Evening Star Newspaper, January 1, 1928, Page 19

POLITICAL SCIENCE DIFFERS GREATLY FROM POLITICS Experts Gathered in Conference Here Adopt Methods of Abstruse Character in Attempts to Solve Problems. BY THOMAS R. HENRY. HERE is a world of difference between a political gathering to discuss public issues and a gathering of professors of po- lit ience, such as was assembled in Washington last week for the same purpose. At the first the flax waves and the eagle screams Every impassioned prator has a certain remedy for the of mankind, if only the voters are intellizent enough to grasp his point of view. At the second the flag droops and the eacle is silent. Few of the reme- dies are held out as more than possi- ble palliatives. There is much out- spokea cynicism. Through the pa- pers runs an unmistakable thread of distrust of democracy. The men who have devoted their lives to an inten- sive study of political problems rather than to seeking office have escaped from many illusions. 4 Few Are Politicians. ‘The more a man knows, it would secm, the greater is his uncertainty of everything and the greater his re- luctance to make positive statements. He is cursed with the faculty of seeing the other side—a great destroyer of enthusiasm. | A few of the political scientists, of also are politicians and office- s, but they are the exception rather than the rule. For the most part they are college professors with no interest whatsoever in proclaiming theories that will appeal to the vanity or shallow reasoning of the populace. Politics is a little sunshine girl. Political Science is her silent, somber, studious older sister, who stays in her room and doesn’t try to show off be- fore the company. These men who know—as the pa- pers read at the annual session of the American Council of Learned Societies prove abundantly—som.etimes - cross the border of downright pessimism. They seem particularly pessimistic over the prospect of settling anything gorrectly by a majority vote, unless it be by the merest accident. They delight in raising analogies between political science and exact science. They regard the govern- mental structure as an even more complicated mechanism than the hu- man body, and hold that when it goes wrong the treatment should be decided upon by a consultation of physicians rather than by the whim of the pa- tient. One of their favorite compari- sons is with the science of physics. Some men who have spent their lives in laboratories engaged in intensive mathematical calculations believe that the law of gravitatiou propounded 200 years ago by Sir Isaac Newton is cor- rect, and that if properly applied it answers perfectly every question as to the physical structure of the universe. Discount Newton's Theory. Others equally sincere and profound believe that Einstein is right and that the Newtonian theory is only a plausi- ble approximation of the truth. They may look upon their opponents as bigoted and old-fashioned. Now, there are only a few hundred men in the world at the most capable of forming an intelligent opinion as to which of these groups is right, and even these would be very hesitant about rendering a decision. ‘Why not, ask the political scientists, decide it by making it a party issue between the Democrats and the Re- publicans next Fall? Let the Demo- cratic convention insert a plank up- holding Newton and the Republicans take their stand in favor of Einstein. | ‘Then let the voice of the democracy settle the issue according to which candidate has the best personality or is able to make the best bargains. This, they remark cynically, would be about as sensible as asking a deci- mion froim the voters upon a compli- cated issue of political science which say approach the abstrusity of the Einstein and Newtonian theories, ‘which have dozens of variables to be calculated and equations which schol- ars admit they are unable to solve after years of study. The rights of man; open, above- board diplomacy; the ideals of the fathers, liberty, equality, fraternity— blah, blah, blah' remark the scientists, They are physicians of the body poli- tie, but the physicians in the dissect- ing room and not at the sickbed. Opinions Voiced at Meeting. The American citizen has been pam. | pered and idealized into something | like an incarnation of the Unknown Soldier, said Prof. William Bennett Munro of Harvard University, sound- ing the keynote of this sort of think- ing in his presidential address before | the American Political Science Asso- | ciation Wednesday. International hatred is a product of the progressive democratization of governments and open diplomacy is a breeder of wars, said Henry Kittridge | Norton The simpler taxes are made, the more unjust they become, said Kepre- sentative William H. Green, chairman of the House ways and means com- mittee. | Communism is the logical eonclusten | of all Marxian philosophy. with which | the present conservative Socialism of | Europe is but a compromise, unjusti- | fied by the fundamen assumptions, | mald Omcar J of Oberlin College, former E wer of Count Karolyi's rian cabinet e continued almont the papers of ‘he | lived Hu list migl from ical economints The soe lointe, deliberating on the 1 conditions in the hody of | presented a pleture no more | lo. Crime, poverty and per- version they were inclined 1o treat much as physiciane treat the problem | of cancer, as body cells run wild for | &0 unknown cause and with no known | cure, withough it may be