Evening Star Newspaper, September 23, 1928, Page 31

{1 - AS CHARACTER REVEALERS Educators Agree That They Disclose Valuable Information, But Say the Picture Is BY THOMAS R. HENRY. NTELLIGENCE tests, long sub- jected to cynical criticism be- cause of the biased enthusiasm of some of their proponents, appear to have become a standard part of the American school system during the past few years. Educators generally are agreed that they reveal something about the indi ‘vidual boy or girl. Whether or not they furnish a measure of “intelligence” de- | pends upon how narrow a meaning one willing to accept for the word. They furnish, however, a necessary and con- venient standard for grouping children —provided that they are applied with discrimination and that the results are not_accepted as a final criterion. With the actual application of the tests in most city school systems and in colleges much of the opposition to them has died aw: hey are better than mere “guesswork” &s a means of forming sound judgments. Th mean more than accidental high or low marks in the classroom. Give Incomplete Picture. after all, they do not reveal They tell nothing about the will racter of the individual. They provide a very incomplete picture of the actual boy or girl upon whom judg- ment must be passed. T is ‘need of a more searching anal, the kind of thing upon which “good judges of human nature” pride themselves. This need is felt especially by Amer- fcan colleges. Their facilities are lim- ited. Nearly all of them applications for -admission than they can possibly accept. They want to separate the wheat from the chaff be- fore wasting any money on those who are not adaptable to education. As y however, they have found no scientific | way of doing so. Intelligence tests applied to appli- cants have not yielded satisfactory re- splts. Judgment based on marks re- ceived in high school has been found still more unsatisfactory. In a different and more stimulating environment the dullard in the secondary school often proves an extremely brilliant student. Confidential inquiries of the high school principal, the local clergymen, etc., usually are worse than useless. The boy | almost always is described as a com- bination of Sir Galahad and Abraham incoln. Better Tests Studied. ‘The problem of devising some more satisfactory means of judging the in- dividual as a unit has been placed in the hands of the American Council on Education, 26 Jackson place, and is| being worked out by a commiitee| headed by D. A. Robertson, the assist- ( ant secretary. A tentative personality | rating scale has been drawn up by | this committee. It seeks to provide a means of penectrating to the roots of character. The qualities listed are those particularly desirable in college students, but they might be rearranged 80 as to apply in other walks of life. Doubtless, Mr. Robertson says, there are “good judages of human nature." ‘There are men who can estimate an individual rather accurately from a few minutes’ conversation. Successful ex- ecutives sometimes have this quality. It is rather common in a narrow way with high-power salesmen. But it is urely instinctive. The person possess- | ng it seldom can give specific reasons upon which he forms his judgments. He doesn’t know what they are. He simply “feels” various weaknesses and strengths in the person before him. He makes frequent mistakes. There is no infallible “judge of human nature,” and the man who is right two-thirds of the time is little short of a genius. Such a judgment never is purely visual and physical—based on a pressed suit, neat hair cut, dirty fingernails, shoes run down at the heels, etc. It has been pretty well cstablished that these things have no fundamental meaning. Opinions based upon them mean very little, and are just as likely as not to be wrong. The Horatio Alger school of success is pretty well dis- credited. The “gond judge of human nature” must see something underneath the clothes and the skin. What is that he sees? Probably every individual carries his personality about with him like an open book—if anybody is capable of reading it. Science and Art Cross. Right here, Mr. Robertson holds, is where the pathways of science and art cross. He goes to Shakespeare. Chaucer, Browning, Dickens and Thackeray for his psychology of personality. These men could pick with the instinct of genius the one thing which made a personality and express it in a word or & phrase. Hamlet, for instance, was a dreamer and a man without fundamental tenac- ity of purpos-. How does the reader know this? SI - “espeare never says so in so many wc ;. He never attempts to analyze the character of the Dane. He simply portrays those actions and repeats those words that lead the reader instinctively to feel just what sort of a man Hanflet was. Why can’t the rcader do the same thing with John Jones and Susie Smith? Why can't one pick out from the actions and words of anybody those things which lead to as unerring a conclusion as is formed concerning the character of Hamlet from consider- ing the things Shakespeare picked out? Progress in judging personality, Mr. INTELLIGENCE TESTS FAIL | to the ave more | Incomplete. Robertson belicves. must be made along approximately this road. The school teacher tells the college | entrance board that a certain boy who has applied for admission is lazy. That |is his general impression of the subject under consideration. Why do you think he is lazy? Mr. Robertson and his com- | mittee ask. In order to support your judgment you must give specific in- ances in which he is lazy—specific instances