Evening Star Newspaper, February 26, 1928, Page 32

THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C, TFTEBRUARY 26, 1928—PART o establish themselves as independent = ———— e e e e e to the detall particular prm]ec': 1am not s) Ing of sporadic disorders, eral declaration, not a mn“ frag- Hughes and His Triumph at Havanna e The Story of Civilization ship of fief that the feudal system was (Continued from Third Page.) YT named. * ok Rk If he killed his lord by accident the serf was put to death; if he killed him purposely, he was tortured to death by slow degrees. He might be beaten or % 2 imprisoned at his master's will, without Tealm: it gave them & coherent 1 | Jaw or explanation: if he was Killed, his of enlightened laws, and thereby the se-| ,qcter paid a fine. Any goods left by curity of life and goods which hastened | i when he died went not to his chil- the economic recovery of a continent|gren “put to the lord. If the lord's tom and terrified by pillage and WAT. | jaugnter married, the serfs had to It paved the WAY. Across 700 ¥ears. for | provide a dowry: if the lord was cap- the of the modern state. tured they had to ransom him. If a * ok ok X ser ‘; s?u o]r dnlught;r ‘mnrrled or en- More immediately it established the ffered the church. the lord had to be temporal power and spiritual leader- | Paid a ‘frg. His children could not ship of the papacy. When Charlnnnl!no;“‘a"l’i‘l without the lord's consent, and permitted Lco IIL by an act of mag: ‘f""l“ ’L‘f; more than this was éxacted nificent presumption. to place the Ro- w‘” h (‘c 2 ‘r‘x e. An edict of Ar:gon in the man crown upon his head he lent thr;q“; ;l‘-\l h r(;murv reads: “We decide sanction of his arms to the political ;1" :tl‘ :\N;‘lml the barons shall neither ¢ of the popes in Ttaly, and (Slecp the first night with the bride of alliance of church and statc | & Peasant. nor shall they on the first to become the predominant lx'u‘l . after the ‘woman has gone to bed, ¢ of the Middle Ages. hm_ over said woman or bed in sign of he' popes_could piausibly |thelr authority. " Neither shall " the hat no king deserved nlwdwnfllii“ w-{n barons use the daughter or he had been crowned by the | Son of a peasant. with or without pav, of Christ in Rome; it became n‘am‘"“ their will." (Sugenheim, Serf- aty to obey an anointed king, | Ao, Page 35 " . of the dhim‘frzghd Of | et :.p‘ T Ecsh‘n“ lfi:ds hol;sr n\de {wrf the grace of God"— M mage—i. e.. declare a road that would not | himsclf the lord.s “man® thomo). If generation, Bt also it | e lord visited him he must feed and terdict™—a power to absolve s sca : and. as toda; from fealty B their ing—which ”frcsl;‘ vegetables were almost unknow he papacy. after the death of |!n l‘.o' farmer’s house. The hut was he obliga- i : here, maintaining. the prerogatives i1 the smoke of the fire. lived {ather, lability of the church in its | TI0ther. children. cows dnd pigs. v and personnel. and it i Hléssce t(*“okf S un 'fll" hese condition: arihly territorial right OB s ':‘:;3 . t"““ b{‘é‘"“»“' the BE T it TOM Esipton eniit e | highways iad been Teft {0 decar. famine posed “Donation of Constantine.” We haif the peasant ponu‘l’mfr:n of England, fon of this among cotem- | and nine-tenths of it in many places on the eighth cen- | the Continent; thpse who were stricken ne exhorting Him fo imitate (he | S00 bogive wes Camsicd daiy T tho v of Constantine, and tells him | great hospital of Paris. The only rec- healed | reation and rellef from it all was in rosy and baptised by St. Sil-| whisky, adultery and divine worship. atefully withdrew to Constan- | Doubtless the adaptability of the hu- nd resigned to the popes the [man mind, and the anesthesia of rou- ual sovereignty of Ifaly and the tine made it all tolerable: life was ces of the We: Charlemagne | peacefully regular, and the income, nded wi aughter and to the poj t central sec- | song spread their salve over the wounds of Italy which became the foun- of every dav: and in the dooryards s. An event in | Illacs bloomed. g tory—even wacn it has never taken Rl piace—is like a movement among the| wpe 1ord hims: e 4 i . elf lived in a great it has endless results in SPACE | castle o chateau, usually buflt bs & e combined fortress or home upon some i strategic hill. Round about the castle | ran & moat, hardly to be crossed except {when the drawbridge was down: and i nearly every corner had a tower from { which attacks could be repulsed. The | village grew around the villa, as the | town grew up at the foci of trade. Many jof these old chateaux still surv SO strongly were they made: th are masterpieces of architecture without and prisons of darkness within. Here the baron felt that his home was his enery. to learn the now rare ac- | castle in a very literal sense: his serfs complishment