Evening Star Newspaper, September 7, 1930, Page 31

RECALLED MAYOR STANDS| GOOD CHANCE TO WIN RACE Bowles, Rejected by Detroiters, Is Can-| didate in Election Tuesday Through Queer Quirk in Law. BY FREDERICK L. BIRD Of Columbia University. polls on Tuesday to decide whether to retain in office a Mayor whom they recalled less than two months ago. As the recall law, Mayor Charles Bowles, who was ousted from office on July 22, by a majority of more than 30,000 js still mayor, and his chances for continuing ‘wildered Detroiters who think that once an officer is recalled, he should stay recalled. ‘The Michigan recall law permits a a candidate in the election at which his successor is chosen. Since the vote at this election may be split by a large number of candidates, the very man weeks before may, by skillful political maneuvering, succeed himself in office. ‘The possibility is further enhanced by the fact that the law permits the his successor has been chosen. In the case of so powerful a post as that of the chief executive of Detroit, this gives| the incumbent, even though he has great advantage. Opposition May Divide Votes. Frantic efforts have been made in the last few weeks by the good govern- by those whose enmity Bowles has aroused for other reasons, to agree upon one candidate, so that the issue would be clear cut in the election as it w?a only' rtly succeeded. Three candidates nflde& Bowles have tossed their hats into the ring. an excellent record at one time as City Controller, and upon whom the strength of the “better element” will be concen- trated; former Mayor John W. Smith and Smith, it is generally conceded, will draw from virtually the same sources, and will split the usually solid lower east side. mayor whom it has just thrown out of office by a decisive vote, will depend, therefore, upon the extent to which these two later canddates draw from Interestngly Employed. Detroit is the largest city ever to remove its mayor by the recall. The ) lar use of this comparatively little metropolis focuses atten- tion upon its quiet but steadily increas- ing employment in this country to re- move undesirable officials. ETROIT voters will go to the result of a queer quirk in the Michigan as mayor are all too good to suit be- blic official who has been recalled to who was thrown out of office a few recalled official to remain in office until been flatly rejected by the people, a ment_element in Detroit, as well as in the recall vote itself. This h al These are George Engel, who made and Judge Frank Murphy. Murphy ‘Whether Detroit will get rid of a the strength of George Engel. known weapon of democracy in the Michigan In California alone there have been nearly 100 recall movements against public officials within the last five years. This contrasts with the preceding five- year period, when lrsymxtmnfiely hall this number of recalls were launched. ‘The recall incidentally, should not be confused with impeachement, which is used occasionally to remove State or local officials from office. Gov. William Sulzer of New York was impeached in 1913. _The sensational removal of James E. “Pa” Ferguson from his un- easy seat as Governor of Texas several years ago was by impeachement. This ‘was also the case with Gov. John C. Walton of Oklahoma, whose political career was wrecked on the shoals of the Ku Klux Klan in 1923. Filing of Charges Unmecessary. The advantage of the recall over the {mpeachment process is that dissatis- faction is the only reason necessary for its use. In impeachment proceedings charges must be preferred against the offending official and he must be tried. Frequently an official has not actually done wrong, but has simply been so in- effective in his job that his removal is desirable. Also it is often difficult to prove misfeasance or malfeasance in office. The recall avoids the formal presentation of charges, simply putting the question up to the voters as to whether this man should remain in office or not. ‘When Dr. John B. Haynes of Los Angeles, “father” of the recall, hit upon the idea he had no fantastic illusions regarding it. After many years of ob- servation of corruntion and misman- agement in politics, he had come to the conclusion that the ordinary political panaceas were of no avail; that the election of good men to office was an accomplishment only spasmodically achieved and then frequently disap- nting in results, and that the only for civiz progress lay in enabling honest majority of le to con- centrate definitely on some clear-cut principle or project. Third in L R. and R. To do this it was necessary to “give to the honest majority of the electorate the power to initiate legislation refused them by their legislative bodies—the initiative give to the honest majority the power to veto the acts of their Legislature—the referendum, and give to the same honest majority the power to recall from office at any time any I.Deflifie‘nl and incompetent officer—the In the turbulent days when Theodore Roosevelt was stirring the country with his vigorous crusade in behalf of popu- ar sovereignty the recall came in for more than its share of attention. It was one of the most popular battle grounds of the progressive movement, since it afforded splen’id rc.ge both for the unrestrained enthusiasm of the prophets of the new democracy and the soulful forebodings of the decimated but intrepid survivors of the old guard. Called Gun Behind Poor. ‘While the former dreamed dreams of & completely liberated popular will and @ continuous control “calculated to pre- serve at all times the relation of mas- ter and servant between the people and their representativ " the latter con- Jectured disturbing nigh aares of cha- otic conditions that would result from repudiating our constitutional sysiem of to award a dubious contract. A scheme that brought such swift retribution to unfaithful servants made a decided appeal to municipal reformers working for more responsible government. Largely Confined to Small Areas. ‘While the recall is probably the most spectacular weapon with which democ- racy has provided itself, it has at- tracted comparatively little attention because its use has been primarily con- fined to local areas of government. There have been but two instances of its