Evening Star Newspaper, June 15, 1930, Page 41

CROP WASTE INTO GOLD Rare Sugar From C THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON. D. C, JUNE 15 1930—PART TWO. IS TURNED BY RESEARCH ottonseed Hulls and Wallboard From Cornstalks Are New Source BY GEORGE W. GRAY. AST Fall the Federal Farm Board announced its opinion that the price of cotton was too low and it offered to make loans to en- able growers to hold their crops for higher prices. But within a few weeks the price had further declined 1% cents a pound and Gov. Moody of Texas was complaining that farmers had lost from $5 to $7.50 a bale on all | cotton held in expectation of the implied upturn. Meanwhile, and simultaneously, down in Alabama a group of scientists were discovering a new wealth in a prolific ‘waste of the cotton flelds. The details of this notable research were reported only a few weeks ago at the meeting of the American Chemical Society. In brief, what has been discovered is this: That every ton of cotton seed | hulls, a by-product heretofore regarded as of no value, will yield 500 pounds of a sugar known to chemists as xylose—a rare sweet so scarce that it has been selling for $100 a pound. It will sell for less hereafter, for the cotton plantations of the South an- nually produce a million tons of cotton seed hulls. You can figure for yourself how many tons of hidden sugar the unknowing growers have been throwing away—sugar which can b: extracted at a few cents a pound, put to industrial use and made to yleld a new profit. I cite in parallel these two simul- taneous incidents because they illustrate | two methods of farm relief. The first is an attempt to create higher value | (or price) for a known product by a system of limiting its production or controlling its distribution—a system ‘which involves loans by the Govern- ment to finance the holding scheme and which involves also an elaborate organization of agreements among the millions of farmers to hold or to sell according to a co-operative plan. The other method is to find new values by developing new products from the farm or by discovering new uses for old products. Government Backs Research. Swift's appraisal of the man who can make two blades of grass grow where only one grew be: applies as well to the proponents of this second method. For, as you will see, their plan is to make two (and more) products grow Wwhere only one was known before; to turn troublesome waste into profitable \. wealth; to increase the farmer’s outlets and sales by increasing the variety of his useful output. * The nt is back of this re- search method of farm relief quite as definitely as it is back of the crop- thod. both Congress has efforts to find profitable uses for agricultural wastes. Many of the State z;zmmenu likewise ll:lve 1\'.!!5-1 tered are providing laboratory explorations of the farm’s by-products. m:t was in 1927 that ess asked ‘under Herbert Hoover, to con- sider what might be done to turn some dlhe';:uorv.hermmhml money. tion bills author- ized $50,000 a year ol for this purpose. Secretary Hoover assigned the Tesearch Job to the Buresu of Standards anc | “USF there 1t was put in charge of a chemical a-nmer. ;w E. chief of the o - h'flfll organic fibrous ma. ture | cipal use has farms, by bulk and weight, a hundred million tons of them produced annually on the 100,000,000 acres of cornland. Surely, a hundred million tons of care- | fully cultivated stalks must contain useful—surely they could be turned to some better end than to re- plenish a trash heap. There was a pioneering professor at Ames. Iowa—Dr. O. R. Sweeney—who had been asking this question for 10 years; and in the laboratory of the | had been - choj them in various solvents, them into their chemical elements, hy- drated them, destructively distilled them, tried them out as raw material | for a hundred uses. Valuable Results Obtained. The Government scientists had no | desire to duplicate work already well | done. The only purpose was to find how to make the most profitable use of this farm waste, and it was Tecog- nized at once that Prof. Sweeney had | accumulated valuable results in his 10- year research. The bureau chemists and engineers joined forces with him, and there was erected at Ames a clal laboratory where the researchers | could test out on a commercial scale the manufacture of some of the products which Prof. Sweeney had de- n!mupeflmenuuy. - are hundreds of possibilities,” explained Mr. Emley, “but our task in exploring each waste is to find the possibility that has the surest chance of commercial success. | “For example, cornstalks yield about 30 per cent cellulose, and cellulose is | the raw material of artificial silk, mo- | tion picture films, paper, explosives and | many other products. of these lucts can be made of cornstalks, it can they be made economically? Can they be made of a grade and at s cost Which enable them to com- | pete with similar products already on the market? That is our problem in developing a use for each of these work out not only the chemistry of production, but also its | ally emerged from the Ames !fiflmnl is an artificial lumber, a wall board, which has proved to be so practicable as a salable commodity in competition with other types of wall board that a million-dollar corpora- tion was organized last year to engage in its manufacture. The presence of such men as ex-Gov. Lowden, Bernard M. Baruch, Herbert F., Perkins and Eugene V. Thayer on its board of direc- tors is evidence of the business sound- ness of the venture. The company has built and equipped a f: ‘buque, Jowa; 1;;.-.