of writing. he ordered | produced all his necessities. and stood the clerics and scholars of his time (in | guard over his person and his property: "789) to open the schools of every parish jand though Charlemagne or Otho 10 such of the people as were lucky might be called the Emperor, and many enough to be males, and to give them {a lesser ‘man King. his rule stopped egain the instrumentalities of civiliza- | with the threshold, where feudal inde- tio: He felt the darkness of his age | pendence and personality began. It was 2and envied the cultural attainments of | in these chateaux, redeemed from their the ancient kings. of whom some tradi- | gloom by courtly women and artistic tion had filtered down through the de- | furniture, that the aristocratic families, eay of letters and of social memory. | traditions and manners of Europe be- |gan vt O Knighthood and chivalry were the One hundred vears before his birth flowers that grew in this dark soil. the supply of papyrus had run short, , watered with the blood and tears of + or trade in it had ceased: now only 50,000.000 slaves. Since the poetry of costly parchment could be had. and it feudal life centered around the exploits seemed sacrilegious 1o use this for any- 'of war and love, the feudal baron thing but hymns and prayers. The prided himself on the power of his lance towns, those crossroads of commerce, and the beauty of his lady. He prac- where ideas had been exchanged as well ticed the art of killing in tournaments as g had melted away into the |and jousts; and since armour made egricultural hinterland, and rural iso- jmedieval battle safer than modern lation had nourished stupidity and | sport, he saw to it that peace should supers n. The great cities that had | never long prevail; periodicall he housed and cherished literature—Athens, | found reasons for leading his vassals Alexandria, Carthage and Rome—had | (minor lords who managed land held in been sacked by invaders, or their li- Dremes had betn deetopéd. and many |Baron whose adjoining territory invited precious manuscripts of classic genius chivalric robbery. A blow on the check :had been lost through indifference, or | made him a knight, a horse and a mis- overtraced with plous lore. St. Jerome | tress made him a chevalier. He keot had condemned the pursuit of learn- ing—those who enjoyed profane litera- ture were in his judgment doomed to 1, and they might consider them- ' pire; but it served extremely well to unify a chaotic Europe, and to consoli- date the power of the growing church. It wove Germany, Austria, Italy, France and The Netherlands into one ordered | d and secure, Charlemagne France, waged further wars then retired to the prosaic life of urt and his concubines. His vir- not include chastity, and he ributed liberally to the birth rate. hese were modest vices for so g. and indicated merely cne a varied appetite which ranged eggs and maidens to philosoph: he hi f could hardly read. Tove in vain, between venison sometimes broke it with his enemies, | lespeclwy if they were “heathen™; with Infl his verse, but in the prose of every da: he looked upon her as a necessary evil, or as occasionally the pleasant instru- ment of the devil: when he left her for distant journeyings he put her charms under strict surveillance, and saw to it that the double standard should be honorably maintained. VA * x o % The Towns. Feudalism was at its height when the . { world almost came to an end in the h a center for diffusion and | year 1000. Throughout Europe the end rom which the {aste for of the tenth century had been awaited le down to the people. | with terror as the millenjum that would called to his aid the g r Alcuin and bade him the royal palace | who ho es ics. strike them dead. was better to recite the rosary than lato or Cicern, Ignorance was dupon as the “mother of devo- . astronomy bzscame astrolog rv became alchemy and biology . became mere fabies of talking animals. Gregory, Bishop of Tours (d. 594), la- the illiteracy of our time. for the | “study of books has perished {rom amnng us | struction of the world: and cven those d for Heaven unaccountably he premature arrival of their Perhaps this dark expectation had discouraged in some measure the carthly encrgy and ambition of men: | when the momentous year and strove to | had passed away, and people continued 1 of a king 10 (o live, suffer, beget and die us before, ! 