use against officials elected by the vote of an entire State. In 1921 Gov. Lynn J. Frazier of North Dakota, with the attorney general and commissioner of agriculture, were recalled by the opponents of certain issues connected with the Non-Partisan League move- ment. This use of the recall was unique in that it was directed against leaders of the organization which had influenced the adoption of the principle but one year before. The other instance was that of the recall of two members of the Public Utility Commission of Ore- gon. This movement resulted from popular dissatisfaction with certain Tate increases which had been author- ized by the commission. Because the recall has been so ex- clusively local in its operation there is no available record of the total num- ber of occasions when it has been used. There have been, however, 208 recall movements in the State of its origin alone. These involved 434 offi- cials, of whom 130 were removed from office. A conservative estimate would put the total number of recall move- gnoznu in America at somewhere near Peek-a-Boo Case Recalled. Much present day disillusionment on the subject of democracy may be traced to the assumption that every political activity is the result of an intellectual process. No better illustrations of the fact that this is not the case can be cited than instances of the issues which have resulted in recall movements. However, those who are cynical on this score fail to appreciate that the recall is a safety valve, and if the cord is occasionally pulled by a fool that is no reason for discarding the appliance. There have been many amusing in- cidents showing the way in which democracy sometimes works. There was the case of the small town councilman who was recalled because he “removed his coat and threatened to fight and otherwise acted in a manner unbecom- ing one of his official capacity.” There was the almost classic instance of the tempted recall of Councilman Peek, of Long Beach, for his advocacy of the famous “peek-a-boo” ordinance. Be- lieving that bathing suits without sleeves or skirts were a mendce to public safety, he had supported legisla- tion establishing with mathematical accuracy the maximum limits of per- missible exposure. This aroused the fire of local shopkeepers, who sponsored a recall petition. Long Beach's reputa- tion was preserved, however, when the recall movement failed. That the purity element in the com- munity is not invariably behind the recall may be adduced from the strange case of Senator Grant of San Fran- cisco. The worthy legislator was a dry from a wet district, a blue law fanatic representing the tenderloin. One of his worst crimes was an at- tempt to dry up the world's fair, The recall went over with a bang. Corrupt Judges Removed. In the majority of instances, though, where the recall has been successful it has had ample justification. One case will suffice to illustrate its importance. There has been no more striking illustration of the effective and useful possibilities of the recall than its em- ployment in San isco in 1921 to drive from office two cbrrupt municipal Jjudges, John Sullivan and Morris Op- penheim. So clearly apparent was the Jjustification for its use in this in- stance that many conservative leaders who were hostile to the principle of the recall joined in the promotiom of the movement. For some years it had been evident that the source of local political cor- ruption could be traced to the police courts. An investigation revealed that a few Ymmlnem bail bond brokers and & small group of attorneys were main- taining a corrupt and vicious control of police courts. It was a general prac- tice for criminals released on bail fur- nished by certain brokers to fail to appear for trial. Later the criminal would be declared a fugitive from jus- tice and the bail, instead of being for- feited to the city, would be exonerated and returned to the broker. ‘Worked When Justice Failed. The records showed that certain at- torneys had 95 per cent of their cases dismissed and that police court files for misdemeanors averaged only 50 cents. The grand jury returned the in- dictments, but no convictions resulted. The recall was successful—a significant illustration of its operation as a pro- tection even when the administration of justice falls down. It is in order to point out by way of conclusion that the recall is still in the experimental stage of development. Its operation has revealed great poten- tialities for civic betterment when it is Jjudiciously employed. Like most hu- man devices, it is capable of abuse, but its use for the most part has been conservative and has not led to evils which its opponents expected. In helping to maintain confidence in and responsiveness from public officlals, the recall unquestionably serves a useful purpose. Hawaii May Assist Alien Fishing Groups Formation of joint stock companies under the laws of the territory to government and inaugurating what was | “the last modification of the ancient| popular systems of government before | their final downfall and disappear-| an | ‘The friends of the recall made light | of the lurid pictures drawn by its| opponents of impending chaos resulting | from overindulgence in its use. as thev believed that it would be seldom em- | ployed. The mere knowledge of its| existence and potential force would he | sufficient to keep officeholders perpet- | ually mindful of their responsibility to | the public. It was, as Woodrow Wilson axpressed it, “the gun behind the door.” In much the same manner it also would | clear the way for the greatly needed increase and concentration of official | responsibility and the lengthening of | terms of office without the fear of any | long-continued abuse of power. | First Adopted in Los Angeles. ‘The first city to adopt the recall was | Los Angeles in 1903. Since then it has been adopted in somewhat varying forms to apply to State officers in 11 States and to public officials in well over 1,000 municipalities. A total of 15 Sta has now provided for the use of the recall in all cities. Twenty- three others have provided for its par- tial use, generally where the commis- sion or city manager plan of govern- ment is in operation. ‘The extension of the recall