Evening Star Newspaper, December 2, 1928, Page 47

CHINESE NATIONALISTS FAIL TO CALM COUNTRY Banditry Thrives and Officials Intrigue for Revenue While Discontent Seethes Through Nation. BY JAMES L. BUTTS. EKING.—In spite of the tionaiists’ continued _optimistic announcements, which their propaganda em distributes, tk in China is still far from encouragin m-[ effectively state of affairs| who are w 5| that he has been in a way betrayed | and is being exploited for the benefit of what eppears to him merely another | and almost an alien—set of military | overlords. Or at least for the benefit | of a government of Southern politicians 'mpathetic to his sta - | Thus the rise to power in the North and there is little assurance that fac- |of a single powerful military leader— | tional wars on a considerable scale have | been ended. Conditions in the North, especially frem the cconomic viewpoint, have be- | come worse rather than better since the Nationalists came, and there is con- stantly increasing discontent and distrust | of the southern regime among the | northern people of all classse. The northern provinces had been 5o | scourged with warfare, banditry and | famine during the last two years and | more and the people so grindingly taxed, | that the Nationalists' arrival was greet- | ed with heartfelt thanksgiving. Also th> Vationalist idea had gained a strong hold. But the promises of relief in the matter of taxation and military oppres- sion have not been fulfilled. On the contrary, additional burdens have been imposed at the same time that disrup- tion of transport and communications, loss of prestige on account of th> re- moval of the capital, the influx of additional huge armies and other factors have already materially weakened North China’s economic powers. Intriguing for Revenue. | Moreover, the element of factional politics appears to be proving as much of a factor as it was during the days| of the northern warloras. The ques- tion of who is to control the shipping facilities and revenues of the north- ern ports is producing a great deal of dangerous intrigue. Yen Hsi-shan, the model governor of Shansi Province, is supposed under mandate of the Nanking government to be administrating affairs in Chihli Province. But his appointees in all | the revenue-producing offices here, in | Tientsin _and elsewhere are being| methodically shifted out of their jobs and replaced by adherents of “the Christian general, Feng Yu-hsiang, through political maneuvering at Nan- king, where Feng's power appears to be growing. This not only cripples and angers Yen, but causes heartburning among other Nationalist military chiefs, par- Hcularly the so-called Hankow com- bination, Pai Tsung-chi and Li Tsung- jen, whose trcops particinated in the northern drive and are still distributed about in this area. Feng Is Much Feared. Peng is unquestionably the strong- est and most feared presonality be- tween the Yongtze and the Great Wall. No one knows his plans but all distrust him and it is matter for speculation whether he would be con- tent eventually to control all North China with allegiance to Nanking, or whether he may not strive to set u- 8 government of his own in case his hopes of dominating the Nanking ma- chine fail. Also it is not clear that he has severed his previous relations with the Sovists. His army is large, well equipped, finely disciplined end more economi- cally maintained than any other in China. His finances at present come chiefly from the revenues of the Pe- king-Hankow and the Lunghai rail- ways. Another grievance of the northern peovle is that the Nationalists, be- &ides other reforms, promised to sup- press banditry. Yet banditry is worse today than it has been for years. There are considerably more ~than 100,000 government troops in the northern part of Chihli Province, yet there is scarcely a county in the whole district from which daily re- ports cf bandit depredations do not come and marauding hands operate almost’ up to the gates of Peking. Armies Still Recruiting Another promise was that armies would be reduced and the superfluous soldiery engaged upon public works or sent to their homes, but, although an- nouncements of such reductions having been effected are given out now and again, there is no visible evidence of it. Instead certain leaders, notably Feng Yu-hsiang, are still recruiting and every general north of the river is eager to get as much equipment as he can, Wwhich has a disquieting effect. Undoubtedly much of the hardship and discontent the people are experi- encing is inevitable to such a revolu- tionary period as the Nationalists now claim to have concluded. * The next stage must move slowly and improve- ments be painfully gradual in a coun- try like China. But in view of present conditions the Northerner is beginning to doubt that the so-called first, or military, phase ! will brook the introduction of no ele-| | perhaps Feng Yu-hsiang, who is a | Northerner himself—might meet with strong popular approval. Feng is in- ordinately ambitious, is a secretive and methodical worker and his loyalty to Nanking is uncertain. Manchuria Issue Vexing. Manchuria must remain the hardest nut for the Chinese Nationalists to | crack. There has been much talk since Chang Tso-lin’s death and the exten- sion of Nationalist control over China proper of the approach of complete ac- cord between Nanking and Mukden and the latter's willingness to abide by Nan- king's dictums. Nothing in the facts as yet justifies such