Evening Star Newspaper, February 26, 1928, Page 25

”E(Viirtorial Page Special Features EDITORIAL SECTION he Sundawy Star, Part 2—14 Pages - WASHINGTON, D. €, SUNDAY MORNING. FEBRUARY Art and Artists Reviews of Books 26, 1928. FRANCE PLACES HOPES IN LEAGUE OF NATIONS Geneva Viewed as Which Clouds That Threaten Peace Can Best Be Observed. BY STEPHANE LAUZANNE, Editoran-Chief of Le Matin. HEN M. Aristide Biiand speaks of the League of Na- tions there is a curious | mingling of fervor and hu- | mor in his voice—but maybe | the fervor has recently become greater than the humor. “Geneva,” he said recently, “is the | real Temple of Peace. First, there is | agree it was not enough to wish to do Observatory From so. not enough to believe in the entente and to be bathed in an atmosphere of entente. Something more than that was necessary—all of them would have to make a sacrifice to their common entente, and that sacrifice would have to be made while they still had the right and even perhaps the duty not to_make it. Yes. to make a sacrifice and to make it in renouncing a right is most cer- no place in the world where it is easieT | jainic ‘the very first condition of peace. 1o meet the people with whom you have | pnq this condition—how many nations to make peace. Then there is no other place where there reigns such an at- mosphere of good will and conciliation. As soon as you reach the city the very air you breathe is full of peace.” Is M. Briand right? We shall see that later on. But the striking fact is that the people of France almost ' completely share the opinion of their foreign secretary. As regards League of Nations, the people of France | have undergone a curious evolution. | First of all. they were hostile, then, ironical, then skeptical, then indiffer- ent. Place Their Hopes. It would be excessive to say that they are enthusiastic today, but they believe | in the League and have placed their | hopes on it. They believe that Geneva is. if not the Temple of Peace, at least the observatory from which the clouds | which threaten peace can best be per- ceived. They also believe that, at pres- | ent. it is the one place in the world | where one stands the best chance of jhounce definitely the possession of | warding off the storm these clouds are ! likely to cause should they break. | ut this does not prevent the people | of France from seeing perfectly well the ll'xuu which are in the building—whether ciliation on which M. Briand complac- ently insists is a very peculiar one. It depends on the personal relations of the statesmen, who know each other | and who are accustomed to discuss questions of the day with one another, much mors than on the idealistic as- pirations of the nations which meet there. It is much more the atmosphere :;!.:’ du:umllun I.ll;:t of a church. Ger- W perhaps not mind hurting France, but Herr Stresemann does not want to M. Briand. Italy mistrusts Jugoslavia, but Signor Scia- Ioja has a great regard for his Serbian ., Mr. Marinkovitch. Finally, the nations benefit by the good social relations of their representatives. This was as nt as the sun in the sky at the dramatic meeting, ‘when Poland and Lithuania stood face to face. The council was almost unan- imously for Poland against Lithuania. If a verdict had been rendered on the | merits of the case, Lithuania would have been condemned. But M. Valde- maras. the Lithuanian spokesman, very cleverly struck a personal note: "I, he said, “you make an unspar- ing pronouncement against my country, 1 shall be politically and physically lost, You surely cannot desire my ruin and my death.” Change Positions. Of course, no one could possibly de- sire such a terrible misfortune as the lynching of M. Valdemaras by his fel- low citizens. The men who were seat- ed around the council table desired it | the as they, too, value ! their own countries | ts in their govern- | They put themselves all the | more in M. Valdemaras' place, as they | themselves some day in | :fl:mwfifn&m And that is reason why 'y pronounced a ! judgment which suited neither the af- | fairs of Poland nor those of Lithuanie but which saved M. Valdemaras' posi tion. It is not the fraternity of the nations which triumphed on this occa- sion: it is the fraternity of the prime | | otherwise than by the renouncement of | series of claims by Italy—a claim re- |and Tripolitania, which the Italians Y. | Solutely correct. {are there who are prepared to submit |to it We might take up, one after the | other, all the various controversies which divide and tear old Europe, we would see, in dissecting them, that at the bottom of each one there is an asperity which can disappear only if one of the actors in such a controversy consents to sacrifice to the other. Everywhere, al- the | ways, there must be a renunciation on | out one side or the other. What is the conflict which for si vears has been causing trouble between Poland and Lithuania? It resides ex- clusively in the question whether the city of Vilna, as the conference of the Ambassadors and the League of Na- tions admitted. will remain definitely annexed to Poland or whether it will eventually return to Lithuania. No settlement, right or wrong, no clever arbitration whatsoever. will be capable of solving the conflict. Only one thing will solve it—that either one or | the other of the two countries re- Vilna What is the conflict which in a few years will inevitably cause trouble be- tween Poland and Germany? It lies in the famous corridor of Danzig. which has been delimited according to the laws of history, and maybe also to those of right, but which is nevertheless con- trary to the usual geographical rules, and which cuts Prussia into two sepa- | rate parts. Problem Kept Silent. Does one believe that by not speak- ing about the problem which tomorrow will be the