Evening Star Newspaper, November 4, 1928, Page 41

- Editorial Page Part 2—12 Pages MUST AMERICA FORCE HER CITIZENS TO VOTE? Millions in United People Will BY ARTHUR CAPPER, United States Senator From Kansas. HE 1928 presidential election will do more than determine whether Gov. Smith or Mr. Hoover will occupy the White House during the next four Yyears. It will probabiy furnish an answer 1o the question whether we need and shall have in America legislation to .compel citizens to vote. Abraham Lincoln, in his memorable Oettysburg address, pleaded for gov- ernment of the people, by thé people, for the people. Less than a hfetime after the deliv- ery of that address we too frequently have government by less than 50 per cent of the people. The indications at this time are that there will be a “record-breaking” vote throughout the country. The registra- tion of voters is 14,000,000 greater than in the 1924 election. Approximately 43.000,000 people have indicated their intention to vote. How many actually will vote is"the hig question confront- ing both parties and candidates. Problem Tmportant Now. ‘The problem is of particular impor- tence in 1928 because of the possibil- ity that the electoral votes of a single State, or of a very small number of ®tates, may determine who will be our next President. The party which suc- ceeds in arousing, registering and vot- ing the greatest number of those citi- eens who in the past stayed home on election day probably will win, There is a great reservoir of 26,000, 000 people who might have voted in 1924, but did not, upon which either or both parties may draw for votes. In addition, 7,000,000 young men and women have attained voting age in 1928. They may hold the balance that will tip the scale in favor of one of the candidates. Either candidate may have won the election already by organized effort which brings a preponderance of party registration. A failure to register even ® few hundred or few thousand possi- ble supporters in any one State might gesult in the defeat of either Gov. $mith or Mr. Hoover. May Change History. Eleven_hundred additional votes for Grover Cleveland in New York State in 1884 gave him the State’s 45 elec- toral votes and the presidency. The vote in New York State this year may be equally close—and the failure of even a few hundred men and women to reg- ister may change the history of our Government during the next four years. In the bitterly contested election of 1916 between Wilson and Hughes the former carried Missouri by only 28,000 votes. Cox defeated Harding in_Ken- tucky in 1920 by 4,017 votes. Either of these so-called doubtful border States may furnish the answer to “Hoover or Smith in 1928." Msany millions of dollars have beén spent by both party organizations in the present campaign. Why? Chiefly because it takes a great amount of money to “bring out the vote. the newspapers have brought the po- U. S. Prepares Exhibits of American Life For International Exposition at Seville BY J. A. O'LEARY. ‘When the curtain rises on the inter- inational exposition at Seville early next year Uncle Sam will be found on the scene in that quaint old Spanish city, with a collection of exhibits to unfold the story of how his country has grown since its founding, what it has con- tributed to civilization and how its Government functions. Twenty-three bureaus and depart- ments of the Federal Government here in Washington are busily- engaged preparing exhibits depicting their re- spective activities, while down in sunny Spain workmen are forging ahead on the three buildings that are to house the United States portion of the expo- sition. The republics of Central and South America likewise are planning to_participate. The site of the exposition at Seville is but a short distance from Palos, where Columbus set sail on his voyage of discovery more than four centuries 2go, and the signal for the opening of the exposition on March 15, 1929, will be the appearance on the river of a yeplica of the Santa Maria, returning from the sea. The exposition grounds front on the recently completed Alfonso XITI ship canal, allowing vessels of deep draft to ascend the Quadalquiver River from the ocean. With an authorization of $700,000 #rom Congress, a commission appointed by President Coolidge virtually has com- pleted arrangements for ‘America’s participation. One of the three build- ings which this country is erecting will be of permanent construction, since it can be utilized to advantage as the American consulate at Seville after the exposition is over at the end of one year, The other two will be tempo- rary structures, one housing American governmental exhibits, and the other an auditorium in which to show motion picture films, some dealing with inter- esting phases of Government work and others of an American historical nature. Will Portray America. “The buildings are approaching com- pletion and by January it is planned 10 have all exhibits ready for shipment to the scene of the exposition. Maps, charts, films and ingenious working models all will combine to tell in graphic manner the story of American life and progress. A rgr‘ working model of the Grand Canyon of Colorado, giving a realistic panorama of that great Western chasm, prepared by the National Park Service, rative of the sort of features will make up the American ex- hibit. By the use of lighting effects the model will give a glimpse of the canyon at night, the glow of approach- ing dawn, its appearance in midday and, finaliy, the view at sunset. j The Panama Canal, one of the world's outstanding engineering _achievements, will be reproduced in miniature at the exposition in a model measuring ap- proximately 4 by 12 feet in dimension. 