which, if Shakespeare had applied them to a character, would de- note to the reader constitutional lazi- ness. A general impression that So- and-so is lazy means nothing. Just how and why is he lazy? Personality Scale Devised. After an intensive study of the situa- tion and many eliminations for the sake of simplification, Mr. Robertson and his colleagues have devised a personality rating scale composed of five searching | major questions which will be addressed e whose opinion of a prospective sought. e_questions are as follow: is appearance and manner | is he avoided, tolerated, unnoticed, well liked or sought? Docs he need constant prodding or does ahead with his work without t does he need much prod- ding in doing ordinary assignments or ional prodding. does he do ordi- nments of his own accord; docs complete suggested supple- mentary work; does he seek and set for himself additional tasks? Does he get others to do what he wishes; is he probably unable to lead | his fell : is he satisfied to have others take the lead; does he sometimes lead |in minor affairs; does he sometimes |lead in important affairs; does he dis- play marked ability to lead his fellows | and make things go? How does he control his emotions? Is he too easily moved to anger or fits of depression; does he tend to be over- emotional; is he unresponsive and apa- thetic; does he tend to be unrespon- sive; is he usually well balanced, and does he show unusual balance of re- sponsiveness and control? Has he a program with definite pur- poses in terms of which he distributes his time and energy? Is he an aimless trifler, does he just aim to “get by"; has he vaguely formed objoctives; does he direct his energies effectively with a fairly definite program, or is he en- B¢ d in realizing well formulated ob- Jectives? May Picture Personality. The answers to_these questions may | mean a great deal, furnishing a_fairly complete picture of the personality of the individual. But this is the case only where they are supported by spe- cific instances with the circumstances well analyzed. For each answer rea- sons are required. “Even more important than the opinion expressed by the rating scale,” says Mr. Robertson, “is the basis for that opinion. Disraeli's wife is said to have declared that he had high moral courage but no physical courage. It might be said that she gave him a high rating in one case and a low rat- ing in the other. As his wife she must have had opportunity to observe the traits in question and thus to qualify as a reliable rater. But what were her standards of physical and moral cour- age? What did she mean by saying he had no physical courage? She went on to explain that when her husband stepped under his shower bath he did not have the courage to pull the cord which brought the cold water down ;llpon him and she had to pull it for im. “It is desired not only to know the rating of an individual by a given rater, but to have at the same time indica- tion that the rater is competent to see accurately significant modes of con- duct and to record his observations ef- fectively for the guidance of others. Observation is the basis of useful de- scription of personality. Considered As Whole. “But even if there is opportunity to observe, the teacher may not know what to look for. Do not seek to iso- late illustrations of conduct if they throw light on more than one phase of a student’s personality, for after all the whole personality if the thing to be un- derstood. Especially remember that the effort is not to present an abstract quality, like greed or any other of the deadly sins in a medieval morality | st THE SUNDAY BY TEELE STARK. IROHITO, on November the tenth of this year, makes his way up the steps of the lacquered dais at the imperial palace in Kyoto, the 123d member of his family to ascend the'throne of Japan. He as- sumes imperial dignity as a compara- tively young man, having been born in April, 1901. His youth has never, how- ever, tended to relieve him from heavy duties of state. In the early years of Yoshihito’s reign, the state affairs be- came too much for the emperor’s frail health and he found it necessary to re- tire from active duty. Thus in 1919 Hirohito, the crown prince, assumed the regency and acted for his father in all matters. Yoshihito fell ill in the Fall of 1926, and from this iliness he did not rally. At Christmas he died amid the grief, not only of the imperial family who were constantly at his beside, but of the whole nation, which had prayed for his re- covery for many weeks. At his demise the customary bestowal of a death name BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is a brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended September 22: * K K ¥ The British Empire.—The Prince of Wales and his brother, the Duke of Gloucester, are in Africa, ostensibly to play, but an individual such as one finds in “the theater of today or in life. Biography illustrates the same evolu- tion from the utterly laudatory praise of a national hero to the true. presenta- tion of the real man. So let there be integration of the whole personality. “In recording observations. one is practicing a very high art—the art of Dante. Chaucer and Shakespeare. Shakespeare’s characterization of Robin Ostler, ‘who never joyed since the price of oats rose,’ is more helpful in under- standing Robin than a check-mark to indicate that ‘he is too easily moved to fits of anger and depression.” From this and other great dramatists we learn to describe character through significant, consistent actions and ut- terances.” Mr. Robertson urges systematic