thorniest one in Europe one will be able to prevent this question from arising? And when it does arise, does one believe that it can be solved either one or the other of these coun- tries? One is aware that the conflict which for a few months has been latent be- tween France and Italy arises from = garding the municipal rule of Tangiers: a claim relative to the status of Italian immigrants in Tunisia; a claim cou- cerning the frontier between Tunisia would be glad to have rectified in favor of their interests. A French general recently drew at- tention to the fact that in the trial which is being instituted Italy is an applicant everywhere, whereas France is a plaintiff nowhere. This is at- But nevertheless the result is that in order to re-establisn harmony and friendship between the two Latin sisters one of them will b obliged to consent to sacrifices some- where. It is not by speeches that the good understanding can be maintained between them; it is only through con- cessions—and concessions which France will have to make, notwithstanding treaties and right. BY BEN McKELWAY. NE who sceks the word or term most aptly describing the con- duct of Charles Evans Hughes as chief of the American dcle- gation to the Havana Coufer- ence is faced at the outset with some difficulty. Skilled diplomacy, masterful strategy, clever generalship—all of these present themselves. But diplomacy suggests dexterity, strategy Suggests deceit and generalship suggests omnipo- tency. None of thesc fits the case of Mr. Hughes. For at Havana he fol- lowed the most obvious course, though it may not have been the casiest. He was simply honest. And while it may be trite, it 1s none the less true that honesty pays. While the Havana Conference was in ssion and after it adjourncd, those whose business it is to attack the Latin American policies of the United States { have found themselves in a rather seri- ous, but highly amusing, predicament. In the first place, the expected trounc- ing of Uncle Sam by the “Latin Ameri- can bloc” did not materialize, for there wasn't any bloc. In the second place, those attempting to administer this trouncing individually found themselves in front of the crowd, all alone. Such a situation could not be blamed on Mr. Hughes. Mr. Hughes did nothing | to prevent any one from talking who | wanted to talk. So the critics, ynable ito hop on Mr. Hughes, have hopped on {the Latin Americans for their inode of | attack. They should have chosen some- thing. goes the lament. that would have put Mr. Hughes in the wrong. The | trouble was, they cry, that Mr. Hughes | was always right. What has been the result? | Six weeks ago there were indications ! on every hand that the time for reckon- {ing was at hand; that at last the worm was about to turn and soon the Colossos of the North would be downed and Chained by a revolting and outraged public opinion in the fiery nations south of the Rio Grande Here in the United States the critics were figuratively lick ing their chops. The prospect was rosy At last the United States, for the com- mission of crimes repeatedly charged, i was about to go on trial before a jury | of its peers and there was no doubt of the verdict. Only by holding out for strict interpretation of topics on the agenda; by using its power and prestige cover of secrecy over committee meet- with Mr. Hughes in command, hope to stem the tide. But six weeks have come and gone. The Sixth International Conference of American States is history now. In- stead of gaining enemies, the United States has won friends. Instead of having its policies beaten down with criticism, it has seen them indorsed as an almost universal conception of pan- Americanism. Instead of leaving Havana humiliated and defeated, the American delegation returns in triumph —not as conquerors. perhaps, who have won great victories, but as representa- tives of a country whose motives and actions have been tested and found not wanting. Much of this can be traced to Mr. Hughes. He armed himself with frankness, courtesy. honesty and good common sense. He went among friends believing them friends. He dealt with them as friends and found that they were friends. Mr. iiughes prepared himself for the conference. A man who has ac- complished in the 60 years of his life what he has accomplished is never un- prepared for the next thing. But early in the proceedings it developed that Mr. Hnghes had read and digested the Finally, there is yet another question which ezenlul.lly must come before the League of Nations—that is to say, be- fore Europe. It is-the question of the colonial mandates. Certain European | nations which have not had a great in-| crease in their population have large | colonies; certain other nations which | have had a tremendous increase in their | population possess no colonies at all. | To Claim Outlet. { Therefore it is inevitable that nations minutes of the five preceding Pan- American Conferences, a stupendous feat in itself. He knew what it was all to smother criticism. by throwing the | ings, could the Americgn delegation, ' CHARLES E ANS HUGHES. | {about. But if he planned any charted | course to govern his actions during the | proceedings. there was nothing devious (or deep laid about it. Looking back, I now, over the day-to-day proceedings of the meeting, 1t can be seen how Mr. | Hughes faced and dealt with each new | situation in the same way. His actions ' | were governed by a belief that his coun- | try_was pursuing the righteous course jand therefore there was nothing to | hide, nothing to fear. in talking | about it. 1 * & * to the colorful convening of the con- gress died away than Dr. Honorio | Pueyrredon, the Argentine Ambassador | to the United States and the lcader of 1his country's delegation to Havana, | moved that all the proceedings of