Evening Star Newspaper, August 18, 1929, Page 27

KEY TO FARMRELIEF TARIFF HELD BY DIXIE DEMOCRATS Harmony Urged in Protection Fight' by Periodical’s Barrage. BY MARK SULLIVAN. HE key to this tariff is the Demo- crats, especially the Southern Democrats. That fact is not recognized yet in Washington, but it is recognized in the South; that is, it those quarters bf the South that are most interested in the tariff. Of the Southerners who favor the tariff—or at least a high tariff of some sort—the principal spokesman is the Manufacturers’ Record. That periodi- cal, by its name, sounds like something published in New York or Chicago. Ac- tually its field is the South. It is by far the leading business periodical—al- most the only important business pe- riodical—in the section between Balti- more and El Paso, Tex. It has the energy, the bulk, the up-to-dateness and all the other qualities of the most ad- vanced business organs in any Eastern industrial district. ‘The Manufacturers’ Record has talked high tariff ever since this session began. It has inspired and applauded organ- ized demands for a high tariff from Southern communities. It has scolded Southern Democratic Representatives and Senators who opposed the pending bill. In its latest issue it publishes an “open-letter” broadside. The point of this open letter is that it does not stop with demanding protection for Southern industries and interests; it does not | stop with the familiar appeal to the Republicans to let the tariff umbrella spread its favoring shade over the South as well as the North, ‘This present utterance, Southern phrase, “goes the whole hog.” ‘We have here for the first time from any Southern source so important as this a plain declaration that Southern Democrats in Congress ought to vote for an all-around high tariff—ought, in short, to take exactly the same position as the most thoroughgoing high-protec- tion Congressman from New England. ‘This utterance is a {lndmnrk. It is doubtful if anything like it has come out of any important source in the South during the hundred years that the tariff has been a political issue. More Than Landmark. This utterance is not merely a land- mark in the historic sense. It has a most_pointed bearing on the stage to Which the pending tariff has now come. ‘What the Southern organ says the Southern Democrats ought to do con- stitutes the key to whether or not this Congress will enact a protective tariff or any tariff., The Manufacturers’ Record, with the emphasis of black type, exhorts South- ern Congressmen thus: “Every Southern Congressman know: ® ¢ * that he cannot win for his section unless he works in harmony with lead- ers from other sections. * * * Other sections will get to a large extent what they are demanding. - The South will | to use al “Open Letter” \ 1 dustry is the most conspicuous—that wants this tariff passed and is aggres- sive in support of it. The lagging and sagging of this tarift bill, its failure to gather much headway | in the beginning and its actual loss of | momentum at the present moment is ! illustrated by that schedule which has been made most conspicuous, namely, | sugar. The bill, as passed in the Lower | House, raised the tariff on sugar from | 2.20 cents a pound to 3 cents a pound (with, in both cases, a differential of 20 per cent in favor of Cuba). That raise is pretty certainly doomed. Hardly anybody now expects the increase granted by the Lower House to stick. The probability that it won't stick is proved, fairly convincingly, by the bringing forward of’ a substitute, the sliding scale device. ‘The sliding scale had an inning last week and at the close of it the common agreement was that it had made no more headway, if as much, as the origi- nal straight increase passed by the Lower House. After two false starts the project for a higher tariff on sugar is right where it was at the beginning. This evolution of the sugar schedule is indicative of the psychology attend- ing the whole tariff measure. It limps. ! It slows down. | The psychology necessary to pass an all-round protective tariff bill must rest upon all-round need for its bene- fits, and therefore all-'round participa- | tion in its benefits. If each of the | two or three hundred members of the Lower House and each of fifty or ! sixty Senators has one industry in his district that earnestly wants an in- | crease, then each Congressman will do two things: He will work hard for | what he wants—and he will be perfectly | | willing to let every other member have | | what he wants. He will vote for his own schedule and with equal hearti- | ness he will vote for every other sched- ule and for the whole bill. The condition is lacking now. It is lacking In precisely the territory | where high tariffs in the past have | had their homes, namely, in the North and East. What we are about to see for the first time now is whether a | protective tariff bill can be passed when its home is not in the East and North, and not am-ng manufacturers —buyt in the agricultural West and among farmers. It may be that under these conditions a bill can be passed —but it can't be passed by the West alone and the farmers alone. They will need the help of a considerable portion |of the South and of the Democrats. Justice for Farmers. | ‘That the farmers, under their present | conditions, ought to have every possible | benefit the tariff can give them 1is conceded by practically everybody. That belief lies at the heart of this tariff session. Only because of that belief was the session called. But when the get very little of what it needs and | bjll gets down to the heart Congress, some of its people are demanding un- | Senators