optimism. Even though Manchuria hoists the | Natlonalist flag and indorses the three ! principles of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, it is| the determination of both the older and younger statesmen and military chiefs that there be no Southern | meddling with Manchurian affairs. | Even leaving Japan out of the question | this appears to be the fact, and Japan | is watching affairs like a hawk and| ments that might react on her holdings | and interests, even though she straight- ens out her treaty problem with Nan- | king. | Maintains a Large Army. Mukden is maintaining a large army on the border at Shanhaikwan, and even for some distance this side of the great wall along the Peking-Mukden railway. The Mukden arsenal is run- ning day and night, and great sums are being spent for the purchase of powder, arms and other war materials abroad, chiefly in the Scandinavian countries. The preparations are upon entirely too large a scale for present-day defensive needs, but indicate the determination to resist any possible future attempt at incursion, either by the allied national- ist armies or in consequence of the apprehended rise of Feng Yu-hsiang, who might work with Sovietized Outer Mongolia. It is surmised in some circles that it means that Mukden contemplates another drive for Peking and the prov inces north of the Yangtze, but this does not appear plausible. Manchuria is tremendously prosperous despite her paper currency problem. The crops this seascn are more abundant than in years and the general prosperity is increasing by leaps and bounds with the continued building of feeder railway lines—which have also impertant mili- tary value—and the introduction of millions of immigrant peasants from Shantung and Chihli. It is an impres- sive contrast to China proper. Kuomintang Party to Rule. Although the new constitution has not yet been published by Nanking, it is pretty certain to contain the stipu- lation that the nationalist government is to be controlled and directed by the Kuomintang party. Probably the Chi- nese as a whole respect Dr. Sun Yat- sen and are willing to subscribe to his three principles—which most of them do mot understand in the least—but there are elements in the Kuomintang most repugnant to the practical, steady-going Northerner, and the idea of party control is bound to meet with bitter disapproval, especially in Man- churia. May Move Capital Again. ‘The permanency of the capital's ve- moval to Nanking is still a matter of speculation and ‘many officials, both Chinese and foreign, predict its raturn to Peking within a year. Probably the wish is father to the thought. If it does return in that time it will be chiefly owing to the matter of expense. Nanking, since the Taiping rebellion, has been little more than a barren waste. There are no buildings what- ever suitable to the housing of govern- ment offices, except some foreign mis- sion property, a part of which has been arbitrarily occupied, but is entirely in- adequate. There is no water or sani- tary system and no adequate lighting system. To construct a mnew capital there must mean an enormous outlay, and the government has not the funds and no immediate prospect of getting them. Even when tariff autonomy is instituted the increased revenues must le spent on more immediate needs, such as com- munications. It is not unlikely that if the protocol giving the powers the right to occupy and garrison the ‘egation quarter were scrapped the capital would be shifted back immediately. There is no talk of removal to Nenking at any of the legations. is actually ended and to have suspicions (Copyright.) U_niversily President Counsels Youth Against Too Early Selection of Career BY WILLIAM H. P. FAUNCE, President of Brown University. If I were entering college today, 1 certainly would not attempt to choose 8 life career before entrance. ‘What does a boy of 17 or 18 know about his own latent capacities or the changing spheres of private opportunity and public service? The “limitation of objectives” is a common error. Between 18 and 22 a young man is discovering himself and acquiring wholly new ho- rizons. ‘The college course is a voyage througn strange seas of thought, Before the voyage begins no sailor can select the single island on which to make his future home. Many Regret Training. I am told that scores of young men in New York business offices, trained 1n a “business college,” deeply regret their own narrowness of outlook. Competent ceping and banking methods, vet, unable to talk with men 3 history and politics and mod- ern science. Trained to run in one groove, they are bored hy libraries and music and’ art, and are strangers in large soctions of American life. A liberal education should liberate a man from spending his life in a groove. If 1 were entering college I would try not to join everything in sight. Many college organizations seem bril- liant only to outsiders. They offer the student a pin, a foolish ritual, his pic- ture in the college annual—and a chance to fritter away his evenings. As a freshman I would ge in heartily for some form of outdo)r sport—not only for physical development but for release of the play instinct, for resting tired nerves, for learning to make quick d=cisions, judge distance rad time and chance, to fece opponents unterrified and be a gentleman and a good sport. But the moment any game becomes a species of war, it ceases to be play and bzacomes a useless grind. Selection Process Difficult. The process of