1t will consist of a relief map of the Canal Zone with the canal itself run- ning through the center of it. Gatun . Lake, the Panama Railroad, the rivers and the harbors of Cristobal and Bal- hoa, as well as the villages that flank the isthmian waterway, will be marked. “The prominent part this country has taken in the development of aviation will be properly emphasized in the American exhibit through a layout be- ing arranged by the Department of Commerce. The daring exploits of Amer- jean fiyers in the past few years will serve to give added interest to the aero- nautical exhibit. The Commerce De- partment will show a model of a mod- ern airpars, with foodlights, markers vote or keep registered. t.Bae{ned from compulsory voting laws in alty for failure to vote is not or fine, but their people do vote. America whether it is better ‘The | compulsory voting laws or large radio, the party speakers personally and called slush funds to bring out the States Always Are| Indifferent—Party Stirring Up Most Win Election. litical issues before all the people. But the expensive part of most campalgns is to bring the people to the polls. Perhaps 1928 will be “different.” But in 1920, for instance, for every vote cast for President in Pennsyl- vania there were eligible 133 residents of that State who stayed home or per- haps went fishing on election day. The same year, taking the country as a whole, there were 96 citizens pos- sibly qualified to vote for President who abstained from voting to every 100 citizens who did cast ballots. Less Than 30,000,000 in 1924, Pour years later there was a tre- mendous Nation-wide, non-partisan ef- fort to get out every possible vote. Ap- proximately 57,000,000 Americans were of voting age. The three major can- didates for President—Coolidge, Davis and La Follette—represented prac- tically all shades of political belief of the mass of people. Yet less than 30.000,000 votes actually were cast in 1924. The decline in voting percentage was checked, however, and a very slight in- crease recorded. Nevertheless, at least 10,000.000 to 15.000,000 people who could have and should have voted for President did not. Other nations apparently have found a way to solve the problem of indiffer- ent citizens. England, Wales and Scot- land report three-fourths of the total possible vote actually cast. In Australia from 82 per cent to 92 per cent of the voters actually vote. Throughout Eu- rope, in fact, our half-and-half voting record is surpassed by nations which do not claim to be “the home’ of the brave and the land of the free.” In Germany, for instance, 82 per cent of the qualified citizens have voted. In Belgium as many as 90 per cent. In Switzerland and Denmark, 76 per cent; France, 70 per cent. Italy in 1923 had a 64 per cent vote. In fact, even Mexi- cor where voting may be decidedly un- healthy, has a 50 per cent voting rec- ord, practically equal to our own. As long ago as 1705 one of the American Colonies forced its citizens to vote under penalty of forfeiture of 200 pounds of tobacco. Since then several States have discussed compulsory voting legislation. Massachusetts amended its constitution in 1918 to permit the en- actment of such a law, but it was not enacted. What Others Have Done. The percentage of voting was in- creased from 50 per cent to 82 per cent in Queensland, Australia, by a compul- sory voting law. Throughout Australia similar laws increased the voting aver- age from 50 per cent to 91 per cent of the total possible vote. Fines of from $2.50 to $10 are imposed for failure to Similar good results have been ob- jum, Switzerland, Czechoslovakia ther countries. In some the pen- a ible imprisonment. And to decide in to have 50- vote. ‘We may soon have (Copyright. 1928.) EDITORIAL SECTION he Sunday Star WASHIN iTON, D. C, SUNDAY MORNING, NOVEMBER 4, 1928. IVILIZED man today is growing handsomer, stronger, smarter and more independent through the workings of the same laws of evolution which in a half million years have raised him from the dumb beasts, says Dr. Ales Hrdlicka, curator of physical anthropology at the National Museum, in the annual report of the Smithsonian Institution. Not only has the human race not reached a state of equilibrium with its environment by the conquest of nature, says Dr. Hrdlicka, but evolutionary forces are causing as great changes now as at any time in the past. “There is perceptible in the civilized man of all races,” he says, “a progres- sive refinement of the physiognomy, with diminution of the protrusion and size of the cheek bones, lessening of the size and massiveness of the jaws and teeth, and more generalized bea These features, or a tendency toward them, are being passed on to progeny.” Dr. Hrdlicka finds, on the other hand, that early baldness and smaller and less resistant teeth are becoming hereditary as the need for them de- creases. Dr. Hrdlicka discards the populai conception that man is becoming physi- cally weaker than his distant ancestors. Endurance Emphasized. “The higher civilized man,” he says, “has advanced in human endurance, through the stresses of civilization and the calls for endurance. He may not have the more automatic strength of some primitive people, but his eyes, ears, body and, above all, brain are evidently capable of greater conscious exertions and endure longer. “The last war taught much in this direction, and on every side may be seen the great endurance of the