Evening Star Newspaper, September 23, 1928, Page 33

(Continued from First_Page.) mated to be not more than forty billion dollars. ‘The serious impairment of our foreign trade, either in lessened demand abroad or lessened purchasing power at home, would intimately affect practically all our people. It is a very “human” prob- lem. Foreign tariff restrictions on American automobiles may bring un- employment in Detroit, foreclosure of mortgages on the homes of men out of work, financial stringency affecting every one, from the banker who has loaned money to build factories to the corner grocer who supplies food to shop workers. ‘What Diplomacy Can Do. American diplomacy that creates good will abroad and helps to rebuild the Old World can help the American farmer find new and larger markets for cotton wheat and other surplus products of the soil. ‘The problem of proper conduct of ou~ foreign relations even touches the pro- hibition issue, as it involves interna- tional co-operation to prevent liquor smuggling. The amount of taxes paid by factory and home owners, by salary and wage earners, by men and women engaged in the professions, is affected by that phase of our foreign relations governing the amount of tariff revenue from goods im- ported. Mere campaign promises of proper or wise conduct of our foreign relations are valueless. The campaign of 1916 be- tween Hughes and Wilson was waged on the implied promise contained in the Democratic slogan: “He kept us out of ed, we were in the war up to the hil* ‘War may have been unavoidabie, either b Democratic or Republican admin- istration, but the fact is unescapable that meré good intentions are a poor substitute for good judgment. knowl- edge and experience in handling any difficult situation. Prudent Conduct Needed. ‘The tremendous importance of pru- dent and wise conduct of our relations with foreign nations during the next few years must be apparent, therefore. to every citizen. No one can view the affairs of the world today in even a cursory way without noting the infinite possibilities for tragic trouble for any nation whose statesmen lack true statesmanship. Our Constitution places in the hands of the President of the United States great, power and great responsibility af- fecting the relationship with other na- tions. To him is given the power, and upon him is placed the duty. of making treaties. The appointments of min- isters and ambassadors are made by the President. True it is that treaties and State Department appointments must obtain the approval and consent of the Senate, but the initiative and the re- sponsibility are largely and primarily in the White House. Jefferson, Madi- son, Monroe, Cleveland, McKinley, Wil- son, Coolidge, all exercised decisive in- fluence on the destiny of the Nation through their conduct, direct or in- direct, of foreign relations. There is every indication that during the four years to come equally momen- tous decisions will have to be made af- fecting our international relations. It is possible, perhaps probable, that one of the first matters of foreign relations that will have to be dealt with by the new administration is_the so-called Kellogg treaty signed at Paris on August 27 by the United States and 14 of the prin- cipal nations. That treaty formally and solemnly renounces war as a legiti- mate means of settling international disputes. It makes war dishonorable— an outlaw among civilized nations. It declares, in effect, that the nations signing the treaty will find other means to adjust their disputes. Yet, simple in purpose and language as that treaty is,” there can be no cer- tainty of its approval by the United States Senate before March 4, 1929, when the Coolidge administration ends— nor of its ratification by the Parlia- ments and other governing bodies of the nations whose signatures were ap- pended by diplomatic representatives. Action May Be Delayed. Indeed, based on past experience, it 1s quite likely that debate on the treaty may be prolonged to such an extent that action will be impossible in the short session of Congress convening next December. In three short months the Senate will have to dispose of ap- propriation bills involving billions of dollars, and much legislation of an emergency or urgent nature will of ne- cessity be considered and voted upon. But whether the Senate acts upon the Kellogg treaty at the next session or defers action until the new Congress and new President assume office, the result of the November election will in- fluence profoundly ultimate decision upon the new peace pact. In their at- titude toward the treaty at the session following the election. Senators doubtedly will be infiuenced by tl counsel and judgment of either Mr. Smith or Mr. Hoover. No treaty as important as this can pass without the closest scrutiny and study. Alrcady there are indications of some opposition because of what are stated to be “important reservations' made by Great Britain before signing. Other objections