selecting students for the freshnir:: rlass is now one of the most_difficult 1d delicate before our crowded colle No longer can we rely on @ mere number of “points” as certifying that a man s fit to profit by a college coufse. He may present points without number, but if he is lazy or vicious, if he is a loud-mcuthed nou- ‘Three years ago we introduced a psy- chological test for every intending freshman, and the results aie extremely helpful. We also ask committees of alumni in all the large ceaters of popu- lation to meet the applicant and “size him up.” As soon 25 a student enters he meets our student counselor, is as- signed to a faculty adviser, is invited to meet some representative alumnus in Providence, and in case of any “com- plex” is sent to the psychologist who is one of our medical staff. We do not mean that any student shall be lost in the crowd. Opposes Co-education. In our mobile, hurried modern life the need of psychology ard psychiatry | Is vastly greater than 25 years ago. Matters of temperament, maladjust- ment, discontent at home, sense of in- ferfority in college, changing moral standards in society and religious diffi- | culties—all these things are more ur- | gent than ever before, and the specialist !\\'ho fills the professor's chair may not | understand how to meet them. If psy- chology has any message ior the mod- |ern world, it is vitally necded in the | freshman year, I am old-fashioned enough to be thoroughly opposed to co-education, ex- cept as a makeshift until the college can afford something better, There are distractions enough without that. To treat men and women ‘n exactly the same way, academically and socially, is to damage both. But I would go further and decline to treat the budding “genius” in just the same way as the commonplace mind. Through small classes, through individual instruction, a tutorial system and through “honors courses” I would sgive the exceptional mind a chance of ](‘x(‘PpHmml achievement. Let some stu- dents study 11 months in the year, if { they will, "be relieved of marks and grades and attendance, and graduate in two or three years if they can. Real democracy means no treadmill, but a chance for unusual minds to reach swift and shining attainment. Raided by Autoists, Two of the best of our wild native shrubs that are readily transplanted into almost any type of sofl are the flowering dogwood and the beautiful redbud or udas tree, says the Nature Magazine. Both of these delightful species were formerly exceedingly plen- THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON. D. C. DECEMBER 2 Welding the Americas Progress in Great Measure Dependent on Qur Relations With Neighbor Republics, Senator Declares BY SENATOR ARTHUR CAFPER, | Member of the Forelgn Relations Committee, United States Senate. ERHAPS the most beautiful of all the magnificent structures that adorn Washington, our Na- tional Capital, is the building of the Pan-American Union. The guidebooks designate it as “the home of the great principle of pan-Ameri- can unity of interest and a practical office for the development of pan-Am- erican commerce and friendship. It is, in fact, the symbol of a very great idea and ideal—the friendly and peaceful relationship of the 21 repub- lics of the new world. ‘The organization which it houses, the Pan-American Union, has labored diligently, efficiently and intelligently to promote amity and true friendship between the nations and the people of North, South and Central America. Yet the first effort of our President- elect, Mr. Hoover, is not concerned with our domestic or internal problems. but with the problems of our Latin American relationship. Why? The answer is that there never has been a time when there was greater need for a better understanding between the republics of the three Americas. And so Mr. Hoover has in effect designated himself as ambassador ex- BY HENRY W. BUNN. (The following is a- brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended De- cember 1). ok % % Great Britain.—The whole world is deeply gratified to hear of marked im- provement in King Geo! condition. On November 14 the Prince of Wales started from a point on the Uganda Raflway (which runs through Kenya, a British crown colony northwest from Mombassa on the Indian Ocean to Lake Victoria) on a motor caravan hunting trip which was to take him south through Tanganyika territory (under British mandate) to Broken Hill, Northern Rhodesia (British crown colony), where he was to board train for Cape Town. But arriving at Dodoma in Central Tanganyika, on the railroad which runs west from Dar-Es- Salaam on the Indian Ocean to Lake 'Tanganyika, he received news by tele- graph of King George’s illness. He waited for five days at Dodoma, in con- stant telegraphic touch with London, and on the 27th telegraphed Pre- mier Baldwin that he was starting home. The Enterprise, fastest of Brit- ish cruisers, being at Aden, was ordered by the admiralty to proceed at once to Dar-Es-Salaam, about 1,700 miles away. The prince expected to leave Dar- Es-Salaam today. The journey from Dar-Es-Salaam to London, by boat and railway, should require about 10 days. The birth rate of Great Britain in 1927 was lower than that of any other country in the world except Sweden. The fall in the birth rate is partly due to great extension of birth control, but very largely also to the war's toll of young marriageable men and the still greater toll (how little is this realized) taken of the same by the post-war influsnza epidemic. Al last the British flivver has come into its own, more than a decade behind the American flivver., The British fliv- ver is a much smaller contraption than ours, but it is sturdy and admirably suited to British conditions of terrain and traffic, and is victorious over the American flivver in the British market, being of low horsepower and so far less | heavily taxed than the American flivver, But in the dominions and imperial de- pendencies the American flivver wins, being better suited to the conditions. No doubt, however, in due course the British manufacturers will challenge us in the overseas magkets. * ok K % Spain.