2n educated man. There in a sense of new life passed through the E school the European mind was | population of Christian Europe, and born apain. with this renovation of spirit the Dark Ages came ‘to an end. Europe began to grow outside of and over the church: the natural vigor of the Teutons lifted up civilization at last to another effort e % Feudalism. Charles the Great dicd, in the tal flaw of monarchies | in creation and heir was a| The first sign of the new life was the hands the eal reappearanc of trade. The manor Charlemagne hi nearly everything that it y grants of land consumed, and had consumed nearly y ; this lack of - | surplus had combined with the decay soidiers (comites) of roads and the lack of currency to tes, and counts, these id these discourage commerce. (marks, | teenth century money began again to nd mar- be coined, and replaced the awkward margraves the Jews created a credit a eon- system for modern finance, The Popes d discouraged banking by branding interest as sinful: but when the Chri: From the ninth cen- tan suw what profits the Jews were ¥ feudu! barons Mmaking by lending money, they drvised hed during | the expedicnt of lending without inier- 2t dom. ¢, merely charging “damages” a oms of cording o the number of days between 1917 3 | the Joan and ita return: Wwith this artistry of phrase everybody was satis- ome messure the new system owed | ed 1y Bhylock soon had hix s origin W snclent Rome. The oon- Antonio Christtan bankers first e { 1% empire had left governors for | D mong the Lombards o % Gomuin. these governors | Morthern Ttaly, and o this day th ik s a thels home, 60T of London Anance s calicd 124 engaged prasas omberd street 0 ad e aand peasls a vl o | “In the earlicr period of s resurre 3 v | tion trade foliowed Jand routes, throagh /3, 3191 | pranktor, Augshurg. Nuremberg, Lyon : unid Geneva, over the Alps to laly ith 1 Venice as the port of the port of Venlee wius once in an empire too fairs; whi v be ruld except by such ins order as had passed with Berye have these Ages might , and from (4 deseenged me woward; of feudsl duys veserved & portion of the r for hi and his planted end without pay w6 1) them str ¢ cach femily W a ted Lhem, ax V80 “ X 000 the Adr Mea) ) with A war while as an aristo- ceatic governed herself through the famous “Council of Ten," ynder a dominating duke or doge, and butlt architecture worthy of the beauty {of Ler liquid streets | v But s the Arabs brought the com- puss from China Into Europesn use, mauriners dared to sail around the At- trade from Itussis snd siession, end | Germany flowed nto the Bale, de- the same. apd | veloping great cities ke N Nov- i mote sy 40 gorod, Dantsig, Lubeck. Bremen, | on the peasants | burg, Cologne snd Antwerp while &nd other cities formed tie Hanseatic rom | League, Vhe most powerful und perve serf worked for his e Urade organizetion that the vorld cver seen, with s bold mot Iriare Necerse est, yIVere non necesse 1n revurn of b i and tra * with the sl | chme, tied 1o the | and parcel of § huts In Jroteeted | Jantic comst 0 return he was ted t keep the vest. He heid thst i not only cleared the sea of fiel (fadth), 3 e, on his| puetes, but waged B successtal war 5 ciey sl the rules of the | egainst Denmark and England All 1A o keep Bl his oblgetions | over Kurope the cities began to free Jord. 14 was from e relation- ' themselves from feudal control and to » fief for him) against some neighboring | his word with his friends, though he|church and the literary triumph of . he felt, there need be no fidel- | ity. He praised woman as & deity in! at | pring the last judgment and the de- | Bat in the thir-| power sprouted in & barter of traveling traders and annual | for 400 years | For a time the league was o powerful | city-states; it was in such free com- munities that the great cathedrals rose, and the art of the renaissance. Even in the village itself, there was a vigor- ous element of democracy. The folk- mote or mir, composed of the heads of families, came together periodically to manage the affairs of the village under the limiting suzerainty of the lord; it was out of the self-rule of these village communities that English and American democracy sprang. As commerce grew, the influx of luxuries from foreign lands stimulated production at home: people were anxious to have & surplus of their own goods to trade for the delightful novel- ties from the Orient. Shops sprang up in the towns, and began to call for “hands.” Serfs escaped from tyranni- cal lords and found employment with merchants and manufacturers who i helped them to hide for a year and a day, after which their masters could no longer claim them. This exodus from the fields, aided by the bubonic plague, so reduced the number of serfs that they were able to demand better terms from the barons. These, through their control of the House of Lords in the English Parliament, had a “statute of laborers” passed, fixing peasant wages and making it a erime to ask for more; but legislation has seldom overcome the laws of supply and de- mand within _frontiers. In 1381 the peasants of England revolted against this law, burnt the homes of many barons and