- installed for nothing, for here- he has had the trouble of re- moving the stalks each year. Industry Is in Infancy. ent of Commerce, then | Precise | cause of this s of Wealth. | search has just ended and the industry is just beginning. While the experimental station in Towa was exploring the possibilities of cornstalks representatives of the Bu- reau of Standards visited the South to look into the wastes of its. principal crop—cotton. “The truth is that we didn't find any very obvious wastes there,” said Mr. Emley. “Years ago cottonseed were re- garded as a nuisance. The farmers, after the cotton was ginned and the seed extracted, dumped the ‘useless’ seeds into gullies and creeks, and even burned them to rid the countryside of them. But now cottonseed has quite as definite a value as the cotton fiber itself. From its oil are made well known sub- stitutes for butter, cream, lard, olive oil and lubricating oil, while the residue is ground to a meal which is widely used as cattle feed.” Today this former nuisance is bringing in more than $150,000,000 a year to the farms of the South, Cotton plants also have stalks, and the bureau investigators considered the possibilities of utilizing them. “But the agricultural authorities did not re- gard the cotton stalks as waste,” said Mr. Emley. “They are rich in potash and when plowed back into the soil add valuable fertilizer. “Then we studied the cotton burrs, the remainder of the ripened bolls. These, too, proved to be rich in potash |and in phosphorus, and a means of making them economically available as fertilizer is being worked out. “About the only residue of the cotton crop that seemed to be serving no use- ful purpose was the hulls of the cotton- seed, the shells which remain after the seed has been cracked open and its oily kernel removed. In some parts of the South these hulls were ground into a bran and used as a dilutant to mix with cattle meal. We analyzed them and found that the hulls are rich in this rare sugar, xylose. “We had previously discovered xylose in peanut shells, and at the bureau lab- oratories in Washington had been ex- perimenting with methods of extract- ing the sugar. But here in the cotton- seed hulls we found a sugar content far higher, and the larger tonnage of this "l:‘f made it a promising field of Laboratory Built in Alabama. So a laboratory to study cottonseed hulls was built at Anniston, Ala., right in the heart of the cotton country. And, just as in Jowas the cornstalks laboratory was a joint enterprise with the State College, so the Government engineers here had the co-operation of the University of Alabama, the State Pol; Institute and the Swann through the velopment Board. complete manufacturing plant on small scale was built, and during the few months it has been producing lose at the rate of 100 pounds a day. object has been to develop the 0st economical process of extracting the sugar and. to put production on a cost basis. It is expected tha with the publication of these results, standardizing the process and demon- strating the economy of manufacture gflu'z capital will take up the in- lus! Anq" this mysterious $100-a-pound “It has brought that price because of extreme rarity,” explained Mr. Emley. “Indeed, up to now it has been a curosity and was prac- tically unknown to industry. Its prin- been as a medium for bacteria. the culture of certain Be- h price, too, very little experimenting been ‘done with xylose commercially, for no one was willing to pay $100 a pound for sugar just to explore its possibilities. “But now at our Anniston plant we are making the sugar for a few cents a pound and are supplying it to all who are willing to test its uses. Twenty- five laboratories in the United States and 10 abroad are experimenting with samples from our production.” American manufacturers of gun- powder are trying the possibilities of this sugar as a base material for ex- plosives. One of the large candy manu- facturing companies is experimenting with it for candy. In Chicago a food- concern is testing its food value. Bakers, medical institutes, tan- nerles and research laboratories of va- rious kinds have secured specimens of xylose and are experimenting with its applications in their special fields. Fed to Rats in Test. One laboratory has been feeding the new sugar to rats and watching results. The biologists there report that the xylose apparently is not assimilated in the digestive processes of the rats, but Ppasses tnrough their bodies unchanged. If this effect should prove to be true of humans as well one can see brilliant prospects for the cotton seed hull sugar. Reaching for a sweet—provided, of course, that it'’s a xylose sweet—will cease to carry the dire consequences openly hinted by recent advertising au- thorities, and since the cotton planters of the South largely control the sources of this raW material, one may conjure up the paradox of farmers fattening as a result of non-fattening sugar. However, such suggestions are but facetious dreams as yet—the future of the new sugar is still in the test tubes of the scientists. What we do know is that here we have another member of the multitudinous tribe of sugars; that there is a potential 250,000 tons of it available in cottonseed waste and recoverable at a few cents a pound, and that just as soon as this new sugar is put to work the farmers in a wide area will have an additional source of in- come. These two researches—one in the cornfields of Iowa, the other in the cotton plantations of Alabama, are typical of the sort of work that Mr. Emley and his associates are doing. They are investigating peanut shells, for example. These are not altogether useless—hundreds of tons are burned every year as fuel. But the chemists believes they can be put to even more profitable use, and in a year or two, perhaps, there will be a new sirup, a new fruit acid or a new flavor at the fancy name, but in of peanut shells. Straw Being Investigated. ‘They are investigating straw. Amer- ica produces about 96,000,000 tons of straw each year in its fields of wheat, oats and other grain. Some straw is used on the farm as bedding for cattle and horses, but much is burned. “This straw has value as a raw ma- terial for paper making,” remarked Mr. Emley. “We know we can make paper paper reality an extract of it. Indeed, some of the earliest made in the United States was straw paper. But the problem is whether we can make straw paper good enough and cheap enough to compete with the bet- ter grade wood pulp paper. This ques- tion is being investigated.” And many similar questions are being investigated with the scientist’s thorough-going pains and patience and with the engineer’s hard-headed atten- flo: to eon".