Evening Star Newspaper, February 2, 1930, Page 37

CAPITAL’S CHARACTER STIMULUS TO GROWTH City Should Fully Awaken to Its Possi- bilities and Great Advantages, Says NOTE—The following is a full tezt of ! the speech delivered by Mr. Thorpe, the | editor of Nation’s Business, before the i Washisgton Chamber of Commerce { during the past week. It is an inter- ! esting contribution to recent discussions | of how to make Washington @ greater and Ddetter city. BY MERLE THORPE. HERE is one phase of the many complex factors that enters into an answer to the usual question of “How's business?” That factor is sentiment, or public pinion, or mob psychology. It is a mighty hazard and threatened us re- cently. The stock market reverses of October might have brought on severe depression. In fact, it probably would have done so except for the prompt action of President Hoover in taking Imeasures to restore public confidence in the condition of America’s business structure. You will recall that rumors began to fiy—rumors based on half truths, on a distorted perspective of the whole, but, nevertheless, such as to create a state of mind which, if unchecked, might have brought about a general hystsria, resulting in a shrinkage of and extensive unemployment. Hoover’s Conferences. You will recall that President Hoover called a series of conferences in Wash- ington. They served as a sounding board to bring to public attention the true facts as to business conditions. ‘This immediately had a calming influ- ence. Then the President asked busi- ness leaders to keep moving ahead and thus set an example for the fearful and the timorous. The reports of railways, utilities and the great manufacturing industries gave assurance of continued Editor. from new industries started within the communities themselves. In this battle of the smokestacks citles and towns are spending time, money and effort to attract industries from other communities. They are send- ing to Russia for American-made sad- dl les. Washington has talked for a long time about the need of white-collar industries, in order to make us commercial and industrial center self- sufficient, in order to give our children opportunities in business life which are afforded the children of other cities. Yet, while there has been much talk, there has been little action. As Mark Twain said about the weather, “Every- body talks about it, but nobody does anything about it!” We sit back and expect some one from other cities to bring to us these industrial develop- ments, whereas the only sure and prompt method is to do the job our- selves. Business men in a hundred cities are moving together in a great program of self-developmenit. These cities are de- veloping new products and exploring their local rew\;roes and are building soundly and well. Oem{umles and individuals who earn, spend and invest their earnings within their own territory are contributing to the prosperity of every man, woman and child in the community. They are advancing their city’s standing, in- creasing the value of their own and their fellowman's labor and making possible the parks, schools and libraries around which their lives grow richer. Is Washington a “city of the blind”? men who will lJook about them instead of looking into the alleged greener fields of other communities? Cites Value of Sentiment. After all, it is a state of mind which is made up of knowledge of local con- ditions, galvanized by imagination and sentiment. Don't pull away from that word “sentiment.” I know it is in bad odor. It has been confused with “senti- mentality,” which is another thing en- tirely. It is supposed to be a quality of femininity—that the hard-boiled busi- ness men who would be successful must fight as the plague any evidence of sen- . | timent. Yet I say to you that the value of sentiment in the building of a man's busi ar.uhlmtmfl'dml of a com- munity is int. u;yy I point out what seems a per- plexing paradox? Henry Ford, as master of mass production, | which rele: tes so many past, is af t‘l:e same time a wi llector of day at tunity m is his work- of seeing Henry Fore ‘work- clothes. I went through his col- the | lections of old wagons, and glassware, and buckets, and rugs, and shawls, and grist mills, and eider presses, and looms. He has even bought old inns and tav- erns and school houses and exhibited them intact. In his town of Dearborn he has reproduced Independence Hall and Edison’s laboratory. Lo s bl e et th mere eccenf . It is a pi - timent and I see no incompatibility of in the genius for mass luc- m; thrives on making old- tashioned obsolete and the disinterested concern to preserve the substance of a bygone age. ‘The business man in the community who insists that business is only busi- aess is out of touch with the times. City Has Many Assets. The city of Washington has many assets, but second to none is the senti- ment builded B | i B I r | g giift i § i 1356 § HEH é=§sfi=§ i it E £x gf » 4 s ] 4 ! £ 1 j : saying to himself, “I suppose Philadel- hia and New York and Baltimore and uth, and Kansas City are respond- eeds a dif- H. G. Wells, the eminent