Evening Star Newspaper, March 23, 1930, Page 29

Speéial Articles Part 2—10 Pages 'LINDBERGH SEES GLIDING AS BIG AID Low Cost and Ease of Operation Will Place Motorless Planes Within Reach of Large Market. BY COL. CHARLES A. LINDBERGH. HE glider opens a new fleld for aeronautical development. It places flying within the reach of the great majority of peo- ple who never expect to be- come professional aviators and cannot afford the time and money required to | learn to fly and operate a power plane of the present-day type. Due to the | low cost and ease of operation, the | glider and power glider reach a larger | market than the service type of air- plane. They will probably become one of the most important factors in pri- mary training and the development of fiying activity in the future. ‘The effect of aviation upon life in general increases with every new de- velopment and application of its uses. Each year it has a more direct bearing | upon the business and private life of the average citizen. Regardless of any- thing that may be said, or of temporary advances or difficulties, it will progress almost exactly in proportion to its ap- plication in our daily life. Every new use for the airplane increases our fly- ing activity. If we could fold the wings of a plane and drive it through city ic to our office door, then the pres- ent type of automobile would disappear almost entirely. Aircraft production would change from a few thousand to several miilion per year and a person who could not fly would be the ex- ‘eeption. Gliding activity will bring a sub- stantial advance in the importance of aviation. It will form a means of training for thousands of pilots from school age up, and in training them it will create & much larger market for power planes. More pilots mean more men and women who will use flying as a part of their daily lives. More flying activity precedes higher produc- tion, together with improved machines, lower prices and & greater number of ways in which planes can be used ‘economically. Teaching by Towing. Glider flying is comparatively safe @s a sport or as a method of flying training, if the beginner is under the supervision of a competent instructor ‘while he Ih:bmnagt his lnlflll‘le’ e{; lence. B, SasamL st erly eonnmc!::' and in in ced design in not lead any one to believe that ding is a dangerous occupation. ‘The tow method of teaching glider- fiying allows the student to become ac- customed to his controls at such low ing. eliminates one controls and allows his entire attention to be devoted to the rudder alone. Later the towing driven a litf to land properly and completely master | his his controls. If he makes an error the tow car is slowed down or the tow rope triy , and the weight of the glider is 50 light that it will settle to earth with- out damage even t! h the controls are not properly manipulated. As the stus dent becomes more adept he may climb to a hundred meters or more before cutting loose from the tow rope. It is a short step from the glider to the power plane. A glider reinforced by a small engine and propeller is call- ed a power glider, and it is difficult to differentiate between a power glider and a light airplane. The student who takes his primary training on a glider has the advantage of knowing how to maneuver without motor power and will have a li\n!l’ lfeel Mh:‘é‘ plane than the one who as always a powerful engine to pull him out of difficulty. v The Principle of Soaring Flight. The soaring glider or saflplane dif- fers from the training type in that it is of lighter construction and better streamlined. The present American record holder has a span of 60 feet, weighs less than 175 pounds and, with & 160-pound pilot, has a wing loading of about 11, pounds per square foot. Soaring gliders have remained aloft on wind velocities of less than 10 miles an hour. Being light in weight, they are comparatively safe and easy to fly. As a sport, soaring takes second place to none. It is not difficult for the ' amateur to learn, yet to take advantage of every ascending current requires lo: experience and a great amount of skill. Soaring in the air might well be com- pared to sailing on the water; the rudi- ments of either may be learned within & few hours, {rec 8 lifetime might be . peincisl ot oartng might s principle of g the same for glider or buzzard. It is dependent on rising currents of air. ‘These currents may be formed by wind passing over a hill or they may be due to heated air over a hot field or desert. On the windward side of a hill or mountain range there is an ascend- ing currént; on the lee side it is de- scending. Alr is ascending over warm areas such as dry flelds, cities and deserts, and descending over green fields, forests and bodies of water. All of these conditions and many others must be taken into consideration by the glider pilot. Hills Offer Best Conditions. The best conditions for soaring are found around cliffs and hills