will be raised. Nof withstanding the fact that undoubtedly public opinion, both at home and abroad, s strongly in favor of ratifica- tion of the treaty to outlaw war, there 35 possibility of failure unless the leader- ship of President Coolidge is supple- mented by good ieadership of his suc- cessor. E The essential substance of the treaty is contained in two sentences. But the fact that the diplomatic correspondence pertaining to it fills 51 printed pages is an indication of the prolonged discus- Sion that may be precipitated in the Senate. Senate Independence. ince the World War the Senate has exesrcxsed almost utter independence of the President in matters of foreign relations. Despite the greatest pres: sure, and even denunclation of “willful Democratic Senators by Woodrow Wil- son. the Senate refused ratification of the League of Nations pact. Failure at the White House to understand and appreciate the attitude and judgment of Senators resulted in a conflict and clash of will and temperaments that prevented fruitful compromise. It was mpossible to reconcile the viewpoints of Chief Executive and Senate. There was mutual distrust and antipathy. Each Senator is a “problem” that must be dealt with individually—and diplo- matically. In the consideration of the resolution involving adherence to the World Court. there was almost equally strong opposi- tion to the judgment of the President and the State Department. Nevcrthe- Jess, President Coolidge was able to obtain satisfaction, with certain reser- vations mnot yet accepted by other nations. One of the problems, therefore. of the administration that takes office March 4, 1929, will be that of our relation to the World Court. ‘The Kellogg agreement for renuncia- tion of war is a great and basic step toward lasting peace. Yet it is clear that the agreement must be supple- mented by other steps, such as addi- tional arbitration treaties or interna- tional courts. Those steps, however, will involve difficulties because of the settled determination of the mass of our people to avoid “foreign entangle- ments.” Clear recognition and acceptance of $hat determination has been made by one of the presidential candidates, Mr. Hoover, in these words: “Our people have determined that we can give the greatest real help— both in times of tranquillitv and in times of strain—if we maintain our independence from the political exigen- cles of the Old World.” Other Great Problems. There are a multitude of other very specific, very grave. and very compli- eated problems involving our relation- ship with the remainder of the world. Great Problems Facing U. S. Within_the limitations of the space available it is impossible to do more than catalog or list the more important. The new President and his Secretary of State will have to deal with the problem of securing a further limitation of naval armaments relating to ships of the cruiser, destroyer and submarine class. In addition, the treaty of 1923 between the United States, the British Empire, France, Italy and Japan, limit- ing construction of battleships, is sub- ject to revision after eight years. Article XXI of that treaty makes it obligatory for the United States, after consultation with the other powers, to arrange a conference to consider changes in the treaty necessitated or made advisable by_scientific developments, The preblem of military disarmament in Europe itsclf is one in which we ar? indirectly but none the less seriously concerned. _The armies and land arm- aments of Europe are little, if any. be- low 1914 strength. In some cases there has been an increase, and as a result, the economic recovery of the nations of | Europe is hampered or made impossible. Our own prosperity, therefore, is af- fected by the ability or inability of for- eign nations to pay governmental as well as commercial loans, and by the influ- ence of military budgets on foreign buy- ing powe! There still remains to be adjusted the war debt of France to the Government of the United States. Vast Sums Invested. | Hundreds of millions of dollars of our capital have been invested, through commercial loans, in Germany, Poland | and other European countries. The security of the investments as well as | the creation of additional buying power | for American products are matters of concern to all our people. Directly and indirectly—and by necessity, not choice —America is affected by possible dis- putes over German reparation payments and -ontinued occupation of German territory. In the Far East the strained relations of China and Japan are a menace to our own ritizens and commercial interests. ‘We are still without diplomatic rela- tions with Soviet Russia. Practically every nation is vitally concerned in the economic, political and military status of Rusisa. That nation holds vast possi- bilities for benefit or injury, and the in- terests of the United States in Russia are not dissimilar to those of other na- We have not yet ratified a treaty with ranama effectuating