English novelist, with whom I talked last Sum- mer in London, is the author of a book called. *The Country of the Blind. is a delightful parable. It is aiso a powerful treatise upon the human tendency to be blind to the things in our own neighborhood. It ht have been of the Blind uckling over the Movie director who was filming a scene in which a band of hard-riding Cos- sacks swooped upon a Russian village. This director insisted that every detail of the Cossacks’ outfits be real- istic. He insisted that even their sad- dles must be genuine Russian saddles. So an order was sent to Russia for Cossack dles. After a long and costly delay they arrived. Examining them, the director found stamped on , “Made in Could Shop at Home. ‘What a sardonic side light upon the tendency to go far afield for are near at hand. There . Most important of all situation is the fact are Washington business ho invest in distant cities the n throt in umew:!‘:zr cities, had occasion to study the ition of cities for new industries. 1926 and 1927 two thousand and unities in America t|and preserves the on sentiment. The public counsel appears on the scene. He is Do we need more near-sighted citizens, | ri THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, ‘D. C., FEBRUARY 2, 1930—PART TWO. | Nation Builder of the Andes President Leguia of Peru Is Modernizing the Homeland of the Incas—Wins Back Past Glories, BY WALLACE THOMPSON. HE South American republic of Peru is one of the few Latin American countries which are based solidly on an etonomic structure independent of a steady flow of foreign eapital—a struc- ture becoming more and more deeply founded in a sound home production and a slowly growing national con- sumption. % By contrast, Peru, 50 years ago, was | the outstanding bankrupt of South America, a land which had dissipated its wealth and squandered its patri- mony, and so divided itself that in 1890 it was forced to turn over to a British corporation virtually every national re- source it ssed, including its great railway systems and its beds of guano fertilizer, in order to save itself from virtual intervention by foreign powers. Work of One Person. This astonishing change in the aspect of the oldest and once the richest of all the countries of Bko‘“ih Amer}amls in large part the work of a single in- dividual, He is Augusto B. Leguia, who on October 12, last, entered upon his third successive and fourth actual term as President of Peru. President Leguia 1is unquestionably one of the great men of our time, in either North or South America. As a nation-builder he stands head and shoulders above any living ruler in Latin America, and in con- structive ability he is second only (if at all) to the leaders of the revolutionary period—all of them soldiers, some of them, in after years, builders. These apparently extravagant statements are made by sober men today, by both his poll'.‘icll enemies and his international val ‘The story of Leguia is nationally, therefore, the story of and modern Peru has its roots far back into the oldest history that the West- ern world knows. A thousand years ago the empire of the Incas was one of the greatest in the world; ruins stretching from the northernmost bor- ders of Ecuador to the southern tip of the Andes testify gloriously to their magnificence. e | Was ransom voted followers with floor loyed not only by business, but by itical parties, by celebrities and tle, by causes and movements of one sort and another, by governments and by church organizations. His job is to mfldm mflvnnble public sentiment to- wa! . are favorable to their company’s its policies and to its L ‘Why, the very location of a business, the building in which it is housed, the manner in which it receives visitors, furniture m:u, determine the U'fl;dllct‘ to the lic’s their citizens. The New Yorker is ready to receive your ideas. He either is or is not in- New York. ‘Washington’s Atmosphere. ‘ashington has a different atmos- phere. Here are gthmfl men from the four corners of the United States and from the seven seas, each in his own way representing somebody or some pur- pose. Men gather here from all points of the American compass to settle things, to win approval for this and that. 'Every viewpoint and every shade of opinion has its exemplar and its ad- vocate, and never do they fail to make the most of public sentiment. Do we know our Washington? Do we thrill as we dally come across remind- ers of the f‘relt responsibility that at- taches to citizenship in a city such as ours? For Washin , 85 No other city on this continent, enshrines patriotism deep wells of old faiths. Here the humanity and power and glory of a great people come to an impressive focus. Here is the fountain- head of national law and order and progress. Great Things Expected. Great things are expected of this ra- diant and majestic city. And the point is that there is no citizen so lowly, no business man so obscure that he does not to some extent hold the reputation of Washington in his keeping. He may be the one to do a fine serv- ice or a flagrant disservice which will confirm or shake the faith or admira- | tion of some visitor to Washington, and 70 ec}finnz around the world for good or or _evil. Once we take thought of the value of sentiment we shall see, I believe, that the opportunity for its creation here is immq tely at hand in the qualities :&l;fl which Washington is peculiarly Our city is not so old as Vienna, or .