—Primo de Rivera, proposes to Jay down in the very near future three 17,000-ton cruisers, to be armed with 10-inch guns. The idea cannot be pleasing to any of the powers signatory to the Washington naval limitation treaty, which have denied themselves cruisers of tonnage above 10,000 or carrying guns greater than 8-inch. Why, those three cruisers should be able to sink th> entire French merchant marine and all the French naval surface ships below the battleship class while showing clean heels to the battleships. What troublesome people there are in the world, to be sure. His excellency seems to have in mind a Spanish maritime renaissance. Note how the other day a Spanish yard in competition with British yards received the contract for building two large de- stroyers for the Argentine Navy. Ana recently Spain sent to the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, the two largest steam trawlers ever built for the salt-fish trade. b Hungary—On November 24 Arch- duke Otto, eldest son of the late Emperor of the Austro-Hurgarian Em- veau riche, if he is destiture of the in- stincts of a gentleman or loyalty to truth and honor, we do not want him. tiful, but they are now becoming scarce, due to the depredations of automo- bilists. pire and King of Hungary, bacame 16 THE CATHEDRAL SPIRES OF CUZCO, PERU. traordinary and minister plenipoten- | tiary to all the republics to the south of us. His mission is not to promote trade, but to promote true understand- ing and good will between nations. His purpose and his duty are to re- move misconceptions which attach the brand of “Yankee imperialism” to our Latin American policy. He will meet and mingle with people who common- ly refer to our Nation not only as “thz colossus of the north” but as “the mon- ster to the north.” He is confronted with the difficult task of dissipating the belief that his mission is one of mere “dollar diplomacy”; that the Nation which he represents is one wholly de- voted to commercialism and altogether lacking in lofty ideals and principles. On the other hand, it is Mr. Hoover's task and duty to bring to his own coun- trymen a better knowledge of the char- acter and problems of the people of Latin America. Too many of his own people labor under the misconception that Central and South America are almost wholly populated by semi-civil- ized, primitive races, indolent, ignorant and incapable either of material ad- vancement or self-government; devoid of a desire to fulfill their obligations ‘without the application of force. Mr. Hoover will find throughout Central and South America a belief that he represents a Nation intent up- on commercial conquest and complete The Story the legal age to rule. In fact, according to the Hungarian legitimists, of whom old Count Apponyi is chief, he is actually today King of Hungary. Unfortunately Otto, now at school in Luxembourg, is just an ordinary boy, with no quali- ties “calculated” to arouse enthusiasm, unknowing of and unknown to Hungary. Otto's chief rival to the throne of St. Stephen is the Archduke Albrecht, son of the wealtiest of the Hapsburgs, and whose mother, the Archduchess Isabella, has in her veins the blood of the ancient native Arpad dynasty. This latter card Albrecht, who is said to be an able and engaging fellow, is playing for all it is worth. He has, so to speak, repudiated his paternal strain; he would be known as a pure Hungarian “Legitimate” Quotha, what's a Hapsburg to an Arpad? The HE other night my friend Ferrero and | spent a few years with Julius Caesar in ancient Rome. We went with him on his campaigns in Gaul. Those were wonderful battles—wonderful fighters. From a hilltop we could watch the whole battle—thousands of men driving at each other with their swords, hurling their jave- lins at short range. No smoke, no trenches; just primitive, hand-to-hand conflict. We came back to Rome. The city was in a turmoil. Our great chariots thundered through the streets in triumph; our captives, our spoils, our banners made a magnificent procession. The crowds cheered wildly. I had a fine time with Napo- leon a few nights before. I met him when he landed in France, after the escape from Elba. Up through the southern prov- inces he came, gathering a few troops there, winning over by the force of his eloquence the regiments sent to capture him. We arrived in Pa Hur- riedly, but with supreme confi- dence that the Little Corporal could never fail, we got to- gether a makeshift army and set out to strike the winning blow at Waterloo. That battle—I shali never for- get it. Another day | went over to old Concord and spent the whole afternoon with Emerson. We talked about representa- tive men. Well, well, you say, what fool- ishness is this? What do you mean by saying you lived with Caesar and Napoleon and Emer- son—all centuries ‘apart, all long since dead? If you do not know