and Members become luke- less its Congressmen unite with the warm. First of all the Easterners and | Congressmen of other sections in this | manufacturers took a bill which was work and cease antagonizing the pas- | meant to be a farmers’ bill and loaded sage of a well-rounded tariff bill for jt down with increases in a considera- “;;“:‘an‘; a;,lhs::tlflnsélys v | able quantity of manufacturing sched- a ules, textiles, it ts talicised. type: A protective tarifl bill | ey’ Sacey 5 o ingies SUNDAY STAR, Machine Age Is Justified Material Well-Being Not Sole Aim as Cultural Aspects Are Ever More Apparent. M. CAILLAUX'S FE BY IDA M. TARBELL. a Frenchman who in the last 20 yéars or so has made both his own and other countries take note of him, has recently volced in these columns his deep de- pression over civilization. When one talks about civilization these days it is essential to tell what one means by the word. There are those that are satisfled that it means the multipli- cation of telephones and radios, motor cars and airplanes, bath tubs and elec- trical contrivances. But M. Caillaux is not pleased with this definition. Nor is he satisfied to have the word limited to agreements which “make men’s rela- tions with their fellows more easy, elim- inating motives of disgust, envy and fear.” That is, he is not convinced that if men do sign—and keep—pacts, agree- ing never again to go to war, they will therefore automatically become civilized. In his mind civilization is an “organ- ization both of morality and material well-being,” and by “morality” he does not mean simply conduct—following ac- cepted conventional rules of ethics—but rather “that gospel of gentleness and charity preached on the mount.” What he finds lacking in cotemporary defi- nitions of civilization is the spiritual mind. He apparently finds no trace at all of spiritual-mindedness in this country. Indeed, his distress is largely founded on what he believes to be our complete absorption in material things. | Our wealth has become so great, our | R—THAT THE | frank reveling in wealth so joyous, that he fears we are to become the envy of | even its existence. abandon its virtue, its life of the spirit | least partial play to the inventive fac-, sought and follow our materialistic conception ONSIEUR JOSEPH CAILLAUX, E of civilization as single-mindedly as we do. Held as Race of Realists. M. Caillaux declares us a race of real- ists, occupied only with scientific prob- lems. Most particularly are we cen- tered on the organization of our indus- tries, our Jabor. Everything else is sunk by us in working out a complete and perfect machine for production—a ma- chine in which each individual shall have his fixed place. Only thus, he conceives, are we going to get that last word in production which be believes our sole aim. He sees this as doing terrible things to us. He sees in it the death of in- ventive talent among workers, he sees them deprived of all intellectual food, reduced to the position of mechanical men. He does not believe that they will be content forever to go on with this perfect mechanical life when we finally achieve it. Some day they will feel the monotony of a ‘“clvilization pulled with a string.” Up they will come and destroy the perfect produc- tion machine—the goal of our ideas | of civilization. Progress in Industry Cited. ‘To any one who has kept a curious and disinterested,even half-eye on what has been going ofi in American industry for the last 50 years of gradually in- tensive organization, M. Caillaux’s pic- ture borders on the ludicrous. He ovt looks entirely in it certain essential f: tors—factors necessary to its growth, American industry nations—that the outside world will | could not go on if it did not give at will be passed by the present Congress.” ‘That is & common expectation. It is by no means certain to be fulfilled. In- | creasingly from now on it will be real- ized that no tariff at all is decidedly | one of the possible outcomes of this session. If this Congress passes a tariff bill—and most especially if it passes a “well rounded tariff bill for everything in all sections”—it will be done with the aid of Southern Democratic votes. | It cannot be done otherwise. Votes of Democrats. ‘The Democratic votes may come, but they must come in considerable num- bers, and that will be a new thing. It is not unusual for a scattering n.ar- gin of two or three Democratic Senators end a half dozen Democratic members of the Lower House to help the Repub- licans pass a protective tariff bil. Again and again, for half a century past, the two Democratic Senators 1rom Louisiana have voted with the Repub- licans on a general tariff bill for the sake of thelr local interest in sugar. Already in this session the conspicu- ous Democratic Representative from Florida, Mrs. Ruth Bryan Owens, voted for the pending bill as it went through | the House. One wonders what her father, Willlam Jennings Bryan, would think, or her Uncle Charlie, sometime Democratic Governor of Nebraska and Democratic candidate for Vice Presi- dent in 1924. To pass this tariff bill in anything like its present form; indeed to pass any tariff bill at this session—to give the bill the momentum which it must have and which it has actually been losing lately—for that purpose there must be, practically speaking, general Democratic assent to it. The reader will have begun to wonder why Jhis is so—in what respect the pending tariff bill differs from preced- ing ones which have been passed wi extremely little aid from Democrats. Part of the answer is that the psy- chology is different. A Democratic candidate for President nearly 50 years ago, Winfleld