the | con |posal of this precedent precluding secret | sessions at large international gather- | ings. was sudden and unexpected. And it was regarded as distinctly dangerous would come the opportunity to bring the United States might prefer to have discussed in_secrecy. But before Dr. Pueyrredon had resumed his seat Mr. | Hughes had seconded the motion. It was carricd, and afterward Dr. Pueyr- redon congratulated Mr. Hughes, de- |claring that the prestige and backing |of the United States obtained the ma- jority which enabled his resolution to | be adopted. | The committe on public internation- lal law of the conference chose for its | chairman _Dr. Gustavo Guerrero of Sal- vador. This committee was charged with handling two of the most delicate | matters confronting the conference— first, a report on codification of inter- national law, and secondly, a report on methods for the pacific settlement of international disputes. Dr. Guerrero, No sooner had the shoutings incident | ference be given full publicity. Pro- | for the United States—for through it it was felt, was antagonistic to the iumlcd States. From his committee, it was feared, there might come a report on the subject of intervention which !would be highly embarrassing to the United States. But while th: committee was set- tling to its task of writing up a state- ment of principles concerning recogni- tion of de facto governments and the right ot a state to intervene in the in- ternal affairs of another state. Mr. Hughes chose to bring intervention into the open himself. Within a week after the conference had met, Mr. Hughes addressed the American Chamber of Commerce in Havana. He listed inde~ pendence, stability, good will and co- cperation as the four pillars of pan- Americanism. He declared it to be “the firm policy of the United States to respect the territorial integrity of. the American republics.” “We e no | policy of aggression.” he said, and while |1t is the policy of the United States “to | encourage stability In the interest of | independence,” the former is “ to a full enjoyment of the latte: * X ox & into the open all of those subjects which | Instead of resting on these generali- tics, however, he took specific instances of the much criticized policy of inter- vention. He traced the history of American occupancy of Santo Domingo, Hait! and Nicaragua. “We are at this moment tn Nicaragua,” he said. “But what we are doing there and the com- mitments we have made are at the request of both parties and in the in. crest of peace and order and a clection. We have no desire to sta: We wish Nicaragua to be strong. pros- perous and independent. We entered to meet an imperative but temporary exi- gency and we shall return as soon as it is possible.” Thus he boldly took the bull by the horns while there were plans going forward to thrust, by hook or by crook, ntial | this same bull into the conference. In- sicad of trying to evade the beast, Mr. Hughes was the first one to go up and stroke it on the back. He made it very olain that his country was not afraid of it, and any time any of the delcgates nted to bring it around, the Ameri- cans would be glad to come out and piay with it. A few days later Dr. Pueyrredon, in {that the Pan-American Union should for abolition of tariff barriers, quaran- tinc regulation and other trade restric- tions between the Americas. And here was bait at which the United States delegation might have been expected to strike. If Argentina was proposing to bring up the tariff, there could be only one conclusion: She hoped to precipi- !tate a discussion of the American tariff and quarantine regulations which affect | Argentine products. A man less blessed | with the wisdom which Mr. Hughes has accumulated might have rolled up his sleeves and prepared to talk turkey to | Argentina. He might have reminded | Argentina that it is not the tariff which keeps her beef out of the United States, |but the hoof and mouth disease. He | might have said that no quarantine reg- |ulations of the United States are any harder on Argentina than they are on the rest of the world. He might have resorted to generalities and pointed out that Latin American tariffs are as nu- imposed by this country. * ok % % But instead of stooping to contro- |versy with Argentina over the right and the wrong of tariff and quaran- tine regulations, Mr. Hughes centered his guns on the inescapable fact that the Pan-American Union owes its suc- cess to its non-political character; that ito invest it with authority to meddle | with such domestic matters as revenue | raising tariffs and regulations would be | to spell its doom. So the hue and cry that might have been raised through- out Latin America over the United States tariff failed to develop. Instead, there was continued chirping from Ar- gentina which grew weaker and finally resulted in the resignation of Dr. Pueyr- |redon. The United States found itself {in the majority as far as the tariff is concerned, and without Mr. Hughes hav- ing found it necessary to raiee his | voice. | When some of the delegates became excited over a proposal for multilateral treaties allowing pursuit of criminals across the border, it was Mr. Hughes and Gozales Roa, the Mexican delegate, who rose to exchange compliments on the successful co-operation between the Uaited States and Mexico in their police of the border between them, sug- gesting that this arrangement. rather than a compiicated multilateral treaty, was the best way of approaching the problem | of the Pan-American Union might have | aroused resentment from an American. | For Mexico proposed that the post of | chairman of the governing board be allowed to rotate, from year to year, among the members of the board. and that the post of director general be hanged every year. This was obvious- [lv an