might have been slower had it not been for the Nation-wide attention directed to the plan by the successful recall from the Los Angeles City Council, '“"33' after the measure had been adopted, individually owned has been sug- gested as one method of meeting the complicated commercial fishing situa- tion Hawaii depends for a large part of its food supply on sea-fishing, the fish being brought from adjacent or distant waters but all within the general Hawailan area. Thousands of the poorer people have fish for a prin- cipal staple in their diet. Recent im- position of a federal law taxing certain forms of fish under the tariff act places a severe handicap on market fishing by the Japanese aliens, who constitute 95 per cent of the fishermen, It is now proposed to allow alien owners to form a joint stock company and carry out their operations under territorial legal sanction. This plan has been proposed to ')'1! United States Treasury Depart- menf 3 Manganese Ore Firm Is Founded in Africa A company has been founded to ex- purchase alien fishing businesses now | * tract manganese ore on a large scale in French North Africa. A railroad 250 miles long and a fort near the small town of Nemours, on the Algero-Mo- roccan frontler, are being planned. The company has engaged itself to extract 200,000 'tons of mi nese per yea) Africa to European industry. Formerly the output was small—600 to 700 tons a n of & machine politiclan who had voted nd used to be the consumers. A anga pe! This would make Prench North |consequence of the desperate economic the chief supplier of manganese|slump in Hungary, the suicide rate in Ln.r, Great Britain, Germany and Hol- the Danube in the week ended August chief European 30. THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C., SEPTEMBER 7, 1930—PART TWO Human Antidote for War Campaign Is Waged Against Conflict-breeding Hatreds by Exchange of Students Among Nations BY GOVE HAMBIDGE. HERE were 65,000,000 men in the World War. Eight and a half millions were killed or died. Twenty-one _ millions were wounded. Seven and three- fourths millions were missing or prison- ers. Total casualties, 37,500,000—more than half of those who took part. Simple figures. It would be well if there were some acid to etch them per- manently on human brains. What do they mean for the next great war? That every man sent into it—with mother, sweetheart; wife or children waiting back home—will stand better than an even chance of getting his, one way or another. Several antidotes are working against this poison that kills and shatters young men. One of the antidotes, for example, is Stephen Pierce Duggan. The world waits, full of hope. Will the antidote work? It will if we can get large enough doses. The Duggan antidote to counteract international hatred and misunder- standing works principally through young men and women, the finest that can be found all over the world. Dr. Duggan combs the world for these young men and women. Those from the United States are sent abroad to study, to mingle with the people of foreign countries. Those from Europe, Asia, South America are brought to the United States, to study, to mingle with our people. Each year the separate groups go back home with a better un- derstanding and appreciation, perhaps a genuine love, ot the people of an alien land. They themselves are then anti- dotes, working against the poison that produces war, The number increases every year. But this Duggan is no violent propa- gandist, no ranting missionary, no flam- ing torch to light the world to a new way of life. He is more like in- candescent electric l]amp that gives light steadily with no smoke. Mild Mannered and Courteous. He is mild mannered, sparely built man, courteous, quiet, simple in tastes. ‘When he talks, he gives an impression of extraordinary, quick alertness, like a bird in the early morning. He has sparse gray hair, a mustache, a small gray pointed beard. His eyes look as though they troubled him, but the cor- ners are clear blue, and they are the windows of a very clear mind. This befits a mapn whose hobbies are con- templative—walking in the country, Enddllng & canoe—and who has lived y choice on a small Rhode Islapd farm so that he might bring up his four children among simple things. ‘That is queer, too, for Stephen Dug- gan is a New York City man born and bred. He was born in New York 60 years ago, of Irish and English parents. His father was a carpenter and a builder, a man of moderate means; and young Stephen had to work to get his education at high school and at the College of the City of New York. Per- haps this accounts for his interest in fellowships andscholarships for others. He worked his way through, part of the time by teaching: and when he had finished, New York City gave him the Jjob of teaching immigrants the history, the whys and wherefores of American Government. Ernest students, these immigrants, men and women from all parts of the world, eager to learn about this new land. Here on New York's East Side, in aily contact with these foreigners so eager to understand their new country, Stephen Duggan got that international viewpoint and international sympathy that were to be the guiding forces in all his work. He became then a professor of po- litical science at the College of the City of New York, under Dr. Finley, and an instructor in the same subject at Columbia University under Dr. Butler. His viewpoint was, as I say, in- ternational. It had been strengthened by John Bassett Moore, later appointed STEPHEN PIERCE DUGGAN. judge of the International Court of Justice at The Hague, under whom he had studied at Columbia. To his mind the world was a unit with problems to be solved by co- operation between nations. War was a tragic insanity, needless under any rea- sonable system of affairs. But war does not eliminate itself. To stamp it out requires fearless thinking, followed by work of the most difficult kind. During the war, while so many were thinking in terms of international hatred, Stephen Duggan — and there were many like him, though not enough —persisted in thinking in terms of in- ternational understanding. This must be the foundation of peace, the first step in eliminating friction between nations. Being a teacher, he thought