Evening Star Newspaper, November 24, 1929, Page 35

THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C, NOVEMBER 24, 1929_PART TWO. A AFGHANS’ NEWEST RULER] . . UNITED CHURCHES TO PLAN | MAY ADOPT WESTERN MODE| Citizens of Two 'Natlons FOR CLOSER CO-OPERATION Many Americans Have Been Forced Into Armies ;)f Other Countries and Get Little U. S. Aid Acceptance of Throne by Cousin of i Further Steps in Merger of Congrega- ; Amanulla: Signalizes Return of ! tional and Christian Congregations Progressive Element ’ northern brigand who had seized 1.he! to Be Taken Tuesday. that The primary part of the the HE merger of the National Coun- is e each party to it shall mu cil of Congregatiorial Chgirches BY WILLIAM L. McPHERSON.™ ILL Afghanistan, under its new Padishah, Nadir Khan, resume the progress toward modernization begun after the Great War by Padishah Amanullah? This progress was inter- rupted by the reactionary usurper, Bacha-i-Sakao, who drove Amanullah into exile. Bacha-i-Sakao represented the archaic and brutal in Afghan life and was little better than a successful | bandit. Now Nadir Khan, a descendant of the Kings who brought about Afghan unity and therefore a relative of Ama.- | nullah, has conquered Bachai-i-Sakao | and has been proclaimed Padishah by | his followers. The more enlightened and progressive element returns to| power and modernization, perhaps more | gradual, becomes again a possibility. For Americans and Europeans former Padishah Amanullah put Afghanistan on the post-war map in the sense of dramatizing the possibilities of his country as a convert. to Western civili- gation. Amanullah was an admirer of Mustapha_Kemal of Turkey, and Riza Khan of Persia. He wanted to follow in their footsteps. Afghanistan, under his leadership, was to join these other two Moslem states of Western Asia in casting off ancient tradition and inertia and becoming westernized in customs, dress, education, government and eco- nornic backgpound. Eastern Cromwells Arise. The war started Western Asia out of its ‘lethargy. Many intellectual leaders thére realized for the first time the hafdicaps in the way of national or- ganization and efficiency under which their countries had suffered—men like Ml"iahlphl Kemal and Riza Khan who believed in breaking sharply with the past and going to any extreme of mod- errlization. s The scope of Kemal's revolutian has been extraordinary. It has converted the old Turkish Empire into a republic, secularized the state, emancipated ‘wopnan, abolished polygamy, European- ized dress, manners and business meth- od¢ and is even now forcing the people to ilearn to read and write in a new alphabet. Riza Khan, the Cossack trooper, who rose to the throne of the Shahs, has not gone so far in Persia. His modern- izagion is largely material in character anl does not touch dress, religion and letfers. But it is carrying Persia for- , Wward in Turkey's wake. { Amanullah Went Too Fast. Jn Afghanistan King Amanullah ran up against a stone wall of tribal preju- dice and religious bigotry in his efforts to westernize a mountaineer people as primitive now as it was in the days of Abraham. This first modernizing cru- sade failed, because Amanullah went toy, fast. e and his beautiful Syrian wife werc enamored of European ideas. They made a long state visit to the chief countries of Europe, receiving extraordi- najy attention there and involving themselves in projects and commitments impossible of speedy realization on their retarn to isolated, backward and fanati- cal Afghanistan. The natives were skiptical and the mullahs—the religious lesders—could not be overridden as Mystapha Kemal overrode the Turkisn L \ Tribesmen Opposed Reforms. nullah might have succeeded 1if he had confined his e:onnadw I;NI:‘J’.?: rodds, opening schools and reforming the government. But when he tried to introduce equality of the sexes and to impose European dress on the tribes- men, he misjudged the situation. Most of the people preferred to retain their national costumes and their social and religious regulations. On this point Nadir Khan himse'f said last January at Nice, before he started back to Afghanistan to recover the throne for the royal family: - - “King Amanullah made his greatest mistake when he failed to realize that Rome was not built in a day. His re- forms were excellent, but it would take years to execute them. He might have accomplished his program within 10 years and without creating discord, but e had been filled with a desire to catch up with Europe immediately. Afghanis- tan is tolerant about everything except the Mahométan religion.” Descendant of First King. Nadir Khan is a descendant of Sardar Panda Khan, one of whose 21 sons be- came the first King of Afghanistan about 100 years ago, and Who was also the great-grandfather of King Amanul- lah. He is therefore a cousin of the de- sed monarch. He served under the tter as minister of war and com- mander-in-chief of the Afghan army after Amanullah succeeded to the throne 1919, mAmnnulhh‘l father, Ameer Habibul- lah, was treacherously murdered that year in Djalalabad at the instigation of his younger brother, Nasrullah, who then prociaimed himself Ameer. ‘The usurper forced his nephews, the two older princes who were with their father at the time, to abdicate. But Amanul- lah, the third son, who had remained in Kabul, assumed the crown and defeatec and captured Narsullah. The latter died shortly afterward in prison. It was an ironical incident of Bachi-i- Sahao's unsurpation that he chose for himself the title of the murdered Padishah Habibullah. Fell Out With Amanullah, . Nadir Khan had some falling oul with Amanullah, and in 1924 was re- lieved of his military duties and sent as