finan- cier, the industrial leader and the in- tellectual worker. The amount of labor they are able to perform, the strain en- dured by eyes, all the senses and, above all, the intellectual powers, are at times astounding. Nothing of that kind is evident, in the old days except in rare individual mental giants. Qualities ap- pear now manifested by multitudes which in the past were barely mani- fested by Individuals. “New ambitions and necessities, new inventions and new and intense compe- titions are acting powerfully upon pres- ent man in highly civilized communities —much more so than they have ever acted in the past. “When we weigh the effects of the au. tomobile, movies, radio, the daily news- paper, etc.; when we contemplate what groups of competing business men or the must have an effect on man’s future evolution in a mental as well as a phys- ical direction. “‘About the greatest factors of contem- poraneous and future progressive human evolution, however, are the thirst and striving for the better, for something ever better and higher in every line. This means a desire and striving for ever greater strength, beauty, bodily and mental effectiveness, mental freedom, ability, power and true happiness. any other men go through, we can but recognize that things very potent are developing in human relations which BY COUNT CARLO SFORZA, Former Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs and Ambassador to France. and the various other safety devices. The various stages through which avia- tion has passed since the days of the first American flights 25 years ago, will be exemplified. There will be also a working model of an airplane, showing why it flies and the distribution of the lifting force of the air over the wing surfaces. The early Spanish explorations along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts will recalled by a large map forming part of the exhibit of the General Land Office. The routes traveled by these intrepid explorers and the year in which each ventured forth will be marked on the map. Accompanying this map there will be an exhibit of historical documents issued by Spanish crown during the fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, in- cluding land grant patents, patents of mines, orders of nobility conferred on Spanish governors and the original will of De Vargas, an early explorer, who played a part in founding the city of Santa Fe, New Mexico. The story of how arid regions in the Southwest have been made fertile by irrigation will be shown with a model by the Reclamation Bureau. Agricultural Displays. The production and marketing of cotton, the size and varieties of the wheat, corn and tobacco crops, and the history of the livestock industry in America will form the basis of an in- teresting and instructive exhibit by the Department of Agriculture. The livestock exhibit will recall that the well known Army mule had Span- ish ancestry. The commission in charge of American participation in the exposition points out that in 1785 the King of Spain sent to George Washing- ton a fine Spanish jack and two jen- nets, and from these imported beasts of burden there sprang a family tree of livestock which today has more than five million descendants. In this con- nection the commission also points out that Spain, to which we owe the in- troduction of the jack, today imports about 25 per cent of all the mules ex- ported by the United States, The introduction of sheep into what is now the United States hy Coronado, a Spaniard, in 1540, also is to be brought out in the livestock exhibit. The exhibit will show that the esti- mated total dressed weight of cattle, calves, sheep, lambs and hogs during 1927 was nearly seventeen billion pounds, ranking as one of the world’s greatest livestock industries. Comment- ing on this exhibit, the commission on arrangements states: “To Spain, which sent the first live stock to this country, and which is now {a large importer of our cattle, these figures are significant. Spain is invit- ing the republics of the New World, which she colonized in part or in whole, to take part in the international expo- sition at Seville in the hope that a bet- ter understanding of trade and eco- nomic conditions may result from an interchange of ideas and exhibits on the part of the participating countries.” Many of the American governmental exhibits will be patterned after the lay- outs shown at the Sesquicentennial in Philadelphia, where the Government departments were awarded 11 grand prizes, 37 medals of honor, 5 silver medals and 2 honorable mentions. The Ibero-American Exposition, as the event at Seville is to be officially known, has been under contemplation for a number of years. As long ago as 1910 plans were discussed for a cele- bration to be participated in by the be | Gin!"