first in terms of education. Lecturing to his young people, walking quiet country roads, he thought: These young peo- ple, in whatever land they may be, leaven the lump of the world. It would be a fine thing if those from many dif- ferent lands could be brought to know one another better. They would be less likely to jump at one another’s throats as soon as a dispute arose. There should be easier, wider opportunities for young men and Women to carry on their studies in foreign lands. Before the war there was, of course, a considerable exchange of students be- tween different countries. But it was limited to those who could afford fit. Some of the best brains and personali- ties were excluded because they had no money. Something like the Rhodes scholarships and the Boxer indemnity scholarships should be available for the students of every country, In 1918 Stephen Duggan, filled with enthusiasm, took this idea to the Car- negie Endowment. It seemed to them an excellent plan, but an inconvenient time for carrying it out; war was still on, the air was thick with poison and passion. ‘The minute the war ended Stephen Duggan got busy again. Caught by his enthusiasm, the endowment appro- priated a sum of money for the experi- ment. In February, 1919, the Institute of International Education was incor- porated and Stephen Duggan was made director. Other Funds for Institute. Later the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial also contributed funds for the institute. It became the central agency for all the major activities of interna- tional education. On its board of di- rectors were representatives of such organizations as the American Council on Education, the National Education Association, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the National Research Council and the American Library Association. The trustees include, among others, Dwight W. Morrow, Henry Morgenthau and John Bassett Moore, and among the 26 members of the advisory council are found such names as Jane Addams, Katharine B. Davis, Harry Emerson Fosdick, John Grier Hibben, Alexander Meiklejohn, William Fellowes Morgan and James T. Shotwell. This simple-living, clear-thinking Stephen Duggan had got himself into a job that made him one of the most vigorously busy men in America. He became a commuter across oceans be- tween the world's capitals. There are, first of all, the students for whom the institute was originally founded. Starting with nothing 10 years ago, the institute now admin- siters 250 fellowships for study in American and foreign universities. For the most part these cover tuition and living expenses for a year—not, as yet, travel expenses. These fellowships mean much more than a chance to study some particu- lar subject at a famous university. Every international student serves as so much antidote against the great poison, war. For instance: A young American (Continued “on Fourth Page.) The Story the Week Has Told BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is a brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended September 6: BRITISH EMPIRE.—On September 3 the Conservative candidate won in = by-election contest at Bromley, England, a stronghold of conservatism, but the candidate of Lord Rothermeren’s new United Empire party cut very sadly into | th: victorious candidate’s vote, a fact perhaps of considerable significance. The British Association for the Ad- vancement of Science is holding its an- nual conference at Bristol, which con- ferences are somewhat more interesting and colorful than our similar functions. Certain popular theories were scored })y a distinguished physiologist as fol- lows: “Classical organic chemistry with all its achievements of synthesis cannot yet claim to rival the synthetic activities of the cell. That it will ever do so as re- gards the synthesis of our main food- stuffs, proteins, carbohydrates and fats, cannot be foreseen. Both from the chemical and economic points of view the signs at present are not very hope- ful. The synthetic breakfast table is a myth and likely to remain one. Man has, so0 far, not learned from Nature the mechanisms of synthesis that she uses and on which his existence depends, so that the tilling of the soil and reaping of the harvest must for long remain his most vitally important occupation.” It is reported that Mahatma Gandhi and his two chief associates have defi- nitely rejected the proposals involving cessation of the civil disobedience cam- paign in India presented to them by moderate envoys and urged in conver- sations covering several weeks. * ok ox ok FRANCE —80 the t Coste has done it. On Sepwmbm he and his co-pilot, Maurice Bellonte, arrived at Curtiss Field, Long Island, in the red Br'e‘fuet biplane Question Mark, having made the flight from Le Bourget, near Paris, in 37 hours and 18 minutes. They had enough gasoline left, for three hours of flight. It was the first non-stop flight from Paris to New York. Col. Lindbergh's time for the eastward flight was only 33 hours and a half, This is not the first great flight of the Question Mark. Last year Coste | and Bellonte flew her from Paris, via | Rome, Athens, Karacsi, Calcutta, Hanoi and Shanghai, to Teitsihar, Manchuria, and thence almost due west back to Paris, some little journey. The motor of the Question Mark 1s Hispano-Suiza, of 650 horsepower, with 12 cylinders. She carries “every conceivable instrument,” among them an artificial horizon, inclinometers, al- timeters, a periodic compass, a mag- netic compass, an anemometer and full radio equipment. Her maximum speed is almost 160 miles per hour. Both aviators had distinguished war records. It will be recalled that Coste and Lebrix made the first non-stop flight from Africa to South America. The previous westward flights from Europe over the North Atlantic were the flight in March, 1928, of Capt. E. Kopel and two companions from Ireland to Greenley Islands, off the Labrador coast, and the flight in June, 1930, of Wing Comdr. Kingsford-Smith and three companions from Ireland to Newfoundland. % R GERMANY. — Twenty-four political groups have qualified as “parties” to have a place on the official ballot for the Relchstag elections to be held Sep- tember 14, against 32 in the general elections of May, 1928, whereof 17 have again qualified. Under the -electoral system, 500 eligible voters may organize a party. There are 35 electoral districts in the Reich, and 60,000 votes are re- juired for a ndate. It is seen, there- ore, that a great many votes are going to be wasted in the coming election. * ki HUNGARY.