Scott Hancock in 1880, earned a good deal of derision for himself, slew himself as a serious presidential candidate and coined a Dl that blazed through the newspapers for many years and into serious history, by saying, in effect: “The tariff is a local issue.” To say that any one tariff can be a psycho- logical matter may- seem even more grotesque. In fact, hewever, Hancock was right. The tariff is a local matter. And the question of the passage of the rendlnl tariff bill is largely a psycho- ogical matter. Conditions Are Unfavorable. ‘The psychological conditions are un- favorable for the present bill Not enough - large business interests in the North and East have their shoulders behind it. They are not sufficiently interested. Here, in this present month of Au- gust, we are having the most prosper- ous month the United States has ever known, the largest volume of business, the largest of ratio of profits, the high- est prices for securities ever recorded on New York Stock Exchange, prob- ably the least unemployment. It is a banner month, an excelsior month, a Eureka month—anything you choose to call it. Obviqusly, when business is that way, ‘business leaders are not consumed with enxiety about 'f;m"‘ an_increase in tne tariff. By same token it is dif- ficult to make anybody feel that higher protection is imperatively necessary. The existence of prospetity works in a :;xbtle psychological way against the To those Who don':y like the tariff this extreme prosperity cons! an argument for not enacting it. The great bulk of business leaders, in their own minds, without reflecting on it, really think the same way. Does any | rate when one studies the statistics of and shoes, together with shingles and building materials. ; Thereupon the corn belt and the | wheat belt cried out, with much justice. They said that a tariff originally de- | signed to help the farmer was going | to make the farmer pay more for what he buys. Senator Borah, reflecting the farming West, proposed that all the increases in industrial duties be wiped out of the bill, that it be confined strictly to farm crops and a few prod- ucts directly related to farm crops. The nearness of Borah's proposal to victory—a roll call of 39 to 38—con- vinced the East and manufacturers that they were not going to get much out of this bill. Thereupon they fell into a mood not far short of hostility. Losing their mood of benevolence to- ward the farmer, they began to think of increased dutles on farm crops in terms of increased costs of food which manufacturing communities must buy. ‘The net of it is this tariff bill is headed toward being a bill for farmers only—or else no bill at all. The farmers live mainly in the West and in the Democratic South. If there is to be a farmers’ tariff, it will need to get farmers’ support in the South as well as the West. “More Babies’ Drive Waged by Mussolini It is hard to share the often-voiced apprehension of Mussolini and his jour- nalistic disciples over the Italian birth the size of Italian families compiled aftér great research for the use of il duce in his “more babies” campaign. On June 30, 1928, there were in Italy 1,532,000 families with seven or more children. Seventy per cent of these families, or 1,100,000, have between 7 and 9 children. Seven families gladden Mussolini’s heart with 25 or more chil- dren, 7 others have 24 children each, while 13 families have 23 children apiece. There are 29 families with 22 children, 87 with 21 and 182 with 20 children. Sixty per cent of llge families (930,000) are engaj in agri- cultural pursuits where children are early put to work and are regarded as economic assets. Twenty-one per cent of the large families are ed as those of low-paid workmen. The middle and professional classes contribute the smallest percentage of families with nu- merous prog. Anti-malthusian propa- ganda is now directed especially toward the city dwellers. The editors try to shame cities with stationary birth rates and laud thoss showing a larger number of babies than were reported in pre- ceding years. Newspapers the other day carried photograph of the twelfth baby of a 32-year-old Italian newspaper ‘Our best wishes for the second " sald one journal running the Alien Quota Flaw There is much discussion in Irish newspapers regarding the forthcoming reduction in the immigration quota to the United States from the Free State. x_zumudinmhnlmtmrmn;: e oa Btates 'suorites al origins from uutumu—mmam‘" adjourn tomorrow and go home, busi- ness would suddenly slump because of the certainty there would be no tariff revision? Does any one suppose busi- ness leaders would be alarmed “: of business toward Congre: Jtude of glmulnzn and relief that Congress is not in session. All this does not deny that those business men who do think they need more protection may need it badly. "Those who are taking an interest in the present tariff are very earnest about it, indeed. But there are not-enough of ghem. It is just half a dozen rather apots —of which the textile in- or Browne, or of nter. There are thousands native Irish, who bear in Gaelic the name MacGowan. Many Gaelic names were literally, translated. The ©'Sionnachs, for example, became the Foxes, and O'Cuills became Woods. Sometimes the names were not trans- lated, but spelled in English as they sounded-to which looks English enough, sents MacGiolla Pheadair, which is Gaelic for “the son of Peter’s disciple.” The o’ ‘hich means ‘“the -lmi: Is Claimed by Irish' English ears. So Killfeather, | B BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is a brief summary of the most important news of ,the world for the seven days ended August 17: * K K K GREAT BRITAIN.