‘l and ml;m!u. % generation ago industry began realize that its future could be served by research and today the leather tan- ners, the meat packers, the bakers, the spinners and weavers, the creameries and a score of other industries which get their raw materials from the farm hlxi l';h‘;'lr rmecrx;:h laboratories. through such agencies as have been mentioned here, .the farm—thc mc production plant on which all our or with research facilities. rely the soda fountain masquerading under a | 3! industries rest—is being provided | | b it Psychology and Children BY DR. WILLIAM A. WHITE. | KNOW of nothing in the universe which may not be used in a way to make it a source of danger. The force of gravity, which holds our | solar system together, is productive | of some of the most serious disasters I have ever seen; whereas one of man's own inventions, to draw the analogy most clearly, the automobile, kills more people year in and year out than the ! World War did. Yet I have not noted that any one has seriously considered abolishing the automobile. It has not even been suggosted, and, even if it ‘were suggested, I have not the slightest idea that the suggestion would have any effect upon the industry. The automobile is not a bad illus- tration. It performs most beneficent | functions when it is driven by the proper person in the service of, let us | say, a socially accepted ideal. Suppose is an ambulance carrying a doctor to some one who has been injured. The automobile then becomes a fine instru- ment of public service. But suppose it is driven by a bootlegger at 70 miles an hour through the center of the city, surrounded by a smoke screen, with bullets flying back and forth that may hit any innocent bystander. It then es an engine of destruction— moral, physical and social. It is not Psychoanalysis is nothing more nor less than a way of discovering certain things about the mind—certain facts and in- formation of the way in which the mind works. It is no more moral nor un- moral than anatomy or physiology. In fact, it is an anatomy and physiology of the mind. It is true that when the psycho- analyst to dissect the human mind he found a lot of things that rather shocked the average conservative, matter-of-fact-minded type of indi- vidual. Whereupon safd individual raised his voice against the iniquity of psycho- analysis. His voice has had just as much effect as the havoc of the| hypothetical person mentioned above who might object to the manufacture of automobiles. There was a time when the dissection of the human body was considered a desecration, and so now some peoplc still consider the dissection of the human mind also a desecration. What individuals object to is an invasion of private rights. When Mme. X says to Mme. ¥, “I am s0 pleased that you came this afternoon; it is so lovely of you; I am always glad to see you,” Mme. X would most seriously object ta having some one disclose to Mme. Y what her real thoughts were—namely, that Mme. Y was a cat and she hated the sight of her and she didn’t see why | in the world she had to pester her with her presence on this particular occasion | Now, psychoanalytic technique has | disclosed a lot of alleged facts. Whether these really are facts or not may be open to discussion. Ultimately people will either be convinced that they are or that they are not. In any case the | actual facts will stand, whether people | like them or not, and you and I and | civilization generally will have to adjust to those facts, whatever they are. To discard psychoanalysis root and branch because of some particular failure of some particular person in its BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is a brief summary | of the most important news of | the world for the five weeks ended June 14: The writer of the following had just completed his article covering the ‘week ended May 17 when he was added to the appalling list of victims of taxicab drivers who -pursue their “samphire” trade without .legal restraint worth mentioning. No doubt the reader will forgive a certain week tardiness in the following effort to re-establish the se- quences of the great current situations. * ok K % INDIA —That we may lose none of the “values” of that tremendously im- portant situation, I propose a summary of the chief developments in India from May 10 (the anniversary of the outbreak of the great mutiny in 1857) on, but I am constrained to postpone it.” Outstanding in interest are the operations of the very efficient royal Ag'e force by way of curbing the wild tribesmen of the northwest frontier, up Peshawur way, Gandhi is being made comfortable in his confinement, his rooms are well furnished and provided with electric light. He has & wide veranda, a gar- den and ample room for exercise. He has his customary food and a sufficient allowance. On June 9 there was published the first volume of the report of the Simoa commission, presenting in 400 closely printed pages a careful statement of existing political and social conditions in India. The second volume contains the recommendations of the commis- n on its ascertainment and interpretation of the facts. For obvious | reasons its publication was postponed until about a fortnight later than blication of the first volume. Judg- f’.:'g from the cabled extracts, the first volume is a truly magnificent piece of work. A round-table conference to include representatives of Great Britain, of British India and of the Indian states under native princes (with British pro- tection and effective, however unob- trusive, supervision), is scheduled to open in London on October 20. There are over 550 princes ruling over the “native states,” which range from Hyderabad (or, the Nizam's Do- minions), with a population of about 13,000,000, down through Mysore, with 6,000,000; Travanoore, with 4,000,000: Kashmir and Gwallor, each with about 3,000,000, Baroda, with 2,000,000, etc., to Sandur, with an area of 161 square miles and a population of 12,000, ere are about 70,000,000 Moslems, as against about 217,000,000 Hindus. Of these Moslems only about 10,000,000 