‘m‘. or Pl“Tfi or l:r‘n:on. But we u; gracefully an every prospei that invites the eye is tlzryn':eu&ad charm of time-stained walls and ancient ‘Washi n, the capital of the Nation since the first Adams, been the of history in the . Here all great statesmen have lived and here most of the have sojourned, “The city is naf Jefle shall, Webster, Clay, Calhoun, Lincoln, Grant, Lee, Dewey, Roosevelt, Peary and many another known to fame, been fellow-citizens of you and me. They have left us priceless mementoes of their public 3 Far away and long ago as the labors of these men seem, thers is plenty (Continued on ‘writ great men of other callings | into being “sl antees against return of caciquismo, years the Spanish goatherd, Fran- Pl“z:m, came with his handful of Riches of Empire Fabulous. ‘The riches of the empire were fabu- lous—and actual. The Inca Atahual) ed torture by his & great room filled to celling with gold and sil- ver—as the Spaniards demanded. In the colonial era Peru and Bolivia (then known as Upper Peru) poured into the coffers of the 8 crown a sum of silver estimated at the equivalent of $7,000,000,000. In historic time Peru has been pouring out a wealth of gold and silver and copper, vanadium and tungsten of immense value. Its moun- tains contain coal, anthracite and bi- timinous; its coastal plain pours out 6,- 000,006 barrels of oil yearly from the developed fields and more oil lies along the coast and beyond the ranges. Every known mineral, it has been said, exists in Peru; the development of its re- sources is a question of modern busi- o P . The agricultural wealth of Peru is now in the making under the ruler. Peru for centuries has been the victim, as have so many Latin-American countries, of the old E\nm:n economic fallacy that a country ld produce only what it could export profitably, and should import eve; 1se. Peru has Something ~over 400 | hag ERNIZING PERU. held and have taken steadily more and more farms from the individual farmers has added to the problem. The Incas cultivated vast areas, relatively, by irri- gation, the ruins of their rice paddies lining the steep sides of the mountains in every valley of the country. Even in Spanish times, in the sixteenth century, it is estimated that 1,750,000 acres were' cultivated on the Pacific siopes, while today only about half that area is under cultivation through irrigation—and all must be irrigated, for no rain falls on the Pacific side of the Andes. Since 1900, Peru has increased her cultivation of cotton and sugar five-fold, but at the same time she has increased her imports of foodstuffs ten-fold. This evil has been attacked directly and al- most alone by President Leguia, and he spent vast sums (in proportion to revenue) on the creation of new irriga- tion country, sold on 25-year nts to the humbler people. In addition, he has turned back wasted waters from rich farms to the irrigation of aban- doned lands now made available to small farmers. Every force in Peru and outside it has been turned against him; even the American bond houses han- dling Peruvian loans President Leguia, at the instigation of the local aristocracy, to curtail his frri- gation expenditures if he expected get money from the United States! Transportation Is Difficult, The communications of Peru have al- ways been an appalling problem. Sheer from the coast of the Pacific rise the high Andes. One of the great standard- gauge railways built by the American promoter, Henry Meiggs, in the years of the guano ity, when Peru was wasting in every direction, crosses the Andes at the height of 16,850 feet above the sea—and that sea, the Pacific, is only an hour or two away from that pass by lane today. The wall stands sheer and forbidding, and only the wild extravagances of the two railways and the trails treaded by the haughty llama t | and the humble donkey have penetrat- ed it. Today President Leguia has in full swing a highway program which moves up and down the coast, runs up into new vnugg which brings the farmers closer to cities than they had ever dreamed of being. This highway sys- tem now is also leaping the Andes, running through to the highlands and over to the rich, smiling, well-watered lands of the eastern slopes which slip down to the valley of the Amazon. Distances are being annihilated by BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is a brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended February 1: SPAIN—On January 28 the govern- ment headed by Primo de Rivera re- signed. The circumstances immediate- the resignation are not submitted to the rs of the army, navy and civil ihe question whether, in in power otT:h (o;emmezlx: or their resignation. e reply was the latter sense. Some say that the marquis was the roads, concrete near the cities and gravel