possible Uy mike the patient more comfortahle. The papers presented a constant ph for more Gizsection of social corpses in the laboratory. The wlum, waid Dr. Nels Anderson ) ja University, 1u sn inevi of the big city, and if it in in one place i bound o break out i The in the another declured others product, for good and environment h "™ [ or and bout the parts | s bring about | ¥ Bieshond i i play to presun g vement soienicn Mo 1 71 <) = progress, et an unwillingness 1o methiods 1o the wolution uitien which it offers, There Bpply eraet ofsthe Gt ll Effect of Environment, “It n the national habit 1o think of I terms of hostility 1o each other wherean 1t s unly gh one ths the other can be realized. The indi vidual eitizen is trolied by th Wl b smno come directly bie race motivated und con nfiuence of those with cx These influences from bis dmmediale en e religion, his hie club, bk newspsper, e Viroument Jubor unior B prenets of nd thisn @ myih Vise dug i bardiy 1 seience whould borrow foom the new physics i determinstion 1o gel rid of intellectual insincerities Jncerning tie nature of soverelgnty, | Turkish Jus| | astonishing, #ociul control and individual freedom | public opinion, State rights, the equal- ity of men and nations and a govern- ment of laws. “In place of these formulas it should seek to find concepts that will stand the test of actual operattons, and upon them it should begin to rebuild itself hy an intimate observation of the actualitics.” | The populace is parficularly ill-fitted to deal with international questions, Mr. Norton told his heares and de- mocracy in diplomacy generally makes a mess. He referred to the framing of the Versailles treaty, which marked the end of the World War, as a vicious example. The two leading actors, Lloyd George and Clemenceau, he characterized as politicians, who sought to secure not a just and last- ing peace but a document that would appeal to their constituents, and as keeping one ear to the telephone to learn the sentiment outside all the while they were negotiating. In other days both the central pow- ers and the allies would have sent trained diplomats to Paris, who would have felt little hatred for each other, have understood the international situ- ation and negotiated a workable peace which the publics of the various coun- tries would have known nothing about until it was signed and delivered. There would have been no opportu- nity for popular pressure from masses inflamed with the hatred of four years of war and propaganda. Mentions Geneva Conference. In the same way he characterized the recent failure of the Geneva con- ference for the limitation of naval armaments. First the American posi- tion was announced to the people through the newspapers. Then the British delegates announced that they couldn’t agree to certain aspects of it. If the publics of the two countries had known nothing about it, the delegates could have traded back and forth until they reached a position where both could stand, and something would have been accomplished. As it was, if either party had re- treated an inch they would have been branded as failures by the people of their respective countries, who con- sidered that national dignity would be injured by any compromise. Thus nothing was accomplished. Nations never made war on each other before the advance of democ- racy, Mr. Norton said. The King of France might make war on the Em- peror of Germany and impress peas- ants into his armies, but all the time France and Germany at heart were peaceful. The French peasants didn't hate the German peasants. They didn’t know what *he kings were fight- ing about and didn't care. Their only function was to suffer and pay. But with democracy it was neces- sary to foster an intense nationalism to induce the people to go to war at all. So the politicians interested in war spread propaganda which would stir up hatreds of whole people—with all the disastrous consequences. Then, for the first time, a man who was born in France began to hate a man who was born in Germany and whom he never had seen, solely because he lived under another government. ‘The American Historical Society it- self took a stand against the blah- blah element. The purpose of history, it declared at the present meeting, is to present a faithful picture of the past and of the development of institutio not to foster patriotism. If it hap- pens to do so, well and good. But Jet the chips fall where they will, so long as they represent true facts. Intelli- gence is preferable to blind worship of national idols. The highest tribu- nal is the throne of truth. U. S. Aircraft Models Stir Concern Abroad (Continued_from_ First Page) perhaps, to free trade), and our high- class workmanship, cannot compete with American engines built by work- men whose wages are at least double our wages, whose cost of living is far higher and who at the finish are not such good workmen?”" For the immediate future the six American planes will hold their own, undergoing only a little pointing up here and there. The aerodynamic qualities will remain unchanged until designers and builders can turn out a plane with the same efliciency but with reduced weight. The weights arc not excessive, due to the lightness of the power plant, which, If water cooled, would be considerably heavier. The alm of all designers is to elimi. nate weight without sacrificing strength and structural safety. Change Is Expected. The open-cockpit, low-powered