion. Work students are selected indi- viduals, all umvemt& n&lddulm. who are admitted to the States out- side the ation quotas to study American industrial and business meth- . They work for a year or two years in an American manufacturing lant or business office and then go eral reaction against dictatorial forms |in ck home to become managers and ex- ecutives. But with their noses to the industrial grindstone they may leave America knowing not) about the broader _as) of n culture oxeeglt the inescapable jazz and movies. Stephen Dul'rn is interested in seeing to it that they spend some time in contact with the richer things in Amer- ican life. He is chairman of a com- mittee selected from the various cles that have charge of these young foreigners. ‘There is, again, the great new migra- tion of American students to Europe during the Summer months. Many of the travelers get mnothing out of the trip except some superficial sightseeing, possibly a taste of Old World dissipa- L e e n e colleges ve their lmd'enn some rule‘ulp in pl ing these jaunts. war the system of ex- orships _existing bet: and European univer- sities broke down. It was much too valuable & part of international educa- tion to lose. It seemed to en D?nn that it could be revived a different and maybe a better form. ‘Why, for instance, confine it to fessors? Cerulnlfn there were others who had something vital to say to American_students. And why confine 1t to the larger universities? So this also was included among the institute activities. Now dhflnfi shed foreigners of many professions sides teaching are circuited among our col- leges and universities for lectures and conferences. Some of them visit four or five places, some 25, but they do not stick to New York or Chicago or Phila- delphia, they go as well to little towns Towa, Kansas, Texas. There was recently, for example, the Right Hon. Herbert Fisher, Lloyd George's minis- ter of education, and Hjalmar Schacht, president of the German Reichsbank, and Dr. Alfredo Colmo, chief justice of the Supreme Court of Argentina, and Dr. Tsurumi of the Japanese Diet. Stephen Duggan is host as well to many another foreigner visiting the United States to study some aspect of our work, our life. The Duchess of Atholl, Great Britain's parliamentary secretary for education, came here to study experimental methods in Ameri- can schools. Dr. Duggan saw to it that she went wherever significant work was being done. He is probably Ameri- ca's busiest writer of letters of intro- duction. His list of friends and ac- | quaintances would read like an inter- national blue book. What do you want e also coincident with troublesome eco- nomic condlitions in those Southern re- publics. On the other hand, in Venezuela, where financial conditions seem to be in good shape and the oil revenues will permit the government to cancel the entire foreign cebt by the end of this year, the Gomes regime stands solidly, and there is no indication that the “strong man” who has been at Vene- zuela’s helm for the last 22 years will be disturbed or expelled from his \-eE treat in Maracay. Once more we musf unn:llme the fact that in this o::i mmmh lhuong are the l&l. ‘makers And clude that instead of a5 just another novelistic chapter of Latin restlessness or seifish rivalry, the real interpretation of the present political in- quietude in Latin America is that of a neral reaction against dictatorial forms of government, encouraged by chological influence and precipitated strong omic factors, (Copyright, 1930.) hothdomnfin‘“ to know about conditions in America, Europe, Asia? It is quite likely that Stephen Duggan could send you to the right person, without lost of time. Colleges Kept Interested. Stephen Duggan reaches out to all the colleges, deftly keeps them inter- ested in this business of international education, sends them a monthly bul- letin. To many of these colleges the Carnegie Endowment, following the institute's suggestion, has contributed an “international mind” library, con- taining important books on various foreign countries or international affairs, When some visitor lectures on the Chinese revolution, there are the books to satisfy the studen¥a whetted ap- petite for knowledge. ‘The institute also has & series of valuable booklets of its own—a guide book of the United State for foreign students, for example; handbooks about France, Great Britain, Italy for American students; astute discussions of Latin American cultural relations, of American influence on European education, of the weak spots in Prance's attitude toward research, of the possibilities of co-operation be- tween American and European Sum= mer schools, of foreign centers of in- ternational education and what they are doing. In October of this year Dr. Duggan will extend his activities by adopting that instrument of