Mnister to Paris. He was then 44 years old, and ‘Amanullah 36. His health Wwas poor, however, and in 1926, before the visit of the Afghan King and Queen to Europe, he retired from the mission and went to live as a_semi-invalid on the Prench Riviera. Remaining Iher!1 for three years, he returned to Afghan- istan after Amanullah’s deposition and flight, only because he was the only rep- Tesentative of the royal house capable of making a real fight to oust the brigand, Bacha-i-Sakao. He was at that period not himself an active as- pirant for the throne. Fought Against British in l’l'.h e had also commanded the Afghan {oxl:u in the brief war with Great Brit- ain in 1919, which ended with British recognition of Afghanistan independ- ence. He had negotiated with Great Britain an additional 2jeement secur- ing amnesty for all Agoans domiciled in India who had taken part in the hting. mflz \:u esteemed by the British as a Jeader of force and character, naturally more desirable as a ruler than Bacha- i-sakao. The British government, on October 23 last, expressed sympathy with the successful restoration and on November 15 lorm.llly recognized Nadir Khan's government. ‘The rebellion against modernism, in- cluding motor cars and unveiled faces, g0t going in the Fall of 1928. In Janu- ary, 1929, Amanullah abandoned Kabul, abdicating as Padishah and designating his brother, Inayatullah, as suc- cessor. Counter-Revolution Organized. The former King fled to Kandahar with his family. A few days later Inay- atullah joined him and the royal ex- fles presently crossed the border into India and made their way to Italy. crown. The Summer was passed in prepara- tions. The military operations were relatively brief. Kabul was taken early in October, Bachi-i-Sakao fleeing to the fortress of Djebal-Saraj, near Tcharikar, in Lower Kohistan, where he held out until October 23. He was executed on November 2, although most of his followers were amnestied. It illustrates the mildness of the new Padishah’s character that he pardoned the wrongs committed by Bacha-i- Sakao against the royal family, includ- | ing the murder of a brother and a half-brother of Amanullah. Usurper Condemned. The usurper was condemned by a court of “Representatives of the Na- tion” for “murdering thousands of Moslems, looting homes, disgracing Moslem women and squandering the contents of the treasury.” As Padishah he had been an exemplary bandit. The only European journalist in Af- ghanistan at the time of Nadir Khan's victories was Mme. Audree Viollis of the Petit Parisien (her real name is Mme. d'Ardenne de Tizac). She de- scribed the scene in the pillaged royal palace after Nadir Khan's entry into Kabul The latter thanked the tribes which had helped to restore the mon- archy and reminded them of Amanul- lah's many services in reorganizing the Afghan government. But a number of the more powerful mullahs, after thanking him in return for his patriotism and his sacrifices in the interest of the country, called on him to accept the kingship. Nadir a swered that his health would not per mit him to undertake such a burden and suggested that the national as- sembly elect some other King, to whom he pledged unconditional support. He also rather naively asked the diplomats present tq lend their influence to pro- moting such an election. Consents to Take Crown. But the leaders would not hear of a substitute. They were for Nadir first, last and all the time. Finally he, un- like Caesar, accepted the crown an went out on a terrace to address th people, to whom he said simply: “Since you. wish me to be King, I consent. I shall not be King, but the servant of the tribes and the country.” ‘Then he threw himself on the ground and tgl’l}'ed. while the trumpets blew and the cannon thundered. In an interview with Mme. Vtollls. he thus announced- his program: “I did not come back to Afghanistan to mount the thronme. But, since the people and the diplomatic corps think it indispensable that I should do so, I will try in spite of my poor health, to carry the heavy burden of royalty. “I hope to lead Afghanistan along the path of progress, to make it an inde- pendent and’ civilized state, to reopen the schools, to build roads and railroads and to_create industries. £ ) t on the aid of all other na- tions and expect to establish friendly relations with them, particularly with France, where I lived the five best years of my life, in the midst of friends, as in my second fatherland.” Nadir Khan wishes to avoid Amanul- mistakes. He will pattern after Keml, “He il Bot antagonize the mu- eml. He not an mul- lahs. Amanullah has sent him con It is repo; by the Rome corre- spondent of the Berlin Tageblatt that Amanullah would be glad to serve in Rome, where he knows Mussolini well, as diplomatic representative of the Nadir Khan government. —_— Talking Movies Stump Japanese Film Censor Introduction of talking motion pic- tures in Japan has brought with it ad- ditional trouble for those connected with the silver screen here. Censor- ship is very striet on imported pictures and those charged with seeing t the films are cut in the 'right places are puzzled as to how to continue their work when the sound is attached to the The handicap has proved harmful to companies seeking to bring more talkies into Japan. It is agreed that the real solution is to have the films and the sofind (on records) imported separately, and then synchronize them after censoring. This has its disadvan- tages but is better than having the film cut and the music continue at the wrong time. In several cases where films have been cut the screen has been left a blank while the proper music went on, and when the objectionable part of the picture had passed projection