are in the native states Curiously enough, Moslems constitute & majority of the 47,000,000 inhabitants of Benj the al home and still the intellectual stronghold of the Na- tionalist movement. It should be borne in mind that cul- mr-ll!lnuu Hindus are, on the whole, supes to the Moslems. In consider- ing the mutual antipathy between Mos- lems and Hindus, it is of note that the Mavm. money lender, who has the whi, of the peasant, is generally a ABOUT CHILDREN SWIRL O OF PSYCI application to some particular case is, to say the least, illogical. None of the cases which Miss Sedley cites carry with them very different implications to the mind of the psychoanalyst from the implications which they carry to her mind. Nobody at all could wax enthusiastic over the advice of the psychologist to the mother, the morbid introspection of the youth, or fail to agree with the general proposition of Prof. Overstreet that children feed on love, and I might add thrive on it. To turn aside from the whole psycho- analytic theory because of these shallow tatements of alleged adherents would be but another example of throwing out he baby with the bath. The authoress herself, for example, acknowledges that some kinds of mother love are bad for some children. Nobody, certainly not a psychoanalyst, would undertake to make out of such a statement a universal rule and say that all mother love is bad for all children. It depends upon what one means by love and how it is used, and more particularly whether there gets into the love between parent and child certain components that do not belong there because the mother’s love in other directions has been frustrated. The statement that psychoanalysis gives free rein to all the tendencies and passions on the theory that their repres- sion is bad for the individual is non- sense. Psychoanalysis never taught this and never believed it. The only people who do believe it are those who want to, and they are among the critics of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysls, as a matter of fact, has, in recent years particularly, laid a great deal of stress upon what other people call moral con- trols, shown how they have grown up, what are their mechanisms, etc. It has explained how they work, and like all truly scientific disciplines, it sets forth the facts as it finds them for you or for me to do with as we please. Nobody discusses the morality of the cosmic rays. Why should anybody discuss the morality of a structure or a function of the mind? Things, as I said before, are not moral or immoral, good or bad, within themselves. which we use them. In further comment upon the matter of suppression, or more properly re- pression, it may be said that psycho- analysis does not teach that there is anything inherently bad in suppressed | desires as such. It is true that sup- pressed desires in certain neurotic in- dividuals do short circuit into forms of conduct that are bad; but, on the other hand, the simple, primitive, crude, con- It is, speaking generally, true that the inhabitants of the native states are content to follow their princes in loy- alty to the British Raj, and that the Moslems are loyal thereto, but there are exceptions, and in both cases the tide may turn. It should further be borne in mind that modern revolutions are generally made in cities, and that, though India is pre-eminently an agricultural coun- try, its total of industrial works is con- siderable; about nineteen millions. Among cotton-manufacturing _nations India is fifth; first in jute, well up in | fron and steel. * ok ok x CHINA.—The usual Spring fighting |In China was joined again on a consid- |erable scale about the first of May. There appear to be two grand groups of rebels against the authority of the Nanking or Nationalist government; one Northern, the other Southern. The Northern ' group is yclept_the Northern alliance and is headed by Yen Hsi-Shan, the “model governor” of Shansi Prov- ince, with that enigmatic character Feng Yu-Hsiang as generalissimo. The Southern group is called the Kwansi group because its most trustworthy ele- ments derive from Kwangsi Province, the very home and citadel of toryism and tuchinism. Nevertheless, advanced radicals are assoclated with this group, such as Chang Fa-Kwel of “Ironsides™ fame, so that, after all, it is like most Chinese groupings, seterogeneous, not to say nondescript. In addition there are the Red bandits, avid of loot and blood, but only casually aggregated in bodies of formidable size. On May 10 we heard of a severe struggle between forces of the Nanking government on the one part and forces | of the Northern Alllance on the other, along the line of the Lunghair railroad from Suchow (eastern terminus of that railroad, where it meets the Tien- tsin-Pukow line) westward to Cheng- chow (where it crossed the Peking- Hankow line), and off northward and northeastward into Shantung province. A glance at the map will show that complete mastery of the Lunghair rallroad and of Shantung would give to the Northern Alllance secure possession of Northern China (excepting, of course, what we may call the independent prin- cipality of Manchuria). This Northern fighting continues with the results by no means made clear by the dispatches. The Northerners appear to be greatly superfor in number, but this superiority would seem to be more or less countered by several facts, as: That many of the Nanking troops have had important t ing by German officers; that the Nanking forces are far more efficiently and amply equipped in respect of air- lanes, tanks and artillery, and (per- ps most important of all) that Chang Kai-Shek, the Nanking generalissimo, has available the most competent Ger- man advice on strategy and No doubt the superiority in numbers of the Northern iance is largely to be accounted ‘for by the adhesion thereto of the more powerful free booting gen- erals, but the loyalty of these gentle- |are men is a very precarious thing, sub- ject at any moment &: change of color from a sufficient 3 The Kwangsi forces .are in three grand armies, of which the most im- It is the way in | E OF THE STORM CENTERS