attempt to remove the Pan- American Union from the insidious in- fluence of the American Secretary of State. who has always been chairman of the board, and from the director general, who has always been an Amer- ‘1cnn citizen. But Mr. Hughes. good naturedly, recalled that as Secretary of | State he had been chairman of the | governing board, and that he had never | power or authority over the other mem- | bers. And he further suggested that as ill\f‘ director general occupies an ad- (Continued on Eighth Page.) NAVY PROVES FIT AND READY WHEN CALL TO DUTY SOUNDS 'U. S. DIPLOMATS HELD LIABLE | FOR LOSSES THROUGH THEFTS lall sincerity, unloosed another danger- | |ous animal in the form of a proposal | | consider it as one of its dutles to work | merous and are higher than the larlflsx Mexico's proposals for reorganization | | found the position gave him any great | Kaiser Held in C BY FRANK H. SIMONDS. ERLIN.—Twenty years ago, cross- ing the Atlantic on a German steamer, I found myself in mid- ocean. For days before the talk had been of the mighty celebra- tion which was to mark for our small ship's company the Kaiser's birthday. And the celebration, combined the glories of the Fourth of July with the sentiments of Washing- ton’s birthday. This year it has been my fortune to be in the former capital g( William II on another of his birth- ays. Moreover, if one desired to get some fair measure of the present posture of monarchy in the capital and largest city of Germany, here was the chance. But one is forced to confess all the signs were negative. Not a flag. not a royalist reunion, not an outward sign of inward memory of the sovereign who has been absent from his capital less than 10 years. There was in this circumstance no de- liberate and purposeful avoidance of a dangerous situation. Unmistakably. beyond debate, Berlin had forgotten its the’ date with a passing word of scorn. “This is the birthday,” sald the Ber- | liner Tageblatt. “of the man who bears the responsibility for German misery, who in the hour of danger ran away, ning his flight.” Republican Victory Celebrated. A reunion of the Berlin branch of the organization of the republican poses, celebrated the victory of the re- public and the progress of Germany a Nationalist Fascisti agitator convoked his followers to a private meeting on the East Side, told them solemnly that the old Kaiser had gone, but a new Kaiser has come and Germany was ruled by Parker Gilbert. But even this characteristic demonstration collapsed in disorder and under police interfer- ence. But it was not the violence of re- publican denunciation nor in the pas- the real situation of royalty was dis- closed. Three years ago, when I was in Berlin the shadow of a great imper- fal past still hung over the city. The presence of the Crown Prince in the city. of one of his brothers in a restau- rant. was a matter of comment. of news. On the walls of the buildings near my hotel one still pointed out the bullet marks of the Kapp Putch explosion. Today the memory of William II in Berlin is hardly more vital and certain- Iy no more glorious than that of Napoleon III in Paris. His palaces have become public property, paid for at prices which still serve to kindle bitter comment among the afflicted tax- payers. The guides who pilot the few visitors to the most famous of all. that facing the Lustgarten. mournfully port that no cne is interested. Left Only Cast-Offs. Characteristically, the Kaisor has ken from this mansion all of the | tal valua. He has left behind him only the cast-offs, and most interesting of all when it came. | Kaiser. Republican newspapers recalled | | after having spent a whole day plan- | youth, held on this day for obvious pur- | ish under the new regime. To match this ' sion of a Nationalist gathering that | | furniture and furnishing which have | GERMANY HAS FORGOTTEN HER RUNAWAY MONARCH Birthday Passes With Little Notice. ontempt by Mos> of His Countrymen. | these castoffs. perhaps. are endless volumes in English dedicated to the subject of the British Navy, flanked by ! other volumes reporting the triumphs of the Franco-Prussian War. About. Versailles lingers forever_ the {memory of its great builder, at Fon- taineblau one is always under the spell {of the great scene in the Cour des Adieux, where Napoleon took leave ul his guard. In Postdam the memory of | the great Frederick draws hundreds cf German But | about William's palace there remains nothing but the insignificant to ex:.! a passing smile. The guide who shows you the balcony from which the la.t | Kaiser delivered his speech at the mo- ment of the outbreak of the war. does it with a touch of apolog.. More than all else tp visit the | Kaiser's palace is to visit a stage which is empty, not between the acts, aot during the evening, but on the dsy after the show when a few attendants are perhaps moving off the last re- maining bits of scenery. There is noth- ing whatever to suggest the drama or the acto All is dust and gilt and tawdry disnlay. To the palace the Berliners do ot go. All that is left of dignity, of €. deur, ci real nobility ada:. the <4 regime centers in the memory not of the Kaiser who ran, but of the fleld | marshal who remained and is now President of the republic. Moreover, | day by day and week by week the truth | of what the late Ambassador Maltzan once sald to me is disclosed. “When Hindenburg took the oath of allegiance to téne" republic the old order was fin- ed. visitors each Sunday. Destroyed Throne's Illusion. The longer one stays in Berlin the clearer becomes the fact that the hope of monarchical restoration was destror- ed, not by the revolution, but by the last Kaiser. Year by year the devastat- {ing ruin which he personally brought | not merely to his own fortunes but to the whole conception of