—The new Labor government was faced with a domestic problem of first magnitude in the strike for “lockout,” if you please, it amounfs to the same thing) of work- ers in the Lancashire cotton textiles industry. The operators announced & cut of 1215 per cent in wages effective August 1, declaring that otherwise they could not carry on. The workers declared that the existing wage scarce- ly answered minimum subsistence re- quirements; they could not live on| less. There were conferences, but in vain; out went the workers on August 1. Prime Minister MacDonald personally | intervened with great earnestness and | on August 15 accredited representatives of workers and employers agreed to submit the dispute to a court of arbi- | tration, pledging acceptance of its| award, the court to consist of two mem- bers designated by each side and a chairman designated by the permanent secretary of ministry of labor, pending | the award work to be resimed at the | old wage rates. ‘The industry has been in & bad way for several years past for sundry rea- sons, including ~post-war overcapi- talization, obsolete organization and methods in the individual mills, and lack of co-ordination of the industry as a whole, but the grand reason is increase of foreign competition, and further increase rather-than decline of this menace is indicated. The profits of the industry have largely been de- rived from export of the cheaper grades of textiles to industrially back- ward countries. But not only are the old markets being challenged by great industrial rivals for foreign trade, as the United States, Germany, Japan, Italy, but the industrially backward countries are making great .headway toward self-sufficiency in respect of the manufacgure of cn“fi:m cottons. The multiply China, India, South America. i It seems unlikely that the industry will ever quite recover its former rela- tive importance in the general British economy, but there is no justification for despair. ‘To prosper, it requires drastic weeding out, thorough reorgani- zation, discreet, rationalization, amal- gamation, and the framing of new policies with far-seeing eye. The wise grades of textiles, so maki the singular skill of the operatives, which hitherto has largely gone to waste, Thus, though the vol- ume of output should be considerably curtailed, it need not follow that the total value of the‘output must be re- duced in anything like the same pro- portion. Army and in 1918 he became a full gen- eral. In 1919 he was, in recognition of is services, created Baron Horne. He retired from active service in 1926. The death of casion for profoundest regret. He had Just mn)m (a marvel of ‘crafts- lumes, the editing, in 10 vol Papers From WASHINGTON, D. C, AUGUST iB, 1929~PART $. MASSES WILL RISE IN REVOLT AGAINST A “CIVILIZATION PULLED WITH A STRING.” —From an etching by Martin Lewis, em in past generations—and ulty workers. _There is not a well estab- | seeks {hem in far greater numbers than lished, organized industry in this coun- | the Army, the Navy or the law have try—I am not talking about the cheap | ever been able to use them. Creative and ignorant exploitive ones of which | genius! Why, that is what organized we hnv;‘e.. to bel n:re, only n;o many, just | American industry is living on. as we have only too many ignorant, un- ambitious, untrained workers—in which | /5o Lack of Intellectual Food. This 15 true. not one in all of our well | M. Caillaux declares that the work- organized, well managgd _industries, | Man is deprived of all intellectual food particularly those which® have adopted | in our industrial life. Men who can the principles of Taylorism, of which M. | Put up the fight that organized workers Calllaux speaks with such suspicion, | Jave In the United States for higher gt Aceans wages, shorter hours, better conditions— lent Always Available. and still are; men who, even while A continual concern of managements | fighting, can arrive at the conclusion of | 1s how best to encourage suggestion and | much of our organized labor in this | inventfon. Out of the ranks of the |country, that the strike is as expensive | workers there comes, in every great| a method of settling industrial disputes | plant, talent for the laboratory, talent | as war is of settling international dis- | for the machine shop. If there were putes, and that they must develop a no chance, why, in a great town like | machinery of co-operation with em- Akron, Ohio, center of the rubber in- | ployers—such men are not deprived of dustry, shouid you have an old estab- | all intellectual food. Their heads are lished 'college practically forced to ex- | working. pand and re-expand its chemical lab- | Moreover, in all this organized, Taylor- oratories so that the boys of fathers at |ized industry which M. Caillaux so fears, the machine may get the training which | where you have a real application—not will fit them for the opportunities whici | a fake one, as unfortunately happens in & highly developed industry. depending | all human activities, even M. Caillaux’s | upon still further scientific development, | favorite one of French politics—the | makes possible? Variations of what | whole effort is tc keep the man thinking one finds in Akron are to be found in | &t his job. There is an educational side every great industrial center: night |to the highly specialized automatic oper- schools for workers at the bench, tech- | ation which the outsider does not al- nical schools for boys who are candidates | Ways grasp. A man must be trained for for industry; classes within the factory | sclentific operation. He must throw | —a Nation-wide effort to bring out | aside his old rule-of-thumb method and | creative ability, if it exists. | descipline himself to do a thing with | Skill and more skill and still more What has been demonstrated to be the skill is what industry is crying for in |least expenditure of effort and of time. this country. It seeks the trained as| _1In no one of our highly organized | only the Army, the Navy, the law have | (Continued on Fourth Page.) | hide Castle,” z‘nt treasury of “unbeliev- | Preuss, that great master of constitu- | sians, of appearance of Russian gun-| able riches, Scott's phrase, of Bos- wellian material, and had written the first chapter of a blography of Bos- well which promised to vindicate the little man from the contempt and ridi- cule heapsd on him by generations of critics. Scott's “The Portrait of Zelide,” the Dutch lady who furnished out so amusing an episode in the ca- reer of the prince of biographers, jus- tified the hope of & masterpiece in’the book begun. of unfuilfilled renown.” ir Edwin Ray Lankester is dead at 83. He was a very great zoologist, perhaps the most distinguished of the pupils of the mighty Huxley. His con- tributions to the literature of his sub- ject are many and important. Elegant scholarship suffers a serious loss in. the death of Hugh MacNaugh- ten, vice provost of Eton, who nhas given the world charming translations from Catullus and Horace. * x k% GERMANY.—August 11 was the tenth anniversary of the adoption of the present republican constitution of the reich by the constituent assembly at Weimer, the which took place in the National Theater immortalized by its | associations with Goethe and Schiller. On the whole the constitution has fairly justified itself, though many re- gret that the model proposed by Hugh Do You Sputter? BY BRUCE BARTON. S we were walking down A to school our Airedals e a leap which pulled hi le daughter’s hand, and before we knew he was rac- ing across Park avenue.. By a hair's breadth he missed the hoofs of a truck-horse, only to be tipped over by the wheels of - a taxicab. * k% Fortunately, the driver was able to stop in time, and the puppy got only a bruised toe and a wholesome scare. But my little girl was terror stricken ant burst into tears. * X * Immediately then came the crowd which collects in a city when anything happens—and through the circle, stewing, an ancient dowager. * kX “Why did you let the dog get out of your hand?” she sput- tered. “Don’t you know it is dangerous to let-a dog run inte the street? He's broken his leg. . . . You ought to know bet- ter n that” And so on. And so on. = * % X My little girl, who is well bred, up to the lady in no un- terms. And I, who am not very well bred, but have a horror tting my picture s, could with dif- ficulty withhold my hand. * ok k. , As we wi d away | thought sadly of the uselesy burden which sputterers impose upon a tired world. The old Ia who sit in the theater fussing about the play; the men who tell their trdubles in the Pullmans while other passengers are trying to the folks who are forever trying te make somebody do He joins the “inheritors | | | | | | drawn his_resignation upon receipt of | %J’.‘a' law, was not more closely fol- "b:u:: on } :d Sun'?rl,lthe which are | it received cautiously. | e S A e | RS rip from Lakehus chshafen in"the Tecord time of 55 hours and 24 | ., ONITED STATES OF AMERICA—- minutes, arriving on August 10. On the | The Dew director of the budget is Col.| lath she launched for the second | James C. Roop of Nebraska. Col. Roop leg of her proposed round-thz-world;““ed as an assistant to Gen. Dawes flight, and late the following afternoon dUring the first year of the operation of the budget system, and during the she passed over the Russlay ontr | war he served undef Gen. Dawes in | France. Since the war he has been (our Eastern daylight time) on |.;cageq in banking in Chicago. He was | a member of the recent Dawes mission, | which reorganized the fiscal and finan- cial system of Santo Domingo. He is said to be making & considerable per- | | sonal financial sacrifice in undertaking the budgetary job. | Dr. George “P. Merrill, for 32 years| head curator of the department of | geology, United States National Museum, and a geologist of great distinction, is | dead at 75. | On August 11 Babe Ruth smashed his | | "h}:?ll:lh home run of this season, the | derain " pledges, as_ of disbandment | gonfg r‘\IA::s also his 500th major league | within the near future of half the; standing forces and adoption of & strict | ‘THE YOUNG PLAN.—I recorded last budget system. | The news from Manchuria is disquiet- | week how on August 8 Philip Snowden, | ing, but vague. There are rumors of British chancellor of the exchequer and | border skirmishes between Chinese and | chief British delegate to the confer- red Russian u-oorr:. of flf" across the ence of government representatives at Amur into Siberia by white Rus- | The Hague for consideration of the Young plan, gave a terrific joit to the conference by delivering an ultimatum. ‘The Young plan distribution of German | payments must, he declared, be modified | 50 as to perpetuate the Spa entages (which were continued under the Dawes plan), and this as to the “non- postponable” as well as to the “post- ponable” part of the annuities; and the system of payments in kind must cease at once instead of being continued in operation (though nominally on a diminishing scale) over 10 years. Pend- ing favorable decision on these points, the British delegation declined further participation in the discussions. He offered a resolution calling for a sub- | mittee “to require the scheme of the distribution of annuities to bring it into l.ccorufi