—"¥ou asked the | in this last period, a tremendous series and hearing complaints from foreign diplomats of the intol- erable situation in store for them, a quotation rang continuously in my mind—a phrase recurring in one of the most living plays of the immor- tal Moliere. The French humorist im- agines a husband, George Dandin, who, through stupidity, is the author of all his own troubles, beginning with the infidelity of his pretty wife. The re- frain is, “Tu l'as voulu, George Dan- for it, George FEW months ago, being in China A for the third time in my life Dandin!” There is no doubt that the European powers in general—and especially dur- ing the last years the British Conserv- ative cub&nct—ha’;e x:‘en. in China, their own George Dandin. The British policy in China has been, of blunders and hesitations. The Amer- ican policy, on the contrary, while not always conscious of its force, at least has avoided all those errors that re- main, like barbed wires, in the path of friendship among two great peoples. On the whole, it may be said, without any shadow of flattery, that London’s action appears to have beeq dictated by the past and Washington's by the future. However, to be just, we must not for- get that the recuperative power of Brit- ish public life is far stronger than is generally supposed; it may well be that, after so many recent errors, some fu- ture English government will find the way to recover the old-time British standing in the Far East. The people who miraculously re-established Boer loyalty on the morrow of a sanguinary and aggressive war are well able to re- create their old prestige in China. Nobody can deny that the entire his- tory of European relations with China— the relations of state with state, which began in the nineteenth century —in reality are anything but a long and glorious page of British history. The first efforts in Canton and the first punitive measures were British; the first establishment at Shanghai, al- though open to the trade of all Europe, was British; the organization of the maritime customs, .which gave to China her most solid revenues, was British beneath its cosmopolitan aspect; up to yesterday the predominant influence 'in the diplomatic corps at Peking was British. In short, all the power, all the prestige of the West in China were for a century expressed in one word— England. nlgt would require more than the usual dose of small-minded meanness that characterizes international struggles, it would need a rare amount of schaden- freude — that charming German word which expresses delight at the misfor- tunes of a friend—not to be struck with painful stupor at the sight of a great historical pre?tized'lx;ml seems on the wint nf growing " ¥ ‘What u%: the reasons for this change, which the troubles of China alone seem inadequate to explain? In the first place there are accidental causes—the blindness of the great English mer- chants in China is one. Incapable of seeing beyond their current trade bal- ance, furious at finding their business decreasing, , they wanted the British government to halt the course of events. When, last year, Gen. Duncan was steaming toward Shanghai with his divisions the die-hards of the settlement already were dreaming of punitive ex- peditions, of extended occupations be- yond the limits of the settlement, for the protection of some distant factory, or, perhaps, for the launching, in the newly occupied zones, of some promis- ing business undertaking that could be turned into money. When they found jorld_War_intervened, how Thy Wit Wor G (Continued on Page. overseas republics of both Amerlcus.‘ that Gen. Duncan, a very sensible man, “This great factor was not so mani- fest in times past. A man then was too often satisfied to serve another, that they are bloodthirsty, far from it. They only wanted business, easy and quick; they did not want to adapt themselves to a new atmosphere and yield to the inevitable, as German busi- ness men who returned to China after the World War have done, to their great profit. Some 40 years ago the Far East of- fered a case fairly analogous to that of present-day China, but the conserva- tive English statesmen, confronted with the transformations then at work in Japan, were then wiser than their suc- cessors. ‘They understood at once that the interest of Great Britain was to outline a policy that would keep abreast of future developments. It is equally to their tredit that, in apply- ing this policy, they ignored the attacks of those who, under the cloak of a jealous patriotism, were defending pri- vate material interests. Today the newspapers which seek to explain events in China by the presence of a few Bol- shevik agents sententiously remark that Japan was “another story.” Yet, if we would take the trouble to reread the papers of that period, we would find the barbarity and immr=turity of Japan being thundered against in 1880 just as the barbarity and immaturity of China is being thundered against today. ‘The English government did not, in those days, take fright of the Rother- meres of the epoch, but went cour- ageously on its way. Certain English- words loosely. ak of “owning and “owning a home” as if both phrases meant the same. As a matter of fact, many a man who pays rent all his life owns his own home, and many a family has successfully saved for a home only to find itself at last with nothing but a house. | know one such case. To “own their own home” be- came a perfect obsession® with the family—a false god to which everything else must be sac- rificed. To swell the sacred fund, the father wore clothes so shabby that his business progre was retarded. The children were undernourished, and two of them died. Life lost every vestige of sweetness in the driving strug- gle to scrimp and to pay. At length ambition was real- ized. They stepped through the door of the house on which the last cent had been paid. They had bought their house, but in the process they had destroyed their home. What is the ideal home? 1 should say, first of all, it is a “cozy” place—a place not too large. The Vatican has 15,000 rooms. The Pope could, if he would, sleep every night for 40 years in a different room. The Winter Palace at Petrograd is so vast that, once when repairs were to be made on the roof, peasants were found living there in did not lend himself to their plans