royalty, be- | comes more and more unmistakable. He did more than lose a throne, he distroyed the illusion on which a throne must depend. A vear ago. when I was last in Ber- lin, in a period of unemployment. the Socialist city government had put those out of work on the job of cleaning up the double row of statues of the Hohen- zellerns with which the last Kaiser had decorated the Sieges Allee. Patently contempt could go no further. In Germany, named the Great, is a national memory, { William II not only is forgotten, but supplies the last reason why the re- public has endured and will endure. In England the day on which Charles I lost his head is still observed. With all his weaknesses, he at least died like a king. But in Berlin. ten years after he lost his throne, William II is for- gotten. Or if not quite forgotten, be- at least, the e bulwark he republic, the irrefutable justifi- on of his opponents. While he uves in the flesh, all possibility of a return to the monarchy is unthinkable: even for the monarchists: when he dies. his memory will remain the final obstacle _Feorganization of the “king Copyright to any | business. h 1928 ) | Origin and Growth of Pearls Described ' By Deputy Commissioner of Fisheries BY LEWIS RADCLIFFE, S. Deputy Com v r of Fis You may have longed for a simple test to determine the freshness of your breakfast egg without having to delve wio ies. cause of the difference m sales value. one buving a natural pearl wishes to assure himself that he is getiing what b paying for. In perfection of form and lusirous beauty there are mo Record of Proceedings in Inquiry Into S-4 Disaster Long Delays in Discovery of Robberies of Mail distinguishable differences. There Is no ch al difference, the same cells of the oyster function after the same manner in producing 8 pearl. When the culture pearls began & ng there was considerable litigation & ‘lhe courts concluded th: ministers. Another rift derivates from the first one, namely, that if cordiality rules on the inside of the building. there is & lack of authority. Not once, in the last five or six years, has the league given an order. Not even once whose populations lack breathing space | and are stified between their too nar- | row limitations will one day claim their | right to an outlet and demand some far-off territories where they will be able to export the surplus of their in-| habitants. What will the reply to/ into its innermost secrets. Your long- | ings have been slight as compared with . | the longitgs of those who have invested | large sums in pearls and who wish to | know definitely whether they were nate ural (sometimes called genuine) pearls or culture pearls or possibly only imi- Shows Prompt Response After Distress | Pouches From Embassies and Legations Disclosed Appeal Was Received. Bills Reported for Relief of Representatives Abroad. has it pronounced a verdict. It is satis- fied in giving advices and in patching !t.snl compromises by way of give and .. Marshal Pilsudski of Poland, when he came 1 Geneva to the dramatic meeting I have just described, had no ! @oubt whatsoever but that the council would agree with him. and yet he was nevertheless prepared to hear the councll tell him that he was wrong. He was dumfounded w0 hear the coun- | «il discussing well balanced formulas for hours. during which no one was either right or wrong. No doubt the invention wes good. Pride is one of the most powerful of human motive powers. Pride has to be laken into great consideration, but authority should also be imposed. A supreme court which would be preoccupled in satisfying every one would be but a poor court of Justice. In any case, it would be a court before which the worst culprits oould appear without sny apprehension. Serious Fissure. Pinally, there is a third rift of fis- sure, and this 1x the most serious one because no one tries W stop it “The religion of peace” said Briand the lest time he came from Geneva, “is the one whi the greatest number of worsh the present time. * * * Their number 3s dally increasing.” He could rightly have added that this religion never counwd more bril- Jiant ceremonies than in the year 1927 snd that never did its b priests d play greater eloguence. And it s very vell th Better a thousand Umer the religion of peace than the religion of war! But in all rel s there 15 a coanine which deman pent of the spirit of sacrifice, and 0 of pesce will be veally t only when h the creed of abnegallun in all it 3 respect U suffices W recollect tocurreg last year Geneva, three oountries as Suruner — Englend the Ur §Lavs b8 Juper, Between them U Noer Do motve for quarrel, hatred or Jear. They hwd the desire W come W & mutusl understeioing on @ clesrly celmiten Werritory—the question dealt jon of Uiy paval ex- -nditures elmosphere surround- g Uaemm wiss essentially wn atmosphere o pewce. A far ar human Teason woult foresee. no subject for confilet bw foreseen which might even them Vo go agslust one Therefore they started talic- | susing freely onee the 6 ecame yrore mounaed he Conti more Liter. From & $fteverce of Lpinion it Vassed V) Con\reALiaon from conbra- o1 W SULelon . from suspiion W poponck MGG BOW Uiy were no Soiwer 1y weoord, bul, what was even more serious (hey feil thid they would nBps DEver Bgree wgain! Whit was thi arose between Lhem? What was it thel Aiviced them? s s dor U W ke sbie W | given | dumnge wrought by fuctory smoke not | them'be when, in the very near future, they press forward their claim? And, if strong in the position they have acquired, the nations which pos- sess empires or colonial mandates refuse to give up any part whatsoever of those empires, nor will be willing to renounce one fragment of those mandates, does one believe that mere hymns to peace will suffice to bring about a reign of | | i ‘Thus, everywhere, always, on which- ever side one turns one’s eyes, the ne- cessity for the one as well as the other ! 