a settlement of our rights of sovereignty in the Canal Zone. The question of a treaty with Nicaragua, relating to canal rights, will probably confront the new administration. The Lausanre treaty affecting our relations with Turkey may not be disposed of ga{gre the “new ~administration takes e. - Latin American Problems. In Mexico and other so-called Latin American countries we have serious problems involving protection of our own people, as well as maintenance of the onroe Doctrine to preserve the inde- pendence of the smaller nations to our south. Immigration from Mexico is a_prob- lem thac will confront Hoover or Smith. In fact, cur whole immigration policy is of extreme importance, not only be- cause of the possibility of arousing an- tagonisms abroad, but also because of the chance of disastrously affecting the market for and wages of American labor Discriminatory tariff barriers of for- elgn countries threaten the stability of our own industries. The creation and development of foreign cartels or com- | binations to control production ‘and marketing of steel, electrical equipment, rubber, coffee, chemicals, dyes and nu- merous other commodities which we produce or consume result in problems which will have to be wisely dealt with by the new administration. Some people took alarm at the stron, resistance which Mr. Hoover put up ugx the governmental formed combinations to exploit prices of commodities such as rubber. They felt it might be the cause of international friction; but because he insisted upon what was right to the American consumer and what was the sound economic position for the foreign producer, he stemmed the tide of those combinations and prevented the growth of a thousand frictions for the future. Today the press of the very countries involved acknowledges that he was right. All these and many other problems of a similar nature involving our relation- ship to the world as a whole call for a high order of knowledge, understanding. ability and experience in the White House during the four years beginning March 4, 1929, Must Be Equipped. Under the circumstances it is a mat- ter of life-and-death as well as bread- and-butter importance to the American people to have in charge of our foreign relations an Executive with not only an ardent desire to maintain peace among nations, but with a thorough under- standing of our world relationships. The man at the White House must know or quickly acquire knowledge of the diplomacy, the statecraft and the politics of the Old World. He must know the economic conditions and pos- sibilities of foreign nations; the char- acter and public opinion of their people. But he must know American public opinion also, and his foreign policy must | conform to American ideals, American hopes and aspirations. In dealing with the Senate on ques- tions of our foreign relations the Presi- dent must possess the confidence of men who may differ with him politically but who are equally imbued with a desire to achieve world peace. Effective White House leadership will call also for the power to convince men who may be quite unwilling to be convinced: to ex- ercise initiative and determination in the conduct of foreign affairs but with- out arousing personal antagonisms. Help must be given to American pro- ducers possessing or seeking foreign markets, without. however, breeding na- tional hatreds. American interests must be furthered without substantial injury to vital foreign interests, and there must always be due consideration of foreign needs and rights. Faces Trying Task. To deal effectively and successfully witp men and nations. with diplomats and Senators. with conflicting business | interests, American and foreign, will be the difficult task of the man at the| White House. Failure of leadership in domestic mat- ters, such as prohibition and fa lief. would be distressing and disastrous. But failure of leadership in the field o our foreign relations during the next four years can be nothing less than ca- lamitous to all our people. The United | States is today the greatest and most | tangible _influence for lasting world peace, That influence must be main- tained and extended. or a new, more horrible and more destructive ' World War may result from the many con- flicting and threatening elements in the present international situation. The issue may be obscure and not ap- parent to the mass of citizens, but none the less there is involved in the presi- dential election of 1928 the very vitai problem of selecting as the Chief Execu- tive of the Nation the man best fitted to promote lasting peace and prosperity in America and throughout tthe werld. Just Leave It to Little One. From the London Tid-Bits. The young man suddenly woke up to the fact that his hostess’ little daughter was trying to make friends with him “I say, how old are you?" asked the { child. The young man smiled and answered | the question, only to meet with an- | other. “Are you married?” He assured the little girl