between and, still further on, bossism, on the one hand, and agai resurgence of communism (with its kindred isms) on the other. Il and no doubt utterly weary of his job, apparently he had for long been lding on solely in the hope of estab- lishing such guarantees. Does it not seem probable that Primo de Rivera will go down in history as one of the most admirable of dictators— amene, magnanimous, disinterested, of large views and no mean intelligence? His conduct of the Morrocan situation was masterly and he did much toward purging the services of their worst evils. He went far to effect a reunion of hearts between Spain and her daugh- ters of America. He cowed the reds. He restored the ancient municipal and provincial representative But in | periicps the main justification of the execution of a plan calculated to fa- cilitate his exit with as little to do as possible. Some say that the King, fearing that the government of Primo de Rivera, if continued in power, might ere long fall with a crash that might the monarchy, found means to influence the replies of the 17; but peg}e will be saying things. e King directed Gen. Berenguer, head of his military household and formerly high commissioner in Spanish Morocco under Primo de Rivera, to form a government, which he did promptly. He announces that the constitution of 1876 will be at once restored, and that elections to & new cortes will soon be held. The new cabinet is not impressive, its only mem- ber of international reputation (if Gen. three of the eight members are civil- jans. Gen. Berenguer must have been disconcerted by the refusal of Francis- co Cambo, the Catalonian industrialist and financier, and formerly minister of finance and economy, to accept that portfolio once more. The world will watch with interest the process of the proposed restoration, pending which the royal prerogative will play the com- mang role. No doubt reorganization of the old parties will take some time. ‘The national assembly, scheduled to re- convene on January 28 to put the final touches on a new constitution, did not so reconvene, and no doubt assembly and constitution have passed into limbo. Primo de Rivera, lM;lguu lde Estella, then captain general of Barcelona, came o poser on”sepummr 12, 1923, by a coup d'etat, apparently with the con- nivance of the King; suspending the constitution, dissolving the Cortes, estab'ishing the military directorate, in effect becoming dictator. In April, 1924, he formed a party called the Patriotic Union, for which he seems to have con- templated a role ted to that of the Fascist in Italy; but this party made but m real.\nm% its founder’ . On Decem- ber 5, 1925, he substituted for the mili- tary directorate a nominally civilian first t] ised return to “constitutional gormal- ity,” but he did not mean by that ex- return to the absurd old wvesty of the British parliamentary system. re must, of course, be canstitution embodying the representation, but, t was even more important that it hould embody or be linked with guar- » OF dictacorship was its economic record— agricultural and industrial improve- ments, road building, rehabilitation of mining, the railways, etc. Yet, despite that he is a notable economist in the large sense, the marques is lamentably ignorant of finance. Perhaps the clamor of big business in recent months on account of the fall of the peseta was inst | determining toward his fall. PRESIDENT LEGUIA—THE BUSINESSMAN-!"RES]DENT ‘WHO IS MOD- —Drawn for The Star by S. J. Woolf. nicked out of the living rock. Along hairpin curves of these mountain roads traflic runs in a single direction on each alternating day, for the trails are so narrow that no motor car could pass another. And over them all trucks and motor cars, all from the United States, are transforming the basic customs of the life of interior Peru. Plane Is Playing Part. Nor are roads and motor cars alone ‘The airplane has it more and more every day. The airplane is a common- place today in South America, and no- where more than Peru. Passenger traffic is growing immeasurably, and men travel along the coast or into the mountains unhesitatingly and fre- quently. SME are still slow, the rail- ways are al equally slow, and either is almost as expensive as the airplane. The eastern slopes of the Andes are conquered, and completely so, by the airplane, although the summits schedule—but passed they have been, innumerable times, and will be. As one fiyer, the pioneer of them all, explained it, this was only because it took a “16-~ mile runway,” so to . to get up again after you made a landing on the interandean plain—which rests nicely to |and comfortably at 14,000 feet above the sea, almost the exact height of the sum- mit of Pike's Peak. All these things have come under President , not because he alone encourages , among the rulers of South America, but because some men see far beyond the common day in Peru, and believe, where in other lands, men do not believe. Leguia has carried on a long battle, a m&:ndmu battle, to put Peru again upon map of the modern world, and he has achieved it, superbly, against an opposition