was re- sumed. This method -will not prove satisfactory for a permanent arrange- ment. The popularity of talkies here is e ted to be increased by the syn- chronization of Japanese translations of the titles by the trained announcers who now translate foreign films. Mother of Emperor Has Silk Laboratory ‘The Empress dowager, mother of the present Emperor, is. keenly interested in the raising of silkworms, and visits almost daily to a special ses tural laboratory in the compound of heg palace. Several expert scientists are working in the laboratory and she is reported to be following their work very closely. Recently she invited a group of about 200 officials and students in the Peeress’ School, of which she is a graduate, to inspect the laboratory. Public interest has been aroused in the laboratory because it has become known that a number of significant experi- ments are being conducted there. Silk- worms fed respectively in the light of old-fashioned lamps and under special ultra-violet ray lamps are about to start to spin their cocoons, and the resulting effect of their feeding days on the qual- ity of silk produced may prove bene- ficial to the whole silk industry of Japan. The Empress dowager’s labora- tory has also been conducting researches into cross-breeding of Japanese and Chinese worms in a search for those which will produce even finer silk. Polish Law Would End Inflicted Names A Polish parliamentary deputy be- longing to one of the peasant parties wishes to introduce a law to facilitate and cheapen the changing of surnames. Many peasants’' surnames have crystal- lized out of mocking nicknames con- ferred by neighbors. There are on Tec- ord “Paunch,” “Leprosy,” “Scurf” and many others still less complimentary. Jews are often in a worse plight than peasants. Until the end of the eight- eenth century they bore patronymics such as “Abraham, son of Jacob.” ‘The police of the threwweu that partitioned Poland insisf that they should all take surnames. Either in an attempt to extort bribes or else to amuse themselves they often inflicted the most ridiculous and unseemly names on the unfortunate Jews. ~ “Ton- weight,” “Abdominal Ulcer” and “Berlin Blue"” are among those recorded. Some such surnames have so grossly Nadir Khan waited at Peshawur until May, 1929, before organizing his coun- ter-revolution. He had with him brother, Shah Wali Khan, who ':ll::; ded the army which cap! °°"""f" brothers eo-ope{hlzgd in the campaign m end eastern Afghan tribes against indecent a meaning that they could not BY HENRY KITTREDGE NORTON, Author of “Back of War." “China and the Powers,” Etc. | UT I am an American citi- | 6 2en,” declared Frank Ghilon | for the fiftieth time. “Here | is my passport in which the Secretary of State certifies the fact under seal. I was born in Massachusetts. Why should I have to serve in the 1talian Army?” “I know, Mr. Ghiloni,” repeated the American consul, still patient, “and the Secretary of State has done all that he can to assist you. The difficulty is that under American law you are an Ameri- | can citizen, but under Italian law you are an Italian subject. While we are in Italy it is the Italian and not th American law which will be enforced.” Went to Italy for Health. And thereby hangs a tale. Frank Ghiloni was born in Massachusetts and under the high authority of the four- teenth amendment to the Constitution was an American citizen. His father, however, was an Italian and did not se- cure his naturalization papers until the year after Frank was born. Except for a few years in Italy, Frank had spent all of his life in the United States. In 1914, at the age of 29, Frank went to Italy for his health. When the Italian Army was mobilized for the Great War, he was pressed into service as an Italian subject, and the Italian government refused to accede, to the re- quest of the Secretary of State to re- lease him. Frank was sent to the front and was captured by the Aus- trians. The State Department renewed its request for his release, this time to the Austrian government. He was Emmptly freed and allowed to return ome. Prank Ghiloni was only one of thou- sands of American-born citizens who have béen caught in the toils of the law of dual nationality. Every year hun- dreds of appeals are made to American diplomatic and consular officers to se- cure the release of Americans from | military service in Europe Frequently they are able to secure the desired re- | lease, but always it is a matter of | courtesy on the part’ of the European authorities. ‘The question is an old one whose origins are lost in the shadows of me- dieval history. It arises because some states adhere to the jus soli, or the law of the soil, and others to the jus sa: Fulnia. or law of the blood. England, or example, held that any man born “within the King's domain” was a sub- ject of the King. It was this princi- ple of the common law which in 1868 was embodied in the fourteenth amend- ment to our own Copstitution. Continent Adheres to Law. ‘The continental European states for the most part adhered to the law of the blood, holding that the allegiance of the son, r:g:rdku of his birthplace, fol- lowed allegiance of his father. This is still the law in most of the coun- tries of continental . ‘There is obviously room for a conflict here. And the United States has addea to the confusion by placing on Ius statute books (in 1855) a law conferring citizenship on the children born abroaa ot its citizens who had previously re- sided in the United States. Thus the United States follows both the law ot the soil and the law of the blood. To add to the tangle, the United States early espoused the rigl patriation—that {s, the right of a m: to transfer his allegiance from one gov- The Story the Week Has Told BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is & brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended November 23: 13 GREAT BRITAIN.