bishops, and destroyed the | registers that recorded the bondage of serfs to lords. The natural movement to the towns was quickened, industry rapidly grew, and serfdom was ended in England before the close of the Middle Ages. In France it diminished far more slowly, kept alive by the late development of industry, and did not quite end until the revolution: in Ger- many it lingered till 1820, and in Rus- sia till 1862, * ok % ok For.the most part the rising indus- tries were carried on in_homes, under the control of guilds. The guilds at first were composed of merchants, but as town industry grew craft guilds were formed of all the “masterwork- men.” A “master” was a master of an art rather than of men; every indus- try was then an art, as now every art becomes an industry. No one was ad- mitted to a craft guild until he had produced & “masterpiece.” The word “mister” is a degenerate descendant of this old term “master”: once, like the term “sir” (from seigneur, or lord), it had something more than its current indiscriminate signification. Those who were not yet masters were apprentices, who often worked man: years without pay to learn their art some others were journeymen, who plied their trade from town to town The guild collectively bought its raw materials and collectively sold its prod- ucts. It controlled prices and kept wages remarkably high for the time: in fifteenth century England the workmen labored only 48 hours a week; trades like masons and carpenters made $30 | ia week, which would be equivalent to 12150 now. For a century the guilds brought prosperity to a large class of industrial workers and played a high role in the building of the Gothic ca thedrals. Then, through continuall raising their initiation fees, through the growing power of the merchant class, and the hostility of rising state, the guilds decaved. and left the way clear to modern capitalism. The home not empty, as todav, throbbed with industry and children. The loom replaced the spinning wheel, except for solitary spinsters, and the new science of chemistry supplied dyes for the textile art. The family still remained the unit of production: in the town as on the land parental authority limited the scope and neces- sity of the state, children were wel- comed as an economic boon, and there- fore motherhool was sacred. The ! status of woman rose as industry | lessened violenae and war and brought prosperity and peace. The medieval conception of woman fluctuated between the forms of a goddess and a devil. It was influenced by the worship of the virgin and the attempt of Christianity to stress femi- nine virtues against the masculine qualities of the warlike Teutons; the passage from Norman to Gothic archi- tecture and from such military chants }as the Chanson de Roland to the | woman-enthroning ecstasy of Provencal | verse svmbolized in the thirteenth cen- | |tury the temporary victory of the; woman. e e e The literature of the later Middle Ages is full of the praise of noble | | ladies, and_accounts the love and service of them (Frauendienst) as the highest thing in life; but the actual| conduct of men on the earth paid| | little attention to the ideals of the| | Troubadours. n the contrary, the| church itself gave plentiful theological I basis to the subjection of woman by ! | holding her responsible for *“original | | sin.” Between Adam and Eve in | paradise.” says Jacques de Vitry (1240), | | “there was but one woman; yet she: {had no rest until she had sucfl‘ed'd‘ of delights and in condemning | | Chi to the torments of the cross” | Even the worship of the Virgin,! though it honored woman as the| Mother of God and made Madonna | |and Child the greatest symbol in Euro- ! pean art, degraded woman by inti-| {mating that the only kind of mother- | s not sinful was par-| a mode of reproduction | familiar to plant lice, but as yet; beyond the powers of the normal wom- | fan. It was the doctrine of the| | church fathers that marriage is a con- | sequence of original sin, and that but | for this first sin God would have pro- | vided otherwise for the maintenance of the species. Doubtless the present | | mode s as silly as any humorist could have conceived; but only a primitive !and barbarous imagination could have folsted the responsibility for it on the | {sex that bears all the brunt of its| absurdity | The medleval mother, then, had to | { listen to the disparagement of marria d the exhaltation of virginity at the | very time when she had to bear chil- | | dren almost to the limit of her capa- | city. Men being too ignorant to keep | the death rate down, women had to keep | the birth rate up. And the house which | she managed was not only full of chil- dren, it was replete and intricate with | every iabor and every care. On the farm the en