—We are told that, in Budapest has increased terrifically, 49 persons having thrown themselves into river, have their hands full. “Any per- son who halts for more than a minute to gaze on the rushing waters is re- quired to move on.” Nor are conditions in Vienna any too happy, even though, under the Social- ist regime, a poor family can get a three-room apartment with bath for the equivalent of $2.50 a month. * k¥ X POLAND.—The other day arrived in New York Harbor the S. 8. Polonia from Gdynias, the Newport of the Polish “corridor,” in which is one of the danger areas of Europe. It is on the Gulf of Danzig about a dozen miles northwest of Danzig and construction thereof be- gan scarcely more than a lustrum back. It is connected by raillway with Danzig and a railway thence to the interior of Poland is under construction. Moreover, a canal to connect it with the Vistula is projected. In course of time Gdynia will or will not entirely supplant Danzig (the status of which is so strangely an- omalous) as the port of Poland. The Polonia is the first to be commissioned of their vessels to constitute the nucleus of a Polish merchant marine. On August 30 President Moscickl dis- solved the Polish Diet at the instance of Marshal Joseph Pilsudski, premier and in effect dictator of Poland; the first step toward the “constitutional reform” contemplated by the old warrior. Gen- eral elections for a new selfm are sched- uled for January 16 mnext; meantime much might happen. * K ok X ‘TURKEY.—Turkey seems to be enter- ing an interesting new political rhue throught the formation of a new Liberal party advocating easy entry of foreign capital, encouragement of private enter- prise, and by the same token the cur- tb:)i‘l}x:lent of government participation in But the other day the famous Ismet Pasha, premier of rkey, in a speech at Sivas at the opening of the new Turkish-built railroad connecting Sivas with Angora, advocated continuance of the present government policy of “Tur- key for the Turks.” He pointed out as among the achievements to date of Re- publican Turkey construction within seven years of almost &s much railroad mileage as the Sultan's government had constructed in 60 years. As to the vexed question of hospital- ity to foreign capital, he declared that observation convinced him that foreign capitalists were trying to recover the unfair privileges they enjoyed under the Ottoman Empire. Republican Tur- key, he declared, prefers to rely on her own resources and cherish her inde- pendence. He defended the government tobacco, salt, alcohol and other monop- olies. as necessary and proper in Tur- key’s present phat Something like fiscal and general economic crisis now exists in Turkey. Mustapha Kemal is taking counsel with experts of sundry foreign countries. All extremely interesting. 5% CHINA.—Chang Hsueh-Liang, super- tuchun of Manchuria, has sent three divisions of Manchurian troops into the Pelping-Tientsin area. Naturally, curi- osity is rife as to his excellency's in- tentions in this connection. Nanking newspapers claim that Chang proposes to aid Nanking. The forelgn minister of the new Peiping government is quoted as asserting that the move was made at the instance of Slen Hsi-Shan and for his behoof and others are wicked cynics who suggest that Chang is looking out solely for No. 1. o e SANTO DOMINGO.—The city of Santo Domingo, capital of the republic of the same name, has been desolated by & hurricane—over 1,200 dead, about 5,000 injured, at least half the city in ruins. The usual looting was ended by a state of martial law. Other Carib- bean isles, notably Dominica, reported severe damage and some loss of life. ‘The American Red Cross and our Gov- ernment (through the Navy and the Marine Corps) are moving vigorously to convey relief. Santo Domingo City, founded by Bartholomew Columbus in 149§, ‘e the oldest city of European foundation in the New World and was long the most important. This is the most desperate experience since it was sacked by Sir Francis Drake in 1586. Surrounded by old walls, with bastons and with its massive old stone houses, many have been wont to regard it ss the finest surviving example of a Spanish colonial town. The cathedral, dating from 1512, which contains the reputed tomb of LONDON.—There may be fortunes in professional base ball in the United States, but the salaries or fees pald to Britain's professional cricketers, even at & time such as the present, when Eng- land and Australia are at grips again in the world cricket series, are some- thing of the chicken-feed nature by comparison. Some of the topliners here fare better than the average run of cricketers be- cause they have annual contracts, but | the average pay uring the season, May- August, is between $50 and $75 for a match of three days’ duration. As- suming that a player takes part in all the 28 matches on the champlonship program at a fee of $60 a match, he receives at the end of the season only $1,680. But from this he must deduct his railway and hotel expenses. ‘The men chosen to play in the cricket world series with Australia fare better. ‘They receive about $50 a day for four days. But out of this they must pay their rallway and hotel expenses. No wonder that the cricket giants here- abouts, the equivalents of the Babe Ruths of base ball, read with amaze- ment the stories about the pay received by the principal wielders of the willow across the Atlantic. Even when they take a home view of things they find that soccer foot ball players here are paid much more than cricketers, yet cricket is still the national game. ‘The highest paid “pros” in Britain are undoubtedly the jockeys, some of whom, through retaining fees, presents and percentages on winnings, rake in ‘That ial “suicide squad” of 50 the banks on of the between $40,000 and $50,000 a year. The average golf professional is in Professional British Sport Stars Earn Scant Handfuls Compared to U. S. Pay much