—Thomas Power the House of referred to " is dead h:' 'Connor, “father of gommons'.' and generally affectionately as “Tay Pay. 81. He has represented Li terruptedly u:lor 44 ‘x:;\; 2 eeds him as * :\‘;fircln‘ represented the Carnarvon Bcr;; oughs division uninterruptedly for years. i fter graduation from Que Com‘;. ‘Gll‘lly. Mr, O'Connor left his native land for London, and t.henceg/r- ward until 1880 he led a precar u: life in Grub street. The phase h‘}x penury ended with the success of biography of Disraell published thls year, and the Parliament way. He n';onc utenan! g::d“:hll dubious hero until his tr: exile. He was an effective speaker, witty, good humaregi‘!u;i::ble. lucid and sometimes lucent, torical triumph being his defense of Parnell against the famous attack by W. E. Forster, Forster's invective seemed to have demolished its subject, but O'Connor’s reply had the whole House roaring with laughter and cheering approval. hout his parliamentary career M;rh(;?ggnnm' conu‘:-l.ued his journalistic work, especially by way of sketches of cotemporaries. He wrote several books besides his “Disraeli” of merit, but not strikingly so. He was perhaps the most popular man in Parliament, a fact marked by the ntation to him this year by his parl entary colleagues of all parties, of & $50,000 trust fund. His never ceasing championship of his native land received full satisfaction in the establishment of the Irish Free flective for always being urged with 50 humor and consisting with affec- tion for England. ] * Ok k% FRANCE. —Discussions between rep- resentatives of the French and German governments concerning the Saar dis- trict began in Paris on November 21. An attractive “proposition” :urx:‘ be forthcoming from German: nce is to be expected to relinquish jurisc\- tion of the district prior to 1935, the year named in the Versailles treaty for a plebiscite to determine the perma- nent nationality thereof, the very substantial amount of French capital invested since the war. It is thought that such a proposition will be forthcoming. The output of the Saar mines .has been greatly in- creased under French operation; they are & very important source of supply to the Prench steel industry, so greatly expanded through the recovery of Lor- raine. The district has an area of about 750 square miles and a popula- tion of about 800,000. There are nine Left groups in the Prench Chamber. Starting from the Right they are named as follows: Left his | be translated in the pages of a respect- able the Jews, who only what their Russian meant. ‘Thousands of them the-war, 'i ! paper. Some of unx::uwod Yiddish, did not know | Repub have changed their Republicans, Left Independents, Union- ist and’ Socialist Left, Radical Left, mflm ists 4 ts (& sort ef Christian Soclaliste), ernment to another, usually by the process of naturalization. It not only asserted this right on behalf of the subject of European monarchs who wished to become. American citizens, but freely conceded the corresponding right of Americans to become the subjects of foreign kings if they so desired. In Conflict With Britain. ‘This brought us into direct conflict with Great Britain, The English law was “once a subject, always a subject.” Not the least of the causes of the War of 1812 was the refusal of the British naval authorities to recognize the naturalization of former British seamen who had under our laws become can citizens. British captains insisted upon the ht to stop and search Americans, who, they contended, were still British subjects—a high-handea practice which aroused the bellicosity of the early Americans. Some other monarchs, such as the Czar of Russia and the Sultan ot ‘Turkey, forbade their subjects to trana- fer their allegiance without their per- mission, which was rarely, if ever, granted. We had-numerous diplomatic Radicals and Radical Socialists, Inde- pendent Socialists, and Communists. Together .these Left groups constituf about two-thirds of the membership of the Chamber. To speak more precisely, the Left groups to the right of the Radical Socialists are of the Left cen- ter. But one exceedingly important characteristic is common to all the Left groups, namely, that they could be counted on to join heartily in resistance to a Fascist development. The world's largest submarine was launched at Cherbourg on November 18. She is 400 feet long and is to have a surface speed of 19 knoss. She will carry four 5.5-inch guns, 14 torpedo tubes, 30 and a small seaplane. Her crew, officers and men, will number 150. She will be able to dive 430 feet and her armor protection will extraordinary. * ok ok ok RUSSIA.—The second session of the Congress of the Union of Socialist Amen- | * arguments with them in this connection, but fortunately these did not result in war, As a result of this confusion of law and the numerous treaties that have been made on account of it the simple definition of an American citizen as “any person born or naturalized in the United States” is subject to all kinds of qualifications, according to the time, the place and the circumstances. Sister Is Not so Sure. An American-born son of an Amen- can-born father is fairly sure of his American citizenship wherever he may be and in whatever circumstances he may find himself. His American-born sister, however, is not so secure in her rights. Until re- cently the l]aw was almost universal that a m woman's allegiance followed that of her husband. Thus even a Daughter of the American Revolution “might have been a Russian, a French- man, Turk