which lie at right angles to the prevailing wind. In h wind velocities it is possible to maintain soaring flight on the wind- ward sde of almost any obstruction, but in lower velocities it is necessary to have more ideal conditions. A wind passing over a line of hills will permit soaring up and down their entire length. In good velocities the glider can soar several hundred feet above the cres . ‘The d!l{:ylmq Mmun flldfldd:m?:? very upon an Temain the T m o e T AT fa carrying it at at least same e B g angle it must be carried up 1 foot in the ascending air current in the same time i moves forward 15 feet. If the ascending current is stfonger, the pilot can soar. If it is weaker, he will have to_land below his starting point. The glider i usually launched into T is |on the water. The planes cost from TO AVIATION the wind from the top or the wind-| ward side of a hiliside. Once in the air and in a rising current it is pos- sible to fly in any direction, regardless | of whether it is up or down wind. The pilot may fly along the windward side of a range of hills as far or long as he desires, and in high wind velocities he will find upward currents for a consid- erable distance away from the hills. He can also fly above the range, but he will lose altitude as soon as he passes to the lee side. In cross-country gliding he| can take advantage of the ascending| currents over hot fields and dry areas to increase his gliding angle between bluffs and hillsides. One of the advantages of the glider lies in the ease of landing. It is, of course, desirable to land into the wind and in an open fleld, but it is entirely possible to land down or cross wind, and even in thick brush, without doing any particular damage. A well designed glider will stop within 15 feet after it first touches the ground when properly landed. If the wind i- blowing, the run will be even shorter. { There is nothing particularly mys-| terious or _difficult about motorless flight. It is probably easier to pilot a glider than to drive a motor car in city traffic. The glider has less mech- anism and fewer controls than an auto- mobile or a motor cycle and its land- ing speed is well within the low-gear range on a highway. Gliding repre- sents the simplest and most economical form of flying and it shows promise of becoming one of our leading outdoor sporting activities. Probably the great- est importance, however, lies in its value for training in aerodynamic de- sign, aircraft construction and practi- cal flight in schools and colleges. Record Holder Tells of Gliding. SAN DIEGO, Calif—Gliding is a safe and fascinating sport, according to Hawley Bowlus, who holds the American endurance record for motor- less gliding, having remained contin- uously in the air here for 9 hours 5 minutes 27 2-5 seconds. In the follow- ing interview he gives his impressions of gl 3 “Gliding is among the least danger- ous of sports,” sald Mr. Bowlus. “It is no more us than riding a bi- cycle and certainly newhere near as us as ri & motor car. The to |upward current air is the glider's driving force. 'The greatest speed a glider can attain with that force is 25 miles an hour. As that force decreases s0 does the speed and lifting power of the glider. Unless the glider pilot tilts his machine backward there is no possible chance of his falling. As the wind dies down it is possible for the glider pilot to land at a much lower speed than that at which airplanes have to land. The glider's speed is between 5 and 10 miles an hour. At landing he just sits down on the ground as quietly d as gently as a bird. ‘“The weight of the glider is so small that he must not tilt up his machine. Accidents Rare. “An accident such as happened re- cently in San Prancisco is.only pos- sible when the glider is tilted up. The word gliding indicates that that must not be done. The glider glides down toward the earth when the rising air currents are not lifting it. When the air current is stronger than the minimum rate of the descent of the machine, the glider rises. The pilot ascends on a rising current of air; he soars when he rises above the level of point and is kept above it. “I am_ unable to describe by words that sublime pleasure one experiences in flld.lnl over hills and valleys—silent- ly, like the eagle, cruisi or_hovering, rising or descending at will. The ample. controllability makes you feel, like them, master of the air. The constant alert- ness watching for favorable currents and studying their relation to varied scenery below provides thrill and chal- lenge. A few weeks in a glider camp is outdoor life in the word's fullest meaning. Soaring flight requires scien- tific training, engineering sense and physical skill, Like Child’s Play. “Gliding is like child’s play, and though the take off is spectacular, it is done just as you would fly a kite. The ground crew, with the rubber shock-cord which shoots me into the air, much as a boy shoots a missile from a slingshot, run