the same predicament as the pro- fessional cricketer. It is estimated that there are not more than a dozen golf professionals who are making much more than $5000 a year. There are scores of them who count it a good year if they make $1,500 or $2.000. (Copyright, 1930.) Hawaii Denies Island Is Lost to White Race Vigorous exception is taken in Ha- wall to the comment of V. S. Mec- Clatchy of San Francisco that the islands are “lost to the white race.” McClatchy, who for many years has been an avowed exponent of exclusion of Orientals from the United States, made his comment in connection with the Welch bill, which has been intro- duced in Congress to bar Filipinos from the United States. McClatchy referred to the nunibers of Orientals in Hawaii and declared that they are gaining control. This aroused much resentment in Hawali, which prides itself that a thorough job of Americanization is being done in an American community that believes the racial “melting pot” can fuse a number of races successfully. Hawaii’s Delegate to Congress, Victor S. K. Houston, has also challenged McClatchy’s assertion with figures to prove that Americans of Occidental blood are firmly in con- trol of the islands so far as property ownership and operation of the great businesses are concerned. has | ministration building for the | Columbus, escaped dnmlgeo. The popula- tion is, or rather was, about 45,000. The area of the Republic of Santo Domingo is about 19,000 square miles, the | population about 900,000. Sugar is king, the sugar lands being the finest in the West Indies. Coco, tobacco and coffee figure prominently in the economy, coco being the chief export to the United States. The country has been suffering very severe economic depres- sion since last Fall. Nature has been bountiful in respect of timber and min- erals. Among the natural wonders are two hills composed of pure rock salt. | If you visit the island, do not fail to see La Vega, in the midst of a beauti- ful savannah surrounded by wooded hills and boasting a fine cathedral. We have had interesting relations | with Santo Domingo—softly, softly cau- tious, my muse. * ok kX ARGENTINA . —Here. is news possibly of very considerable importance: Presi- dent Hipolito Irigoyen has delegated the executive power temporarily to Vice President Enrique V. Martinez, ostens- ibly on account ot 1ll health. The Ar- gentine constitution provides that the President may at any time during his term turn over his office to the Vice President and may resume it at dis- cretion. Sundry advices give the im- pression that President Irigoyen yield- ed to cabinet pressure, the latter resulting from & formidable public movement. For a week or so there had been a good deal of agitation and even some student riots. Senor Martinez upon assuming office declared a state of martial law in Buenos Aires for 30 days. Wild excitement in the capital is reported, and one is told of a clash between police and demonstrators in which many persons were injured. On September 1 the Argentine paper besco was worth only 36 cents against a par of 42.40 cents. * %k * UNITED STATES—Our shere of the merchant oceanic ship tonnage under construction in the world is a little less than 8 per cent, as against nearly ]46 for Great Britain and Northern Ire- and. Government revenues of July and August totaled $266,128,806, less by $77,- 631,167 for the corresponding period of last year. The chief item of loss was in respect of customs collections, which, at $58,282,337, contrasted with $108,571,671 for the correspon.. 1g period of last ear. & Panama Canal tolls fall. The yacht America, winner of the famous cup, now rides at the dock of the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis. The participation of the America in the Cowes race in 1851 marked the entrance of the United States into international sports. During the several wars she has assisted in maintaining the blockade of Southern ports and took a number of prizes. For several years after the war she was used by the Nawal Academy as a training ship for midshipmen. | Buildings, the total cost of which will | be $20,000,000, are now under construc- | tion at Yale, some nearing completion, | as follows: The Sterling Memorial Li- brary, to cost $7,000,000; the Sterling lagv buildings, $3,500,000; the Payne Whitney Gymnasium, $2,500,000; the Institute of Human Relations Building, $2,000,000; the Sterling Quadrangle, comprising the first group of dormi- tories pertaining to the new house R“’"" $2,000,000; a second group of ouse plan buildings, for which Edward S. Harkness has given the money. $2,000,000, and the Department o Health Building, $1,000,000. Plans are being completed for fur- ther buildings as follows: A divinity school quadrangle, $2,500,000; a-grad- uate school quadrangle, $3,500,000° | Shefliel® Scientific School, $1,250,000. The outlay for the buildings is covered by funds from the estate of the late John V. W. Sterling of New York City. » ok k NOTE.—More reported from Spain. Among the many worrtes of Spain is the fall of the peseta. The other day, rioting is Lmen when it had tobogganed to 9.75 to the dollar, the Spanish finance minister re- signed, leaving & ghastly problem to ‘his successor, RELIANCE. PUT ON PLANE IN “SAN FRANCISCO SIEGE Importance of War Game on Coast Based on Vast Number of Ships Used and Aircraft’s Role. BY TOM WHITE. BRISK interchange of notes, a sudden rupture of diplomatic relnlx;m.ed extx'ss ’evekrym k;mur, grim-faced guards in o trolling stragetic centers, le:- walsted destroyers outward bound un- der sealed orders. Out on the West Coast feverish ac- tivity is under way day and night; and although the lights of every city from Seattle to San Diego are blotted out by smothering war clouds, the swirling bank of high fog behind the Golden Gate is ominously dark. The Presidio, the coast defenses on both sides of the Gate—every local unit of the Army and Navy is making hec- tic preparations for defensive action, for according to all the logic of war- fare the enemy fleet will make its initial mass attack on San Francisco, unload their troop transports and penetrate the coast region before troops can be assembled and rushed from the Mississippl Valley and the Eastern _Seaboard, even before the