or Prussian” by the simple process of marrying an exotic gentleman from one of the countries concerned. She may still do so if she likes. But in her the option either to accept her hus- band’s nationality or to retain her American citizenship. In the latter case she must be wary lest she lose it by inadvertence. For if she goes abroad anywhere and remains five years, or it she goes to her husband’s country and remains two years, the a)resumpuon is that she has relinquished her American citizenship and she may find it a diffi- cult matter to prove that she has not. A naturalized American is reasonably secure in his citizenship as long as he remains in this country, or if he con- fines his travels abroad to countries other than that of his birth. Even in that case, if he stays away more than five years, he, too, is presumed to have | relinquished his aquired rights as an American citizen. Should Examine Status. In case the naturalized American plans to revisit his native land he would e well to examine his status carefully, especially with regard to his liability | for military service. The native of Great Britain need not worry. The British and American governments give full itlon now to naturalization by the other. And Britain has no con- scriptive military service in time of peace. The United States has natural- ization treaties with nine other coun- tries and In these the rights of natural- ized Americans are fairly clear. In Austria, Germany and Hungary compulsory military service is forbid- den by the peace treaties. Natives of those countries who have become natu- ralized in the United States may there- fore return with all the rights of any traveling American citizen. A native of Belgium, naturalized in this country, may return to Belgium | without being held for military service unless his lability for such service had accrued before he left Belgium for | America. The same is true of Bulgaria, | with the additional condition that the | naturalized citizen shall not have emi- | grated while Bulgaria was at war. Danish Law Is Rigid. ‘The conscription laws of Denmark i and Norway are quite rigid, and while | & naturalized American of Danish or Norwegian birth is entitled upon his re- turn to his native land to be treated as & citizen of the United States, he must be very sure that he had not been en- rolled for military duty before his emi- gration. In Denmark he may procure from the minister of the interior a re- lease from further duty, provided he served in the army or navy of any of the belligerent nations during the years 1914 to 1918. ‘The United States has treaties with Portugal and Sweden by which they recognize the naturalization of their subjects, but similarly hold them re- sponsible for any military duty which had accrued before the date of emi- gration. In practically all the treaty countries a stay of two years raises the presumption of return to the old alle- glance. France is among thdse countries which have not bound themselves by naturalization treaties. Nevertheless, France recognizes the validity of n: uralization and relieves from any lia- bility to military service those of her sons who became American eitizens prior to any failure on their part to re- spond to calls for such service. France goes further and relieves from military service American-born sons of French citizens during a visit to Prance, pro- 1922 the United States conferred upon Soviet Republics opened in Moscow on November 20 in the throneroom of Standrew, in the Kremlin. Chairman Kalinin of the central executive com- mittee, Chairman Sirtsoff of the Rus- sion council of people’s commissars and Chairman Krijanovsky of the state plan- ning commission made speeches aimed to stir up enthusiasm for the five-year plan, the topic of the hour, one of the grandest, topics ever discussed in any assembly. The present critical phase of the plan provides a drama paéked with stupendous possibilities. ‘The grand question is—What will Mother Nature do? Another good harvest might insure success; a bad one might mean failure. A harvest this year would be a fifth successive good harvest; al- most unprecedented in Russia. .Drama indeed. Above, the glittering imperial insignia; below, the representatives of the far-flung proletariat. of many racial types, of infinite sartorial llnfl hirsute variety, much homespun, 'not a few women. The Army Worm BY BRUCE F the eighteenth amendment is ever overthrown, it will not be by the wets. The overzealous drys will talk it | out of the Constitution, as they talked it in. * k% one of them announces haser of a glass of sentenced to 10 years in prison or that the Army should be called out to shoot down citizens who make whoopee, the common sense of people rebel “This mur. The murmur is not loud, but deep. The murmurers are not given to -analyzation, and they have little talent for put- 00 mueh,” they mur- tian talk and act in such an un- Christian fashion must be open to serious doubt. And, if goaded far enough, they will do something. about it. * x % A wonderful thing about the i its all-pervading law For every poison th an antidote. For every abu there is some natural corrective “Things aged long, out. “Though no chetks to a new evil appear, the checks If ¢ . high, BARTON. the revenu If you ma will yield nothing. the criminal code * x x 1 read recently a book on the gangs of Chicage. It contained an appalling list of murders for which the law has secured no of the guilty ural destroyer of the gang is the old friend of mine told d years of his truction of his garden and trees by pests. The gypsy moths came and ate. The gri hoppers came and laid wi Finally came the army worms, ening to consume every army worms became so bad that there was not food enough. Hence, (Continued on Fifth Page.) Nikolas Bukharin has been expelled from the politburo (political bureau) of the Communist party. * koK ok TADJIKISTAN.