for only about 10 or 15 feet before the glider ts away. In my record flight I soared aterally for about 100 feet. Then struck an updraft of air and rose to an altitude of about 800 feet. Then for more than nine hours I flew back an forth about the point. “About 1 a.m. the wind, which ha¢ been blowing steadily from the west, shifted to northwest and I had a little more trouble in staying aloft. Soon after 2 am. it swung to the north and the velocity decreased, so that, with less than 55 minutes between myself and the $2,000 prize, I was forced to come down. 1 landed within 200 feet of the take off, dropping the motorless craft to a perfect landing on the road in spite of the total darkness. Highest Altitude Was 1,500 Feet. “My highest altitude flown in a glider is 1,500 feet. This was unofficial. The height we can climb depends entirely on the currents of air into which we Tun. As we take off from a high point against which the wind currents are blowing, we are pulled as we would run with a kite, which takes the wind and climbs to the highest altitudes as our string attached will permit. “We have from three to four men each pulling two cords attached to a hook on the front of the glider, which rides on a wooden or metal keel along the ground from where we take off on. As we leave the high point we run into the first currents of air, which shoot us skyward, all depending, of course, on the velocity of the wind. The glider will sail along nicely in an 8-mile or a 20-mile wind, and as we dip we run into other pockets or currents of air, which send us upward again. “This we do constantly as long as the wind keeps up. As my plane weighs about 150 pounds and I weigh about 190, you can see that the air is not carrying a very heavy burden. Gliding is the sport of the air. Gliding never will have any commercial value, but it will always be the sport of the as iceboating is on ice and sailing is $300 to $900.” (Copyright, 1930, by the New York Times Co.) Children of older fathers are stated to have a better chance of making names for themselves than those whose parents are . Bach, Goethe, Shakespeare and brandt were all children of fathers between 31 and 40, ¥ d | nessed. 000 & air| of 1921 brought nwg & decrease of about 60:3.000.000' act 924 EDITORIAL SECTION he Sundiy Star., WASHINGTON, . €, SUNDAY MORNING, MARCH 23, 1930. Building for Prosperity Jountry Showing Remarkable Teamwork on Construction Projects, but Greater Speed Held Desirable BY JULIUS H. BARNES. Chairman of the National Business Survey Conference. FEW weeks .fio a highly efficient but extremely modest Federal official, Dr. John M. Gries, of the Commmerce Department’s new Division of Public Construc- tion, went out to Chicago to make a speech. His audience included the de- signers and creators of new buildings and the producers of materfals used in construction, and for their information Dr. Cries summarized what his division already has done since it eame into being during the business uncertainty of last November, To him it was a daily “CONSTRUCTION.” chore, and not altogether a welcome one, for like most men who were immersed in business affairs he is more comfort- able when talking from behind a desk than in front of an audience. But the editors of Chicago, with & commendable perspicacity, chose to. re- rd it as & news event of considerable portance. Other big news was break- ing around the world that day. A new government fell in Paris, fi disar- ranging the plans of the London Con- ference. There was tremendous ex- citement in Chicago's grain market. The city itself was in the midst of its finan- cial perplexities. But all these events were subordinated in the Chicago news- FROM A PAINTING BY FRED DANA MARSH. papers the next morning to Dr. Gries’ statement. that public construction in America during 1930 will probably reach seven billions of dollars and that resi- dence, commercial and industrial con- struction may amount to three billions :ddithxnlhl:.";l'he thlCIlo edlitcms did ll’l;l: re mendous popular appeal :mo headline, “Ten Billions for Bulld- Chicago's response to is not an isolated e typi- cal at the public tion all’ through this Winter of uncertainty to the suc- cessive announcements of construction plans for 1930. Without pretending to understand the economics of the situa- Dr. Gries’ effort I tion, the American people have caught the idea that if we are able to keep our construction program in full swing there 1! jobs for the carpenter, the riveter, painter and steel worker, there will be activity among the produc- ers of building materials, there will be loaded freight cars for the railroads #o move, and, most important of all, there will be wages to find their way into the cash registers of the retall merchant and, in turn, stimulate the business the wholesaler and the factory where the product is turned out. TFrom the day that President Hoover called er the first group of indus- (Continued on Fourth