that he was not. At that moment the hostess herself | purpose. THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, (Continued from route chosen is circuitous, in order that the greatest number of subjects may watch the progress. This is the only part of the long proceedings which the public has the opportunity of observ- ing. Equally as imposing as the Em- peror and his coach of six. flanked by imperial guards and postillions, is the Kashikodokoro. This is the place of reverence which holds the sacred treas- ures, emblematic of sovercignty. The Kashikodokoro is a large covered cubi- cal box mounted on long poles, giving it a palanquin-like appearance. It is heavily guarded and imperial ritualists accompany it. Three Sacred Treasures. The Sacred Treasures number three, The Mirror, the Sword and the Jewel, so legend has it, were presented to the first Emperor by the Sun Goddess with the solemn instructions that he and his descendants should rule forever, a de- cree to which this dynasty has glori- ously adhered. One pious Emperor, Suinin Tenno, who reigned from 29 B.C. to 70 AD, found the care of the Sacred Treasures a bit wearing. Up to that time they had remained in the throne room at the Emneror's side, that all affairs of state might be con- ducted in their presence. But Suinin Tenno found the responsibility of such priceless objects most irksome, so he had replicas of the Mirror and Sword made. He put the originals in shrines and substituted the duplicates, which soon were reverenced as highly as one could desire. The Sacred Mirror was placed finally Amaterasu, the Sun Goddess. An im- perial princess, a virgin, was appointed to guard the sacred object. The Mirror lies in a silken bag, and it is said that when the bag becomes worn another is sewn over it, and it has probably been many centuries since it has been in the sight of man. At this same shrine of Ise there is an image of the Sun God- , 50 sacred that none but the Em- eror and the highest priest have the right to look upon it. This sacred ob- ject is kept in a sack. The Sword found a resting place at the shrine at Atsuta, after a long and remarkable series of adventures in the hands of the early emperors. The Jewel is presum- ably the original, since there is no men- tion of its replacement. Represents Divinity. The Mirror represents divinity, for Amaterasu said in one version: “This Mirror is my spirit; regard it as my- self.” And in another, “Let it be as though thou were looking on me.” It reflects good and evil alike, which ac- counts for its assigned qualities of in- tegrity and impartiality. Other sym- bolic meanings attributed to it are the virtues of being unbiased and unpreju- diced. This is rather an unusual sym- bol, and yet it is perfectly adapted to its purpose. The Sword, partly intended to defeat enemies, is symbolic of cour- age and the accompanying virtues of justice, sureness of judgment and power of intellect. The Jewel exalts its own perfect shape and stands for purity. In addi- tion it represents firmness, boundless charity, benevolence and mercy. A finer choice of qualities in clearer symbolism would be difficult to find. Each Em- peror has had these three emblems be- fore him to guide his conduct. Add to their meaning their vast antiquity and it is easy to understand how the Place of Reverence came by its name. In 1915, when the tather of Hirohito pro- ceeded to Kyoto, many of the news- papers spoke of the Kashikodokoro and the Emperor as though the Emperor were the lesser of the two. Indeed, it 18 not incorrect to speak of him as the representative of the godly qualities symbolized in the three Sacred Treas- ures. There is a village in a province near Kyoto upon whose sons rests the honor of bearing the Kashikodokoro. It came about in this way. In former times all matters pertaining to the Emperor and state were decided by means of divination. Because of its long life, the tortoise was endowed by the ancients with the greatest wisdom, since of all the animals it had the most time in_which to acquire knowledge. In consideration of this, the court conjurers chose a tortoise shell, which they scraped on the inside until it was very thin. The outer surface was hol- lowed in small squares, in h of which were drawn inken characters. The shell was then subjected to heat, preferably that made by cherrywood charcoal, be- cause of its especially propitious quali- ties. When the shell cracked the con- jurers studied the marks in reference to the characters and reached their conclusions with the aid of ancient formulas. Dates Back to Early Times. The custom itsclf dates from very early times. In China, where it orig- inated, a stag shoulderblade was often used. The Yase village was the lucky one repeatedly. Again and again her youths carried the Kashikodokoro in the procession, It finally became tra- ditional and at present they are chosen without recourse to divination. The procession moves slowly, both in Tokio and Kyoto, where it makes