0 resign themselves 1o effecting a mora! or a material concession becomes ob- vious. This 1s what is not told enough to the nations. This is what the gov- erning powers do not speak of as fre- | quently as they should. | In the Temple of Peace there are far | o many liturgles, wo great an adora- tion of congregations, 0 many reli- | gious orators; there is a lack of sufficent cnthusiasm toward religious self-sacri- fice. The peace of the world cannot be maintained by merely singing hymns; the only possible way of maintaining it will be by giving frequent examples of sacrifice s Instructor Inven Electric Blackboard Blackbourds of translucent ground 3 lghted from behind are pro- I as & substitute for the opaque black surface familiar W every school- child Prot. W. Weniger of Oregon Agricultural College has demonstrated this new blackbosrd and s using it weaching his physics classes | The old type of blackboard 15 diff- | cult o illuminate 5o that all the room | can see, while the ground glass, lighted | from U e rear clectrically, allows every- | thing chalked upon 3t U be seen from wll parts of the room even when a com- biation of daylight end artificial Mu- mination is being used. Erasing on the new “blackboard” is easy . Factory Smoke Ruins Crops in Rubr Valley ‘The Rubr industrial region, recently trestured W normal operatlon following | withdrawal of u striking the the French, Hlustration of has the only o trees and gardens In the citics but o the farm crops Uiroughout the countryside. When tie French oce plea the reglon W 1923 the Germal adopted w policy of “passive resistance, closing down sll the Tactories | Wik the wir cleared of Ste load of smoke und weld fumes, the farms of I the Jubr Yalley ylelded full crops for the first time i msny years Then { e Prench withdrew snd Uie chimeys started smoking egain, wnd pow the qum have dropped back o thelr previous low level, 4 BY WILLIAM J. WHEATLEY. | Whatever else might be sald of the | United States Navy, it is prepared at | any moment to answer the calls of peaceful service, as well as that of war. Its personnel, despite the constant ham- | mering and lambasting by critics which would have weakened the spirit of al- most any other class group, stands ready to respond to a call of duty, whatever may be the risk. It is in naval records and history that when the first United States destroyer squadron for the allies’ fighting com- plement in 1917 arrived at an English port and the squadron commander re- ported to the British admiral, who wanted to know when the unit would be ready to proceed to sca, the Amerl- can commander's reply was, “We are ready now, sir!" Test of Endurance. That was & test of endurance. They had been primed for it. It was part of the rigors of war. Men and mate- rial were becoming available in great numbers, 8ince the war the Navy has shrunk In material and personnel Bhips have aged and money has been slow in coming, even to keep the old ships in condition. But despite this, the Navy showed that it had lost none of 1ts preparedness and ability to an- swer the call to duty, when word came | that one of its vessels had gone to sews | bottom. Within and equipment few hours, ships e ussembled 1rom miles distant and brought across & great expanse of water, i an effort, unfortunately unsuccessful, to save life Yet it was @ faflure which cannot be blamed on the ability of personnel, but on_the uncontrollable elements, This biL of preparedness s written tersely in the findings of fact by the naval court of inquiry which examined the submurine 5-4 and the destroyer Paulding _of the United States Const Guard oft Provincetown, Mass., on the oon of December 17 people realize the situation that the Navy on thet fatal day, and it well tllustrates to the American peo- | ple what can be done when the Navy 118 called upon while 1t 15 virtually “ut ense First, it was on & Baturduy afternoon Haturday afternoon in the Navy is a routine half holiday, and ships that are not crulsing are in thelr home ports Many officers and men have left thels ips o go home or other places o! rest. Bollers are cold, for when a ship is tled up, only enough steam s main- tuined to run auxillarles, such as dyna- | mos, tce muchines, etc. But always |there 15 kept abourd a Navy ship in port suMcient personnel, commissioned ind enlisted, 0 move the ship n the event of emergency Report Made Quickly. Buch was the situation when & radio { flush curried the news of the catus- [ trophie, and the lines of communieation | were opened, starting willing hands to work 0 the wescmbling of equipment | | | Into the causes of the collision between | and the movement of vessels toward the scene of disaster. It was just 21 hours i |and 38 minutes from the time of the | | collision until the first diver descended to the top of the ll-fated submarine. It was 3:37 pm. December 17 that | | the two vessels struck and 12 minutes |later the commandant of the Boston Navy Yard, miles away, received infor- | mation of the catastrophe. Some idea | of the speed in communication may be | obtained from a review of what had to | take place. The message had to be | written aboard the Paulding, sent to the radlo operator, who had to call Bos- ton and transmit the message, which | then had to be writtn and telephoned {to the commandant. Vhis message came | to the commandant via the Coast Guard Statlon at Nahant, Mass, and was fol- | lowed, one_minute later, by a message from the Paulding's skipper, announc- {Ing that he had rammed and sunk an unknown submarine. At 4:04 pm, 27 minutes after the collision and 15 minutes after the Bos- ton commandant received information of the accident, long distance calls were {made to the submarine base at