OLOGY. Etching by J. H. Dowd. | srete satisfaction of our instinctive tend- | encies at all times in all places and under any circumstances is utterly im- possible; and there are no people on the face of the earth so primitive as to in- dulge in any such behavior, and, to be paradoxical, if there were such people they probably would not survive. In fact that we call “civilization” is de- pendent upon capturing the surplusage of energy that otherwise would run off in these instinctive directions and, as the psychoanalysts say, sublimating it, which means turning it into channels of higher usefulness both to the indi- vidual and to society. Much hes been made of the fact that among certain primitive peoples where there is a very free expression of the instinctive life there is an absence of neurotic and mental disease, but I al- ways like to add to this statement that these people remain primitive. The process of recapturing the energy from these instinctive channels of expression for purposes of sublimation is the of civilization, and like all such high adventures, it is fraught with danger. No such process can take place which has as its objective such high purposes without there being a certain percent- age of casualties on the way, casualties that are represented by the failure to effect results aimed at. These are the casualties of the nervously and mentally 1ll, and they represent in a very real sense the price that we have to pay for civilization. It is the purpose of the mental hygiene movement, for example, and of the practice of psychiatry in its preventive aspects to endeavor to find out whether or not this price may not be reduced. A Time for Everything. 1 suspect, too, that most of the evils that are complained of by the authoress of this article are evils which are cer- tainly no worse than those that pre- ceded the advent of psychoanalysis. I canot conceive that an inquiring mind that learns something about a subject is worse off than a mind that is filled with fear of that subject and knows nothing about it. Knowledge seems to me to be power, to a certain extent at any rate, and ignorance seems to me therefore to be weakness or helplessness. Of course, we cannot trust everybody with knowledge, and it is quite obvious that we should not begin in our primary schools to teach the profound biological truths of psychology any more than we should undertake to teach calculus to children of 5 and 6 years of age. There is a time for everything and that time is dictated by the development stage at | portant is driving toward the great triple city on the Yangtsze (Hankow, | Wuchang and Hanyang), another |toward Shasi, on the Yangtsze, in | Southern Pupeh, west of Hankow, another (under Chang Fa-Kwel) | toward Kiukiang (on the Yangisze, | east of Hankow, in Northern Kiangsi). All three drives seem to be going well. iDilelchu of June 10 told of capture |by the principal Southern army of | Yochow, on the Yangtsze abovt half | way between Shasi and Hankow. The | operations of the Kwangsi group are, of course, immensely facilitated by the | fact that Nanking must keep the bulk and flower of her forces in the North. And, of course, Nanking is wretchedly unable to spare troops to deal with the hideous depredations of the bandits. From Moscow is heard the exultant claim that “60,000 Reds possess the whip hand in the Yangtsze Valley,” ‘which is as it may be. * K % % UNITED STATES—Three bills pro- posed by Senator Wagner of New York have been passed by the Senate and sent to the House. One provides for monthly publication by the Bureau of Labor statistics of up-to-date statis- tics of unemployment. Another pro- vides for planning of public works, to involve total expenditures of up to $150,000,000 and to be carried on in periods of industrial slackness. The third calls for an appropriation of $4,000,000 to be used for conducting | surveys of the labor situation and for setting up additional employment sys- tem, the latter to involve Federal aids to States appropriating equal sums and (to a limited extent) to involve extension of aid in transporting labor from places where it exceeds demand to places where the demand exceeds the supply. ‘These measures are, I believe, still under consideration by the House. The total value of commodity exports from this country in April was only $334,- 000,000 as against $425,264,000 for April, 1929; indeed, the smallest months total in_that kind of the last five years. ‘The population of the Borough of Manhattan dropped by 18 per cent in the last Federal census printed. The new figure for the City of New York is about 6,601,000 as against 5,620,000 in 1920. The new figure for Chi is about 3,374,000, representing a :fl: of about 672,000 since 1920. On June 13th Senate passed 44 to 42, the Hawley-Smoot tariff bill, 39 Repub- licans and five Democrats supporting it, and 11 Republicans, one Farmer- Laborite, and 30 Democrats, opposing it. * K K ok THE PINEAL BODY.—There's a gen- tleman investigating the possibility of using the pineal gland, or pineal body, or “narion,” or “inner eye,” way of comprehend; the fourth dimension. brain, has a retina and lens of sorts not dissimilar to those of the exterior optics. The anatomists to regard it as an atrophied Descartes i it the very seat of the mind, the place ‘the mind the one hand and the ‘vital spirit on the other meet and com- municate. Here the mystery of organ, bul Subject Has Become a Storm Center—~Its Influence Attacked and Defended. which the mind has arrived with refer- ence to the subject. ‘Willlam James said that we could not have anything without having too much of it, and perhaps we have had too much of certain aspects of psycho- analysis. We have had too much of the cheap popularization of this subject and too much of uninformed criticism. We never can have too much of the facts which it has to disclose. Prof. Freud many years ago warned this country that it accepted psychoanalysis too readily; that he would have pre- ferred to have seen it more critically dealt with; that he believed it would thrive better under criticism which kept it within bounds. It has suffered