train- ing in this art of portraying character in college composition courses where students, fresh in their study of the classics, could be made to write per- sonality sketches of classmates or well known persons about the college. Brilliance of Former Czarist Capital Fades as Leningrad Bows to Moscow RY JOHN GUNTHER. Rough statistics tell the story of the rise of Moscow and the fall of Lenin- grad. Once the population of Mos- cow was approximately 1,000,000 and now it is 2,000,000. Once the popu- lation of Leningrad was 2,000,000 and now it is 1,000,000, or a little less. Of course, the cities were always very different. Moscow is individual, both curlously shoddy and curlously flamboyant; Leningrad is cast in quite an ordinary mold—it might be Copen- hagen. Moscow is an Asiatic camp, frozen into immobility on the vast plain; a camp built outward from a fortress, bound by concentric rings which were once walls and now are boulevards. Leningrad is a western city with wide streets rectangularly designed, & city built as a whole and for all time. The difference between them is prob- ably more acute now than it ever was. ‘The change in population explains it. Moscow is jammed, facing probably the most serious housing shortage in Eu- rope. It is the seat of the government, and hence of all the centralized activity out of which a government functions. Something throbs in Moscow. People hurry. Noise whistles through the crooked, climbing, cobbled streets. Mos- cow is on the make. Leningrad Desolate. And Leningrad is desolate. Rows upon rows of empty houses stare through broken windows to broad, smooth streets—empty. In both cities may be detected a certain physical decrepitude, but in Leningrad it is worse. Moscow is ramshackle because there's po time to repair it. Leningrad is de- gerted because there are no people left. Life is slow. Leningrad rises stonily and salutes the shadow of its past. Yet to go from Moscow to Lenin- grad is an exhilaration. This may | sound perverse. But I found it so. 1 Most visitors agree. In Leningrad there are parks, birds singing, the sheen of moving water, quiet people, unhurried faces, spaciousness. And still the white lights burn in Leningrad. It isn't a capital any more, but politics cannot change the marvelous Summer twilight when the sky turns blue at midnight and white at dawn. I found, too, & sense of stabllity and security in Leningrad which in Moscow is somehow lacking. In Moscow one is too deeply submerged in politics. Mos- cow is both tense and dense. One has little sense of freedom there. Up in Leningrad, 12 hours away by the straightest railroad line ever built, one breathes again. Science Holds On. ‘Then, too, a pretty good case might be made out that Leningrad is still the cultural center of Russia. The royal stables are a proletarian garage—true. The palaces are museums, and the Brit- ish embassy a workman's club—out on the island the great houses of the notables have become rest homes for trade unionists. All these obvious changes have occurred. But the Acad- emy of Science still works in Leningrad, 5o does Dr. Pavlov in his lahoratory, 5o does the Academy of Fine Arts and the great university. And the Hermit- age is certainly one of the supreme museums of the world. Nothing much remains of Leningrad but a shell, but lacquering the shell is that last thing ever to depart from a city—culture. In Russia almost everything purely decorative has disappeared; life is strip- ped bare. In Leningrad this return u; primitiveness is extraordinarily com- plete. An Irishman from New York, Nicolas heran, discovered and operated the first coal mine in Western Canada at the city of Lethbridge, Alberta, in 1372, This discovery has just received tardy recognition and honor at the little town. hunt extensively in sundry African de- pendsncies of the United Kingdom. But the quidnuncs will have it that the chief object of the trip is to whip up interest thoroughout the United King- dom in those dependencies as flelds for British enterprise and investment, and we hear that the British press is to publish, along with accounts of the ex- ploits of the nimrods, descriptions of the areas so honored—to be plain, economic publicity stuff. On the 13th the princes arrived at Cairo, visited the museum there to glimpse the reliques of and pertaining to Tut-ankh-Amen and paid their respects to the Pyramids and the Sphinx. The next day they took steamer for Mombassa, chief port and largest town of the crown colony of Kenya. Kenya has an area of 223,000 square miles and a population of about 2,650,000, including 12,500 Europeans. Lord Cushendun has given an inter- esting explanation of the so-called Franco-British agreement respecting armaments. He sald that an impasse having arisen in the preparatory dis- armament commission over the draft conventions severally submitted to that body by the French and British gov- ernments, the French and British gov- ernments undertook to reconcile the differences. The agreement reported a working compromise not fully satisfac- tory to either party, but acceptable in the interest of harmony as a basis for facilitating the work of the commission. The Mauretania, which is always breaking records, has just broken two more. She made the trip from New York to Plymouth in 5 days and 6 minutes and the trip from Cherbourg to New York in 5 days 2 hours and 34 minutes. She is 22 years old, the oldest of the great liners. Capt. McNeil, her skipper, has been at sea 44 years and in the Cunard Line service 31 years, i France.