New London, Conn, and the navy yard, Portsmouth, N. H. Telegrams also were sent (o these stations and to the New York Navy Yard, giving instructions to rush lifting apparatus. One minute later, at 4:05 o'clock, n radio telling of the accident was sent to the tug Wandank at Provincetown long-distance telephone call teached Admiral Hughes, chief of nav operaticns, here. The telegrams dis- patched at 4:04 o'clock reached the New York Navy Yard 10 minutes later and the New London submarine base 14 minutes later. i | | ing the United | tender Wright, Va, recelved orders to proceed Unstantly for Provincetown He | left by the first available traln and upon arrival in New York proceeded to Provincetown by - airplane, arriving | aboard the Falcon Just as the first diver | was going down, tuking station as the sentor aide to Admiral Brumby. He was lled because he had been on duty in nection with submarines from 1022 to 1926, the first year in command of two submurine divisions afloat, and the latter three yenrs fn command of the New London base Lieut. Comdr, Edward Ellsberg, a for- mer officer of the Navy Construction Corps, who distinguished himself in handling the salvage of the H-51, sunk by the merchantman City of Rome, and who afterward rei rd of the accident on and . Wi commissioned In the Naval Reserve and proceeded to the scene, arriving at 3 am., December 19 During all th'a period that the or- ganization was befng put on the move r(‘ulllllu'lli wis being hustled to vessels which were getting up steam prepara- tory o the sad voyage of succor. At 610 K, fust 1 hour and 82 (Continued on Thivd Page) \ States then at alrplane Norfolk, | BY DREW PEARSON. Some interesting disclosures are com- | ing out of an investigation by the House | committee on foreign affairs of measures for the relief of American diplomatic and consular officers, whose private pocketbooks are liable for many thousands of dollars lost through thefts, bank faflures, suicides or other ways in which money may go without Uncle Sam’s legal okeh. The committee has unearthed the fact that the largest thefts have oc curred within the Department of State itself. Moreover, it has found that in {one case it took the department one | year and seven months to discover | that $10.,000 had been taken from a { diplomatic pouch, and {n another case { two years to learn that $1,000 had been | stolen. | Meanwhile consular and diplomatic I‘umcrrs in the fleld have been held re- | sponsible for these losses, and the com- | mittee is recommending special leg Intion to relleve them. Four bills h been reported out to this end. Charged With $10,000 Loss. ‘The largest single loss is one of $10,- 000, for which C. S. Winans, consul at Prague, Czechoslovakia, s held re- i sponsible. The money was sent to the | department in November, 1920, at which time Mr. Winans was recefving about $40.000 n month In consular fees and | could not remit to Washington by check | due to the fluctuation of European ex- | change. Mr. Winans took a receipt for the money from the American Lega- | the pouch. When the pouch arrived in Washington the seals were intact. But | Winans was notified that the money ! had not been received and that he was | charged with the missing $10.000 | “After two years of investigation by | the State Department blame for the loss | was fixed upon an employe tn the mail- (room who, it was alleged, had taken the money after the pouch had been [ometally opened. It was not until 4 vears and 11 months after the loss, however, that this employe was dis- charged Meanwhile another $1,000 transmit- ted from San Salvador was stolen, pres | sumably by the same Btate Department employe, und the account of Lynn W Franklin, consul at San Salvador, was debited for this amount, since under the Jaw the consul Is responsible for any toss of funds unless he gets an ofelally stumped recetpt from the Treasury De- partment Clerk Shoots Himself, One of the largest losses in the fleld wan one of $6,150 63, for which Joseph C. Grew, now Ambassador o ‘Turkey. hins been held responsible While sorving N v o Copenhngen handling of the funds to the customary, but discov o was paying his own coal wnd electric light bills from these funds. My Qrew inmedintely suspended the olerk and | tion In Prague, and there were wit- ! | nesses to the placing of the money In | Jasked for & full accounting. Next morn- {ing the clerk shot himself through the | heart. It was afterward discovered that Ithe clerk had spent 30,000 kroner of | legation funds in fitting out his apart- ment. Another considerable loss was charged |up to Charles P. Heisler and his asso- clate, John P. Hurley, at Riga. Latvia | A burglar entered the apartment ob | Vice Consul Heisler in an attempt to obtain the keys of the consulate and the safe. Heisler attacked the burglar |and was shot. Two months later, and before he had entirely recovered. bur- glars entered the consulate and cut through the two safes with chisels. (aking out $3,532.28 and $3.497. In Warsaw Hugh S. Gibson, now Am- | bassador to Belgium and at that time | | the first Minister to Poland, took extra precautions against theft in his new le- | | gation. He had no safe, although he had repeatedly cabled the State De- | partment for one. Therefore. he placed ! his codes and cash in steel boxes in & | wooden cupboard in a small room on | the upper floor of the legation. Three | sets of doors barred this room from the Lrest of the house and these were all locked. In addition he had a servant | sleep at the foot of the statrs. Despite | | these precautions the cash box was | | broken open and $2.133.65 was stolen. | [ The culprits were later given thre | years' imprisonment, but the funds weve | { not yecovered and Mr. Gibson holds the | bag | | | | Bank Employe Guilty, Shortly after this Leo