with existing interallied agree- ments.” . The sequel of the ultimatum is not made as clear as one could wish by the dispatches, but it would seem that Mr. Snowden (apparently complying with instructions from Premier Mac- Donald) withdrew it, consenting to par- ticipation of the British delegation in the conference on a normal, non- ultimatum basis, and that he has sub- stantially reduced the British demands. The revised demands- (I repeat that the cabled dispatches lack perfect clarity) seem to be: (a) Britain must receive 45,000,000 marks yearly over 58 years out of the German payments addition to the amounts allotted her by the experts at Paris, the new total British share of the payments to corre- spond to 22 per cent (the Spa percent- age) of the “postponable” part of the annuities as established by the experts. (b) Eighty million marks annually tish share must be shifted able” cal .e., ovel years of the life of that category): (¢) the yearly proj ions of ts kind proposed by th .m. tphe 16th she was sighted 300 miles northwest of Tomsk, Siberia, ahead of scheduled time. * K K X CHINA.—T reported last week how T. V. Soong, minister of finance in the | Nanking government, had resigned in indignation at his fallure to get the | military items of the budget retrenched. | As he is one of the most competent | members of the government, one hears | with satisfaction that he has with- * K k% something differently—what a ess they are! * X %X . A friend of mine, who ha large interests, werit to the op- erating vice president of a rail- to compl about some of the service. * X % “What's your remedy?” the vice president demanded. * kX “That's your business.” * *x * “Just a minute,” the official insisted. “You think you are You're not; you're scolding. Criticism construc- tive. You're only tearing down.” r detail My friend him a lesson. He has never since sputtered as much as he did. * ¥ * . 1 hope as | grow older | shall not get the crabbed notien that my business to set thi My prayer is: “Lord help me to enjoy the human ra wisdom, its, :fi to be ';dm“ mn“"; r(qp.n aly, coun! much on take a fixed amount of Eng- lish coal annually. The hbove is probably Greek except to those very familiar with the Young an, but I leave it for the benefit of e latter. m‘"&z e’v:e“n :‘.‘Ima.ee e familiar cann tish demands call for read- its noble e pacity for standing more pun- ishment than it deserves, and hoping in spite of experience. * %k * “Help me to lose any idea that. it is up to me to change people, or correct them, or point out to them how much better off they would be if they had done some- thing else, or to told you se. German pa! question, and_compi (b) is scarcely conceivable, except at e meimeour that, great a3 18 « ) t oul oun ‘.'fl""’l.‘; e Test foposed for Prance. (But British * Kk % “Lord, keep me from ..“-, tering!l” . t back-breaking - | dication s of an ultimate bad taste NEW CO-OPERATIVES SEEN AS BOON TO for Americ ITHIN the last 10 days there have come developments under the provisions of the new agricultural marketing w which seems destined to improve rially the much heralded, discussed and argued plight of the American farmer. ‘The formula, in brief, is the applica- tion of big business methods to the marketing of farm products with con- sequent avoldance of unwitting com; tition which heretofore has brou about peaks and depressions in the ricultural marketing field. These peaks and depressions made of the farmer —whether he would or no—not only a hard worker, but a game gambler. And often the agricultural cards weie stacked against him, either by design or by natural circumstances. ‘Under the new arrangement the vari- ous State and minor organizations throughout the country will be asked into a national organization in each fleld. With systematic allocation of markets and standard practice in the shipping distribution and other details of the farmers' business, vastly im- proved conditions are anticipated. Fruit and Vegetable Men Get Charter. At _this juncture a $50,000,000 n: tional co-operative marketing associa: tion for frult and vegetable growers has obtained a charter and is in process of organization. It is called the United Growers. A $20,000,000 wheat markc ing association has been announced for early organization, and representatives of all American wooi-growing organiza- tions have been invited to meet with the Federal Farm Board in Chicago in October for the creation of either a erative marketing association. ‘The United Growers' headquarters will be in New York City. The com- parative maturity of their organization plans makes this group suitable as an example of what may be done under the agricullural marketing law. This group is headed by Julius H. Barnes, chairman of the board of * United States Chamber of Commerce. Included in its directorate are Willlam M. Jardine former Secretary of Agri- culture; Robert W. Bingham, publisher of the Louisville Courier-Journal and the Louisville Times, and sponsor of the co-operative movemsnt in South; Arthur R. Rule, executive vice president of the Federated Fruit and Vegetable Growers' National Co-opera- New York; Henry W. Jefers, Gordon Co., , banker for s, Minneapo- lis, and Gray Silver, farmer, fruit grower and organizer of ths farm bioc in Congress, whose home is at Mar- tinsburg, W. Va. pargest Commodity Group in U. S. It is the intention of the United Growers to add not less than 15 direc- tors to obtain a well balanced national representation. Fruit and vegetables constitute the largest commodity group in American agriculture, with an annual movement of more than 1,000,000 carloads. ice for the joint use of the various c | operative associations and growers' or ganizations will be’ maintained by the United Growers. It is the intention of the new organization to build and strengthen these local organizations with this infinitely improved marketing service, adequate credits and whatever other aid may be required in specific instances anywhere, The United Growers, which is farm owned and controlled, already has en- rolled organizations from 25 States. Assurance also has been given by sev- eral large marketing concerns that the; will join the program and readjust their services to the increased scale of merchandising of fruits and vegetables in accord with the policies of the Fed- eral Farm Board. Greater Profits to Growers Seen. Handling large volumes, the United Growers will bring increased bargaining power to the farmer. Under the pro- gram outlined, the farmer will retain possession of his produce from the point of production to the retailer, receiving a larger percentage of the price paid by the consumer without any increase of price to the consumer. In fact, it is predicted by executives of the growers’ association that prices will be less to the housewife when the system is in vogue, and that there will be greater assurance of a dependable and satis- factory supply of ripe fruits and vege- tables. The United Growers has no and commission men, but on the con- trary will seek to co-operate with such as are in a position to be useful. In discussing this point Arthur R. Rule, chairman of the organization committee of the organization, said: “Any efficient, well managed organi- zation that is satisfactorily serving the public can be very readily welded into the new and improved scheme of things. The commission man has long been has no control. Our organization will gladly co-operate with jobbers and salesmen who have a proper place in the picture.” Sixty Organizations Represented. ‘When the possibility of a food trust developing out of the new centralization was suggested to executives of the United Growers the response was that the organization would comply to the letter with the provisions of the agri- cultural marketing law and the Capper- Volstead co-operative marketing act. “Fruits and vegetables are generally perishable or semi-perishable,” said Mr. Rule, “and cannot be held back to force shortage or unduly enhance prices.” Sixty large organizations are already to other sacrifices, as, for example, the immense reduction of the French war debt to Britain.) It is very doubt- ful if the Germans will make conces- sions regarding deliveries in kind. Con- cessions from other governments seem still more doubtful. ussolini has de- Young %lln (though, to be sure, Mus- solinl, like Mr. Snowden, has been known to step down). Indeed, so impracticable seem the British demands, even as reduced, that a great many sagacious® persons persist in believing that the B: are bluff- ing, that Mr. Snowden is maneuver- ing for a bargaining position respect- ing the proposed Bank of International Settlements, and that should contain changes in the plan of that institution Be conceded and should it be located in London, he would waive or sufficiently soften those demands whereon last week “there could be no compromise.” ronce. “zaly; Beighutn and. Jspen ice, elgium ane a) ed to “Mr. Snowden s °joint statement which alleged t he had to take account of coal, | tain concessions made to Britain under the Yo an involving yields to the account ¢ flm British treasury aggre- gating more than the total of the an- nuity increments demanded by him; nevertheless, they offered to allocate to Britain & sum of 300,000 marks re- ceivable Germany which whatever ) had not been appor- tioned. Mr. could scarcely be pleased with the intimation that his knowledge of the Young plan left a good deal to be desired; at any rate, he pronounced the exposition unac- ceptable and the offer inadequate, while declaring himself wil to give cons| to a more satisfactory ism is in the communication, Pessimi air, but to this writer the general in- ‘composition, s with & left in mouth. national advisory council or a co-op- | tion-wide and international sales serv- | intention to war upon produce jobbers | blamed for many things over which he | clared for the unalterability of the| AGRICULTURE |Big Business Methods - Under Recently Enacted Law Held Forward Move an Farmers. in the group, and nearly as many. more pledged as this is written. There in all nearly 1500 co-operative organi- | zations in the fruit and vegetable field, and all have been invited to attend con- ferences and learn of the advantages offered under this new national project. Similar procedure has been followed by the newly organized Farmers' Na- tional Grain Corporation, and doubtless will be duplicated by the wool growers after their October meeting. Farm Board Has Jurisdiction. ‘The Farm Board, which came iato being June 15 after the hectic activities attending the extra session of Congress, will have jurisdiction over these na- tional units which, although capable of independent formation, must meet rigid conditions in order to participate in the newly established Federal revolving farm fund. To that end the organiza- tions are being built on the exact lines advocated by the Federal Farm Board. It might be well, in view of the fact that very definite progress seems to have been attained toward farm relief through these recent developments, to state in concise form the situation of the American farmer and some of the obstacles—chiefly the debenture plan— which developed to halt and threaten the administration farm bill in the re- cent extra session of Congress. | In brief, the debenture provisions