—Senator Henrl Cheron has been appointed minister of commerce and industry in succession to the late Maurice Bokanowski. He had been re- porter of the Senate finance commis- sion since 1925 and very active in that capacity. He was once minister of agriculture. Laurent Eynac has been made head of the new ministry of aviation, an appointment highly applauded. He had been undersecretary for aviation in eight cabinets. Great religious celebrations, under the auspices of the Bishop of Rheims, were held recently at Epernay (the cham- pagne center of France, not far from Rheims) in honor of the Monk Perignon, reputed to have put the sparkle into champagne 200 years ago. Perignon was the cellarist of Haut- villlers Abbey, and who will deny that he was one of the world’s great bene- factors? * K ok K Ttaly—We are told that Premier Mussolini is about to submit to Parlia- ment a bill which provides for making the Fascist grand council a permanent feature of the machinery of state, with functions curiously resembling those of the College of Cardinals. More of this most_important_evolution as exact in- formation comes to hand. Italy has made a new commercial agreement with Russia. The report, however, that a three-cornered Italo- Greek-Turkish agreement has been con- STAR., WASHINGTON, D. €, SEPTEMBER 23, 1928—PART 2. EMPEROR AND EMPRESS OF JAP. Taisho Tenno, which means Emperor of the Era of Great Justice. On December 28, 1926, Hirohito held his first formal audience. Garbed in the uniform of generalissimo of the army, with the imperial insignia at his side and accompanied by the Empress clothed in deep mourning, he read his first an- nouncement to the assembly, declaring his succession. This is in no way to be confused with the coronation, which takes place only after the formal mourning period has elapsed. There must exist no break in the administra- tion of affairs of state, and therefore his first audience took place but three days after the death of the Emperor. Aside from the heavy grief and strain of the funeral and the taxing etiquette of mourning, the imperial duties were, in the main, but a continuation of the duties of the regency, for Hirohito, as regent, was Emperor in all but name. Further, only the actual coronation can usher in authentically the newly created era of showa, which auspiciously means radiant peace. There is a wearisome number of ob- was made and he is now remembered asservers who return from the Orient and summated would seem incorrect; mere- ly Rome is very optimistic of such consummation. Among the minor luminaries centen- nially commemorated this year is Nic- cola Piccini, who was born January 16, 1728, and died in 1800. He produced over 80 operas, many of which were great successes in his lifetime, but he is chiefly remembered today through the references by contemporary writers (Diderot in particular) to the fantastic war carried on in Paris over many years between the Gluckists and Piccinists, the admirers of Gluck and Piccini, re- spectively. The better part of his ma- ture life was spent in Paris. * K ok K China.—The remnant of the An- kuochun (Northern Alliance Army), numbering some 30,000, retreating through eastern Chihli Province before the Nationalists, under the command of Gen. Pai Chung Chi, found'a Man- churian Army barring their entrance into Manchuria. They engaged it, but were finally forced to surrender, though on good conditions; pay long owing down on the nail, a Manchurian farm of three acres without fncumbrances for each soldier, transportation to the new homes, food, fuel and money for the Winter. There was, we are told, con- siderable mutinous sentiment among the Manchurian troops through resent- ment at being required to fight against their old comrades of the Ankuochun. The Nanking government has pro- claimed 25 annual ‘“national humili- ation days” to keep green the memory of certain alleged injuries or insults from foreign countries. This is not re- assuring as to the degree of common sense prevailing at Nanking. There are only about 2,000 American Ma- rines left at Tientsin, * Ok ok X United States of America—Happily the loss of life at Rockford, IIl, from the tornado which struck that town on September 14 was only 8 instead of the 50 or more announced by the first dispatches. “Once more, O ye laurels,” as Milton would say. Robert Jones of Atlanta again wins the national golf champlon- ship in the final match, T. Phillip Per- kins, British amateur champion, being overwhelmed 11 up and 10 to play. Jones now has four national amateur championships to his credit, equaling the record of Travers, or, rather, beating it, for Travers won four champlonships in seven years, whereas Jones has won four in five. The Frenchman, Cochet, most ex- quisite of tennis artists, won our na- tional singles tennis championship, de- feating Hunter in the final match by three sets to two. Hunter won great admiration by playing beyond himself throughout the tournament. This Is the third season in succession that a Frenchman has won this event, Lacoste having won it in 1926 and 1927. It is estimated that the 1928 output of the standard airplane factories in the United States will exceed 3,500 planes, representing a business of over $100,- 000,000. The 1927 output of airplanes of all types in this country was about 2,000. It is interesting and significant to note in this connection that in the United States during 1927 only about 1700 steam locomotives and 300 Pullman flars were turned out. Wichita, Kans., as center. In that city and in its vicinity there are 12 factories turning out air- planes, airplane motors, ete. In the New York area one finds the Chance Vought