—There is to be & new republic within the Union of So- cialist Soviet Republics, namely, Tad- jikistan, which will embrace the homes of about 1,000,000 Tadjiks, who are of Iranian blood (with no doubt some, but apparently very slight, Turkish admix- ture), speak archaic Persian diale and are mostly Mohammedans. They are physically very fine and upstanding, generally of fair complexion and regu- lar features. I cannot make out the precise territory (said to be about the size of Colanol the new republic is to embrace. but it seems safe to say that it includes the districts of old known as Karateghin, Wakhan and the Pa- mirs. The western part of the territory, which is being separated from Uzbekis- tan, is excellent for cotton and silk culture. We are told that during the brief period of its inclusion in Ubekistan the land has been equitably divided among the peasants, the Jatter have been ized and good prog- ress en made in road building and establishment of schools. ‘Thousands of Tadjiks are scattered through Afghanistan, Bukhara, Khiva, etc., the very name Tadjik (“stranger”) indicating the wide dispersion of the stock. No doubt the new republic will draw to itself many of these scattered ones, who among nomadic folk are often disesteemed for their very merits; since immemorially they have been settled folk. Whenever, however, constrained to fight, they have shown themselves as brave as “the Lave.” With the formation of the new re- public, the Union of Socialist Soviet Re- publics will include the following named federated republics or groups of re- publican states: The Federated Ri n Republic (population, _ 100,000,000) ; Ukrainia (30,000,000), White Russia (5,000,000). the Transcaucasian Fed- * k% ok CHINA.—Dispatches of the eighteenth told of a Nationalist success at Teng- feng, the Kuominchun forces retreating toward Loyang, and also of a Nationalist -rr;d él;‘;! (.;i‘e.nerelhcmxmum of the n Church, bringin together more than 1.ow.ooz members of the two denominations |into a single organization, was nom- inally effected on October 25 at Piqua, Ohio, where the General Convention of the Christlan Church, at its last meeting, formally adopted the plan of union which had earlier been approved by the National Council of Congrega- tional Churches. The next and in many ways an equally important step will be tdken Tuesday, when the executive committee of the General Council of the Congre- gational and Christian Churches, the new body created by the agreement, will meet in New York to plan further con- solidations and to ccnsider the body of work still necessary to bring the mem- bers of the two organizations into closer co-operation in both the home and mis- sion flelds. ‘This meeting will take place at 287 Fcurth avenue. It will be attended by 14 members of the executive committee of the National Council of the Congre- gational Churches and four members of the General Convention of the Chris- tian Church. First Meeting of Its Kind. It will be the first actual meetipg of representatives of the two denomina- tions since the merger has been de- clared in force, and it will be the first meeting of its kind in the history of cinurches in this country or, for that matter, anywhere. Members of the two denominations have pointed out that the importance of this merger is not to be measured solely by the number of persons in- volved, or the relative importance of the parties to it. This is the first time, they say, that two large and self-suf- ficlent church groups, with neither for- mer connections nor church history in common, have voluntarily elected to merge for the sake of reducing the number of denominations practicing and spreading the teachings of Christ. In addition, the plan of union, a plan which was developed after some years of effort on both sides, is such that it offers an avenue by which other Protestant denominations are expected to draw closer together, Individual Churches Independent. This plan is one which has already attracted much,-attention among all churchmen who are interested in the cause of church unity. In essence, while it brings the general adminis- tration of the two groups under one body, it leaves the individual churches as they ®ere before, free to govern themseives and to continue to wors) either as Christians or Congregational- ists, or both. reports are to be received with the to Te. cllrx&hnl%rg rly ap) ill':lme all re- o nese military ofienmm. wore-r. Britain has voluntarily irned the Chinkiang concession to China. Julian Arnold, our commercial at- tache at Peiping, informs us that American investments in China a) - imate the following: Comme! in- vestments, $200,000,000; missionary and other non-commercial undertakings, $75,000,000; secured and unsecured obli- gations of the Chinese government, be- tween $30,000,000 and $40,000,000. He invites attention to notable de- velopment of transportation by motor bus and airplane; to construction on substantial scale of roads suitable for motor transportation. * * * X BRAZIL—Brazil has been celebrat- ing the fortieth anniversary of the bloodless coup d'etat by which Emperor Dom Pedro II was deposed and the re- public of Brazil established. Dom Pedro, “the Magnanimous,” had reigned for 58 years; amiable, bn:afidmlnded. scholar, emancipator, no meah economist. He ylelded to the spirit of the age, made no fuss about it, showed no rancor. His memory is universally revered in the country which dethroned him. A rare fate. » Brazil has 19,758 miles of railway trackage among the component states, Sao Paulo leading, with 4,795, and Minas Geraes 1:11(:12‘ :lflu, with 4,305. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.— On November 22 the special session of Congress was adjourned. The Smoot- Hawley tariff bill goes over to the reg- ular session. James William Good, Secretary .of ‘War, «died on November 18 at the age of 64, of peritonitis ensuing upon an emergent operation for appendieitis. ‘The nomination of ex-Senator Wal- ter E. Edge of New Jersey to be Am- ects | bassador to France has been unani- mously confirmed by the Senate. Two hundred and ninety persons paid Federal taxes in 1928 on 1927 incomes of a million dollars or more, as against 231 in 1927 and 207 in 1926. The total of the incomes of these 290 was $600,- 640,846, and their taxes totaled $98, 657,237. Of the 290, 11 reported in- comes of $5,000,000 or more. A total of 33,695 persons reported net incomes of $50,000 or more, including 11,122 who reported net incomes of $100,000 of more. The individual net incomes filed totaled $22,545,090,553, upon which $830,639,434 in Federal taxes was paid, while a total net income of $8,981,884,- 261 was reported by corporations, on which the total tax was $1,130,674,128. Nelson Trusler Johnson is to be our new Minister to China in succession to Mr. MacMurry, resigned. Few Amer- icans know their China as well, and he talks Chinese that would not shame a Chinese literatus. He entered our for- eign service in China 22 years ago and served in sundry consular capacities there until 1918, when he was called home for duty in the Far Eastern Sec- tion of the Department of State. He was an “expert assistant” at the Wash- ington arms conference. At its conclu- sion he returned to the Orient as con- sul general at large, spector of the cons trict of Eastern Asi; He returned to | Washington in 1927 to become Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern al- | fairs, which po:z ‘he‘has since held. | * NOTES—Of the 10 members of the German cabinet, 4 are Socialists (the chancellor and the ministers of finance, j the interior and labor), 3 are of the German People’s party or its cogener, the Bavarian People's party; 2 are Democrats and 1 (Gep. Groener, min- ister of defense) is a ion-party man. In opening a new session of the Turk- success in Hupeh, the Kuominchun drive down the Han River being halted outside Siangyang. But dispatches of the nineteenth reported capture of Siangyang by the Kuominchun and they were undernourished and died, without laying any eggs. And the next year there were no army worms. * *x x | take much comfort in this story. | do not mean to suggest that we should sit supinely by and allow wrongs to get so bad that they correct themselves. We should whoop it up for righteousness and take a poke at evil. * % % ‘But it's good to know that, after -‘:_I. we have a mighty h army worm is the army worm. (Copyrixht. 1829.) consequent alarm in Hankow, the gar- rison of which is inadequate. Dis- patches of the nineteenth also reported capture by Soviet forces of Manchull and or after bombardment by artillery and from _airpl bombardment by Soviet planes along the Chinese Eastern near the frontier betv;len Manchuria and the maritime Province) of Gen. Fa-Kwel les” fame. tches of the twenty-first re- ture of storied (Honan by Nationalist troops, ith many ers and much material WAar. mmnzhmmzm-wv- can te ary B;r! ico an Loyang | 0} ish National Assembly the other day, President Mustapha Kemal assured n{e delegates that the government would continue to devote itself strenuously to economic rehabilitation. He announced that nearly 300 miles of railway had been completed within the past year and that construction of about the same additional mileage was in con- templation. He remarked proudly that “capital of the new commercial prises established within a year exceeds $67,000,000, proving that Turks can succeed in the domain of business.” Ibn Saud, Sultan of Nejd and King of the Hedjaz, has to deal with an- other serious revolt, led by that in- tractable rebel, Feisal Ed Dawish. The Japanese government has issued a decree abol control over the exportation of gold, effective January H, next. 031 November 17, Pascual Ortiz Rubio, overwhelming majority. His nents of the Anti-re-electionists much fraud and intimidation by | the L4 and the Rubio party. There were sundry clashes, involving perhaps a dozen dead and & score or so wounded. of the National Revolution- | London, was elected President of Mex- | & body to New England to continue their other as teaching and prac! the essential principles of Christianity, a platform upon which, it is pointed out, all Christian churches of whatever de- nomination should ultimately be able to agree. ‘The vmin&lhody of the new union will be, for the next two years at least, the executive committee of the General Council. t will consist of eighteen members, fourteen of them leaders of the Congregational churches and four heads of the Christian Church. This division is roughly pro- portional to the number qf members in each body. Executive Committee Chosen. ‘When this executive committee meets ‘Tuesday the following men will repre- sent the Congregational churches: Dr. Fred B. Smith of New York, moderator of the National Council of the Congre- gational Churches; the Rev. Dr. Charles Emerson Burton of New York, general secretary of the National Council; the Rev. Dr. Clarence H. Wilon of Yon- kers, Charles H. Seaver of New York, Roger W. Babson of Babson Park, John . Calder of Springfield, Mass.; Franklin H, Warner of White Plains, N. ¥.; Dr. Robert E. Lewis of Cleveland, Mrs. Daniel C. Turner of New York, Mayor Frederick C. Mc- Laughlin of White Plains, N. Y.; Mrs, Charles J. Chandler of Detroit, the Rev. Dr. Warren 8. Archibald of Hart- ford, Conn.; the Rev. William W. Pat- ton of Glen Ridge, N. J, and George D. Chamberlain_of Springfield, Mass. The four who will represent the Christian Church are the Rev. Dr. Frank G. Coffin of Columbus, Ohio, president of the General Convention of the Christian Church; the Rev. Dr.