performed a thou- | sand functions; in the town, very often, | the participated in industry, always re | eetving less pay than the man for the | same work. At home she cooked for the family, wove most of their clothi made their butter and cheese and beer, | preserved their fruit and meat, and played amateur physician to their thou- sand ills, The medieval adage was ght enough some respite 1o hushands the weather may | But huswiue's affalres haue neuer an | end | (Copsriaht 107 | . { Tcebergs in Straits, ‘That us many as 30 huge fcehe | have been seen in the Straits of Magel- llan, has been reported by navigators One was 10 miles long and several were 1,000 feet high, it is said. The unusual | number 12 due Lo severe storms oft Cape | Horn. ‘The region 15 2500 miles from | the Bouth Pole und while lcebergs are 15 seldom that such & number of huge ones have been seen in the 300-mile trip. by Will Durant ) Pacific Flyers Prepare, In prepuring for thelr non-stop fight across the Pacific Ocean next Bum- mer, four fiyers are undergoing special training wt Kasumigura, Japan. A test filght wiil fist be tried The plane wlileh they will use will be shipped to | the Bonins i Lthere the fiyers will bop off for Tokio, Navy war vessels will he posted along | | the youte to render assistance 1 the the Spring and from |} (Continued from First Page.) ministrative position, and that as he becomes familiar with his multitud- inous dutles only through experience, it would not be to the advantage of the Pan-American Union to replace this of- ficer every year. The logic of this ar- gument was effective. * K K X Mexico further proposed that each country send separate representatives to the Pan-American Union in Wash- ington, instcad of relying upon their Ambassadors or Ministers to represent them. Here Mr. Hughes might have poiated out that such a proposal was foolish. Some of the member states of the unfon might not feel that they could afford to maintain a special representative in Washington to attend the rather prosaic meetings of the gov- erning board of the Pan-American Un- jon. Others might neglect, because it was unimportant, to designate special representatives. . But_instead of pursu- ing such arguments, Mr. Hughes moved for the adoption of the Mexican pro- posal, and then moved for adoption of a proposal from Peru, which would leave to each country the decision of whether it would be represented on the governing board by a special represent- ative or by its diplomatic represent- ative, Both propo were adopted and Mexico, as well as Peru, were sat- isfied. Mexico started some colorful oratory, which brought actual tears of emotion to the eyes of some of the delegates, by proposing that the committee on public international law discuss the question of allowing each government to block- ade ports in its own territory which had fallen into the hands of revolutionists. Mr. Hughes, representing a country which has sought to lessen the possi= bilities of revoluticns, opposed this sug- gestion. So did Argentina and Cuba. though from different motives. The Jatter two nations upheld in picturesque language the right of revolution, going all the way back to George Washington and Simon Bolivar to citz the good that comes from revolution, But Mr. Hughes opposed it with the cold logic of an international lawyer. He here took the stand that brought him later victories, holding that the task before the committce on public international Jaw was to codify existing international law and not to express an opinion on what that law ought to be or might be. The Mexican proposal was lost. * ok ok X But it was the troublous question of when a nation has and docs not have the right to intervene in the affairs of another nation that came ncarest to subjecting the United States to that criticlsm which, it was felt. would be such an awful thing. The Commission of International Jurists, which met last year in Rio, had been charged by the preceding Pan-American Congress with codification of public international | law. Instead of completing this task, it sent on to Havana several projects for such a codification, one of them laying down the flat assertion that “No state may intervene in the internal affairs of another.” These projects were referred to the committee on public international law at Havana for report. But instead of drafting his report on intervention upon the principles set forth at Rio, Victor Maurtua of Peru, the com- mittee’s reporter, discarded these prin- ciples end substituted declarations pre- pared by the American Institute of In- ternational Law in 1016, These de- clarations are, in part: ‘Every nation has the right to exist and to protect and conserve its ex- stence: but this right neither implies right nor justfies the act of the te to protect