what | mean, then | pity you. years of age, and so, according to a law of that empire and thet kingdom, of domination of all smaller nations with- in_its “sphere of influence.” In the years ce the World War our trade with the other naticns of the Americas has grown so tremendously that we need no “supersalesman” in the guise of a diplcmat to increase the market to the south for our products. Doubt Must Be Removed. ‘We do need a man of extraordinary Understanding and ability to remove the doubt, suspicion and distrust that menace the future of the whole New ‘World. What are the circumstances which have made advisable and necessary Mr. Hoover’s visit to Latin America? What results does he hope to obtain? What is the future of our relationship with the twoscore Southern republics? To answer these questions accurately we must first view ourselves as others see us, as the citizens or the statesmen of Bolivia, or Mexico, or Brazil, view our Latin American policy. Our Marines have been in Haiti 12 years. We have Marines in Nicaragua. We have occupied Santo Domingo and supervised its election with our Ma- rines. We have sent our warzhips and our Army to Mexico. We have inter- vened in Cuba with armed forces, in Honduras and in Panama. We have taken charge of the collection of cus- toms duties and supervised the expen- (From painting by Giulio Aristide Sartorio.) ditures of some of these smaller re- publics. We have obtained and re- tained complete sovereignty over Porto Rico, the Zawalian Islands and the Philippines. We granted Cuba independence, but with the “string” of the Platt amend- ment attached. It restrains the island republic from Incurring obligations to foreign countries which would interfere with our own rights, and authorizes us to intervene for the “protection of life, pmgmrty and individual liberty” in Cuba. Diplomatic Conflicts. We have at various times been in diplomatic conflict—sometimes close to war—with France, England, Germany, Spain and Italy because of threatened aggression on their part against Latin American nations, Yet one of our own Presidents, Theo- dore Roosevelt, not only admitted but | almost. boasted that he “took” the Pan- ama Canal Zone, and characterized the acquirement as the “greatest triumph of diplomacy in the century.” In a widely reported public address of March 23, 1911, Mr. Roosevelt was quoted as saying: “I am interestel in the Panama Canal because I started it. If I had fol- lowed _traditional conservative methods, I would have submitted a di ed state " (Continued o eek Has Told adherents of Albrecht are for an elec- tive monarchy, they would have “free elections” (rather a jocular expression) decide the succession. One hears that Albrecht has been traveling about in- gratitating himself at Rome, etc.; let- ting it be known that other countries would have nothing to fear from an Hungarian monarchy with such a King, and that he is a favorite at the Hun- garian military messes, On the other hand, the Cardinal Primate of Hungary, who is an ex- tremely important factor in the contro- versy, has declared himself unalterably for Otto. It is the primate who places the crown on the Hyacinthe brow, and unless so crowned one wouldn't be sure enough King. Count Eethlen, premier of Hungary, is unhappy as between the two charm- ers, there is the most dreadful pressure Do You Know the Best People? BY BRUCE BARTON. Have you never come home tired from your cffice and with a book transported your foolish little mind clear out of the pres- ent day? Have you never learned the joy of surrendering yourself to the companionship of the great men of the past? Hav eyou never sat in the little London Club and heard Sam Johnson thunder his philos- ophy of life? Have you never sat in the down the American ccast with Capt. John Smith, dodging the Indians and opening up a new continent? Are you one of the wretched, poverty-stricken souls who have never learnw! to escape from yourself tHrough the blessed magic of good books? Have you contented yourself all your life with the compan- ionship of good pinochle players when you might have been a familiar friend of Socrates and Milton and Napoleon and Co- lumbus and Shakespeare and Lincoln and Rousseau? If so, cut out this paragraph from a great man and paste it in your hat: “l would rather be a beggar and dwell in a garret than a king who did not love books.” There are some marvelous ex- periences coming to you. You can in the evenings to come jar yourself out of the petty rut where circumstance has placed you and become a familiar of the immortals. You may learn to face the world with a new confidence, a new poise, a new self-respect, because you have made yourself a citizen of the ages. Do some real reading. Do it for the joy it will give you; do it for the good it will do you. Show me a family of readers,” said Napoleon, “and | will show you the people who rule the (Copyright, 1923.) on him to declare for the one or the other. But he has told both sets of partisans to shut up and cease open activities for the present. * x ox x Bulgaria.