class is due for a change in some fashion when the present supply of OX en- Kines is exhausted, The low-powered engine field already has been entered by several alr-c gines, th most of which is the Fairchild Cami- nez four-cylinder, aircooled radial of 130 horsepower. This engine has passed the experimental stage and is being placed in production, not as a competitor of the Whirlwind, but either as the most advantageous low- powered engine or a mid point between the pluntx of considerably be low 100 horsepower and th horse- power motor. By the time the OXu hava passed into history there will be many low- powered, alrcooled engines in produc- tion and ready to take their place in the sport planes. And these engines will be the product of d private ingenuity, an the ment, for military aeronauth posew, uppenrs 1o concern itself with nothing under 225 horsepower, Proves Astonishing Turkish Just © ix sometimes rather ¥For merlous crimes sen not slways very severe, while trivial offenses are heavily pun b The moxt amszing instance o Lences are Thix concerns Cused of offe wenrin a youth ting public g npprehende by mom excited w great interest and quite u ane b publie | fierce polernie haw broken out in the e, of Turkieh newspispers Home say that e was quite right that the fine should even have henvier others way that it i absurd o probibit the wesring of an article of male aitire which has found wuch [ favor in England and America. 1ut U slgpificant that the young n here o longer wear thelr “Oxford” | bk Japanese Planes i to Stage Maneuvers | A promsnent part win b fn.« Coming nuval agancuvers on the Vacihe const of Japan by s Heet of airplance which will be organized for the fist thine n the Jupanese navy with the newly bullt il her whip kogl an the Naguhip. The played in te—In the seventeenth installment S of Civilization," to be pub. lished next Sunday, Dr. Durant will tell of the Roman Empire. THE ROMANTIC ALEXANDER. The Decline of Athens. HY does a civilization come to an end? Is it because of some immovable limit of physiological vitality in the race, as certain as senility? Or is it primarily because of external changes, economic and political; the exhaustion of the soil, or the rise of bitter factions, or the chaos and de- structiveness of war? Is there any- thing in the decline of Athens which can shed light upon the mortality of ions? and its disastrous end might have left vitality in Athens if the bases of her economic life had remained intact and sound. But her arid and rocky soil had never quite supported her: more and more she depended upon imported food. The growth of the cities had drained the more capable men from the countryside; the ac- cumulation of wealth™ had enabled manufacturers and merchants to buy large tracts of land and man them with slaves incapable of that spirit and enterprise which come of owner- ship. Agriculture has never prosper- ed under absentee landlords; the care- iess husbandry of listless and ex- ploited slaves has ruined many a sofl and let many a civilization go to seed. As the peasant proprietors disap- peared from the fields the ancient source of a virile soldiery ran dry: armies had to be filled not with men who were fighting for the lands and homes, but with “mercenaries,”” who fought for pay and passed from one side to another along the line of greatest gold. It became customary for bands of Greek professional sol- diers, like Xenophon's “Ten Thou- sands,” to hire themselves out to any government, even to kings at war with Greece. * ok k x Meanwhile wealth had come, and with it new problems, new manners and new morals. The gap betweef rich and poor opened wider each year and generated a thousand bitter dis- putes; great strikes disrupted the co- nomic life of the state. Brokers and bankers appeared, with whom people invested the savings which formerly they had kept idle and intact in the temples; the circulation of money was increased and prices soared. In the city infanticide grew, above all, of course, among those who could afford to bring up children and give them education and development. Aristotle pleaded for abortion as a kindlier substitute for the perpetual slaughter of superfluous children by exposure on the mountain tops. Pov- erty, made conscious by the side of glaring luxury, brought on a Soclalist movement. Antisthenes denounced BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is a brief sum- mary of the most important news of the world for the sev- en days eaded D&ember 31: * % % x Italy.—Says Popolo D'Italia, which journal is understood to be the Duce’s mouthpiece, his brother being editor: “Italians of tomorrow will have the new Fascist mentality as a natural patrimony, at basis whereof will be four fundamental postulates which ad. mit of no discussion: “First—Italy is the country which, above all others, deserves to be the greatest and strongest country in the world. “Second—TItaly will be the greatest and strongest country in the world. “Third—Italiang’ laws are the best in the whole world. “Fourth—The men who govern Italy are the best; they deserve respect and obedience.” In a recent resolution the Fasclst grand council declared: “Above all in this new organization of the state there is to be a leader who cannot be confined within any law, but who is given us by the will of God.” Some discover omens that surely presage great betterment of relations between France and Italy; others (let us hope, b use their spiritual optics are