their disillusionment was bitter, It is not DR. ALES HRDEICKA, provided he had enough food and a little leisure. This action is ever re- fining man’s mental actions. The promise is a gradual orthogenesis of man in the right direction, physically so far as this may still be possible, but above all intellectually.” Chance Operation in Past. Evolution in the past, Dr. Hgdlicka points out, has been by chance opera- tion of the forces of nature, but man now is in a position to control, to some extent, his own evolution. Although predicting that man will conquer, he America’s Policy Based on the Hope of a Friendly Future; Britain’s men engaged in commerce in Yokohama lost their positions, but the British em- pire was, later on, the richer by a pow- erful diplomatic position in Asia. Let us take the masterplece of Brit- ish activity in China today—Shanghai. ‘The budget of that settlement is based on taxes, 85 per cent of which are paid by Chinese. Is it possible to continue for any length of time to withhold the vote {rom all the Chinese? To prevent the Chinese, though they may come out of years of study in great intel- lectual centers like Columbia University (I cite Columbia because of all the great universities it has the largest number of Chinese students) from be- coming candidates to the Municipal Council, just as some Irish shopkeepers have done? Chinese students are eagerly sought by English schools. Do they not find it, risky in England to al- low them to attend elementary classes in public law, in which every boy is taught that “to have taxation fv fs necessary to have representation?” ‘The British situation in China is ag- gravated by the way in which fitful periods of violence and attempts at an entente have succeeded each other with- out any logic. The results have been as evident as they were unavoidable, An impression of weakness in the mo- ments of violence, such as the shooting at students in Shanghai or the bom- bardments at Whangsien and lack of Do You Live in a Home or a House? BY BRUCE BARTON. wooden shacks, their e: nce unsuspected by the glittering tenants underneath. But these palaces are homes. The turtle does not construct a shell ten times larger than it needs; the bird does not spread her nest across a whole treetop merely because materials happen to be at hand. Only man com- mits the foolish error of building a house too large to be a home. The ideal home is a place of rest. One can rest in a room simply furnished, but not in a depart- ment store or a museum. You would not fill your home with warring visitors; do not crowd it with pictures, bric-a-brac and “souvenirs” t jar and h. And the home is a place of peace. A place where the soul is ‘“re- stored”; where a few pictures suggest the fragrance and heal. ing of the out-of-doors; where good books lift the tired mind out of itself into the companion- ship of the wise and great of all ages; where love and sympathy not who first piled together into a rude hut did it to provide a shelter for his most _precious Pos: n, s The man who can claim that altar, whether ilt about it be a ngle room, he it is who owns his own home. (Copyright, 1028.) Race Is Stronger, Better Famous American Scientist Declares Civilized Man Has Been Improved by Process of Evolution sees some great obstacles in the way to upward development, some of which are comparatively new in the ex- perience of the race. Among these are such diseases as tuberculosis, cancer, diabetes and vari- ous forms of insanity. Medicine, he says, has been only partly successful in combating these. He sees no reason to believe that they will increase, how- ever, with the possible exception of some lighter forms of insanity, or that new and uncontrollable scourges will originate. Great wars, Dr. Hrdlicka says, un- questionably are bars to evolutionary progress and he declares that the un- derlying cause of these is increasing density of population. “Unless some, as yet unknown, agency of nature de- velops,” he says, “before long one of the main problems of the world will be to control its population. “Idleness, luxury and demoralization,” Dr. Hrdlicka continues, “are perhaps even more deleterious than war. It is a truism that as soon as any being or any group—be this a family or a nation—ceases strenuous endeavor and yields to comfort and indolence, he or it commences to retrograde and lose in physical and mental standards.” Irregular Modern Life. “Excesses and strains, due to the very exacting and irregular modern life, produce weaknesses that call for stimulation by coffee, nicotine, alcohol or drugs. They are growing more com- mon and new ones are heing added. Repeated excesses lead to overstrains and result not only in the diminished potentiality of the individual in every way, but also in poor progeny. The child of an overstrained or neurasthen- ic individual cannot be absolutely healthy or fully efficient. “Then there is mechanization. It is estimated that approximately 8,000,000 men, women and children in the coun- try alone from seven to nine hours a day are doing automatic work that calls for little or no mental exercise. This in the course of time can hardly fail to have a disgenic effect on the indi- vidual and, in the long run, cannot but be harmtul to the race. The au- tomatic work of the day is often com- pensated for by harmful excitement or excess afterwards.” Further speculation on the future of the race in the direction of longer life is supplied in the same report by Prof. Irving Fisher of Yale. Prof. Fisher presents the thesis that there is no ab- solute limit to