Evening Star Newspaper, December 12, 1926, Page 61

' SHORT SESSION “EVILS” ATTACKED BY PRESIDENT Proposal for Biennial Al—)propriations Designed to Leave Time for Other Vital Legislation. ! ‘ [ EDITOR NATION IAL PAGE AL PROBLEMS SPECIAL FEATURES Part 2—16 Pages BY G, GOULD LINCOLN. RESIDENT COOLIDGE, in his annual message to Congress, tackled the evils of the ‘“‘short” sesslon of Congress from a new-angle. He is t"e first President, so-far as official Washington can remember, to advocate biennial appropriations, with e~~h Congress to appropriate for two J.are at its opening session. If . 's plan were adopted, the Presi- dent pointed out, it would be possible to devote all of the second session, the “short” session, to legislative work other than appropriations. It would make impossible filibusters in the short session against supply bills for the Government, in order to force a special session of the succeeding Con- gress. But the President had more than ¢his in his mind when the suggested biennial appropriations. He saw no reason why a Congress could not ap- Ppropriate for two years, now that the country had returned to normal con- ditions; as well as appropriate for ope Yyear twice during the life of the Con- Sees Much Labor Saved. By adopting the biennial appropri- ation plan, the Congress could save itself a great amount of labor, much of it repetition, and gain much time for the consideration of matters re- quiring legislative attention. It is perfectly clear that if the Congress now meeting did not have to put through the appropriations bills for the Government before March 4 rolls around, it would be at liberty to deal with farm relief legislation, with tax legislation and & score of other mat- ters which require attention, but ‘which must go over, in all probability, because of the time demanded by the appropriation bills. The first public discussion of the Presiden: ¥ plan was an attack on it by itive Martin Madden Tiiinois, Republican and chairman of the House approblations committee. "oy | showid * certed drive In favor of the resolution and action on it, the present Congress ‘will pass into history without its hav- ing been acted upon, although it is be: . lieved that it would pass by a 3 large ; vote should it ever come to the test in the House. Series of Experiments in California Supports Einstein Relativity Theory ‘What is sald to be & new point in favor of the validity of Einstein's theory of relativity is contained in a series of experiments recently com- ipleted here by Dr. Roy J. Kennedy of he California Institute of Technology nd which have just been reported to ithe National Academy of Sciences. ! The experiments were a repetition i ‘'of the Michelson-Morley experiment, named after the physicists who first rformed it, many years ago. It was ntended to show whether or not the earth, on account of its motion, was drifting through the ether, which was supposed to permeate all space, and to be the medium in which light waves vibrate. When first performed an almost . megligible result was obtained. It was partly in an effort to explain this un- expected result that the theory of relativity was formulated. When re- peated last year by Dr. Dayton C. Miller of the Case School of Applied Sclence, Cleveland, working at the Mount Wilson Observatory in Cali- fornia, a mile above sea level, an ap- parent effect was found. ‘While this was not as great as bad been originally expected, Dr. Miller sald that it could be explained by a motlon of the sun, and the earth with it, towards the constellation of the Dragon, at a speed of over a hundred miles a second. This was antagonistic o the relativity theory. Dr. Kennedy has repeated the ex- periment with an improved form of apparatus, in which the beam of light, which is divided into two parts and then recombined, causing alternate light and dark “interference” bands, travels only about 13 feet, instead of 200 feet, as in Miler's ap- paratus. The effect sought for is measured by means of a shift in these ) interference bands as the apparatus is pointed in different directions. ‘With the instrument used by Dr. difterence Senator Norris has suggested in the past that if the House did not act upon his resolution and he could find a few supporters to help him he would filibuster against approvriation bills sent from the House and pre- vent votes on them until his resolu- tion received consideration in the House. If he should undertake such & course at the present session, he would give the House leaders some- thing to think about. At present they are intent upon preventing a special session of the Seventieth Congress next Spring. They want to get through March 4 and adjourn Con- gress until December, 1927. If Mr. Norris undertakes to throw a monkew wrench into this machinery, it may make a ‘erence. The Norris resolution, in amended form, has been favorably reported to the House by the House committee on elections of President, Vice President and Representatives in__Congress. Representative Hays B. ‘White, Re- publican, of Kansas, is chairman of that committee and he insists that he will do all he can to get favorable action on the resolution at this ses- sion. He has been put off, however, 80 often by the Republican leadership of the House in the past in regard to this matter that he has doubts as to. the success of his