defective) do not. The latter should apply to that great specialist, M. Briand, for treatment. Briand has of late made several striking _gestures of conciliation to Italy Mussolini's reaction thereto ems discreetly cordial. The other ay he told his council of ministers that he was hospitable to the 1dea of a meeting with Briand, which should be diplomatically prepared for. At the xame time he put before the coun- cil the draft of a convention to give permanent effect (also somewhat broadening the provisions of the lat- ter) Jo the recently signed modus vi- vendl which provides for regulation of the treatment of French nationals in Italy and Italian nationals In France, There is no doubt that Mus- wolini is greatly pleased by the ap- pointment of the Count De Heau- marchals as French ambassador to Italy in place of M. Besnard. On Christmas day Mussolinl par- doned 600 political prisoners, including all those incarcerated for “abusive” utterances against himself, CE Russin.—An Associated Press cor. respondent went to investigate the grounds of reports of insurrectionary disturbances in the Ukraine was una- ble to discover any important disor- ders of any wort whatever. On the other ha a New York Times correspondent, after touring the districts reported to be In turmoll, has reported that “the reports cir. culuted and published by newspapers and by military headquarters in coun- ries adjoining Russia are for th most part exnggerative, but appea 1o be not without wome basis of fact, for over a six-month perfod the authorities action of have tuken disciplinary ngalnst lende the Ukr an Independent it arresting and exeenting a The finds the in Nnds thit th hate , cined over the plan (or alleged plan) of the Moscow government to wet anide 50,000 acres In the Ukraine for agricultural mettlement by Jown DR Palestine. —Probably the maost clous hody of water this planet itw wize in the Dead Nea, which s 47 miles long, the urea being some 460 square miles, IU I8 reported that pre- w British company, one of the most powerful of commer has " 1 organizations, roveived a cension o extract Dead Hea potash and other walts i should be most Interesting farmers. An estimate | noa sur vey by British experts gives u total of 1.800,000,000 tons of potush 0 the Dead Hea The aslurt deposits, the Krestest reckoned at 2000000000 tons, but the Btiassfurt Prodiet T fuy less pure uan that of the Dead Fea and 18 process of ex- taction tay more costly, Unless the compiny ahout 1o explolt the Dead 2] Known, are fewt,” wayw the Hochi, “will be com- powed of hundreds of slrplanes car ried by the serotenders Okagl, 1owo will, freedom of the ind) Vidusl the consent of the governed, wiajurity sule, hume rule, the rule of and Notoro and & fMotilla of A <oy ere’ Phe commander of Uils new feet suun will be sppuinted. Hew the German and French ducers to keep up the pr orm should wsoon be getting 3 more cheaply than hitherto, The Dead Hew brine will be evaporated by the sun I8 Woughn Eleotricity generated ven the long Peloponnesian War | | ory of Civilization ALEXANDER AND DIOGENES. the state, Diogenes preached a return to the friendly and flowing savage, and Plato himself, rich aristocrat though he was, was remarkably like a “parlor Socialist,” except that he was a genius of brilliant speculation and a supreme artist in literary form. “Love of wealth,” says Plato, “wholly absorbs the Athenians. In this the soul of every citizen hangs suspended, and can attend to nothing but his daily gain.” He saw disinte- gration advancing through individu- alism in the citizen and a correspond- ing quarrelsomeness among the com- ponent states of Greece. He gled for peace and alllance among these states, “lest the whole Greek race should some day fall under the yoke of un- civilized peoples,” and if he had had his way he would have brought the iron order of a paternalistic state— queer hybrid of communism and aris- tocracy—upon the dissolvent separat- ism and selfishness of his fellow men. But h!s own subtle philosophy s bolized that transition from the life of action to the life of thought which endangers every civilization just as it com.es to flower. In the earlier stages of a nation’s history there is little *hought, except as the passing pre- lude to a physical response; action flourishes, instinctive or otherwise spontaneous; men are direct, unin- hibited, frankly sexual, pugnacious and domineering. But as civilization grows, as customs, institutions, laws by water power will supply the heat required in the complete process. Elec- tric trains will convey the extracted salts in bags to the Mediterranean ports of Palestine. Surely the world ‘do move."” The prosperity of Palestine should be fairly insured by the new enter- prise. Ot course, the Dead Sea is rich in several salts of value besides potash. but to ask us (as one “authorit does) to believe that the extractable wealth of that storied little lake totals $1,300,000,000,000, is to ask a little too must. 1 had just penned the above when the report arrived of discovery in western Texas of potash deposits rich enough to supply the needs of the United States for the next 250 years. And what of the report some months old of the discovery of potash de- posits in Russia comparable to the Strassfurt deposits and only awaiting transportation facilities to contest the world market. Surely it looks as though our farmers would soon be getting potash cheap. John D. Rockefeller, jr., has given $2,000,000 to the government of Pales- tine for establishment of a museum of Palestinian archeology in Jerusa- lem. The construction will be adapted to the “Jerusalem town-planning scheme,” now being carried out by the Palestine government. In the course of 1927 Mr. Rockefeller has given $1,600,- 000 to France toward restoration of her monuments, $500,000 to the New York Botanical Gardens, $300,000 to the New York Y. M. C. A. and $500.. 