extension of human life, Acturial tables, Prof. Fisher shows, reveal that between the ages of 60 and 85 the rate of mortality remains con- stant—that is, the same percentage of the total in each age group dies each year. After 85 the percentage of mor- tality actually begins to decrease. Looking Ahead in China Dictated by Past moral prestige during the attempts of peaceful conferences. After the sanguinary days of March, 1927, in Nanking, when some American and British citizens were killed and out- raged, it seemed, rightly or wrongly, that the collective note for excuses and reparations had been taken by London as a providential way out. It is fre- quently like that in feeble diplomatic situations. A series of fumblings and contradictions can create so false a po- sition that a sudden crisis seems almost a hope of salvation. At least it seemed 50 to those who watched the develop~ ments from China. And I was there. Unfortunately for the die-hards, but fortunately for the progress of the world, the United States declared itself opposed to any action. In a twinkling the Chinese shifted the scene of their responsibilities. They began to behead Communists and Sir Austen Chamber- lain retired from his position suffi- clently to declare to the House of Com- mons that, “in view of recent develop- ments modifying the Chinese situation, the punishment of those responsible for the Nanking outrages has taken a com- pletely new aspect. The really guilty parties—that is, the Communist agita- tors—have been punished by the Na- tionalist authorities with a severity which no foreign power would have been prepared to adopt.” Thig meant sponging over the past. Unfortunately for British prestige, all China knew the text of the collective note by heart, and that note insisted on a written apolgy from the Southern generalissimo, Chang Kai-shek —an apology that was never written. Worse than that, all China knew that it was only American opposition that had pre- vented the launching of a punitive expedition. England is right in preaching that any blow leveled at her prestige is lev- eled against European prestige. There is only one conclusion to be drawn: it is the whole of European prestige which has been wounded of late. In spite of everything, the potential force of the great past of liberal Eng- land has not yet entirely disappeared. England has more than once known how io change her attitude radically and to adapt it, with marvelous rapidity, to new requirements. I could not con- ceive a Western mind really conscious of the fateful solidarity of our peoples and interests in the East who would not desire the return of England, in China, to a moral and political situation worthy of her great history. England took upon herself a great role in the middle kingdom and knew how to keep it—as long as she repre- sented there the forces of a living cur- rent. It is not by dreams of strong- handed actions against a fatal reality, such as the awakening in Asia, that her former prestige can be re-estab- lished. In going against the lessons of history she can only accomplish, there and elsewhere, sets of vain an sterile violence. ‘The other side of the ?icmre is glven by the present situation —and the potential one—of the United States tn China A strange contrast with England! In China England possesses territories— some in absolute sovereignty, such as Hongkong; some on lease, as Weihai- wel. She has six flourishing settle- ments there, not counting 8l hal, which, theoretically, is international, and exclusive of Hankow, which is no longer flourishing or in British hands. ‘The amount of English capital invested in China is valued at more than a billion dollars. A British force of oc cupation is_encamped at Shanghai; a powerful fleet is moored at Hongkong. ‘The United States possesses almost nothing there; it has a legation at Peking—a modest house compared with the gorgeous Italian and French pal- aces rebuilt in 1901 ‘after the Boxer slege—and directs a few consulates scattered over the whole immense ter- ritory of hina. The numerous branches of the Y. M. C. A, up & (Continued on Fourth Page.) ” d possible. Reviews of 1 Books ITALY RESENTS ITS ROLE IN AFFAIRS OF EUROPE Franco-British Navy Negotiations With- out Consulting Feeling i BY FRANK H. SIMONDS. O consequence of all the many which have resulted from the Anglo-French naval agreement has been more disturbing than Italian anger. For many months the tension between Rome and Paris had seemed appeased. All the quarrels about Tunis and Tangier had disappeared from the Italian newspapers and thus from French attention. But the news that the British and French foreign offices had reached an agree- ment over certain naval issues and other matters of land armament pro- duced something like a sensation at the Chigi Palace, where Mussolini has his offices. The Italian resentment was not due to anything in the Anglo-French agree- ment itself. The Italian answer to the proposals which were submitted to Rome shows no particular animation. It was the fact that the British and the French were negotiating together and without Italy which provoked pas- sionate protest, for it was an unmis- takable affront to Italian pride and thus a blow to Italian prestige. Unlike France and Great Britain, Italy has no fixed and definite objec- tives in its foreign policy. It has no immediate dangers such as can always threaten France from the German side, it has no imperial problems such as absorb the attention of the British. ‘While the maintenance of a supremacy in the Adriatic is a vital concern, for