which it is diffi- cult to appreciate. ] 01d Speech Is Recalled. To quote best, from an address of President Legula himself, for none knows better, and none has fought more openly against the forces of re- action than he. He was speaking of the time, over 30 years ago, when he was minister of finance of Peru, “I foresaw the salvation, but I was faced with the tenacious resistance of prejudice, derived from education ex- clusively academic and of interest blased by litical pflvfl:fe. ‘which factors inevitably oppose all innova- tion. " Nsve.rn:elm‘ 1 initiated the = o sf Personally, the picture, inadequate as it 1s, is illuminating. This man who is now President of Peru determined, in Truly ironical, indeed, that, with his so ad- mirable general economic record, finan. cial gaucherie should be his undoing. It is understood that the relations be- tween the King and Gen. Berenguer are most cordial. Let us hope tha restoration of the constitution of 1876 will not mean lapsing of the improve- ments instituted by Primo de revival of caciquismo, resurgence of the hideous isms. Primo de Rivera de- clares that the Patriotic Union will be victorious at the coming _elections, which would be interesting, but seems ‘The Spanish constitution of 1876 pro- vides that the Cortes consist of an upper house, one-third of which mem- bers are so betitled, one-third by royal appointment for life and one-third through election by the universities and other organizations, and a lower house of 417 members, elected by popular but not universal suffrage. * ok ok ok PORTUGAL.—President dictator) Carmona of Portugal timistic. CHEATING BY BRUCE BARTON NCE upon a time | hired a man to do a certain piece of work. He was 1l along in middle life, him: “I cannot be here to watch this work and so 1 shall have to trust you to do it if you were working for your- " to wi months | d of six He had done fairl but | had failed to let him knew. down as the grum- of an old man. honest and time and some of my m: on a little private job of his own. We had a solemn conference and decided to part. When you put a man on his honer and then have him take advantage of your trust it is a blow to your faith in human na- ture.. So | was depressed and a little sore. for a few minutes. to myself: “How foolish | am to let this thing worry me. This man has cheated dollars, employers, and imag he was doing well for himself. he at 60? Poor ure. Reap- The old idea of heaven and heli was very bad because it made us think that our reward or punishment is coming t> us in some far-off place hereafter. me way most people in the They say: “Lots of people sin and are never found out. There- fore the verse is untrue.” But the verse does not say that your sin will be found out. It says, “Be sure your sin will its own image. ing thought, or very encouraging one, accord- ing to the way you live. Every- thing you do has its influence on what you are. When you cheat you cheat o inevitably builds you up. (Copyright, 1930.) | could become a great nation the midst of black reaction, that Peru again, and against the opposition of Lis g —the 600,000 Spanish-bloodeq uf;];:: classes of Peru—he set about the re- habilitation _of the country and the raising of the 5,000,000 of the lowes classes to soclal consciousness and the opportunity to develop themselves and their country. The struggle of the last 30 years has been one of the deepest and most thrilling personal and his- torical panoramas in the world, The results are only now emerging, and yet the struggle has gone on and President Legula has been a leader of inspiring courage and persistency through it all, working, as one American has put it, with the dullest tools that man ever took into his hand, but building, none the less, a nation with credit before the world and a tremendous future beyond the present day, More Than 70 Years Old. President Leguia is something over . He has been in public life n:m of his manhood, although in the period when the aristocracy succeeded exiling him he lived in cngaged in business. He was, however, educated abroad, speaks English per- fectly—indeed, his only accent is a decidedly British one. He has based his policy in foreign affairs from the very first on the soundest and most sincere friendship with the United States. In Pan-American conferences, the Peruvian delegation, with the Brazilian, stands shoulder to shoulder with the delega- tion of the United States, and :g:l friendship endures through every issue and in the face of every effort to break HEALTH CARE FOR YOUNG REGARDED AS MAJOR NEED Trend Is Observed to Employ School Physicians on Full Time to Keep All Pupils Fit. BY FREDERICK R. ROGERS, Ph. D. Director of Health Education in New York. NIMALS (and men) living in their natural habitat have lit- tle need of health education. Nature provides them with in- stincts which serve for all ordinary events of life. Food seldom changes, sanitation 1s cared for by in- stinctive behavior, clothing is unneces- sary, good air and sunlight exist in abundance, the weak and deformed die or are killed in infancy. In modern societies, on the other