Page.) U. S. Debt Cut by Billions Mellon, 75 Tomorrow, Makes Greatest Slash in History of All Nations NDREW W. MELLOI of the Treasury nine years, will be 75 years old tmorrow and no matter how much longer he may care to remain in office or in what manner future historians refer to those years, he will occupy a unique place in the financial history of the United States. For Mr. Mellon, with the ext lon of Secretary Gallatin, who held office more than 100 years ago, has filled the exacting and important post as head of the Treasury Department for a longer period than any other man. He has served under three Presidents in suc- cession, which no other Secretary has done, but above all it has been under his guidance and direction that this country has sailed smoothly through the years of post-war deflation and re- construction, which might have been disastrous if the pilot in charge of the financial affairs of the Nation has been less fitted for his task. In the nine years since he took the oath of office and laid aside his busi- ness cares at the request of President 1| Harding, Mr. Mellon has brought about the greatest reduction in the public debt that any nation ever has wit- He has been a leading figure in the five major decreases in the tax burden under which the United States was laboring after the Great War and to him is given much of the credit for the negotiation of the settlements with our foreign war debtors. Debt Reduced 7)4 Billions. In addition to these tasks, he has administéred a department which, be- cause of legislative changes of the last few years, has become more and more complex and has brought under the Secretary’s eye many widely varying activities that intimately touch the lives of millions of persons, from the collection of taxes to the enforcement of_prohibition. ‘When Mr. Mellon took over the office of Secretary of the Treasury in March, 1921, the, public debt of the United States was about $24,000,000,000, and when figures were compiled for that debt at the end of February of this year it had been reduced to about $16,- 500,000,000—a cut of about $7,500,000,- 000 effected in less than nine years, or at an average rate of more than $800,000,000 for each 12-month period. That reduction in the debt has meant a saving in interest charges to the American people of nearly $300,000,000 a year, an. item Emfo\lndly affecting the taxes which have been imposed, for the public debt must be paid and the interest upon it must be met and the Government has no way in which to do these things without recourse to taxes. Tax Reductions Effected. The five important tax reduction measures which have been passed by Congress since 1921 have taken off the -mfizm of citizens about $2,000,000,000 or more than $5,000, day. The act B of 1 off an additional $519,000,000; the law of 1926 cut the burden to the further extent of $422,000,000; the act of 1928 made another reduction of about $222,000,000, and that of last year will bring about an additional decrease of $160,000,000. Mr, Mellon would not wish to take all the credit for thost Congresses passes tax the. Congresses of the N, Secretary for the last SECRETARY MELLON. which put the legislative seal of approval upon proposals vhich originated for the most part at the other Pennsyl- vania avenue. i named | credit for But to Mr, oves e k3 Mellon goes much of the Tcoming opposition to the —Copyright by Harris-Ewing. tax reduction plans of the administration of the hour. He met that opposition only from members of the Senate House, from men same other to find behind him the united support of the business interests of the country. Nevertheless he persisted and with the rates this year the United States will have returned almost to what might be termed a normal basis when other War are still groaning under extraordi- narily heavy burdens from which they may not escape for years. As chairman of the commission which negotiated the foreign debt settlements Mr. Mellon had much to do with the policy which aimed to provide for such settlements upon a basis satisfactory to the people of the United States and ac- gpnble to those of the debtor nations. was no easy task in some instances to effect a settlement, but today the amount funded by our borrowers amounts to about $11,579,000,000. Dur- ing the fiscal year which ended June 30, 1929, the Treasury received from various debtor governments the sum of $199,- 000,000, of which $39,000,000 was for ac~ count of principal and $160,000,000 for interest. Protects Public Credit. halr. Me‘gnn is no ld:ocgg of ludd";n. changes vernment. He recogn! that the Nation has become great be- cause of the initiative of its people, their 1 from precedent in the conduct of their business. But in government he does not believes in the introduction of sudden innovations, although he nizes that the strueture of governmental machinery may be improved. In fundamental policies, however, par- ticularly in-financial policies, there