Corporation at Long Island City, which specializes in standard Navy planes; the Fairchild Aviation Corpora- tion at Farmingdale, Long Island; the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Co. at become a considerable aviation | mew over the topsy-turviness of the East, and it is with great hesitancy that one calls attention to the fact that the Japanese coronation is not a coronation in the Western sense. There is no crown, and if there were, there would be none in the land exalted enough to place it on Hirohito’s brow, for he is the highest priest of his country. It is an enthronement which consists of a series of ceremonies rather than a single event. These ceremonies are wrapped in great antiquity, of religious origin, and for that reason make a fascinating study. We of the West have borrowed and adapted from each other until our several coronations possess but a single vattern. The Japancse, in their detach- ment, have held purely to the customs of their ancestors and the result, far from topsy-turvy, is an expression pos- sessing traccable cause and meaning. The Perry expedition, which inaugu- rated the first Western contact, set forth in 1853 and accomplished its treaty in the following year. Since that time there have been but two enthronements. The first took place in 1863, when t} country was just emerging from tii Garden City, Long Island, which spe- clalizes In standard Army planes; the Fokker Alrcraft and Atlantic Aircraft Cos. in New Jersey; the Wright Aero- nautical Corporation at Paterson, N. and the Pratt & Whitney Co. at Har ford, Conn. With the exception of the Curtiss Co., the larger aircraft manu- facturers no longer build their own motors. The Wright Co. and the Pratt & Whitney Co. (Hornet and Wasp engines) produce all the standard air- cooled aircraft engines being manu- factured in the United States. Aviation expansion s no doubt the most striking development of our time. * K KK The Hurricane.— The hurricane which did much devastation® in Porto Rico on September 13 proceeded northwest. Nassau and Florida waited with bated breath, praying that It might be deflected eastward; but in vain. There is something hideous and grotesque about such waiting; like watching the approach of a djinni. Nassau and other Bahama Islands suffered a good deal of material dam- age (though not comparable, it would seem, to that of Porto Rico), but, appar- ently, little or no loss of life. On the 15th the hurricane struck the East Coast of Florida in a swath about 90 miles wide, roughly between Jupiter and Miami. West Palm Beach was hit hardest, Miami escaping with only slight damage. On swept the terror, pointed toward Tampa, but just short of Tlm‘)u it was deflected northward. Gradually subsiding in violence, it careered on along the coasts of Geoorgia and the Carolinas, on Wednesday, the 19th, swerving northeastward over the Atlantic near Cape Hatteras. The mortality in Florida is conservatively estimated at about 1,000, the majority drowned through the overflowing of its bank by Lake Okeechobee; while per- haps 15,000 families require Red Cross assistance. Though there was serious damage to property in Georgia and the Cnrol?nu, apparently few lives were lost. Gradually details reach us of the earlier career of the hurricane. It seems first to have struck the Lee- ward Islands, then in succession the virgin Islands and Porto Rico. Guade- loupe was even more cruelly visited than Porto Rico. In a population of only about 230, the known dead number 660. Pre ably other of the Leewards suffered proportionately. ‘The destruction of shipping along the route of the storm was, of course, considerable, but apparently much less than was to be feared. The City of New York, Byrd's ship on the way to the Antarctic, escaped by a hair, and 80, too, the Orcoma, the ship in which Sir Austen Chamberlain, British for- elgn secretary, was recuperating. Conservative estimates indicate a death total in Porto Rico of not less than 1,000. Terrible damage was done to the standing crops. Judge Payne, chairman of the American Red Cross, announces that reports in his hands in- dicate not less than 400,000 persons destitute and entirely dependent on the Red Cross for food, clothing, shelter and medical aid, in a total Porto Rican population of about 1,500,000. The Virgin Islands (population about 16,000) g;re smitten about as severely as Porto co. ‘The American Red Cross is display- ing its customary zeal and efficiency toward rellef of Porto Rico, the Virgin Islands and Florida. *All contributions should be forwarded to the nearest local Red Cross chapter, or to the American National Red Cross headquarters offices at Washington, St. Louls or San Fran- cisco.” Mr., Hoover agrees with Judge Payne that $5,000,000 is & minimum Hirohito Officially to Rule Japanese Emperor, in November, Becomes 123rd Member of Family to Ascend the Throne —Wide World Photos. feudal period and still on the whole en- tertained superstitious fear of the for- eigner. The second occurred in 19! when Taisho Tenno became emperor, and was the first one which granted at- tendance to_accredited foreign repre- sentatives. It was left to his son to b2 the first of the imperial line to leave his land and visit the West. So it takes no sage to realize that what little color, if any, the West has laid on these cere- monies may be considered superficial and may be credited to Japanese in- dulgence. In 1872, in order to free more com- pletely the imperial family from the power of the shogun, the capital was removed from Kyoto to Tokio, the eastern capital. Kyoto remained ths religious capital and the emperors con- tinued to be enthroned in that city. So since that time there has developed an elaborate processional ectiquette. The new Emperor will leave the imperial palace in Tokio on November 6. Ac- companied by the Empress, he will slow- ly_make his way to the statio The The Story the Week Has Told estimate of the total immediately re- quired. AR ‘Woolworth.