000 to the Shakespeare Memorlal Theater at Stratford-on-Avon. e Iraq.—A new treaty regulating the relations between Great Britaln and Iraq has just been signed. It Is sald that Great Britain therein engages to back an application from Iraq in 1932 for membershlp in the League of Na- tions. The Iraq nationalists had been eager for ending of the British man. date next year, and the Iraq premler and finance minister have resigned by way of protest. The agreement ar- rived at s described as a compro- mise, Apparently a definite agreement re- specting the Mosul oil fields has heen It I were not Alexander I would be Diogenes. and morals develop to bind and harass the individual, repression in- creases to the point of neuroses, ac- tion gives way to the pale cast of thought, expression to concealment, cruelty to sympathy, belief to doubt; the unity of character common to animals and primitive men passes awa behavior becomes fragmentary and hesitant, conscious and calculat- ing; the willingness to fight becomes a disposition to infinite argument. Few nations have been able to achieve the intellectual refinement and esthetic sensitivity of a mature civilization without sacrificing so much in virility and unity that their lavish wealth becomes an irresistible tempta- tion to impecunious barbarians. Around every Rome hover the Gauls; around every Athens the Macedonians. * x x From Socrates to Aristotle. Culture and art arise after economic power and survive it, as the heat of the Summer sun lingers in the Au- tumn sea and the fragrance of flowers remains in a room from which they have been taken away. While Athens decayed in wealth and power, her writers and artists continued to adorn her homes, her streets and her life with statuary, painting, drama, poetry, oratory, science and philosophy. The state could no longer afford to under- take great public works of art, but private individuals, with the keen reached. They are to be exploited by four national groups—British, Ameri- can, French and Dutch, the American group including Standard and Inde- pendents, But. though the four groups participate equally as to capital, etc., the company embracing them fis a British company, registered in Brit- ain and with a British chairman. It is to be hoped that the Iraquis are to have a just share of the profits. * x x < China.—Feng Yu Hsiang. the “Christian general,” is reported to be having success in his drive into Shan- tung province aganinst Gen. Chang Tsung-Chang, Tuchun of Shangtung, and the latter's ally, Gen. Sun Chuan Feng. Having taken Suchow (north- west_Kiang Su), he is now approach- ing Tsi Nan: or so at least say the Nanking dispatches, which add that the Nanking government is rushing suceor to him. The very important news arrives of the resignation from the Nanking government of Dr. C. C. Wu, foreign minister, and Sun Fo, son of Sun Yat Seny finance minister. It is widely thought that these resignations were caused by pressure from Fens Yu Hsiang, the “Christian zeneral,” whose alliance seems to be necessary to the Nanking government if it is to prevail against the north, but whose influence is an_extremely sinister one. Dr. Wu and Sun Fo are moderates of the best type fn Chinese public life. Dr. C. T Wang is talked of for Dr. Wu's suc- cessor. e has been premier at Peking, and he participated in the Versailles treaty negotiations and the tariff parleys with the powers. It is thought that T. V. Soong (formerly finance minister of the Hankow gov. ernment) will succeed Sun Fo. He iy reputed an able man. *x o Japan.—A real tug of war is coming when the Japanese Diet reassembles on January 18. The government and the opposition are of almost equal strength in the lower house. The gov- ernment party proper is the Kenseikai, with 163 members in the chamber. The Seiyukai party, with 136 mem. hera, forms the solid backbone of the opposition, Prior to the financial crisis of last Spring, the Selyuhonto party (98 members) supported the government fer Tanaka's of Pr The Ideal Place to Work BY BRUCE BARTON. Y first regular job was in a construction camp in Montana. It was a hard life; the only soft thing about it was the pine lumber ‘from which the bunks were built. I thought my troubles were work." But the magazine was poor; it e enough subscribers . Sometimes our were not paid. looked enviously toward big, powerful publishing of New York—so firmly blished and fri And presently | f the pay roll of one of them. The very first week brought a rude surprise. | discovered that this great concern had all the waorries of the little one in Chi- cago, only on a bigger scale. It ar from an ideal place to work. In fact, | was beginning to doubt whether | should e find the id [ when ¢l came along) when it was over my job was gone and | had to t up & business of my own, Men of experience had told me that only when you are in busi- nees for yourself are you ideally But | b not found mysolf a very indulgent em- ployer, He works me hard and me lose ol which is ing ne o employer over did, Sometimes | think