hand, health education is of paramount importance. Everywhere nature is vio- lated. Instincts are thwarted. Men live in hives, foods are brought from the ends of the earth, transportation facilities almost eliminate the need of exercise, which, with food and rest, constitute the trinity of prime health needs. Even sleep is taken at conveni- ence. It may be said that the need for health education is directly propor- tional to the complexity of civilization. Need Long Neglected. Until very recently, however, this phase of school life has been sadly It was thought more im- portant to know that Columbus crossed the Atlantic in 1492 than to know that milk is necessary to the diet of grow- ing children, Rather than teach the care of the teeth, teachers preferred to drill pupils on the proper spelling of words, most of which they never would use. Children destined for early death from tuberculosis were nevertheless it. President Legula said at a recent banquet in his honor at the American embassy in Lima: “In our America there is no room for the development of a policy of separation, but only a policy of union.” Leguia has weathered the most thrill- ing political storms ever met with by & South American President and that, needless to say, is a broad statement. In the midst of the first year of his first term as President, on May 329, 1909, he was seized by a mob led by a militant aristocrat, taken out of the palace, dragged :hmu;h the main street of Lima, and at the foot of the monu- chastised if they failed in geography lessons. Now all this is changed. It is the -purpose of this article to sketch some of the more important modern adjust- ments which educators are making to keep children well during their school lives, and teach them how to care for lves when they become adults. ‘Today the laws of New York State require that every child in school must be examined annually by a physician, Who seeks to discover any disease which might prove dangerous to other chil- ment to Simon Bolivar, the Liberator, ordered to sign a document of resigna- tion. He refused, and at the point of rifies joked with the nervous man who had made a mistake in the date of the document written out for him to sign. Thus he parried and gained time until his loyal troops broke into the square and routed the revolutionists with bloody slaughter. But 20 Years Ago! All this was but 20 years ago! A clear vision of things that men prize and honor most—int ity and courage and coolness in nd the fact that those qualities are inherent in the man, told that story. And he is a little :nnTlmt meul::hlgs two, am-z, over ve feet—w pounds, more or less; but he is keen, strong, nervy, and a worker who knows no which is per his lznz battle in Peru—any discou: ‘menf Stories regarding him abound. Once, When the government palace, the presi- is not and never has been the to his hv?lr. t & The exile of Leguia brought about as it was by the - tion and in of his aristocratic opponents, ended in his triumphal re- turn to Lima. He had been attacked in his house by a drunken mob on July 24, 1013, and denied asylum in the American legation by order of the police —althot e“!-ha (in effect, | Eurol is op- American _ Minister opened door to him—finally he was (Continued on Sixth Page.) economy than by increase of All departments of the gov- ernment have been cut down to the minimum in personnel, and one or two enterprises in which the former gov- ernments had lost millions of escudos (he is referring to the railways and the tobacco monoply, the latter of which had caused the downfall of several gov- ernments) have been turned over to private companies, with the result that Wwe are now recelving revenues instead of spluytlryubdenclhi" T s lowly but surely, he says, a gold re- serve is being accumulated sufficient to m;:e possible tion of the es- cu Dock and harbor improvements at Lisbon, Oporto, and other smaller ports, are under contemplation. Lisbon undertaking has been fully planned and work thereon will begin’ at once, the money being available; Lisbon is to be one of the most important ports of pe. The important road-build! pro- new p] B readily accessible points of interest hitherto unblessed by tourist traffic; “unspoiled by the influ- ence of ultra-modern civilization.” (If the President thinks that way, why open ‘em up?) “We are going to make interesting concessions to foreign cap- ital for the buflding of hotels at various points.” * ok Kk GERMANY.—The German * ship,” the Arsatz a perate flutter in Jane’s PFighting Shi) the most remarkable warship produced since the war,” and most ex- perts assent. She is in a class by her- self, having been evolved with reference to the clause of the Versailles treaty which limits Germany to six battleships not to exceed 10,000 tons each. She is more heavily protected and carries a heavier armament than any of the Washington treaty 10,000-ton cruisers, and her speed of 26 knotsawell exceeds that of any battleship; so that no cruiser would dare to tackle her and no battleship could get to her. Only a bat- tle cruiser could deal with hér and bat- tle cruisers are not tov numerous, and there are to be six of her class. The most remarkable thing about her is her cruising radius of 10,000 miles at 20 knots, which is claimed for her. Our flhn:r Pensacola, though with d.n much T maximum speed, can onl; 13,000 miles at 15 knots. 