attempts now. Under the Norris resolution, as re- ported to the House, there would be no short sessions of Congress. Con- gress would meet in regular session each year on January 4, and the ses- sions would run as long as there was business which the Members desired to transact. Furthermore, the newly elected Congress would come into be- ing the January 4 after its election and not wait for from 4 to 13 months before taking up its duties as it does under the present system, depending upon whether. a special session is called or not. Begin Dutles in January. Under it the newly elected Presi- dent and Vice President would enter upon their duties January 24 follow- ing their elections, instead of wait- ing until March 4. There would be no session of Congress in which men who had been defeated In the elections | would continue to legislate, as they do now in the “short™ session. It there were a failure to elect a President and Vice President through the electoral college and the election were thrown into the House for Preside! into the Senate for Vice P:;'u:fi it would be the new If the H;l:u:fla.ver g?ls passing the Noi resolu- ust to the States for fati- ‘ol constitutional amend- ‘and must be ratified by 36 it becomes effective. There is mnothing really antagonis- tic between the Norris constitutional t and the Pru:;lent'l ;:ll_l;ln for biennial appropriations. The President’s plan could be adopted and achieve much the same end it now after the Norris amendment | Constitution has been adopted. which the Norris ndment pose can be accome ;MHM only ':hrgquxh a constitutional amendment. The President’s plan of blennial appropriations requires no constitutional amendment, but merely a change in the system of appropriad- law. If the President’s p! be adopted, or the Norris con- stitutional amendment, there would be no bar to the adoption of the other. Could Supplement Funds. It the President’s plan were adopt- ed, and need should arise for addi- tional appropriations after the bi-| ennial bills had been passed, supple- mental estimates could be submitted and additional appropriations made by the Congress. But such measures would require comparatively little labor on the part of Congress. ‘On the other hand, if the appro- should be somewhat in ex- cess of the actual amount required to be expended, there is no law which compels the expenditure of the whole sum. The part needed could be cov-; ered back into the Treasury. There are “watch dogs of the Treasury” in the éxecutive branch and in the con- troller general’s office as well as in the halls of Congress. While the President’s two-year ap- propriation plan might work to the | advantage of the counry and the Government machine, there are re- forms accomplished in the Norris constitutional amendment which are wise and far reaching. seeks, to the ‘The reforms through which the two parts of the divided beam pass, would produce an effect as great as that observed. A temperature difference of a five-hun- dredth of a degree Fahrenheit would produce the same effect, he stated. As Dr. Kennedy’s light path was so much shorter, there was much less chance of such error, and the entire apparatus was small enough to be completely inclosed in a sealed metal case containing helium gas, which was at atmospheric pressure. This pre- vented circulation of the air and any difference in pressure or temperature in different parts of the apparatus. By means of an improvement in the way: of observing the interference bands the instrument is as sensitive as Dr. Miller’s, despite the shorter light path. However, though, “a shift as small as one-fourth that corresponding to Millers’ would be perceived,” said Dr. Kennedy, “the result was perfectly definite. There was no sign of a shift depending on the orientation. Because an ether drift might conceivably de- pend on altitude, the experiment was repeated at the Mount Wilson Observ- atory, in the 100-inch telescope build- campaign for membership in citizens’ EDITORIAL SECTION he Sundy Staf WASHINGTON, D. C, BY LOUIS BROWNLOW Former District Commissioner. F I were asked by any Washing- tonian, “What shall I do to help the progress of my city?” I should answer without a mo- ment’ hesitation: “First of all, join a cltizens’ asso- t sounds, I know, much like the thinlip service that we offer to so many venerable and respected insti- tutions which in fact we do not re- gard as important; it sounds much like mere ‘“‘boosting.” It isn’t, at all. 1t is, rather, a recognition of a new and powerful instrument of dynamic democracy for the control of com- munity affairs, the working of which is beginning to be watched in other American cities by thoughtful men and women; indeed, already is being copled in some of them. I consider the citizens’ assoclations to be important factors in the life of the city; therefore it follows that membership in an association becomes a duty for that citizen who would not shirk his share of the responsibility for community development. I consider the citizens’ associations to be important factors in demon- strating the possibility, at any rate, of continuous democratic participa- tion in local governmental affairs without the aid of the ballot box, or in spite of the hindrance of the hallot box; therefore, it follows that mem- bership in an association becomes a privilege for that citizen who would have a share in the development of better processes of workable democ- racy. Now that I have gone so far and sald so much, perhaps I may have the opportunity to defend myself and my position. 