of the Senate bill contemplate, in effect, | additional assistance to depressed agri- culture by giving the farmer what | amounted to a bounty on the farm | products he - exports. This bounty | would amount to one-half the duty | that would be paid on the same prod- ucts if imperted. Theory of Debenture Explained. | The example of wheat is the easiest | to comprehend. Imported wheat is | dutiable at 42 cents a bushel. If an | American farmer shipped 1,000 bushels of wheat to Europe at the port of ship- | ment he would receive a certificate, 1 called a debenture, of the face value of one-half the import duty on the 1,000 bushels of wheat, or $210. This export | certificate would not pass current, but ['would be acceptable only in payment jof import duties. The farmer would | sell his certificate to a customs broker He would be obliged | to take a discount—say 5 per cent— which would mean that the customs broker would pay him $199.50 for the | certificate. { . In that way the farmer would receive | almost $200 in addition to the price he | got for his wheat. Those who favored the debenture plan declared that it was not a sub- sidy: that the fadt that no money was | actually paid out of the Treasury to | the shipper took the project out of that category. The only result of such legislation, they insisted, would be that | the flow of money into the Treasury from customs duties on farm products | would be arrested. It was provided that the Farm Board would decide whether the debenture would be put into opera- | tion in any case. If it led to overprp- duction of farm products in order to deliberately take advantage of the de- nture payments, the board would have the power to reduce the percentage of | duty collectable by the exporter, or even suspend the operation of the bentuse. Mr. Hoover Feared Political Pressure. President Hoover's successful fight | against the debenture clause was ac- | tuated by announced conviction that no Farm Board would be able to Tesist the pressure to put the debeniure |into operation and to keep it in opera- ! tion despite any overproduction. It | was indicated that the farmer—perhaps | rightly—would feel that he had “some- | thing coming to him” in view of past | experiences and lean days. | In truth the American farmer has | had trouble aplenty. He has had no | farm party or prospect of one, and in recent years, at least, he has been ac- | tually at bay. |, The tangible physical value of farm- Ing enterprise in the United States is | about $60,000,000,000, and a little less | than half the land area of the Nation, | or 925.000,000 acres. is given over to | the industry. The total value of farm | products last year was about $17,000,- | 000,000. Nearly $5,000,000,000 worth of | the year's production was used to feed | live stock, for seed and for general pro- | duction requirements. More than 80 | per cent of the remaining value came | from the sale of cotton, hogs, cattle, | wheat, milk, corn, butter, eggs, tobacco :r.::, x&oum, with values in the order ed. Staple Market Sought. If all of this entire operation had been | under one corporaticn control last year, it would have paid about 4 per cent on | its total capital investment, but to do | this it could have paid an annual wage to its 11,000,000 hands of one-half as much as is paid in factories. | Nor could it have spared any salaries whatever for general officers, superin- tendents and technical experts. This | situation to some extent is inherent in an industry which must contend with such variable factors as variety of soil, weather and efficiency in workers. And with “gambling” developed by weather effect upon yield, the perishable char- acter of many commodities, and varia- tion in quality and difficulty of expand- ing the market by high-class salesman- ship, there has developed a vital need of standardizing cost of production and seeking in every possible way to stabil- ize the market. The latter factor has been an almost impossible task for the individual farmer or local co-operative organizations. But where unity might give strength, there have been 6,000,000 managers in this highly individualistic business. There has been tremendous loss through insufficient co-operation or standardiza- tion of method. 'h_farm is & sep- arate business unit, and each farmer is both manager and worker. Not quite two-thirds of these managers are own- ers, the remainder tenants. So the farmer is in many cases investor, man- ager, laborer. He has little opportunity or inclination to further extend his duties into the fleld of salesmanship. Co-operation to Be Achieved. Few American farmers confine them- selves to a single product—the average produces from three to five commodi- ties. There are more or less extensive zones of production, such as the cotton, , wheat and beet sugar belts. There are fruit areas, dairy zones and potato areas. But all of a given com- modity is seldon produced in a given belt or zone, and competitive activi- ties of these varicus sources of a given product have provided one of the crucial of the farm problem. example, peaches are grown in orth and South Carolina, und and low level stock exhlnn nervousness and tainty hout the industry. Obviously the United Growers hope to terminate this condition. Similat situations in the other commodities will likewise be attacked as the varlouf groups form. Farm Price Index Down to 130. ‘Taking as a basis of 100 all prices averaged for the five years 1909-1914, the prices of agricultural commodities at s farms, which reached a peak of 200 in 1919, droped to 116 in 1921, and have since been. around .130. . Of .course, ces are relative. (Continued on Fourth Page.)