—We get vague reports of a how-d'-ye-do, in Bulgaria. Now please observe that in the latest recon- struction of the Balkan map the Mace- donians suffered a threefold distribu- tion part going under Serbian rule, part under Greek, part under Bulgarian. The total of Macedonians now in Bul- garia is said to be about 800,000, or nearly a sixth of the entire popula- tion of Bulgaria; a total plumped by refugees from Serbia and _Greece. Among these Macedonians in Bulgaria has been formed what is known as the Macedonian revolutionary organization, which embraces fwo sections.” One sec- tion the majority one, clamors to jar high Heaven for an absolutely inde- pendent Macedonia at the territorial expense of Ser®la, Greece and Bulgaria; the other clamors with like energy for a Macedonia of like area which should be a federal element of Serbia or Grecce or Bulgaria, with practically complete autonomy. ‘The majority section has fairly sup- pressed the minority section by murder- ing the most prominent members of the latter. The chief of the majority sec- tion is a notable ruffian named Mikhal- lov, who has organized a considerabls force for guerrilla war, no doubt re- ceiving many recruits from the Mace- donians of Serbia and Greece. He has his headquarters at Petritch, on a branch of the Struma, 80 miles from Sofia at the southwest cornsr of Bul- garia, only a few miles from both the Greek and the Serbian frontiers (. e. conveniently situated for raids across both); a fortress of peculiar natural strength only, we are told, to be reduced by powerful artillery. Add that probably majority senti- ment in Bulgaria favors the Macedo- nian claims, and would acquisce in sur- render of Bulgarian territory toward formation of a united antonomous Macedonia. Add that the Bulgarian government has been furiously divided on the Macedonian issue; part of the cabinet favoring drastic measures for suppression of the Macedonian revolu- tionary organization, part favoring a hands-off policy, even though the lat- ter should involve desperate embroil~ ment with Serbia and Greece; the min- ister of war (backed, we are told. by the army having up to the latest develop- ment advocated hands off. Wild Mikhailov decides to force con- clusions. He notifies Sofia that the government must be purged of the ! scoundrels who would balk his activities and declares that unless such purgation is effected at once he will march on Sofia. Thus, as I interpret, he alienates or ties the hands of his sympatl.izers in the government, and the government matches ultimatum with ultimatum, ordering him to discontinue his terror- istic acts and demobilize. Mikhailov {reples simply that certain members of the government deserve death as ene- mies to the Macedonian people. government then orders his arrest. Civil war, then, it would seem. Dis- patches indicate extreme neivousness at Sofia, extraordinary measures taken for defense of the town, doubt if the government can master enough loyal strength to overcome the insurgents. Even M. Buroff, foreign minister, whom no doubt Mikhailov has marked down for summary execution as the chief op- ponent of the Macedonian terror, finds paliiation for the behavior of the Macedonians (ie. for the Comitadji raids across the borders) in the alleged | mistreatment of the Macedonians in Serbla and Greece. He issues the fol- lowing statement to the press: ‘The_terroristic acts of the Mace- " (Conpfnued on Fourth Page.) ‘The T ~ _O INDIA AWAITS REFORMS Changes, But Feel ment Will Br BY PAUL WRIGHT, Who has just completed threc years' stud of conditions in India. HERE are anxious days for all the races, cla castes and re- ligions in India. Are the reforms going to work? Is the millen- nium at hand? Everybody is doing heavy _thinking. including the Hindu, the Mohammedan, the Sikh, the Brahmin aristocrat, the pariah sweeper and even the Briton him- self and especially that combination of Briton and Indian that is known as the Anglo-Indian, who was formeriy called a Eurasian, which term has now gone out of style. The peninsula stands, it has reason to hope. at the beginning of a new era. To a grod many Indians it looks like the oponing of a twentieth century golden age. But even the early years adjustment, with new burdens and un- predictable possibilities. And for some groups in India the expected changes apparently mean disaster. That is why the Anglo-Indian is doing especially hard thinking. He is half brother to both the Briton and the Indian, but full brother to neither, and as the estrangement grows between Briton and Indian the Anglo-Indian finds himself in a most unenviable position. Serious Changes Coming. Reforms are coming to India. The Indians demand them, Britain has promised and the Simon commission from the British Parliament is over there now arranging matters. When the reforms are entered in the books there will be conceivably a place in the Indian system for the Hindu, the Mo- hammedan and the rest, including the Briton. But what about the Anglo- Indian? Will his mixed parentage and the fact that in his veins flows British blood mixed with Turko-Iranian, or with Indo-Aryan or Scytho-Dravidian or Mongolo-Dravidian be any protec-q tion? Apparently not. The Indian does not like his half-brother very well, and the Briton is not what you would call enthusiastic. This is the Anglo-Indian tragedy. For generations he has beem doing much of the work of keeping the Indian empire going, at established rates of rupees per diem. His birthright, the place between the ruler and the ruled, made him use- ful. Much of the running of the gov- ernment railways, telegraphs and the post office and other government bureaus has been in his facile hands. He has been salesman and clerk in shop and business office as well, but his main employment has been in the govern- ment service. Of late years, however, he has found his cxistence more and more difficult. The business firms were the first to