are to be found certain guiding principles, which he says have assumed the force of tradition. There not many of those rollchl The first is keeping the expend- itures within the revenues: the second, the, dp. ent of the public debt; the third, the levy of the lowest taxes con- sistent ‘with government requirements. Another 4s the support of public eredit so that the financial soundness of gov- ernment may not be questioned or doubted in times of stress. ‘The great forward step, in Mr. Mel- lon’s ‘opinion, toward assuring that ex- penditures be-made to fit revenues was taken when Mr. Harding succeeded in getting Congress to the law pro- viding for a Budget Bureau so that now instead of having each depart- ment scramble to obtain appropria- tions without regard to any partment the entire fleld is' and the revenues to be expected continually in view so that all depart- ments may be treated justly. Debts Promptly Paid. No part of the American financial licy, the Secref points out, has n more consistently adhered to than that of prompt payment of the public ter the Ravuluuon".hv/hen the recog- | g, Editorial Page FRENCH AND ANGLO-SAXON PEACE VIEWS CANNOT MEET Both Sides Are Declared Honest in Holding to Mutually Exclusive Demands. BY FRANK H. SIMONDS. ONDON.—Whatever the London Conference may finally decide, and I am writing in advance of all decision, one thing has again been made absolutely clear, and that is that at the present time the difference between the Anglo-Saxon and the French conception of the right method of insuring peace is too wide to be bridged by any treaty which both peoples can sign with equal enthusiasm. Moreover, where one uses the term French it would be fairer, more exact, to employ the adjective European. Tersely put, the Anglo-Saxon notion of solving the double problem of peace| and disarmament is to join in a uni- versal self-denying ordinance renouncing war and then cut down army and navy establishments to the lowest degree consonant with national security. And along with this notion goes the parallel idea that it is large armies and navies which produce wal French Want Alliance. By contrast, the French and their continental neighbors believe just as sincerely that the single means of in- curring peace is for all countries to join in & common agreement to make war upon any nation which deliberately pro- vokes and precipitates a conflict. Such & pledge having been taken in the solemnest ible fashion, then and then only Prench think it is time to proceed to a Feal discussion of a reduc- tion of armies and navies. And along with this idea goes the parallel con- viction that the mere reduction of armaments without proper provision for international police must prove danger- ous to ce. Now it-must be perceived at once that these two views, which represent a very profound difference over basic princi- ples, are held with equal sincerity by which to about the same extent are desirous of enjoying peace and have the same utter horror of war. And it must just as clearly be ized that even before the London conference. But at the Naval Conference it a came instantly to the fore. The United States and Britain had already settled their own rather childish dispute over parity and at the Rapidan Hoover and Macdonald had outlined a program which amounted to actual reduction of the British programs and the arrest of the American at practically the exist- ing prospectus for parity. But all this agreement naturally rested upon the as- sumption that France would agree to keep her naval program in such relation to the British as to h;‘)erpetunu the two- power standard, which is the basis of British security in European waters. PFrance, on the other hand, having money now to build, or more 'b‘;(" I:gd the neét :hethl;i lore the war, a fleet out of proportion to the two-power standard, instantly demanded as the price of bringing her fleet into harmony with Anglo-Saxon desires that she should receive from Britain and the United States certain Polmcnl guarantees. And this meant, n plain words, that France asked that, if she reduced her own naval establish- ment to satisfy Britain and the United States, these countries should on their side guarantee that France should not suffer thereby. She asked, in effect, for the use of American and British ships if she was not to build French. Anglo-Saxon Minds Astounded. Such a demand was totally incompre- hensible to American and British minds. To both, reduction seemed a simple process. The way to reduce was to re- duce, the method of limitation Was limiting. The idea that Britain or America should be asked to guarantee PFrench security against Germany or g’!