itsclf or conserve its existence by the commission of unlaw- | ful acts against nnocent and unoffend- ing_states. “Every nation has the right to in- dependence in the sense that it has the right to pursuit of happiness and is free to develop itself without inter- ference or control from other states, rovided that in so doing it does not interfere with or violate the rights of other states. “Every nation has the right to ter- ritory within defined boundaries and to exercise exciusive jurisdiction over its territory and persons, whether native or foreign, found within. & bx Argentina, Mexico, Guatemala, Sal Santo ingo, Honduras, Col Wanted Man with clean business record, well and favorably known in Washington, with knowledge of Freight and Trucking Business —who can produce and is not afraid to go after it. 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It costs only 5 Gentu. ‘Millions of botties of thia old famous Bage Tea Recipe, improved | by the addition of other ingredients, | | wre sold annually, says a well known drugglst, because 1t darkens the halr 0 naturally and evenly that no one can tell it has been npplied | Those whose hatr Is (urning gray or becoming fed have a surprise Awalling them, becatse after ona or two applications the gray halr van- |ishes and your locks hecome lusuri- antly dark and beautiful This Iy the age of youth hatred, unathiactive folks aren't wanted mnd, so get busy with Wyeth's Hage and Bulphur Compound any Giray- Woman workers in the United Blates Include almost 2,000,000 married women. [ | plane gets nto trouble. l tontght snd you'll be delighted with your dark, handsome hair and your youthful appearance within & few days - Advertisement | | | | ombla and Uruguay were in favor of the project laid down at Rio as against the Maurtua report. Mr. Hughes spoke in favor of the Maurtua report, and here showed himself to be so clearly in the right that even those who oppose the principle of intervention by the United States were unable to plerce his argument. He approached the subject in this manner: “I could not fail to note the manner in which Dr. Maurtua stated the prin- ciples which should guide us in con- sidering the codification of. interna- tional law. If I may be pardoned a personal word, there is no subject in which I am more deeply interested: there is no enterprise on which our American republics—in which the na- tions of the world—could more profit- ably enter. “Why s it so important? The fun- damental conception is that we are a family of states; that we are all bound together in a conception of the rela- tions of civilized nations. That concep- tion of a fundamental unity is the very postulate upon which we must erect our structure of Jjuridicial exposition, We cannot enter into this family of nations, we cannot perform our duties as civilized States in our relations with each other, unless we have an appre- clation of the principles which govern our action. “Our States are not abstractions: our relations are not mere concepts of the intellect; thoy are practical. We cannot perform our dutles to each other: we cannot adequately recognize the rights which each of us should cherish, un- less we have a realization of the prin- ciples which are commonly recognized by civilized States as governing their }'nlntlm\s which constitute international aw. “s ¢ ¢ These principles that we at- tempt to put into a codification must of course be fundamental, eclse we should at once introduce ourselves into | & maze of jurisdic controversy and have | result whatever. H Now, of course, in codifying inter- | national law we cannot attempt to| change fundamental principles. That would be to wreck a project before it began. because the very purpose is to state what we understand to be fun- damental principles. The fundamental | principles give the rights and dutles | of states. “If those principles change, we change the rights and duties of states. If states desire to change their rights and dutles in any respect, it is neces- sary for them to have negotiations as ‘The only success we can have is come together in common accord, and after consideration agree in a state- ment of the E:nclplen that underlie all tions.” Hughes thus explained that a codification of international law can deal only with existing law; that ex- isting law recognizes the right of in- tervention in some cases, and that it is impossible to make international law by writing down a statement and labeling it as international law. He spoke as a lawyer, with the cool logic of the jurist. But it was when the proposal was made, almost on the eve of adjourn- ment of the conference, that the mat- ter of intervention be summitted to a vote, and when it appeared that the conference might place itself on record as opposing any and all