begin replacing the Anglo- Indian with his full-blooded half- brother ¢he Hindu or less often the Mohammedan; and then the process speeded up and the full-blood set out with a whoop to gather in Anglo-Indian scalps in wholesale quantities. And there you are! ‘Want to Fill All Jobs. As the full-blood has been equipping himself with the higher education his attack has become more deadly. All this was unpleasant enough for the victim in the ordinary course of events, but now his plight is even more acutely painful, for what the full-bloods con- template under the forthcoming reforms is the total Indianization of the govern- ment machinery. The plan is to drive out the English job-holders and admin- istrators, and with them the Anglo- Indian. In time of trouble the Briton in India can always go “home” to England. The Anglo-Indian cannot. He was born in India and must stick here. And when crowded out of his job what is he to do? Starve? This correspondent’s contacts with the Anglo-Indians were as a rule most pleasant. We found them couricous (Continued From First Page.) feeling certain that he was bound to do something which would show that French diplemacy was no longer going to be lectured to and guided by the British government. Tried to Force France. The same thing was happening then which I constantly had watched before, when Italian minister for foreign af- fairs, in many of the Supreme Councils which followed the conclusion of the Versailles treaty. Certain statesmen had wished to force France to revise her opinions foo rapidly, and, the: fore, they had gone the wrong way. Although’ sincerely desirous of helping France by indicating her best course, they only increased her bitterness and her distrust. Better work for European reconcili- ation was done, I dare to say, by those who, like myself, loyally sided with France in a great number of questions, but who gave her a friendly warning when the time really had come for her to accept a new situation. This, and no other, was th= practical way at that time, and even during my Paris ambassadorship, French statesmen an influence all the more efficacious in that it was modest and not self-effacing. But was it possible to hope for a modest action from Lord Curzon, and for a policy that was not self-advertis- ing from demagogic newcomers? This not being the place for a his- torical analytical study, I shall confine myself to stating the conclusions of my observations at the end of 1922; Poin- prestige of France obliged him to do something. In this dangerous period nothing forced his hand so much as the hostility which was being shown against him in England, where a generous offer made in vain by Bonar Law and blindly rejacted by the French and by the new Italian rulers had been only a paren- thesis in a long, bickering psychological situation. Poincare f=lt himself obliged to choose between a dangerous step for- ward and a humiliating retreat, seem- ingly imposed on him by England. Being a Frenchman, he chose, at the last moment and with tragic internal hesitation, for the dangerous step. It was the Ruhr: nothing else was pos- sible. But the man who did it was! certainly not, at the bottom of his heart, the Poincare-la-Ruhr, the war- like Poincare full of hatreds. In real- ity, his Rubr policy had been prompted at least as much by his desire to create a new situation in the Franco-British | relations as a means of pressure upon | Germany. Has National Characteristics. I know that nothing is more danger- ous than to make generalizations. But how can one resist the tempta- tion, when thinking and writing about Raymond Poincare? So easy and then again so difficult does it appear, alter- nately, to speak of him . This may happen because, to anybody having a certain intimacy with the spirit of the old French provinces, Raymond Poin- care—powerful personality as he is— seems to embody most of the typcial characteristics of mental France, espe- cially of her juridical mind. ‘That is why one is tempted sometimes to consider him as the personification of | of a millennilum must be a period of | to exert over | care felt, rightly or wrongly, that the | AND HOPES FOR NEW ERA All Classes Anxiously Expect Inevitable Period of Adjust- ing Burdens. jand obliging, especially the higher offi- |cials. We met the first of these on the | vo up from Singapore. At Ran- goon a tall, broad-shouldered man, | dressed quietly and in the best of taste, came aboard the ship. He wa$ modest, deep-voiced and possessed a wealth of | definite information. He knew Burmah |and India and the Hoo-'- River that leads to Calcutta, and the factories, oil | installations and jute mills along fits | sun-baked banks. He described jute | growing, the retting processes, and ad- | mitted that some of his savings had gone into the great establishments we were passing. He dro~ned useful hints. | This man's English was better than (that of any other passenger, either British or American, aboard the steam- shi and he easily gave the impression of owning the best brain. He afterward put himself to much trouble to help this correspondent through the tedious red-tane period that all corresponde: in India m encounter. This man's entire career, like that of every other Anglo-Tndian in government service, vas thieatened by the coming changes Hears of Color Predjudice. | Another Anglo-Indian at the head of one of the government bureaus in Calcutta was similarly kind and helpful. He was greatly interested in the United States and the