‘lm dh';h'e price of n'zncl:!dredm:uon programs seem¢ - terous and even smacked of bllchm.lmL But Anglo-Saxon refusal was equally incomprehensible to the French mind. If the Anglo-Saxons were right and war was in fact made impossible by the Kellogg pact, what danger would these recogn! these two views derive from two totally | antee different experiences. One is after all the natural conception of peoples pro- tected by seas and unfamiliar with war | t! upon their own soil; the other is the equally natural belief of peoples which have known many and recent invasions. the major difficulty o;‘ufl ve organ! the League of Nations. At Paris ehd Job T common Ieagtie 80, msure and on g d?n undertake without delay @ universal progressive system of dis-|tinent regard armament. Clemenceau Demanded Protection. victory possible bined military, naval an soutces to restrain and coerce which he regarded as the the recent conflict, and the criminal of the next. Thus, the Covenant of the ‘The inevitable result of the attem) to combine these two utterly irreconcil- ideas led to the rejection of the the refusal to 113 EE 238 as it uf . fhe sk of any objective sadent ¢ ference, must gh&!:lh the fact :hn one is not presence of a quarrel right and wrong, between p and militaristic na 2 B i criminal conceptions eq: il vl et sivocacs E:?sEE%g they had sacrificed their principles too | pal greatly, while the French felt that their views were compromised. England, on the other hand, resolved never to give | this time greater commitments, while France steadily sought to get more precise and all-embracing guarantees. 'his issue was raised at Geneva in the protocol and has been raised many times since, (Copyright, 1930.) Study of Indian Social and Racial Types Aids in Tracing Human Mind’s Evolution ‘The enunciation of a “plan for co- operative study of the sciences of man in the Southwest” by Director Hewett of the Archeological Institute School of American Research at Santa Fe is a matter of the most profound impor- tance. It calls for a combination of sci- entific agencies in line with progressive action. It embraces /5, eXCava: tions, museums, collections, ethnological and historical studies, instruction and Ppublication. It proposes the completion of exca- vations already begun at Chettro Ketl, Gran Quivera, Jemez and the Pajarito Plateau; a study of the ethnogeography of the Rio Grande Valley by John P. ) and the completion of studies of remaining dialects and on Indian arts and ceremonies. Clearly this is a far-flung program, and its it ne seems to be dictated y the approach of elements that may cause the disappearance of irrecover- able American antiquity. Pueblos Cliff Dwellers. ‘The founder of the science of South- western archeology and ethnology is Dr. W. H. Holmes of the Smithsonian Institution. It was he who wiped out the myths of the “vanished races” by proving that the cliff dwellers were Pu- eblo Indians. He tore away the veil of mystery that had shrouded the early inhabitants of our Southwest. Perhaps it was the desire of sensation mongers to create for an eager public a distant past of Occidental glamoyr. As a matter of fm, "'fe Pueblo In- dians of today are the survivors of earlier Indians, who had neither cities, nor tombstones, nor sculptured sac- cophagl. The woik of Holmes was suj that of Bandelier, Powell, Lummis and Fewkes. The latter began his studies with the Hopis. F. W. Hodge took vver the ethnohistorical fleld, Mat~ thews studied the Navajos and Hrd- licka settled the matter of physical an- *hropology of the Pueblo plateau. Wide Field of Study. It was the ubiquitous “pot-hunter” who finally drove science into the field. A few more decades of the depreda- tlons of the pot-hunter would have the | ruined the archeological history of our Bouthwest. The act, a law to mind. There are esthetic, economic, social and ritualistic activities connected therewith of vital import to our Amerti= can students. _ Exchange Suggested. It iS' a matter of concern that until lately most of the finds made in the Southwest have gone to enrich foreign or Eastern museums. That would be all right if enough had been left to give the Western museums, material both for study and display. There always have been duplicates enough to satisfy every one, and it is on that basis, or one of e:c‘l,un(e. that future finds should be divided. Conservation of resources is a good phrase. Co-operation of scientific_ace tivities is even a better phrase. Both of these can seemingly be had, and if they can be brought to bear on the matter of the proper and scientific ex- cavation preserves and publication of the remal in the great n the Nation will London Is Becoming Cliff-Dwellers’ City Construction of great blocks of apartments in London, resulting in great changes in street architecture, continues, though there are signs that the supply of luxury apartments is reach- ing the saturation point. The number of persons who can afford to pay from $3,500 to $5,000 a year is strictly lim- ited, official statistics show, but there is as great a demand as ever for the well- to-do middle-class flat at $1,000. or The buflt by business man who shuttles between here and New York, and pre- fers a flat rather than to use hotels.” An