its way from the station to the Nijo Palace, the imperial palace. One interesting feature is the provision made for the aged. All people over 80 are given seats along the route of the progress. * Sake cups are given to all aged in the empire as souvenirs. At the 1915 coronation many thousands of these lacquered cups were distributed. In a country where ancestors are reverenced old age has an important value. At the Nijo Palace the Emperor re- mains in residence until the ceremonies. In 1915 the trip from Tokio was broken by an overnight stop at Nagoya, and ilte same thing will be done this year. On the 10th of November the coro- nation takes place. Hirohito will make his way to the shrine called Shinko-den (Spring Rise Hall), which will be built on the palace grounds for the occasion. All Shinto rituals emphasize purity. In every conceivable place new material is used. Thus the clothing and build- ings are usually made for the exclusive For the same reason, purity, the builders and participants of the various ceremonies, in fact, all having to do with the ceremonies in any way, undergo special purification acts. This means that not cnly the Emperor and the priests, but the cooks and the dis- tillers, those who fashion the silk for the robes and those who build the sanc- ;ua[;‘le all are “purified” for their uties. oA White Robes of Silk. Heavy, pure white silk is used in the robes of the Emperor for part of the ceremcnics. These are fashioned after the old native Japanese styles, The silk has a woven pattern made up of the phoenix, griffin, bamboo and paulownia. ‘The phoenix is a legendary bird, which appears only during the relgn of a wise ruler. It lives on bamboo and the roots of tlLe paulownia, so the presence of these two signify a desire for a wise reign. The griffin is another legendary bird, which represents the extraordinary and the mysterious. The pattern is re- peated 24 Times On his head the Emperor wears a curious headdress that was an imperial badge in ancient times. It consists of a small skull cap that supports a spreading, erect horn at the back. Originally it was used to hold the cue of hair and later it was retained as a mere ornament Others than the Em- peror are permitted to wear the horn on their headdress, but only he has the privilege of wearing it erect. Offi- clals have it turned down as a badge of cffice and guards wear it rolled up. ‘The whole headdress is decorated with jewels and the metal, sometimes of gold, sometimes of copper, is engraved and plerced. ‘The Emperor, accompanied by high priests, enters the Shinko-den. Out- side this building on either side of a wide approaching aisle two long pa- appeared and the little girl turned to her and said: “He's O. K. so far, mother. I8 there anything else you want to know?” vilions have been erected, with seats for the invited guests. However, aside from the march to the Shinko-den the ceremony is invisible, even to these Hirohito Officially to Rule in the great shrine at Ise dedicated to| privileged. ‘The Emperor enters the shrine alone. Here in the presence of the Sacred Treasures he announces to his imperial ancestors that he, the rightful_heir, is in possession of the Secred Treasures and i3 about to ascend the throne. This is purely a religious ritual. He makes a holy promise in the nature of a prayer that his reign will be patterned after the virtues sym- bolized in the three insignia. On his emergence from the shrine, cannon an- nounce the accession and the whole nation rejoices. Medals are struck to commemorate the event and bear suitable decorations of the traditional sort. One of these medals is presented to each invited guest as a souvenir of the honor that has come to him, and, curiously enough, the right to wear the medal is in- heritable. The guests are invited with the traditional rigid etiquette in mind. Among those privileged are repre- sentatives of foreign powers, princes of the blood, holders of decorations (this includes foreign holders of Japanese decorations also), direct appointees, citizens of the rank of ichii, ducal rank, president and vice president of the Diet and the prefectural councils. At the coronation of Taisho Tenno in 1915 there were about 1,700 persons present. Newspapers were also allowed to send representatives. The second ceremony consists of the actual enthronement. In the Shishin- den (Purple Eaves Hall) Hirohito will ascend the Takami Kura, the honorable high throne. Here the robe he wears is red, a deep maroon silk bearing the same imperial design that graced the At his side the Emperor baton is a symbol of his office, but again we note the religious origin, for, like the headdress. we find that it is not an exclusive privilege, although it appears to have imperial significance. Nobles down through the fifth rank may use the ivory shaku. Description of Throne. This time, in the actual presence of the peers, he ascends the throne. The throne rests on a black lacquer dais approached by about four shallow