treatment that his two sons might receive if he sent thcm to an American university. where he had heard there was a sibility of predjudice “because of tl color.” ~That remark about “color” was interesting. You encounter it in unexpected places over here, as if the idea is being spread that all Asiatic races are united in a sort of color bondage. By no means all the Anglo-Indians have the ability and education of the two we have mentioned. It is becom- ing accepted in India that as the full- blooded Indian sets himself to the task of capturing the offices he is not neces- sarily inferior. In the passing of uni~ versity examinations he seems to be even the better man. Furthermore the standard of education open to the Anglo-Indian in his own schools is with certain exceptions not so high as that open to Indians. That the Anglo-Indians appreclate their difficulties was proved last Sum- mer by their congress in Calcutta, which tried to formulate plans for the future. But what could they do? Even their announced sympathy with the home rulers does not help them much, for their rroup, of about 115,000 souls, is too small to be a force in poli- tics. and the jobless educated Indians simply outnumber the jobless Anglo- Indians. Group Tries to Raise Status. ‘The Anglo-Indians are trying to raise their status as a group. “They're making efforts to better their educa- tions, but their attempt seems insuf- ficiently vigorous to meet the ecrisis. The demand formulated at Poona, that “Anglo-Indians and domiciled Europeans be considered part of the permanent settlement in India” is in- teresting, but perhaps nothing more. The Poona meeting also asked that the matter of their education be left in the hands of the cemtral (British) government, freed from control of the Indian-controlled provinces. As a group of the Anglo-Indians are less virile and ready to fight than their British fathers.” And as a group, too. they are wage-workers and gen- erally their lot in life is poverty. Opinion in India holds that the Anglo-Indians have a slim time ahead but that the strong ones among them will rise to the occasion and win out by individual effort. As the Calcutta Statesman observes, the more capable will meet the crisis “depending, after the Anglo-Saxon fashion upon them- selves and not upon the community.’ That would be good certainly, though contrary to Indian usage. And it would not be a real solution of the Anglo~Indian problem. Premier of Determination has all the certainties, just as the no- blest of Prench spirits, Blaise Pascal, had his own—with those tragic pangs of doubt and faltering that only a heroic stoicism knows how to hide into the recesses of a tormented soul. Picture Brides Bring Warning in Hawaii So many young Americans of Japa~ nese ancestry are coming from Cali- fornia to find brides in Hawail that a Japanese weekly on Kaual Island is warning parents against allowing a “ple- ture bride” system to grow up. It ap- pears that either there are not enough Japanese-American girls in California or else the young men prefer to come to the islands for their helpmates. The “picture bride” system, existing between Hawaii and Japan for alien Japanese, was flourishing until it was knocked out by the American immigra- tion act of 1924. By that process a Japanese bachelor in Hawalii, desiring a wife, would send his picture to Japan., Through friends. or marriage brokers, some family in Japan would send him the photograph of a marriageable maiden. After this exchange of photos :here was usually an exchange of let- ers. If the courtship proved satisfactory, Situation In 1922, 4 the bachelor would send for the bride- to-be. But the new California demand | makes the Japanese fear a sort of re- ivh’al of the “picture bride” system, | since girls born in Hawaii are full- fledged American citizens and therefore not prevented from going to the States. In fact, Hawailan-born Japanese- | Americans are constantly doing so. But what the paper fears is that these long-range courtships may prove disas- trous to marital happiness, as fre- quently under the old system the first sight which the betrothed lovers got of each other resulted in mutual disillu- sionment. g “Japanese Party” In Hawaii Denied That familiar bogey of American jingoists has received another wallop. In the recent primary election held in Hawaii, four candidates of Japanese blood were in the race and only one of them was nominated. The count of votes showed conclusively that the so- called “Japanese vote” was anything but solid for candidates of Japanes: ancestry. The sole successful candidate in getting on the ticket for the genera clection was a young chap who is popu lar and well ‘known to Honolulan largely as a star base ball player. H is also an intelligent and uave youn: man and was apparently supported b voters of all races. One Japanese American candidate for a Republicar nomination to the Legislature from th Island of Kauai lays his d~f2at to mem- bers of his own race. He had a good lead all the Kauai districts except his own district, where he says, he was “knifed” by voters of Japanese ancestry. Altogather, therc was no more evidence that voters of Oriental blood voted for the candidates the highest type of the logical French mind. But a logical mind, French or not, has certainties. And I always felt, and still feel, that Raymond Poincare of their race than that voters of cer- tain Occidental bloods did likewise. Nothing approaching a “Japanese {Algty" has appeared in Hawalian poli-