intervention, that Mr. Hughes rose to the occa- sion. Before, he had spoken as a lawyer. Now he spoke as an Amer- ican citizen defending his country. Be- fore, he had been precise, smooth, suave as he explained his conception of international law. Now he was angry. ws ¢ v As far as I am concerned I have never had a moment's desire 1o escape discussion of this question,” he sald. “There is nothing to con- ceal. There are no hidden conditions. There are no desires and ambitions which my country entertains which are onposed to the desires and ambitions of our sister republics. ¢ * * I vield to none in the establishment of the ideal of sovereignty and independ- ence for cach one of the republics, from the greatest to the smallest. And I have the right to speak here on be- half of the delegation of the United States, to declare the policy of my country. *.*“ We do not wish the territory of any American republic. We do not wish to govern any American republic. * ° * Much has been sald here of late with regard to Nica- ragua. There sits the foreign minister of Nicaragua. He can tell you the situation in Nicaragua and he can tell you that we desire nothing more than the independence and peace of Nica- ragua, and we are there simply to obtain free elections so that they may have a sovereign and independent government. * * + From time to time there arises a situation most deplorable and regrettable, in which sovereignty is not at work, in which for a time and in a iimited sphere there is no possibility of performing the functions of so creignty and independence. These are the conditions that create a_difficuty | with which we find ourselves confront- ed at times.” * kK ok “What are we to do when such a ? Are we to see our American citizens butchered? 0t Spet but of cases in which the government itself is unable to function. It is a principle of international law that under such circumstances another gov- ernment has the right, T will not say to intervene, but to interpose in a temporary manuer to protect the lives and interests of its natlonals. “It is necessary to have a falr under- | standing. The United States cannot | forego its right to protect its citizens. | No country can forego that right. In- ternational law cannot be changed by | this conference. We cannot codify in- ternational law so as to ignore the | duties of natlons by stmply trying to| set up an unlimited right of self-will, ignoring duties. “We should llke to see accepted a ment, not a mere feal pprposes. of justice. This is not a matter for the seductive simplicity of impossible formulas.’ Is it surpri: applauded Mr 7 that the conference mhes? 1Is it strange that Interventioi. was left to lie where Mr. Hughes hac f~lied it? Is it hard to understand vy no one has yet 2nswered Mr. Hughes? It would be easy to say that Mr. Hughes' triumph a*¢ Havana is the crowning achievement of a splendid career. But it would be a dangerous statement. Valuable years still lie be- fore him. Who can tell what crown he is to wear? ‘What Dr. Caldwell Learned in 47 Years Practice Dr. Caldwell watched the results of constipation for 47 years, and belleved that, no matter how careful people are of their health, diet and exercise, | constipation will occur from time to! time, regardless of how much one tries to avoid it. Of next importance, | then, is how to treat it when it comes. Dr. Caldwell always was in favor of getting as close to nature as possible, hence his remedy for constipation, known as Dr. Caldwell's Syrup Pep- sin, is a mild vegetable compound. It tem and is not a habit-forming prep- aration. Syrup Pepsin is pleasant- tasting, and youngsters love it. It does not gripe. have written us to that effect. Dr. Caldwell did not- approve of drastic physics and purges. He did not belleve they were good for human beings to put into their system. In a practice of 47 years he never saw any reason for their use when a medicis like Syrup Pepsin will empty the bowels just as promptly. more cleanly and gently, without griping and harm to_the system. Keep free from constipation. It robs your strength, hardens your ai teries and brings on premature old age. Do not let a day go by without a bowel movement. Do not sit and hope, but go to a druggist and get one of the generous bottles of Dr. Cald-‘ well's Syrup Pepsin. Take the properl dose that night, and morning you will feel like a different person. Use Syrup Pepsin for yourself and mem- bers of the family in constipation, biliousness, sour and crampy stomach, Thousands of mothers 4. Always 1 and observe these i health: Keep the head cool, the feet warm, the bowels open. ‘We would be giad to have you prove at our expense how much Dr. Cald- well's Syrup Pepsin can mean to you and yours. 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