more from its friends than it has from its enemies, but that does not mean that it should welcome the uninformed critie. ¢ In the progress of the medical sci- ences the recognition of mental dis- ease and its treatment have come last. For thousands of years the physician has been studying and treating the body and, particularly since the days of Pasteur, he has been enormously suc- cessful in ridding mankind of certain specific, infectious, communicable dis- eases, Now psychoanalysis comes along and attempts a study of the human mind. It offers to study mental diseases, to attempt their understanding, to get their causes and develop as far as pos- sible adequate methods of prevention. In the few years that it has been at work it has discovered many things which its advocates believe to be facts of observation and laws of function- ing of the human mind. I have no brief for anything but facts. If what it has discovered are facts, then they have added so much to our knowledge and will help in so far in developing b2 P as above indicated. To the extent that they are not facts they will have to be discarded. Psychoanalysis is scientific in its approach to these most difficult prob- lems, and so while it has very little quarrel with many of its critics so far as such specific instances as Miss Sedley has given, it has serious quar- rel with its critics when, because of such instances, a discarding of the whole method and body of thought in- volved in this item is recommended. Psychoanalysis Like a Dream. In the past and even at the present time such criticisms, of course, are perfectly understandable, and I have every sympathy with the people who make them, but let me call attention to the fact that, probably since Miss Sedley’s article was written, a book has appeared which I reviewed in the books section of the Herald-Tribune for May 25, called “The Structure and Meaning of Psychoanalysis,” under the authorship of Dr. Willlam Healy and two of his assistants, Misses Bronner and Bowers. No attempt has ever before been made to gather to- gether what constitutes psychoanaly- sis. The attempt is made in this book, and a good job has been done. 1 suppose today there are 10,000 phy- siclans in the United States who are capable of doing an appendectomy. When I studied medicine I don’t sup- pose there were over 500. Nobody could undertake such an operation without the knowledge of the anatomy of the (Continued on Fourth Page.) The Story the Week Has Told is concentrated; thought meets exten- sion and directs it; extension moves toward thought and is perceived. Well, make what you will; it is at least evident that our investigator has been reading his Descartes. We wish him well, but we suspect that Thomas Carlyle was nearer the mark in his contention that the true pineal gland, seat of both mind and soul, of modern man, is an adventitious organ, greatly varying in size and sometimes altogether lacking—to wit, the purse. w0 e NOTES —Dr. FPridtjof Nansen, the great Arctic explorer and humanitarian, is dead at 68. He played an important part in the separation of Norway from Sweden in 1905, and there was even serious talk of making him King of Norway at the separation, His most famous expedition was that in the Fram, 1893 to 1896. Physically, he looked the Norse hero; he was a genu- ine scientist, a man of wide culture, no mean pen and ink artist, a diplomat (for three years Norway's Ambassador to London). He received the Nobel peace prize for his extraordinary famine- relief services in Russia in 1921. On June 13 Maj. Sir Henry Segrave, holder of the world speed record on land, died of injuries incurred when his motor boat, Miss England 2d, going faster than 100 miles an hour, capsized on Lake Windermere, England, and he was hurled into the lake, both arms be- ing broken, a thigh and a rib frac- tured and a lung punctured. Just before the disaster he established a new world speed-boat record. That was no mean feat, the hydro- plane flight of Jean Mermoz, with two companions, from St. Louis, Senegal, to Natal, Brazil (carrying mail), in 20 hours 16 minutes (1,975 miles), against adverse weather conditions. Note, with careful abstention from comment, the return of Carol of Ru- mania, his enthronement and the de- thronement, ‘by the same token, of his 9-year-old son Michael. The Japanese House of Representa- tives recently passed a bill granting a limited franchise to women, ie., the right to vote in municipal elections, but the Diet adjourned a few days later without action thereon by the Peers. On May 15, Eugene ROy was inaugu- rated temporary President of Haitl. ‘The League of Nations Council met at Geneva on May 12 and adjourned on the 15th. It appears to have been an uneventful session. On May 17 Aristide Briand gave to the press his memorandum looking to the “organization of a system of fed- eral union in Europe,” copies of which he had dispatched to the governments of 26 European states, information of whose reactions is being awaited with curiosity. Doubtless it was not a mere coincidence that the date of publication was the date when the reparations com- mission passed into limbo. I propose in due course consideration in some detail | Am of this document, which should, and may prove of the very highest epochal importance. an conference was opened 17 for consideration Pan-Europe, Count its conference leading ' mac; oper; name wl to designate al ide of this cordial &xmwmafluwm CUBAN ENVOY BY GASTON NERVAL. ATIONS, like individuals, need the light of truth to under- stand each other: they need it to direct their lives, just a: navigators in the middle of the ocean need the light of scientific knowl- edge in order to orient themselves and reach port in safety. Navigators have this knowledge in their compasses and maritime charts, which are precise and mathematically correct. Nations have no compasses or charts wherewith to discover truth, but they have the coun- sel of men devoted to the pursuit of high ideals and the testimony of known facts and statistics. Such counsel and testimony take printed form, in books which appear from time to time to enlighten man