the present this supremacy remains beyond challenge Want. to Be Recognized. What the Fascisti rulers of Italy seek is a foreign policy which will en- able Italy to play an important part in European councils. At the basis of the teachings of Fascismo is the constant emphasis of the fact that Italy is a great power, the heir of ancient Rome and at the same time a nation young, virile, destined, to accomplish great things. This constant stimulation alike - of national pride and ambitions necessi- tates some achievement to balance the expectations thus awakened. But it is Italy’s misfortune to find herself un- necessary to the calculations of any of the other great powers. Great Brit- ain is friendly enough, but in any real crisis British support goes to Paris and not to Rome, because British and French interests are everywhere parallel and not conflicting. In the Adriatic, London will assent to Italian policy, even when it extends to making Albania a mere Italian protectorate. But in the Mediterranean it is otherwise. And it is precisely in the Mediterra- nean that Italy would be great. Sur- rounded by the sea as she is, save on her Alpine frontier, Italy is at the mercy of the nation possessing the con- trol of the inland sea. All Italian in- terest would thus be served by an Anglo-Ttalian alliance. But, on the other hand, all Ifalian aspiration en- visages a change in the distribution of the territories on the shore of the Middle Sea. France is her rival, and the spectacle of France in possession of Tunis, Algeria, Morocco and Syria weighs heavily in the eyes of patriots who think of Rome and then are forced to see that of the old Roman empire Italy has been able to acquire only Tripoli. British Are Satisfied. ‘The British, seated at Gibraltar, Malta, Cyprus, in the Holy Land and proclaiming a Monroe doctrine of their own which covers Egypt, have no desire to see the status quo in the Mediterra- nean changed. Least of all have they any desire to see Italy in Tunis as weil as in Sicily, thus holding both shores of the narrow sea which passes the British road to India and the Far East. Moreover, the Italian aspiration to ac- quire Adalia and a large slice of Asia Minor has miscarried. The work of Kemal Pasha has, for the time at least, arrested the disintegration of Turkey and restored Turkish military power sufficiently to make any adventure in the Aegean beyond the financial re- sources of Italy. The obvious -alternative for Italy to alliance with England or France is some sort of agreement with Germany. Al- though the Italian persecution of the German population in the Upper Adige has aroused much German resentment, the basis for an agreement is clear. Germany is rapidly recovering her strength and is certain one day before long to regain her prewar position. What more natural, then, than an alli- ance between Italy and Germany, which would offset the French combination with the states of the Little Entente and thus permit Great Britain to retire from European complications, reassured by the fact that the balance of power is again safe? But while there are two conflicting conceptions in Berlin—that of the re- publicans, who would march with Brit- ain and France, and that of the mon- archists, who would seek a Russian ori- entation—there is no party or group which favors an Italian partnership. Rome Fans Il n Nation. The fact that Italy was an ally in 1914 and yet became an enemy in 1915 still dominates German memory. Italy on Side Lines. Thus at Geneva Italy is condemn:d to stand aside, while France, Britain and Germany occupy the center of ‘he stage and reach decisions which are controlling for Europe. Italian hatred of the League of Nations has its origin here, rather than in any particular hos- tility to peace or to an international society to serve the cause of peacs Poland and Czechoslovakia play parts at Geneva far more conspicuous than the part of Italy. Moreover, since France, Poland and Czechoslovakia are bound together by common fears of Germany and these fears have been expressed in alliances, this combination of military as well as diplomatic influence is always an ob- stacle. Jugoslavia invariably and Ru- mania frequently go with their Czech partner of the Little Entente in support of France. Belgium, with the same German preoccupation, is united to France by her dangers and necessities. Failing an alliance with Britain or Germany, Italian diplomacy has sought to create an association of small powers comparable to the Little Entente. But in such a combination Hungary is the one available ally of considerable size and Italian support of Hungary in- stantly brings all three of the Little Entente states not only closer together but closer to France. Treatles with Albania and Greece, an entente between Bulgaria and Italy, serve to give the appearance of prestige, but they do not give the reality of power. Paris Takes Limelight. Meantime it is Paris and not Rome which draws the attention of the world. The Kellogg pact was signed in the French capital, the Anglo-French naval agreement was negotiated in Paris, the program for the revision of the Dawes plan is discussed in Paris. British troops maneuver with French on the Rhine and British and French air fleets play together in the south of France. Finally, the French press, with great adroitness, proceeds to read into the naval agreement the proof of the re- newal of the old pre-war Anglo-French entente. The result is a profound disquiet and disturbance in Rome. The old resent- ment at being ignored, at being treated like an inferior, which