United States fleet, engaged in ma- neuvers in the Eastern Caribbean, could pass through the canal, pro- viding the Isthmian cut-off were not already P.ut out of commission, to reach California waters. Enemy Planes Sighted. A radio flash comes from an ob- servation plane far out beyond the Farralone Islands. Enemy planes have been sighted and far down on the twi- light horizon is the faint smudge from countless funnels borne in on the wings of the brisk west wind. San Francisco is to be attacked. Although such a stage umnf is pure- 1y hypothetical, tactical problems and questions involving defensive measures were just as real when the Pacific ar- ‘mada, known as the Black force, pro- ceeded from a port of the Northwest to urmro San Prancisco. ‘Their prob- able date of arrival, direction of ap- proach, formation and method of attack were & sealed book to the defending Blues. Sixty Vessels in Enemy Fleet. ‘The armada flying the Black flag was made up of 60 vessels under command of Rear Admiral Schofield, who with his staff directed fleet movements from the battleship Tennessee, one of nine cap- ital ships. The vessels looked to to play| the biggest part in “the battle of San FPrancisco” were the huge carriers Lex- ington, Saratoga and Langley, whose floating nests can disgorge upward of 200 planes. The remainder of the fleet was made up of 24 destroyers, led by the cruiser Omaha; 14 submarines and supply ships, hospital ships, mine- sweepers and other miscellaneous units. ‘The harbor defenses, the Blue force, were directed by Col. John T. Geary, whose headquarters were at Fort Win- field Scott. The Blue air force was made up of the 7th Bombardment Group, consisting of the 11th Bombard- ment Squadron of 20 bombers and the | 95th Pursuit Squadron of 20 pursuit ships, including the contingent from San under command of Maj. Carl Spatz. The 6th Coast Artillery, detachment from the 14th Coast Artil- lery at Fort Worden, Wash.; six de- stroyers, five Coast Guard cutters, the airplane tender Aroostook, with six twin-motored flying boats and a body of Organized Reserve officers, made up the balance of the defending group. The ;1“‘171 air forces were based at Mills eld. Combat Conditions Observed. Although the “capture” of San Fran- cisco was the general objective of the Black fleet, no decision was sought. The problem was to determine the degree of co-operation possible, based largely on the system of communication be- tween the Blue air forces at the various forts and at points where mobile anti- aircraft guns were stationed. On both sides of this land-and-water war game actual combat conditions were observed—as though, on one hand, the fleet were seeking to capture an enemy port, and, on the other, the land forces were pooling every available man, gun and plane in a concerted defense. ‘The floating Black force cleared from Seattle on August 11, steamed out through the Straits of Juan de Fuca and by nightfall was swallowed ug in the dim haze of the Pacific. The Blue fleet being thousands of miles from its home waters, the Black ships steamed southward without fear of molestation. To avoid any possibility of “spotting” or detection on the part of venturing Blue planes, portholes were darkened and every customary war-time precau- tion was observed. The carriers were in the lead, followed by the destroyers, in whose wake rolled the battleships. 150 Black Planes Attack. As the armada moved to within striking distance of San Francisco, but well outside the beat of the average patrol plane, men were ordered to their battle stations, the scouting force was sent out and everything made snug and shipshape against the impending “bat- tle.” On the morning of the 15th the feet took up its position off San Fran- cisco, but well out at sea. Meanwhile the defending Blue planes had maintained a ceaseless watch over the coastline 300 miles on either side of their base, flying at an altitude of 15,000 feet. Twenty planes kept up the watch, one taking off every 30 minutes. It was one of these O-25s, the Army's new standard type of observation piane, that spotted the enemy 70 miles off the coast. 'Ab the outset weather conditions were with the attacking force, as a swarm of B e o 1 e their approacl ng fiying clouds. Far outnumbering the Blues, a llr'emurt of w!lxlch ‘was on trol duty, the enemy force g:er the tfty. doing untold theoretical damage to the city itself and to the various airports scattered about the bay district. Lexington Attacked. Remaining hidden temporarily in the face of such overwhelming odds, the Blue air forces swung into action at the first opportunity, their bombers lo- cating the carrier Le: 15 miles off Monterey. The motive back of this ma- neuver was to unfit the carrier for further use as a mother ship, if not sink her. At the same time the move had to. be executed before the carrier's bombers could get into action. If the ship were crippled or sunk there would be nothing for her “brood” to do, when their fuel was exhausted, but to drop out of the l‘)’fcwre as far as effectiveness is concerne: Meanwhile, the mines having been theoretically swept from the channel, the Black cruiser Omaha, leading a flock of destroyers, steamed into the bay pouring broadsides into the Her mission was to put out of service the searchlights of the anti-aircraft batteries. Fire from the destroyers was from one-pounders, the shore batteries answering with their three-inch pieces. Counter-Raid Successful. ‘The second and final day's activities got under way early. The sun hardly had_cut the horizon before 150 planes on both sides were battling over San Francisco. _The insistent drone swarm of B'.l;ck warbirds ':-m - long before they were seen -3:‘:'; but the Biues had spotted them, and pursuits and bombers of the de- fending force set out to turn them ck. This action of the Blacks was really a counter-attack, the answer bombing expedition capital ships of the Black fleet well outside the Farralone Islands, 20 miles outside the Golden Gate. counter-raid was suc What would probably have been a decisive action, as far as the air forces were concerned, had this. been real warfare, took place early in the after- noon when the planes of the Blue forces were far out at sea attempting to “flush a covey