in the search for truth, just as light houses illumine for navigators the darkness of the oceans. One of these books has just appeared. From its pages will result a wider un- derstanding and a clearer conception of one of the main political problems of our day. And the nations concerned will undoubtedly profit by the frank and open discussion of the truth in this book, regardless of long standing preju- dices and misunderstandings. The book deals with the pan-Ameri- can situation, than which no other in- ternational movement, probably, has suffered sosmuch misinterpretation and misconception. For years foreign writers and foreign politiclans—first the - peans and later the Latin Americans, influenced by the former—have spread erroneous conceptions as to the real es- sence of the pan-American cause, just because the United States was leading the way, and, not knowing this country, they feared it. When Simon Bolivar, the South American liberator, the George Wash- ington of the Southern Hemisphere, spoke for the first time of the pan- American ideal, in an interamerican assembly in Panama in 1826, no one in Latin America thought of mysterious designs, or evil interftions, of imperial- istic ambitions hidden behind the name of pan-Americanism. Nobody thought then of any of the nations on this con- tinent using the pan-American scheme for furthering their own interests to the detriment of others. But, years later, when the statesmen of this coun- try rescued the pan-American idea from oblivion and undertook to carry it out and make it a reality things looked dif- ferent to certain groups of men who saw that closer friendship of the Latin American natlons with the United States, and the leadership of the lat- ter, would result in ever-increasing in- jury to their material and private in- terests. So, at the very outset of the pan-American movement, taken up for the first time by the United Brl'u, when Secretary of State Blaine pro- posed a continental congress, t.gnu groups launched a campaign of sus- picion and distrust, cha g the United States with selfishness of purpose and evil intent. Scented Veiled Designs. They were afrald of the enormous disproportion in potential resources and economic strength between the “Colos- sus of the North” and the still unor- ganized republics of the South. They could not understand the enthusiasm of the United States for pan-American- ism, except on the supposition that it velled designs on her part for obtaining domination and control over the rest of the continent. This was the origin of the “Yankee rialism” legend, one which has great impaired Uncle Sam’s prestige, not only in Latin Amer- ica, but in the rest of the world as well, and which has, at the same time, deprived the Latin nations of the lim- itless benefits which would have re- sulted from a better understanding of their big brother of the North. Propaganda along this line, materially aided by the almost complete—and mu- tual—lack of knowledge which has been the outstanding characteristic of pan-American relations until recently, found fertile ground among the more excitable classes of Spanish-America. It was helped along now and then by some political mistakes of this country in the Caribbean region and by certain financial complications for which the Union as a whole could not be held responsible. In recent years, it is true, a great change is being brought about in this regard, and the Latin Americans seem to be turning at last toward the light of truth which is showing them the way to better understanding and greater bene- fits for all. However, there is still much to be done. The recognition of truth comes slowly. If it is hard to correct a man’s errors, how much more gigantic is the task of putting a whole people on the ht track, and infinitely greater still when the question affects a group of peoples. “This is why “Pan-Americanism and European Opinion,” by Orestes Ferrara, Cuban Ambassador to the United States, is a book that deserves praise and care- ful study by every one interested in the success of that idealistic movement. Because it contributes to the establish- ment of the real facts and true posi- tions in the pan-American situation. Because it clears the way, exp! away misunderstandings and showing up misrepresentations that have been made, whether intentionally or not. Be- cause it calls things by their own names, clarifying and supporting with unusual sincerity the main feature, both politi- cal and economical, of the pan-Ameri- can scheme. Because, in a word, it is a new light along the road to truth. Although not the first work of its kind written by a Latin authority in support of the pan-American idea, this is the frankest and most comgplete one. The author, Mr. Ferrara, is ifi an espe- clally good position to know all about the pan-American problems of our day, because of his diplomatic position. Both in the discharging of his dutles as d’fi.’, lomatic representative 'of his country ‘Washington during the four years, and in the course of his public life in Cuba—in the army, in the press, in the Congress, in the Cuban government—he has come in contact with every aspect of the problem. He knows things and he tells them. He knows the real things and he tells them frankly. Author of Several Books. Also, Mr. Ferrara brings to the dis- ussion the prestige of his own person- writer. He is the author of several books in Spanish, French and English, to be found in the most important li- braries of Latin America. His last work | before the publication of “Pan-Ameri canism and European Opinion,” was a study on Machiavelli, which merited highly favorable comment last year from the foremost critics of Europe and As a politician, Mr., has not only taken a prominent part in the foundation and organization of the Cuban_ Republic, but has attracted the spotlight in_international assemblies, such as the Pan-American Conferences and the meetings of the League of Na- tions, in which he is the permanent delegate of Cuba. Far from holding the from being hampered by compre= nsions of the majority who try to in- id of figures and statistics—truth’s best ;ru:ds——wmu to the conclusion that they are wrong who erican Broposition 18 which a1 ¥ would go to the big brother and al disadvan fall to younger sisters. the =3p0llflm as to Yankee denies perialism, shows why “dollar dip o ality, well Known as a_statesman and |13 CLARIFIES PAN-AMERICAN MOVEMENT Supposition of U. S. Imperialism Ex- plained Away in True Picture Pre- sented by Ferrara in Book. Before undertaking this discusison, however, the author devotes the first chapter of his book to & definition of its purpose, as suggested by its title of “Pan-Americanism and European Opin- ' Mr. Ferrara, who was himself born in a European country, Italy, and who has lived among Europeans long enough to know them and understand them as well as he knows and under- stands Americans, maintains that the pan-American cause been misinter- preted in Europe and that to this is due all the apprehension and hostility which l:ur:p‘nn writers and politiclans re- gard it. There is so great a difference between old-style Eu an politics and the mod- ern open diplomacy of the New World nations, in opinion of Mr. Ferrara, that pan-Americanism has not been un- derstood l'n l}‘trhope A purely idealistic movement wi no It purposes could not have been u?x%euwod in a re- gl:on where all international unions have en political alllances made for the pu of maintaining continental equilibrium by force; where there is no other diplomacy known than that coun= seled by the political convenience of the moment; and where, traditionally, na- outwelgh of 10 dety The power of thels outweigh or lefy wer o ir neg?borl. i rope, on account of justifiable historical reasons, considers ’thnt the Juridical standing of nations depends upon the material power which sup- ports it. America, on the other hand— and by America we mean the 21 Amer- ican republics—has always believed that moral forces have a greater influence than physical power both in the indi- vidual and the social life of men. Hence comes the opposite points of view held on this and on the other side of the lA:;‘lntlc du to the p-a-Ameh\;lem prob- , and, consequently, the opposite views of Europe and America {qwnd each other, European Press Bitter. For half a century, says Mr. Ferrara, Americans have Avuled’.themulvu of every opportunity to express their love and respect for the older aggression. Thus, while in all the Pan- American Conferences which have so far met cordial words of regard and good will have been expressed as to the mother civilization. of Eu: , the European press has been most bitter in the condemnation of these inter-Amer- ican assemblies, accusing them of the furthering of political and economic ambitions. Then the writer goes into what we might call the real subject of his book, an one by one the outstane points on which the accusations of “Yankee imperialism” and credit of the pan-American movement have been based by European and Latin American polticians. There have been, in the opinion of Mr. Ferrara, four main objections on their part to pan- Americanism; ie., the intervention of the United States in some countries of the Caribbean region; the economic ex- pansion of the United States in th rest of the continent; the so-called | financial, imperialism, and the Monroe | Doctrine, As for intervention, the author won- ders why Europe sh-uld criticize it when it practiced it for centuries. The whole political * i is eminently interve:. not, asks, Mr. Ferrar., il we have to admit that in certain cis:s intcrvention is necessary and mos. b-ncficial. He mentions in this conncction the cases of Greece in 1827 and of Italy in 1859, in which the intervention of foreign wers saved those countries. In Amer- ica_he cites the liberation of Cuba, his own country, by the intervention of the United States, the expulsion of the French_ troops from Mexico, the sup- port offered to Chile and Peru against Spain when this power tried to regain her lost colonial possessions in the Speaking, and on. general” principics spes , _and on gene: 3 says Mr. Ferrara, intervention must be considered as wrong, for it presupposes one state interfe: in the affairs of another, but sometimes it remedies a wrong, being the only possible solution of dangerous or very unjust situations. No matter how illiberal it may sound the recourse to intervention has always been recognized by the forem au- thorities on international and legal matters, and there is no record, as the Cuban Ambassador states, of any inter- national law dlm& prescribing it or re- udiating it absolutely. Besides, the intervetnions in the Caribbean region l‘uve'.h always beewn b:loltd the bem no;. or the worse; na ot to_destroy them. * ‘The economic expansion of the United States in the rest of the conti- nent and the so-called financial im- perialism have been the leitmotiv of the anti-Americanists. Figures and statis- tics can speak better, in this regard, than the soundest arguments, and Mr, Ferrara makes them speak wonderfully. He shows how the United States buys more from the Latin American coun- tries than she sells to them, while Eu- rope sells to Latin America much more than she buys from that of the world. In the meantime, total ex- gon and import trade of the United tates with the nations south of the Rio Grande only amounts to one-third of her total trade with Europe. These facts alone should be sufficlent evidence, according to the author of “Pan-Americanism and Eu an Opinion,” to prove that there hnmen no such thing as an absorbing economic icy on the part of Uncle Sam and hat the increase of trade between the Americas has been one of normal and rather quiet development. “At the gofl;gt Jhoan v by industrial are el an attempt to Win'the. Latin’ American marker be. cause this is one which does not require reciprocity of excl )" says Mr. Ferrara, but he demo! tes with fig- ures that the United States is not the most interested nor the most benefited in this race. The Eu still control more than trade e total import and Tt Latin America, while mmhed States, in 1928, only provided 38 per cent of the imports and received 35 the exports of Latin Ameflu.ur s F % i i g H i £ ¥ % ! 2 4