that men who write for a living have the really ideal life. But | recall a conversation th a famous novelist. Said he: “You have idea how many days | lock my- self in my study all alone and sit and sit and try to write and never produce a single line.' And he added: “You fellows in s don't know what an He reminded me of Steven- son's remark that any place is @ood enough to spend a lifetime in, but no place is good enough to spend two or three days in. There is a good deal of sense in that. Go into any new town and you feel lonesome, homesiok and strange. Stay there long enough and you become a boast- ful native son, telling the world that your town has wonderful achools, and the most up-to-date fire d rtment, and the tall policeman, and the best possil neighbor 1 am beginning to suspect that the same thing halds true of a place to work—that what we are makes it what it is. Some folke never find this out. They go straight through life imagining that it they could only 0ot somewhere else the condi- tians would be much more ide The devil is a classic examp! According te tradition, he was on neral manager of heaven, ane move tee many where he H and landed (Copyright, 1987) BY WILL DURANT, Ph. D., Author of “The Story of Philosophy.” taste of a dying civilization, provided a demand which stimulated every form of cultural activity. Doubtless it was the diminution of wealth which brought a close to the great epoch of the Athenlan theater. ‘The economic and spiritual resources of the people, broken by devastation and defeat, were inadequate to the careful staging of such spectacles as had marked the zenith of the Periclean age. The comic theater under the form known to history as the new comedy flourished on a modest scale, | and in the lost works of Menander it agsed from the philosophical bur- lesque of Aristophanes to a more po- lite and superficial satire of complex and subtle life in the dying city. But the days of the glants were gone. The arts did not die, but they changed their home, passing more from Athens to the Greek cities and colonies that dotted the Mediterra- nean's shores. In Athens the new art of painting, which had begun under Pericles, came to its first maturity under Zeuxis. The Greeks liked painting moderately, loving color less than line and suspecting the quick mortality of paint under the enmity of time. They had seen the figures on the Parthenon painted and prob- ably before they died they had seen those brilliant colors fade or drop away. For many years it was only in this subservience to sculpture, pot- tery and architecture that painting found a plncc.. * % Then Polygnotus pleased Athenian fancy by painting on the wall of a colonnaded porch (called thereafter the Stoa Poikile, or painted porch), a vast panorama of the battle at Mara- thon, alive with the figures of Themistocles, Miltiades and Jschylus. Polygnotus refused payment for this work and for his similar adornment of buildings at Delphi; perhaps he en- joyed the novelty, as Tom Sawyer's friends were seduced into enjoying it. In a rare moment of gratitude the council of the Greeks decreed that the modest painter should be entertained at the public expense wherever he should go. Slowly the new art improved. The chemical experiments required to pro- duce the masterpieces of Greek pot- tery developed better methods of mix- ture. Oil colors were unknown; melt- ed wax was used as a base, and the artist painted on wooden tablets while the wax was still fluid, leaving it to harden as it cooled. Toward 400 B. C. Apollodorus revolutionized the art by introducing shadow and perspective. Painting in bright colors the lighted side of every object, and in dark colors the unlighted side, he gave solidity to form and brought his figures out from that flat surface on which Polygnotus had been content to leave them, and by varying the size of objects to in- dicate their distance, Apollodorus achieved such novel wonders in_per- (Continued on Tenth Page.) The Story the Week Has Told predecessor (a Kenseikal man). But since Tanaka took the helm there has been a drift of Seiyuhonto members to the opposition until now perhaps half of them are lined up with the latter. The government and the op- position now are fighting for the 63 votes of the smaller parties (which have, on the whole, inclined toward the opposition), the government, moreover, hoping to win back some of its lost Seiyuhonto supporters. The present indication is that the government will be able to realize this hope, the Seiyu- honto not desiring general elections just yet, but that the recovered sheep will be Jost again so as to necessitate general elections late in 1928. *x x % A Pan-American Railway.