universal education, the radio. He will talk over the Columbia system on such diverse sub- jects as what Mussolini and the Black Shirts are trying to do in Italy; what are the aims and methods of Stalin and the Reds in Russia: what the Turks mean by deliberately destroying their ancient Moslem culture; why Chinese culture is being shot full of holes, disintegrating; what will be the culture of the future, provided we have sense enough to bring it about. My guess is that they will be reasoned, clear talks, exceptionally worth listen-* ing to. For the man has an extra- ordinary first-hand knowledge of these He was sent to the Philippines with & commission that made a study of the results of 25 years of occupancy of those islands. On his _way home he visited China, Siberia, Russia, Central and Western Europe. He was the American representative on the Com- mission of Intellectual Co-operation of the League of Nations, and thereafter spent five months visiting educational officials, university authorities, men of affairs and what not in France, Spain, Italy, Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Switzerland, Germany, Belgium and England. South American Attitude. ‘When Herbert Hoover visited South America it is not unlikely that he quite often ran across an attitude none too cordial to the United States. Our South American contacts have not al- ways been of a nature to breed cordi~ ality. The average American’s knowl- edge of any South American country could probably be packed into a wal- nut shell and still leave room for the nut. Many thinking men realize how vital it is that our relations with Latin America be put on a different plane. After President Hoover's visit a begin- ning was made toward a new relation- ship when a group of Argentine scholars was invited to visit the United States by the Pan-American Union. They came here for a stay of about two months, and Stephen Duggan ‘and his assoclates acted as their hosts, organ- ized their tour. Prohably no one is better fitted to start cultural relations with a foreign country. In the course of these travels he has sat across the table from the great and the near-great in many countries, such diverse men as Tchicherin and Lunacharsky of Russia, Mazaryk of Czechoslovakia, Mussolini of Italy, Horthy of Hungary, Seipel of Germany, Lord Robert Cecil of England. He has sat across the table from them and in his clear, blue eyes there was under- standing as they talked of their own attitudes to the major problems wt are the sore spots of the world ay. Because of this understanding the State Department has more than once found it worth while to consult him. When it comes to such matters as the Young plan, war reparations, naval rrny, tariffs, Japanese expansion, he as something to say. Probably it would not often be what the average citizen thinks; very seldom what the average n | politician thinks, and he might not al- ways be right. But his views are based on sympathetic first-hand observation and a long habit of thinking in inter~ national terms. Chevalier of the Leglon of Honor of France, Order of the Commander of Italy, Order of Merit of Hungary, White Knight of Czechoslovakia, etc., these honors show what foreigners think of him. They have a grand sound; the sensible man does not take them too serlously. But they do prove this: It is not true today that the man who makes a beiter mouse trap will find the world beating a t. t the world will seek him out if he has an idea the world needs. ‘The world has lately seen 65,000,000 men squirming with the pain of the at poison. It needs the antidote of nternational understanding. S8uch men as Stephen Duggan have it. We could use larger doses. Electric Machine Counts French Vote An electric counting machine has been installed in the French Chamber of Deputies so that counting of votes henceforth will be mechanical and cor- rect. To date there have been numer- ous inaceuracies in reporting important votes. For instance, when the Tardieu cabinet was defeated in February, it took three days before the poll was ab< solutely eorrect. X First it was sald M. Tardieu had fallen by seven votes: checking reduced the count to six; rechecking reduced it to only one. In a word, M. Tardleu iight have discovered himself still in office after three days of chaos had there been any further maccuracy. The new machine is designed to end this eonfusion. It consists of a metal - disk on the desk of each member which, wlen a key is turned in it, automatically ;:lh‘::n 8 “Yes” or “No” on the teller's Japanese Language Barred Over Phone The use of the Ji ese language on the long-distance ?“"m-r.. 1mm’u ’Nan— m:: bl’hln'h.l M-'been strictly 1%- government order, accord! to the local Ja) ban has been placed on Jn&nm using their own lan, over long-distance line from Nan- hanghal, the publishing and