4 t will be ‘mystery RUSSIA.—“Liquidation,” as used by Stalin, is & word of very terrible im- dren or defects which might handica) the pupil in his studies. Pupils wit] eonum diseases are egated or sent. e immediately. lose whose eyes or ears are defective are aided in g treatment. Teeth, nose and throats are examined and defects are reported to parents. This program of medical examina- tions has prevailed in New York State since 1914. In fact, New York was the first State to make medical examina- tions compulsory by statute, and still mma unquestioned leadership in this Pre-School Tests Made. The latest developments in the field The Sendency n o lency in more progressive com- munities is to examine children during pre-school years; that is, kindergarten and first-grade children are examined during the Summer before they “go %o school” for the first time. Parents are requested to be present at these exam- inations. The examination itself is so conducted that children will acquire re- spect for the physician and interest in keeping the body fit. Such examinations require from 10 to 20 minutes each, but they pay splen- did dividends. To perform these serv- Dh!l!fil: ices specially trained are Decessary. The trend today em- ploy full-time school physicians and to Tequire of them evidence of special com- tull-time school f uuu: = t-gradu dul{m post ate York is ume in this oo The scl nurse is an mod innovation. She is fluo x;;a o] that class; not only “middle ts. A Soviet newspay “middle” peasants. viet ne T Nprohmbly expressed Stalin's Jneenumm enough the other day as fol- lows: ““What will become of the Kulak after his liquidation as a class? To us, it is him fall under the first S1hiule I xleamyibing the, st of e in e in; . provided he disappears from our miflat."p Apparently, the “Nepman,” or small trader class, is to have the same shift, l;h;&ug{:hp‘,l;llun a little z,mre gradually, e clergy seem read a like handwriting on the wall, Sald Michael Kalinin, chairman of the central executive of the Soviet gov- erm'%ent. u:: other day: “We must not only exi te the Kulak, but we must mmy ': pure socialism, create a new society, and finally reach our goal of com- munism. When shall we have full com- munism? We shall have full commu- nism when each member of the com- munity labors voluntarily according to his ability and takes freely according to his needs. But we are still very far from communism. Before real com- munism can exist we must live through the stage of socialism. Under socialism erences in men's wealth will remain, it is true, but it will be impossible for any man to exploit another because private ownership of the means of pro- But he added roughly that so long as the cannon of capitalistic countries were pointed toward Russia, it would be impossible to abolish the red army or the red secret police or such like in- stitutions, “the existence of which wo\:ll:m be superfluous under pure com- A woman has been appointed com- missar of finance of the Union of So- clalist Soviet R:puhuu * K * UNITED STATES—Dr. J. C. Frazer, chairman of the department of , | times and in has conferred a great boon on the world| by inventing a device which renders innocuous the carbon monoxide gas generated by automobiles, transforming 1t into the comparatively innocuous car- bon dioxide by means of a catalyst. inary mamers mafing, transtomig ary muffier; muf A o) the carbon monoxide, destroying the evil-smelling elements of the exhaust and burning ? the bluish soot com- monly given off. A bill just passed by the Senate pro- vides for expenditure of $300,000,000 in the ensuing period to include the fiscal year 1933, in addition to $75,000,000 al- ready appropriated for the current fis- cal year, for highway construction and improvement in co-operation with the States. Existing law limits such ex- penditure to $75,000,000 within a fiscal year. The bill increases from $15,000 to $25,000 the amount per mile that may_be expended on highways. * Kok K decreed that the ris has sex shall descend to at below the knee. . | ing his physical weaknesses, w! or | children to conform to school ‘W. | tion, among school officers. It is her duty to help physicians, teachess, janitors, prin= cipals and parents to keep puplls well and happy. She gives certain health tests herself, aids the doctor, keeps ords and makes reports to teachers and parents. She performs innumerable first-aid services, takes ailing puplils home, aids parents in finding medical services and money to pay for them. She also visits the homes of sick chil- dren and teaches parents how to care for them. No school office offers so many oppor= tunities for good Samaritan services, and no school officers are more devoted to their children than are school nurses. Yet the school nurse is a modern addi- tion to the staff. It is doubtful whether one adult in 100 over 40 