-D. B. Atkinson of Albany, Mo., vice presi- dent of the General Convention; the Rev. Dr. Warren H. Denison of Dayton, Ohio, secretary of the General Conven- tion, and J. L. Reck of Covington, Ohio, treasurer of the General Con- vention. Plan of Union Work of Years, Though there were representatives of both churches at the two conventions where the plan of union was adopted, officials of the denominations have not met since the two churches have offi- clally become one. Consequently, though the plan of union has been adopted, it devolves upon this executive committee to work out the almost endless details of complete union, a task which may take years and which cannot be hurried. The plan of union was the work of many persons in both denominations. It matured only after several years of effort by standing committees on church unity. It was finally reported to the National Council of the Congregational Churches for adoption last May 28 by :fi;' Dr. h}n&ekg ht. l;‘l:lnnl::"' form- dean of le School, who then said: s “Our commission regards this pro- posal of major importance, not, of course, because it will create a some- what larger unit, not-even because it will promote as we believe the spiritual interests of each group, but because it becomes a definite step ahead in the actual realizatidh in North America of our Lord's prayer for his followers that they ‘all be one.’ Challenge to Other Churches. “It ploneers the way by means of a plan so simple yet so flexible, so broad, so_considerate of all interests, that it Chureiscs of al : churches o types. Through its ac- ceptance we will pass from a theoretical approval of the' desirableness o unity to a practical demonstration ‘of s rea- sonable way to achieve it—on€ that leaves the largest practicable freedom to the believer, to the church to which he belongs and to the system of think- ing and practice which appeals to him. “This plan, as indicated in our printed report, has undergone all sorts of criticism, friendly and otherwise The commission has taken every prac- ticable means to give it publicity. It has been approved in general by very many associations, by all the State con- ferences within whose bounds Christian churches are to be found as well as by others. Governing Committee Created. “It has been modified in response to the intelligent critical study given it by those who administer our affairs until your commission feels assured that it represents fairly the judgment and desire of our congressional fellowship and is worthy of adoption.” It was adopted by unanimous vote by the National Council at Detrolt and with & few minor changes by the Gen- eral Council of the Christian Churches in October at Piqua, Ohio. Its first ef- fect 1s to create the governing commit- tee and the merger of the two councils under the name the General Council of the Con tional and n Church, which will hereafter meet biennially in the odd-numbered years. Local churches are not affected in name or policy. A church may retain its name of Christian or Congregational or combine the two names with a hyphen. In both the Christian and Congregational organizations local churches are still supreme in matters which affect themselves. Virtually the only effect of the merger which will be felt by these units, church leaders have pointed out, is the larger fellowship which will be enjoyed by members of both groups. Congregationalists Are Stronger. In,Ohio and Indiana the membership of the two churches is almost equally divided. In New England and in the Far West the Congregational churches are quite strong, particularly in the for- mer, while in the South and Southeast the Christian Church has more mem- bers. Thus geographically the merger will mean a mutual reinforcement and a more general spread of influence. Al- together the Congregationalists have o membership of more than 940,000 and a total of 5497 churches. The Christians have a membership of about 114,000 and a total of 1,163 churches. In New England the Congregational- ists have 1,611 churches. In the New York metropolitan area they have 173 churches and a total actual membership of 62,017. This gives a constituency, as some church memberships are now fig- ured, of about 150,000 Congregationalists in this region. The Christians are represented in the metropolitan area by eight churches and have a total actual membership of 1,282. Of the Christian churches, two are in Brooklyn, two in Queens, three in New Jersey and one in that part of Connecti- cut which comes within the so-called metropolitan area. Congregationalists on Mayflower. Both churches have long and inter- esting histories. Their development has been closely identified with the develop- Been pointed out by Congtegationatis: out by Congregationalist leaders that this dmomlnlfloesl-. in tak- ing part in this pioneering step toward general church unity, is only continu- mng a long history of pioneering in church organization, educatioh, mission- ary work and other activities. The history of the Congregationa! Church on this continent begins with the landing of the Mayflower Pilgrims at Plymouth in 1620, though at Barn- stable, Mass., there is a Congregationa' church which was organized in 1616 in , the members coming later in Mass. Bigrims brought them ought over with ciple of m'alvmw eonscience lief in the Bible as the only guide of faith and practice. 'l't:ev are the [} (:onunuod on ] Page.;