provoked such passionate bitterness during and after the Paris Peace Conference, is flaming out again. Physiologically, therefore, the situation in Italy resembles that in Germany in the critical years before the World War. There is much the same sense of per- secution, the same conviction that treat- ment incompatible with the true great- ness of the nation is being constantly meted out to it. And the bitterness is concentrated against France, because France is in all Italian eyes the natural rival. France holds the African shore, France is the ally of Jugoslavia and through the Little Entente blocks Ital- ian influence in the middle of Europe. The French fleet is at Toulon and Bi- zerta; Corsica has become the base of the vast French air fleet. The French army, joined to the Serb, confronts Italy with the danger of a war on two fronts. Sahara Railway Factor. Again, the French project to construct. the Transsaharan railway means for Italy the provision of an overland route by which the black troops of west and equatorial Africa can be prought to the shores facing Italy. And while Fascismo with admirable purpose and determina- tion undertakes to develop the crowded areas of Italy, France is building a new empire in Africa and rapidly assimi- lating Itallan immigrants. The re- sources of, Italy in man power are be- ing absorbed to serve French ends. Tu- nis, Algiers, Bona and Oran are devel- oping with almost Americanlike rapidity into bases of the future greatness of France. And Beirut, at the other end of the Mediterranean, is also develop- ing in the same fashion. There are 40,000,000 of French and 40,000,000 of Italians. Actually the Ital- ians have already won the race in num- bers, but the French control half of Africa with a population of nearly 40.- 000,000 more, and valuable areas in Asia with more than 20,000,000 of inhabi- tants, while colonial and imperial Italy holds only Tripoli and the relatively poor and exiguous territories around the circle of Abyssinia. To exaggerate the dange of this Ital- ian state of mind is perhaps easy, but the reality of the peril is plain. Fascis- mo has accomplished much in domestic organization, even more in rousing na- tional pride and patriotic emotion. But in the end it has come squarely up against the same obstacles which proved insuperable to its predecessors. If num- bers and organization make Italy a great power in Europe, she still lacks all the foundations of a world power outside of the Continent—and all these positions are occupied and firmly held. (Copyright, 1928.) Overcm“vding of School Buildings Held Serious Obstacle to Education BY MARY C. BARKER, President, American Federation of Teachers. Several problems of major importance confront the common schools of the country. The most urgent perhaps is the overcrowding of buildings and class- rooms, which tends to mechanize the process of education and weaken the benefits derived from school attendance. The educational process -is one of growth and development through the exercise of the child's native powers under the direction of a skillful guide. When the number of pupils assigned to the teacher is so great the teacher cannot have knowledge concerning their several abilities nor provide for their progress, skillfull guidance becomes im- The educative process ceases or operates merely by chance. The purpose of education is social progress. We want our boys and girls to become citizens who can and will function intelligently, effectively and courageously in the community life. To plan for less is to waste the funds spent for education. But we cannot expect such results out of crowded schools and classrooms. Another problem continually con- fronting the schools is the misguided effort of special interests to predeter- mine the product of the schools in behalf of their particular opinions. Propaganda and censorship menace the freedom of education. We shall never get away from the herd mind until the masses of people learn to cultivate an intelligent back- ground for the formation of their own opinions. It is the duty of the teacher to_direct the activities of pupils in the cultivation of such intelligence. This annot be done by limiting the exami- nu‘txllo&\ of a subject to certain view- points. Youth, in his quest for truth, is com- mitted by society to the teacher. » all-important thing is that he s| taught how to flml8 and h:r“ut:‘ not some one’s opinion as to what truth is. If the public understood this better, perhaps there would be fewer efforts on Intefets o' VatE ha papaad other ola e their relationships to the Em}em 3 e Manila Lawyers’ Diploma Mill Leads to Scandal In the Philippines everybody seems to wish to be a lawyer, an abogado, and, whether he practices or not, to be able to hang out his shingle. The ambition seems to have been exploited for years by the personnel of the Su- preme Court, or rather by certain clerks and employes there, where the exam- inations are given. An easy way to satisfy those willing and able to pay for what they could not attain by scholarship has been to raise the marks on the examination papers. When, however, these papers were better guarded this year, more in- genuity had to be shown; and this was done by using acid to erase the names of successful candidates from the regis- ter and then writing in place of them the names of those who had failed but who were g:m handsomely to be - counted as having passed. One such rogue was foolish enough to try to practice, and the judge’s sus- picions, reported to Manila, led to the uncovering of a widespread scandal,