years old who reads these words ever saw or heard of a “school nurse” during his or school life. Handicaps Overcome. A rapidly developing health service of public l:yhzoh“com: m:! vpe&om tfil nu; store physically pupt fitness for life activities. Malnourished children are provided with milk at little or no cost. Children who can pay for milk do so. Funds for needy cases are obtained easily from parent-teacher as- sociations or other organizations, or from boards of education. This is an important service, since so many chil- dren leave home each morning with no more in their stomachs than a “eup of coffee and rolls.” Pretubercular and otherwise delicate children are taught in “open air” class rooms by specially trained teachers. Schools for crippled children provide facilities in which surgical and nursing . care are carried on coincidentally with scholastic activities. Hard-of-hearing pupils are not further handicapped by contact with teachers and playmates whom they cannot hear, but are taught in special classes. Today most large cities have special schools for their more seriously physi- cally handicapped pupils, but here the question of “State medicine” becomes acute. The problem is best expressed by asking “how far is the school justi~ fied in going in the treatment of de- fects discovered by school officers?” Obviously the school must administer first aid. But should it purchase glasses, or vumskv:. orurm:’u or s en or legs by surgery! This problem is one which must soon be solved. All that may be predicted now is that if other agencies—the home, charity, or public health authori- tles—do not care for children school will, sooner or later, be forced to make its own corrections. For it will become intolerable to keep a chiid in school, treating him for ignorance, which is a minor defect, while ] are major defects. Mental Hygiene Introduced.’ Mental hygiene presents a recent and highly significant development in health education. It is the function of mental hygiene in the schools to pro=- tect the mind from harm, and to eliminate mental illness among school children as their physical bodies are protected and their physical ailments are treated. The “bad boy” for example, is & case, not for a disciplinary officer, but for the mental hygienist. Probably the fault lies with the boy's parents and teachers, rather than in himself. The mental hygienist or school psychiatrist . New York State now requires | seeks the to possess service, based n:dy. gw too Tequired to study hard, or too long, or on. subjects poorly adapted to their temperamen The men when the ary services of the ”%wtl have "!lulled to solve the problem. ut mental hygiene may ever more than returning pro dren to normal health and behavior, Grades and marks, as used today, func- tion as psychological Wwhips, nxeulz Tout far more effectively (and far more dis- astrously) than the rod and dunce ca discarded barbarous as 40 years . Mental hygiene will assist in eliminat these instruments of mental duress, which tend to develop highly competitive attitudes among children and often raise almost insurmountable emotional barriers between puplls and teacher. Doubtless there are emotions and develop anti-soclal - atti- tudes. These the l:nennl hyglenist must discover and aid teacher to mod- ify—all in the interests of menfal health and stability. It may be predicted that mental hygiene , in the next decade, profoundly ‘modify ™0f increasigimporsance 1s té pro- c] ice 3 nm oh(‘ lyn: % health habits of be. taught b6 dsink cal with outdoors They must learn their and bathe regularly and a host of other habits which nature has not had time, in our rapidly ehln‘lng“find kaleido- scopic environment, to d into their native equipment. New Devices Tested. To accomplish these ends element school teachers must be alert mrou;"l:! out the day, for habits are not acquired by rote. New “devices” for habits are constantly being experi- mented with. The end is not in sight in_this field of health education. Teaching children how intelligently to care for their own health auring adult life means giving them the most. pertinent information concerning nutrj- disease, personal and community hygiene, etc., at the most Aappropriate the most effective ways. today practically no relia- ledge concerning the nature \most pertinent information” children should have or, of course, when or how to teach it. This fleld is the subject of much likely that practically concerning health will be taught as phases of other studies, an to research. all information such as home economics, biol el nature study and like sbjec” O No phase of health education is dergoing more rapid changes than sical education. Placed in the in 1916 as a eomgulmy program for all pupils eight years old, it was primarily designed to develop physical fitness, “self-control and co-operation —to render the body a more efficient servant of the mind. To this other ends widely varyl P have been introduced, mili- tary training to free play. Lately games and sports have been em as as well as has almost having character tr health values, until heal been lost sight of.