—The greatest achievement of the latest expedition to Mongolia under the auspices of the American Museum of Natural History, under the command of Roy Chapman Andrews, was the discovery of considerable bony fragments of an extinct animal far larger than any other animal known to have adorned our planet; larger than the brontosaurus, the diplodocus, the stemosaurus or the triceratoph, larger even than the baluchitherium, hitherto deemed hugest; twice as big as Bar- num’s Jumbo. He is estimated to have been 25 feet tall up to the ridge of his back, and to have weighed about 20 tons. Two front teeth found measure 14 inches long, 7 inches wide, and over half an inch thick. A human six-footer in a top hat—had anything so prepos- terous then floated about—could have walked under the pretty dear without touching his belly. With pleasant humor the discoverers named him ‘Woolworth. But why did Woolworth pass away? For a variety of reasons, no doubt. His size was abnormal, unquestionably due to disease of the pituitary gland. (As reconstructed the head is seen to have been disproportionately huge, as with our bulldog, which is known to have a diseased pituitary.) He fed chiefly on tree tops. When he flourished such food was abundant, as Mongolia, now mostly arid desert, was then well watered and rich in vegetation. But the climate changed, the supply of tree tops disastrously dwindled, and, what is more to the point, Woolworth was a singularly unadaptive and fatuous animal; more fatuous than the dodo, cven. He was preposterously over- specialized, and he didn't have sense enough to do like many another animal and seek a new habitat. Or did he go and did Nostalgia bring him home to die? At any rate, whether it was the dirty trick played by his pituitary, or this or that, perish he did, how many millions of years ago? o 1,160,000 Fascists At Night Schools Italy's “dopolavoro” movement, which is a government institution to provide instruction, education and entertain- ment for workmen in their spare time, is a kind of vast state evening school, where the paternal hand of fascism guides its citizens even in their leisure moments. ‘The word “dopolavoro” means “after work,” and the movement may be called the workmen's spare-time institution. It organizes sporting centers for the workmen of Italy, provides libraries and classes in shorthand, typewriting and foreign languages, together with nightly lectures in general culture. Founded two years ago, the institu- tion now numbers 1,160,000 members and is steadily growing. Dramatic socleties and amateur orchestras are run under its direction, and every night the three radio stations of Italy allot 10 minutes to a “dopolavoro” talk. The government believes that evening education and leisure-time study are too important to be left in the hands of private organizations. There is, of course, no obligation on fascist work- men to join the movement. Funds are provided by a small weekly contribution paid by both employers and workmen, together with their state insurance dues. This contribution, amounting to only a few cents weekly, is obligatory on all Italian workmen, A (Continued on Fifth Page.) Extent Loss of Libe BY GASTON NERVAL. express their dissatisfaction and government, the day for such demonstration was no other than the pointment of Primo de Rivera as head and dictator of the Spanish peninsula. Precisely, on this same day when all Spain was commemorating with the greatest of extravagances the fifth an- niversary of its dictatorial regime, the cable revealed the amazing discovery of a new conspiracy to overthrow the government, the principals involved in this conspiracy being no other than the well known Communistic faction. This agitation would be no less than the sweeping tail and effects of the menac- ing Communistic ideas which for years have been obstructing the development of good governments. Beginning with Germany, then Central Europe and China, with a more or less small propa- ganda in South America, the great evil effects toward Spain. in Nation TRANGE enough as it ma® seem, | when the Spaniards undertook to | overthrow their present form of | day of the fifth anniversary of the ap-| of peace would then turn its devastating | | » [ SPAIN BELIEVED WEARY OF DICTATORIAL REGIME rty Is Preferable to Progress Is Great Issue Involved ’s Affairs. rebellion, which the authorities are for- tunate enough to smother. That that feeling of dissatisfaction toward the present form of government cannot be expressed more loudly is not a secret to the well minded individual who well knows the fate of men involved in op- posing strong governments. Needless to say that political leaders, agitators and rebels which were discovered at their machinations have been banished from their native land and suffer in solitude their misfortunes. Although these con- ditions ex it could not be said that the greal of the country are satisfied with the actual regime. For even the same situation which exists in Russia and Italy, where the dictatorial regimes of the proletarians and Fascisti faction prevailing have upheld their ideals to such an extent as to create a new state of affairs all of their own, does not exist in Spain. The Spaniards, born