of Blackbirds.” the Black planes were elsewhere, after bigger game. Their objective was Fort ‘Winfield Scott, general of the defending forces—the key posi- tion, and one from which communica- tion' was maintained with each unit. It had to be dispatched. Batteries Drive Off Attackers. With this object in view, a drove of Black pursuit planes appeared suddenly from a high altitude, swarmed over Fort Scott and Crissy Field, and went to work.” But they had reckoned with- out the anti-aircraft batteries almost directly beneath them. Forty minutes of steady firing on the part of the “A-A's” Tresulted not only in driving off the raiders, but “bringing down™ a substantial part of the enemy fleet. ‘The only aggressive action on th part of the capital ships was ' when four members of the Black Tennessee, Oklahoma, - Maryland. and Nevada—moved up within range.of the Blue shore batteries. This movement occurred at the same time the enemy air forces launched their early morning raid over the city. It may have been a feint, under cover of which the Black air forces got away, or it may have beer part of their program to silence th- shore batteries before closing in. Reliance Placed on Aircraft. ‘This and many other features of “the siege of San Francisco” were brought up and discussed at a critique after the maneuvers, when representa- tives of the Army and Navy held a round-table discussion. Then the aims and strategy of each side, which had been jealously guarded during “war times,” were laid bare. Probable and improbable losses of ships, planes and shore batteries were gone over in de- tail, the value of certain raiding ope- ations were weighed, the positions of various combat forces, both offensive and defensive, were considered—all this solely with an eye to its usefulness in time of actual warfare. While the lessons learned in any mimic warfare are not made public, for obvious reasons, it is agreed that each maneuver presents individual problems characterized by the locality, number and diversity of combat units involved, and the object to be gained. In many ways “the siege of San Francisco” was unique, chiefly because of the vast number of ships employed and the re- ilance placed on aircraft for both re- connaisance and combat duty. As for the Army, the value of co- operative effort, both offensive and de- fensive, was shown pretty clearly to depend upon ' communication, moré especially when its forces are scattered over a wide area, and a large and in- creasingly important part of the service is in the air. Schools in Porto Rico Lack Facilities for Extra Pupils By W. F. O'REILLY. SAN JUAN, P. R—With more than 250,000 students beginning classes weeks in advance of the opening of schools in most northern communities, the In- sular Department of Education has been compelled to refuse admission to other thousands of children. Principals, supervisors, the Commis- sioner of Education and even Gov. Roosevelt have received petitions from parents and guardians asking them to find some way to ingrease the school facilities. Central High School of San Juan was forced to turn away more than 200 applicants. Probably in no community under the flag is there more earnest and wide- spread faith in the American educa- tional system than in Porto Rico. As the Brookings Institute report points out, this faithsometimes meets with pathetic disillusionment, since book- learning frequently does not solve the problems the people expect it to solve. Dr. Jose Padin, who directs the open- ing of the school year for the first time as Commissioner of Education, is de- termined that Porto Rico's educational system shall be more an instrument to fight poverty and disease and the re- sulting ineficiency. In an address to his supervisors he dwelt at length on the school as the best equipped social agency to deal with the island’s funda- tal and age-old ills. Dr. Padin holds that it is the function of the school and the educators to teach the children, and through them the parents, how and what to eat, how to produce it and how to keep well. This program, he admits, is not in line with conventional pedagogy, but he insists that, followed out, it will give the island what the old-fashioned cur- riculum cannot—a healthy, industrious, efficient population. ‘The school lunch room and the school garden, amplified and increased, will be the Dezartment of Education’s princinal mediums of attack on rural malnutritics probiem. A recent ¢ survey by the National Child Health Association brought out the fact tiaat there are at least 200,000 undernoys- ished children in the island. While school authorities have not at ther disposal sufficient fupds to feed wil these, an effort will be made through the school lunch room to take care of Association donated $100,000 for the feeding of undernourished children, a of. which is still available and will used with other funds of the Insular government to continue the lunches. In the meantime, a drive being under- taken on the mainland, will, it is hoped, result in sending to the island suffi- clent money to operate the lunch rooms throughout the year. ‘The school garden is considered an essential accompaniment of the school lunch room if the people are to be taught to eat wholesome native-grown food. Each rural school, therefore, has assigned to it a portion of land on which crops are planted and cared for by the pupils. Dr. Padin’s program calls for a eclose and systematic co-operation between his department and the Departments of Health and Agriculture. It is felt that the three departments have their effort by scattering attacks on varying aspects of the problem. From now on there will be a concerted move- ment in which the rural schools will be used as centers and agencies or propa- ganda and instruction by experts of the three departments. There are 2,200 rural schools in the island, and Dr. Padin believes that they offer the most effective and rapid channels through which doctrines of health and efficiency can reach the people. Parents will be invited to the schools where agricul- tural and health experts will instruct them in simple language in questions * of farming and personal hygiene. ‘The island is spending this year about $4,000,000, more than 1ts budget, on educaticn.