J. Keena, con- sul general at Warsaw, lost $3,199.60 the burglary In the lega- | Alarmed by na kept his cash i a safe | tion, M. K At 5 pm, Capt. K. J. King, command- | # year and seven months later Mr. | deposit vault in the bank and remitted | | to Washington by draft. However, an employe of the bank appropriated | money which Mr. Keena had left to buy | n draft for transmittal to Washington. When the theft was discovered the em- | ploye stepped aside and blew out his bratns. The smallest loss recorded, that of $46.12, was tncurred in the most ap«--‘ tacular way, during the attack upon the American consulate in Nanking, China. | last Spring. John K. Davis, consul, | was forced to flee from the back door of the consulate with a small party ot | Americans carrylng the Stars and Stripes on A bamboo pole. Bullets whistled over the consulate and all nround them, but they finally reached the shelter of the Standard Ol com- {pound. ‘The consulate was later looted, but fortunately for Mr. Davis the anly money left behind was the $46.12 Other losses were incurred at Fernle, Brithh Columbla; at Catanla, Italy, and at Stavanger, Norway, due to bank fail- | ures, at Rome, Italy, and Hawmburg, Qermany, due to burglaries; at Due rango, Mextoo, due o fire, and at - braltar, due to the dankruptey of an American shipping fivm. In all these cases (he affioers in charge are held ve- sponstble for missing money, wnless res Heved by act of Congress, { | | and | tation pearis. You will want to do a | bit of investigating before investing. as ithere is & very wide difference in the | value of these classes { True pearls derive their origin from the accidental introduction of an irri- | tating foreign substance into certain ceil tissues of the pearl oyster or othe arl-bearing molluse. This fon | substance—parasitic worm. water-mite. | grain of sand—which finds its way by sccident into the tissues of the ovster becomes the nucleus of a natural pearl the most prized and most valuable of the three classes. The cells of oyster proceed at once to imprison the foreign susbtance, surrounding it wih laver upon layer of nacreous maters: of the same iridescent character as ¢ inside shell of the oyster Artificial Method a Success. Sinee the discovery of the orign and growth of natural pearls man has been striving to produce these resuits by artificial means—that s, to grow cult pearls. Simple &s the process may seem, it was not until 1894 tha Kokieht Mikimoto, in Japan. developed a satisfactory method for inducing the development of culture pearls success of this venture is attested to the fact that he was able to produce an annual output valued at $800.000 tn 21 Imitation pearls are a synthetic product manufactured i large quanti- tles from pear! essence-a product de- rived from fishseales. Form v source of supply was a small minnow, the tridescent eft covered by acctdent by Jaquiy | rosary maker, about 1636 that the water in which the been washed contatned a highlv lu trous substance which, when concen- trated and applied to « alabaster, produced ten imitations of pearls the European sour scale essence or pearl essen off Experiments with the scales of native American fishes resulted i the development of an entirely new industry I this country. Some (wo miition pounds of the scales of such fishes as our narth Atlantic sea herving and river herrlng are used annually. The uses for fishscale essence are steadity increasing and the cost of producing excellent imitation pearls s decreasing | Large sheots of colludold ave also given | A coating of imitation mother-af-peart used as backs for many other totlet articles. Diseussion ot Methods. But to return (0 the question of the froshness of the egg oF TAMEr o Means for distinguishing between the thive classes of pearls under discusshn - As | pearl essence ts usually applied as o (hin coating lttle diiontty will be ex- perienced I ascertaining whether your POssesSion Is AN fmitation peart The colluldd coating can be cut or peeled AT or dissalved ot with amyl acetate or Acetone. As between culture pearls and natu- tal pearls the problem of (ifterentia- Hon s A mest ditoslt ene. Yo, bes brushes and | sed all the spect: ! pearis and the not be questioned. TOUD 0f Japanes ngs of of Tokio. Japar X-Rars Used in Test. 'S they wel een cul A perfectly spherical nucleus of is introduced mto the oyster and this the ovster duilds the pearl ation of natural pearis. of ure pearis. and of the nuclel used Te pearls by the expert in X-ray analysis, and & comparison of the pats terns produced for different orfentations of the primary X-rays revealed vahd d: between the two classes of ndoudiadly be comfort- 10 know that a method of has deen evalved. . Mevate Observatory Has 40-Inch Telescope largest telescope taly, with a n diameter. s now of the of M Alps adout Onderad 1923 noke of Muan the observatany northeast when provement: soupe, D concave MIOE akes fhe iace of the oavey lens 1 the more familiar type of tele soope The parts of the weigh over 18 tons, yel so pett they balanced that a one POWEr motor s adequate for t instrument 1 follow the stars acnw he sky The tnstrum was duilt by the Carl Zetss Optical Works, tn Jena Germany 8 nmg the Luxury Held Cause For Decline in Births “A hove of lunury s everywhere @ the warld tending o ponduce fewer mars rlages and fewer bttt 1w Oharles VOChapin, who for almost 40 vears has supervised the onlleviin of vital stas Lalios tor Providence, R 1, declares The 1S rth rate last vear was the Towest sinee teonds were first kept. I omast of e advanced countries of Butope for several years the tendency W DO marTiages and dirths has been downaant ' he sald 1 believe this & generally due (o the fuct that Ne 't feel they can affard W elther many ar have childven They woult ralher have fur coats and uuxmm\l&“