steps. The dais is railed and highly decorated with phoenix and other ancient de- signs. The throne itself is eight-sided, of red lacquer and embellished with decorations. The roof is supported at the angles and the open sides are cur- tained with silk which was drawn back in the last coronation, allowing the Emperor to be visible. Mounted at each angle of the roof and on the peak is a golden cock, as a reward for the important part the cock played by crowing when the Sun Goddess ap- peared. The premier, as representative of the assemblage, approaches the throne and makes a deep obeisance. At this signal the Emperor reads his first formal re- script, which again is an announcement of his accession and a reiteration of his pledge. Thus he makes a solemn promise not only to his ancestors but to his subjects also. At the conclusion the premier ascends the dais and makes a reply for the people, in which he acknowledges that the Emperor displays the desired qualities so beautifully sym- bolized in the Sacred Treasures. He as- sures the Emperor that the people are loyal. At this ceremony the actual ac- cession is completed. Observes Third Ceremony. The third ceremony departs from the first two in that the Emperor is an observer. At the time of the reappear- ance of Amaterasu, the Sun Goddess, it was a dance that really brought her out of the cave and put an end to the dreaded eclipse. That dance has come down through the religious history of Japan and appears in Shinto rituals. It is always performed at the corona- tion. This Kagura dance, as it is called. has developed into a pantomimic dance that portrays dramatically many of the high spots in the adventures of Japa- nese heroes. It lasts about 10 hours and is performed by several dancers The graceful posturing is enacted before | | the Kashikodokoro. In the fourth ceremony the Emperor || This | | again becomes the protagonist. event is called the Chin Konsai (ritual of soul pacification). The simplicity of the symbolism stirs the fancy, per- haps, even more than the others. Emperor stands in his heavy padded silk robes and slowly turns about. At each of the eight points of the compass he pauses and shakes his robes in order that he may free himself from all im- purities. By this act he gains peace of soul, and thus cleansed, he is able to commence a righteous and prosper- ous reign. There is something charming. in this, as though the spotless white silk gained purity from the will of its || wearer. The fifth ceremony takes us back to primitive Shinto ritual. It is called the Daiposai, or Thanksgiving. The Emperor performs the thanksgiving in the strict- est solitude. For the purpose, a building which we would describe as a long cabin is put up. wooden material, joined by wooden pegs and bound together by vines. Standing as it does on sanctified ground, lighted by uncertain flickering pine torches, the humble nature of the Emperor's communion with his ancestors is em- phasized. He wears pure white raw silk. because that is the purest material known. He remains throughout the night, first feasting with his imperial ancestors and then praying. Two banquets, one purely Japanese and the other European in every detall, are celebrated after the conclusion of the ceremonies. Visits Various Shrines. On November 20 the Emperor starts his visit to the various shrines, The first visit is to the Shrine of Ise. This is a purely Shinto shrine, which has been undefiled by other creeds. It is dedicated to the Sun Goddess and, as mentioned above, holds within its sacred walls the Sacred Mirror and the very sacred image of the goddess. The shrine of the first Emperor, Jimmu Tenno, will also receive a visit. Other shrines which the Emperor visits are the shrines of Meiji (his own grand- father), Komei, and Ninko. He then returns, on the twenty-sixth, to Tokio. Here again he performs religious cere monies, this time at the sanctuaries within the imperial palace. These occur on the twenty-eighth and twenty-ninth. On the thirtieth of November the last duty, which fittingly concludes the cere- monies of accession, is his visit to the ‘Taisho Tenno Mausoleum, where his father rests. GIVE 3 SECONDS toeasepainfulcorn? oy O matter how sore your corn, this new way dead- ens pain in 3 seconds. A touch of amaz- ing scientific liquid and corn shrivels up. You pick it off easily. Doctors use it and millions of others. Beware of imitations. Get the real “Gets-It"—for sale every- where. “GETS-IT,” Inc., Chicago, U.S.A. GETS-IT ———— \ N N N \ \ \ \ \ ‘The | | It is made of the rudest || D. C., SEPTEMBER 23, 1928—PART 2. HOUSE & HERRMANN SEVENTH AND EYE ST HOUSE & HERRMANN Featuring Suites Examples of “Furniture of Merit” W?‘ want you to knc:w this store better; and to realize more clearly yhnt Furniture of Merit” really means to you—in continued satisfac- tion—and economical saving. These Suites offer proofs that will justify your preference for them. 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