—Interest is being reawakened in the project of a pan-American railway. For ma vears the project has been under con- sideration by a pan-American railway committee under the direction of the board of the Pan-American Unlon. ‘This committee consists of seven mem- bers, one from each of the following named countries: Argentine, Brazil, Chile, Mexico and three from the United States. A report is to be submitted by the committee to the international con- ference opening in Havana on Janu- ary 16. The ideal, of course, is a sys- tem which should connect all the capi- tal cities of the Western Hemisphere, but there are differing ideas as to the best routing. Of course, a good deal of construction now existing would be linked up in the completed system. The United States and Mexican sec tions are, you may say, completed The section through Peru proposed by one of the two chief plans presents the gravest problem—running through primeval farest and jungle, over lofty mountains, across wide rivers, the altitude varying from 3,000 to about 14,000 feet. Another plan would have the rail- road avoid the Andean heights, run. ning east through forest and jungle, a country as yet only faintly explored, scarcely inhabited. but of magnificent promise. There is good prospect that the Central American section down to the Panama Canal will be completed by 1933, South American part of the project Mrs, Frances W. Avson took off from New York in the last of sev. eral attempts to be the first woman to supervolate the Atlantic. Appa ently her Sikorsky monoplane Daw was lost between New York and Nova Scotla, Her fellow voyagers were Lieut. Oskar Omdal, pilot; Brice Golds- borough, navigator and radio operator, and Fred K. Wright, engine expert. Hronson Cutting has been appointed by Gov Dillon of New Mexico, Sena- tor from New Mexico to fill the un. oxpired term of A. A. Jones, recently decoased. " In o revised cale of our most fmpo the Department 4 mates thelr total value s, 000 A% against $7.793450.000 las The cotta lation for about 30 t vear, Crop ixestimated to ex veed I value last year's crop by $340,- 714,000, The atrp) carvler Lexington sis of the Saratoga, commissioned the other day) was on Decembor 14 put in commizslon at the Fore River plant of ::u-’ Bethiehom Shipbuilding Corpora on. The Yale University endowment fund has gone over the top, passing the $20,000,000 mark set for it With acquisition of this fund, Yale becomes the richest university in the United States With a total endowment fund of aver 89,000,000, alightly above Har vart's and some 10,000,000 above Co Tumbia's, .. tew. At & tn the morning Christimas day, aftor an albnight ses slon, the differences between Nenate and Chamber having been lroned out, the French Parllament passed the 1N budget. Total revenue I et Minted at 42 406 516,000 francs and ex penditure at 42, 441437.000, wn et mated surplus, therefore, of 83,409 000, On- November ¥ representatives of 19 countries (neluding Great Heitain Gevmany, France, Japan, ltaly and Holland) slgned & convention for the abolition of proahibitions and vestvie LOne o expartation and lmpertation, the United Ntates yeprosentatives de vlining (o slgn, Complete realization of the | | would open up boundless possibilities | of colonization exploitation, cultiva- | tion, cattle raising, ete. * % % United States.—On_Friday, Decem. of | THIRTEEN-MONTH YEAR GAINS FAVOR OF BUSINESS Cotsworth I:l;;; f;; 1;; Division of Time Algo Considered by U. Government and League. builder Railr BY PAUL V. COLLINS. Fleming, I are beginning a new year. | Pacific How long is a year? Why | "stand does a year contain just 12 months, and why are the months of such unequal length? What authority is behind the notlon that a year is 365% s jong, and is that the exact length? The anclent Etruscans, who iived in Italy and attained pre-eminence be- yond that of Rome, 500 or 1,000 years B.C., measured a year by the lapse of time between the arrival of the sun in the same place in the consteliations, and they counted it as 355 days & hours and 40 minutes. But when Julius Caesar reigned over Rome he decreed that a year must be 363% and so spent resources upon the potter, spel mined to a chinaware. amily fused world that thirte 28 days each would days, which was 11 minutes longer lems of Hm:. SI.: than the sun made it. That was in ihe :r;v:l"\r’x;.!‘ first century A.D., and ever after that the error of 11 minutes kept accuinu- lating to make the year too long, until in the time of Pope Gregory in the fifteenth century the error had Lecome 11 days. Gregory undertook to correct the dates of Easter and New Year, but for more than two centuries thereafter there remained confusion, and dates were recorded in both the old and new systems, 11 days apart The vear of i12 montbs not fixzd by the Cre- ator of all time, but bv blundering man, hence there is no reason why man should not seck to correcc errors | of the past. Ancient Egyptians’ Measure. The ancient Egyptians had a more accurate measure than modern men have achieved. Moses, the prince son of Pharaoh’s daughter, learned the Egyptian method, and by it he was able to lead the Israelites out of slavery and set them upon roads to prosperous crops and animal produc- tion by giving them true dates for so®ing crops and breeding live stock. ‘That system: became known to the Israelites as the Mosaic calendaor. al- though it was really the Egzyptian. Later the Israelites were taken cap- |} tive to Babylon, and as the years of | captivity were long they forgot how 1o reckon time by the secret Mos=ic cal- endar, and upon returning to Falesti they sought to reinstate the method in vain. In the meanwhile, even in Egypt the old system was forgotten, for it had always been a secret of the priesthood, both in Egypt and Pales- tine. The Egyptian pyramids were o built as to form great sundials, and the cut- off of the years came when their shad- ows fell upon the exact marks. To- »_in the basilica before the greot| Peter’s Church in Rome, an obe- | lis shadow is similarly used as a yearly sundial, by which astroncmers may verify their dates and divisioas ime. It has been propustd that the foot Washington Monument might be similarly utilized as a sundial if only a circumference