and reared with rebellion and pride in their hearts, have always been against undue mani- festations of power. Tyranny has never endured long in the peninsula. There a natural instinct in the Spaniard against dictatorial governments. Their However, this revolutionary movement appears as being no more than the under-handed machinations of a few professional politicians, who, tired of their subjugation. aimed at doing away { with the dictatarial regime. To this end. i they cloaked themselves with the shield of Communism, as was done on previous occasions under the names of the army and the nobility. Notwithstanding the fact that the present form of govern- ment appears to be popular in the eyes of the public, it must be taken for grant- ed that the continuous revolts and dis- satisfaction among politicians lead but to one conclusion, and that is: That the dictatorial regime does not enjoy the popularity which is otherwise at- tributed to it. Not long ago, the dictator's marital engagement led to great comment re- specting the inminent retirement of the Marques de Estella. Heated arguments and debates among politicians attributed far more reaching consequences to this eventful marriage than merely those which would customarily prevail under the circumstances. Dates were fixed and varfous prominent men were consider- ed for the vacated position to be. At the mere thought of the probable disap- pearance of the dictatorial regime, men of intellectuality and party men ex- pressed their great satisfaction as they looked forward with eagerness, conjec- turing upon the possibility of a new and more democratic government; as to what kind of regime would be more apropriate, discussing at the same time the qualities of the men for the new offices and what not, taking advantage of this condition of affairs to weigh the results attained since 1923, when Primo de Rivera’s government was established. From all these opinions, judgments and conclusions and the constant clamor of the Spanish press, which because of the strict censorship is reduced to a lit- tle more than a sigh, one thing is to be gathered—that being that the citi- zens of the kingdom are dissatisfied and tired of the dictatorial regime. Evidence of this dissatisfaction is very apparent when one observes the politi- cal disturbances, riots and gestures of | easv-going wayvs and the lack of dis- | cipline among themselves, are explained | by their great love for individual lib- | erty. possibly perhaps less advantageous { than imagined by romantic politicians. | In principle, the ideals of the Spanish people cannot accept a dictatorial gov- | ernment, nevertheless, they must accept | 1t, for violence is still the only force that governs the world. The Spaniards do not and will never be adherents of the strong government of the Marques de Estella. At the most, they have to submit and suffer for it, but this sub- mission is undoubtedly .a temporary one, and he who believes this attitude to be a sign of approval and support is very much mistaken. The same thing which occurs in Spain under_the present dictatorship of Primo de Rivera occurs in all strong and powerful governments. The reor- ganization and development of the in- dustrial and financial affairs are fully compensated by the lack of public lib- erties and the suspension of their sov- ereign rights. To other nations, per- haps, this would b~ advantageous because public ideals give way to that which tends to bring about prosperity to their country. There are nations who are born to be guided with an iron hand and who are well adapted to this system. which assures them pros- perity. For the Spanish people, on the other hand, the present dictatorial regime is neither solid nor everlastinz, because there are also nations who would sacrifice everything for the sake of unlimited freedom. Evidently each nation is deserving of special consideration, and in each one the same facts which hold in the others, must be dealt with separately. We cannot, therefore, very well speak in general terms, or hardly individually, when considering the political affairs of countries. For this reason, and be- cause it is still a present fact, we can- not judge very hastily respecting the Spanish dictatorship. The problem it- self, though it may appear simple, how- ever, is very difficult to solve when one endeavors to know as to what extent is the loss of liberty preferable to progress. CONQUERED Twenty-Seven Years After cators Arrived, School BY WALTER ROBB. Twenty-seven years ago, 1901, the United States dispatched from San Francisco to the Philippines a new type of conquerors, 560 school teachers gathered from 42 States, the District of Columbia, Hawaii and two foreign countries. Of these teachers. 400 were men and 160 women, and marriages, some of which took place at San Fran- cisco before the boat, the transport Thomas, sailed, were the order of the day at every port touched. Great fun was made of the teachqrs when they landed at Manila, then a military community with the regui® garrison of thousands of troops aug- mented by troops returned from the Boxer campaign. But the teachers were used to fun-making at their ex- pense; they had been making it them- selves all the way over in the ship's daily newspaper, the Briny Budget, of which they issued at Honolulu a de luxe edition. People Eager to Learn. Arriving at' Manila August 21, they received their assignments and scat- tered into the provinces far and wide to staff the new public schools. Many of the provinces were not completely pacified—never mind, the teachers went into them anyway and