dial be marked out to interpret the shadow and show its va- riation according to the seasons. The Egyptian calendar was ever a solar one, regardless of the changes of the moon. The moon goes through its changes 12 times a year, but not with precision concurrent with the march of the sun. The Jewish Baby- lonian calendar was so inaccurate that trained priests, operating in dif- ferent parts of Palestine, were unable to agree as to dates of feasts or dates when crops should be sown or live- stock bred. Hence they had to wait| until proclamations me from the high priest at Jerusalem in order to n.aintain uniformity of dates. Aztec Calendar. At the time of the Spanish conquest | of Mexico the Aztecs were using a| solar measurement of the year, di-| vided into 18 months ¢ 20 days each. | plus five complementary days, added | to make up the full solar vear of 355 | {days. That was identical with thel! practice of the Esyptian calendar, yet how had it come from Egypt to Amer- ica? To adjust the fraction of the da; over 365 the Aztecs added approx mately 1213 days to their cycle of 52 years, just as we add one day to leap year every fourth year. The Aztec calendar proved so near accuracy that it took five centuries to accumulate an error amounting to one day. civilization had to adjust its clocks by the Aztec calendar. All these struggles for accyracy in the measurement of time prove how in_portant exactness a red through- | out the ages. It is not a matter of | curlosity nor one for purzling the| brains of historia Today the monthly division of the year is a oo of the esutistic pride of two Caesars. | 35° Julius Caesar in attempting to revise | O ided to mag. | Serted and for four year: its special commi ing methods, plan. Mr. Cot: as an expert with t mittee. agu Describes Leazue’s Work. two months of 30 days, or whether 13 eq four complete E ished, with be fixed on § nt Sth of Apr plified calen E Under the Cotswor onths to a extra month will be last 13 day 3 with the first 15 da will leave 52 and 4 weeks alw: But that am Mr. Cotsworth woul nday or holiday Saturday of his ¥ d: St. Extra Sabbath Plan. t ason.” sa saic calendar to bec petual, o that the wor baths throughout t recurred onsthe sa This calendar con ard months as fol’ow: e fixed dat ts of 13 st T 1T 27 37 4T 57 87910 1112 15116 17 18 19 61 71 13 14] 1T22723 2425126 Each be exactly th above. The new meon serted between June that time of lory by calling the month of | This leapweek was his own name. and. stealing | STt le ks {a day from Februarv. he added it to| Dations his month to make it the longest of | the year. Along came Augustus Cae | W1 crops and | sar. bound not to be cutdone by Julius, | ONINKIY and r 50 he named the next manth August|SiVen to the Terelites 4 and ordered that it must be as|As Mr. Cotsworth adds: long as July. “The whole calendar in fact is & Freak Changes Made. king tribute to th Other freak changes have been made | which throw utter irregularity into| the months, So some months have | two days more than four weeks, some three days more, and only just four weeks. Even With fts conventent fo not begin on the prosper f Jews | n and end in a_fraction or two fractions of & week. | That is what makes com ations of | 11 kinds in pay rolls month, but whose w by the week. There have been many attempts to | teenthmanth veas w correct the defects recognized in the | collecti present freakish calendar. These de- | { feets are summarteed by George Rast. | man, the maker of kodaks, but the | mones he s Process s not found so simple as “you | the release of « press the bu we'll do the rest.™ | Burape e However, beginning today, the East. | $2.000 000 man Kodak Co. will adopt fts book. | tive world of # Keeping entirely upon the new Cots: | the simples and worth calendar, and several other/do awsy wirh American business flems are seriousty | tien and Mook, consddering doing the same. | Rives us a year of the sam ax the presont yvear, but di thirteen montha of exactly four weeks. | work and every week begins on Sunday and | ends on Naturday | AMr, Eastman in & recent addeess to f g the National Chamber of Commerce | o said “MY interest in the our present calendar and the need of A more practical monthly measure of davs orlginated in our company Flrst, Monthly reconds of business Are not exact because months diter in longth and have different numbers of working days, when compared with the preceding month and the cor responding manth of previous years. Socond. The number of pay days | AN davs bevond four weeks vary Thivd. The week day names ave dit- forent and each day of the week has A Nfferent econamic vatue. Fourth ¥ Wanders over thirty five daya in March and Apeid The Cotswarth Plan. Thess ave “undisputed defects™ as emphastaed by the League of Natlons White the Eastman Rodak Ow & the fArst greal business (0 accept the Cutaworth calendar it business nat a always Maleney and by bw l\\‘fl\! on Sa {oent as to @l an Sunday Tutay wateh month end N dad ot N the wddic AVERE ¥ ddi s n | of the v ond of ane we davs, N markaed dy thon o the ment hewt operations and to base its pay vl of the e Wi, (housands b Wen WPaR e Wnifoem | SRR I ROW DAl Govesnwont e week, month and year, the system |activas 2 has been worked out through 3¢ ar 4 LR yoars of study by Moses B Cotswarth . Of Seotland Nearly 173000 tons of Awertvan The Cotsworth plan had alivady re steal valls worw sent 10 ether counicies oeived the appivval of Siv Sanford in 1820 by A