offered knowl- edge in lleu of the Krag. The people eagerly accepted the substitute and re- turned to their peaceful pursuits in order that their children might learn the coveted secrets of the printed page. From an attendance of 90,000 or so the enrollment in the public schools has climbed to nearly 1,500,000, and would be double that if the Govern- ment could provide enough schools. But of the original 560 teachers who came to Manila on the Thomas only 25 remain in the islands. However, during every succeeding year the Phil- ippine Government has brought other teachers out from the United States; perhaps 2,000 of the 6,000 Americans AMERICAN PIONEER TEACHERS PHILIPPINE TASK First Consignment of Edu- Enrollment Had Risen to 1,500,000 Pupils. miserable condition and armed resist- ance of petty bands was frequent. Moore, facing single-handed obstacles seemingly insurmountable. achieved vic- tory in three years and made Sulu prosperous and peaceful, and the princi- pal thing that helped him was the pub- lic school. “But we don't want a school!” a stubborn chief would tell him. “Weil, as to that, you don’t even have a site for a school,” Moore would reply. “Now, up at the next village Datu So-and-So has sold me a site for a school. We have hired his men to build a schoolhouse and the job's done; 20 children, boys and girls, are in school there.” Thus working on local pride, Moore got the schools and got them well at- tended; one chief wouldn't have his neighbor getting ahead of him Training for Industry Now. Moore is now on vacation in the United States, and Gov. Stimson has selected another school teacher to suc- ceed him. This man, acting governor of Sulu, is James A. Fugate, as familiar with the language, customs, prejudices and preferences of the Suluanos as any native chieftain is. His teaching m Sulu was as superintendent for 10 years of the Willard Straight Agricultural School, a private school established in memory of Willard Straight and liber- ally supported by Mrs. Spencer of New- port. Thus Gov. Fugate is a champion of schools, especially adapted to edu- cating the Suluanos in industry and farming. and that will be his contribu- tion to Sulu administration. On the island of Siguijof, where Gov. Forbes made him governor in 1909, he got the people to build a system of roads and & water system that are models for other provinces, even today. They did it all without recourse to taxation. Probably no adequate account of the American teacher in the Philippines will ever be written. What is done is re- corded only in the most formal reports, and knowledge of just how it is done, the real, rcmantic story of it, the hero- ism and the self-sacrifice, is fragmen- tary and hearsay. It is brief, like the in the Philippines came here as tcach- ers. Investment of their savings was discouraged from the first, else the pro- portion would be a great deal higher. They could make no investments ex- cept upon approval of their bureau and department—that is, the Government. Consequently, most of them put their savings in the bank and left the islands to make their future in the homeland. Numbers Dwindle. Many, too, died on active duty. Mal- adies provoked by poor sanitation and inadequate diet—conditions inevitabls in the provinces during the earlier years—took many. Now there are fewer than 300 American teachers in the schools, but among the many thousands of Filipino teachers are the first pupils of the American pioneers. These pioneers were not mollycoddles, they were hard-boiled men and women who took hold of their tasks with up- rolled sleeves. It was as important to teach base ball as arithmetic, and cook- ing ranked with grammar. The Fili- pino is as ready a8 the mext man now to settle his altercations with the bare fist—the American soldier and teacher taught him the art of defense withonc resort to the fan-knife or the bolo. The Filipino girl is a neatly clad creature, priding herself upon a clean kitchen and a good home. Helped Pacify Sulu. Abandoning teaching for other ca- reers in the islands, many Americans have climbed high. ' One of the most | ticklish jobs in the islands is the g~ ernorship of Sulu. In 1921 Carl M Moore, a school teacher, was given that job by Acting Gov. Gen. Charles E. Yeater. America had been disgraced in Sulu, public affairs were in & most annals of a happy couple. . “Mussolini’s Forum” Is Laid Out in Rome “Mussolini’s Forum” is to be the name of the latest of Rome's forums. It is being laid out in the new Fascist School for Physical Education at the Farnesina recreation ground on the out- skirts of the capital. A giant monolith, weighing 400 tons, of white Carrara marble, has been do- wated to Il Duce by the consortium which owns the famour marble quarries of Carrara, and will be placed in Mus- solini’s Forum. The great marble obe- lisk is the largest ever extracted from the Carrara quarries, and is alt> stated to be the largest marble monolith in the world. It is 67 feet high and 17 feet wide. Counting the pedestal on which it will stand, it is higher than Trajan’s Column in the Trajan Forum in Rome. Weeks of /work were required at Car- rara to find a whole piece of flawless marble of such dimensions, and the cutting operations were lengthy and difficult. A special road will have to be built by the Carrara workmen, who have offered to do this gratis in their spare to transport the colossal block of ma:%ic 4ewn from the mountainside w the port of Carrara, whence it will be taken by sea to Rome on a specially constructed raft. Il Duce is to compose a motto or inscription to be chisled into the marble.