1 was not six years a Commissioner of the District of Columbia without learning something of the weaknesses of the citizens’ associations. In 1915, 12 years ago, when I first went to the District Building, these weaknesses were both internal and external, faults in the structure of the assoclations themselves and faflure or refusal of those outside of the assoclations to make the proper allowance for their imperfections and thus to underrate their potential importance. Under the administration of our predecessors the District Government had encouraged the establishment of more citizens’ associations and the or- ganization of the District-wide fed- eration. Maj. Newman, Col. Kutz and I went further in our recognition of the federation and of the individual associations and lent what official and personal aid we could give to the busi- ness of dividing the territory of the associations so as to eliminate over- lapping boundaries and make the as- soclations more nearly represent geo- graphical units. \IWa did what we could to help in the first District-wide ns. Under the administration of our suc- cessors this policy of increasing nition of the citi~ens’ asoclation has brought about, at the instance of the Commissioners, the formation of the Citizens' Advisory Councll, and con- sultation with this body has become a part of the formal, even if still ex- tra_legal, constitution of the District of Columbia. * This brief backward glance at the assoclations SUNDAY MORNING, DECEMBER 12, % & HARR) o § EW AN & LOUIS BROWNLOW. shows a constant growth in power and in responsibility. It shows an increas- ing strength, internal and external. But as the weaknesses are still pres- ent I cannot be candid in talking about the whole subject unless I dis- cuss those weaknesses. The chief internal weakness is structural, and cannot be entirely remedied until all the men and women of the particular community who have the slightest public interest or public spirit (two entirely different things, sometimes found both in the same person and sometimes not) are brought into the association. For years there has been a great difference in the character of the as- soclations in different parts of the ‘District. Some have nearly approxi- mated the wide community-participa- tion that I have lald down as the ideal. Some have been tight Ilittle cliques representing a certain coterie of: individuals. Some, not many, but some, have been merely aggregations of me-too pollparrots grouped around a single individual, who to all intents and purposes was himself the assocla- tion. ‘ The chiet external weakness is that the worst faults of the worst citizens’ WORLD’S TRADE CENTER MOVING TO PACIFIC, ECONOMISTS FIND League of Nations Committee of Experts Learns Eu- rope Is Losing Its Hold in Trade, Population and Production. BY DREW PEARSON. port, have rated 50 countries in the “The center of the world's trade is, order of their positions in world trade. shifting from the Atlantic to the Pa-| The United Kingdom heads the list, cific.” buying and selling 16.1 per cent of To chambers of commerce in Los|the world’s goods. The United States Angeles, San Francisco and Seattle a close second with 14.5 per cent this is not a new statement. They |of the world’s trade. Other European have backslapped and pounded it into nations have tumbled far down the every tourist west of the Rockies since | 1ine since 1913. Japan has risen from the days of '49. But conservative Eu- | thirteenth to seventh place. ropeans have not in the past an- In nations making the greatest nounced that the reins of world trade and weight of population have slipped from Buyrope. Therefore comés the unexpected: relative -gains since the World War Asia agatn leads. Korea increased her trade 630 r cent since 1913, while British Malaysia, Honduras and Japan | a comprehensive survey of the world A committee of the foremost Euro- pean economists, appointed by the League of Nations, has just completed made the next largest gains relatively. as it was before the war and as it is now. They find, in a report hitherto unpublished, that in trade, population and production Eurgpe is going slowly backward: ‘They find that the United States and Asia are forging ahead about 26 times faster than their rivals. Population Gain Is Big. They state: “There iz an important shift in the center of gravity from the Atlantic to the Pacific.” Specifically, they find that the popu- latlon of Europe has increased by only 1 per cent since 1913, while the popu- 1ation of North America increased by 20 per cent and Australasia by 16 per | cent. Between 1913 and 1926 European trade fell off 10 per cent. The United | States and Asia won over most of this, and also picked up double this amount of trade from other countries. Both gained more than 33 per cent between 1913 and 1925. Australasia gained nearly as much. One of the most illuminating con- clusions drawn by the economists of the League of Nations is that the eountries on the Pacific are trading more and more among themselves and 1 excluding Europe from their transac- tions. Whereas Canada once bought its Australian wool through Liverpool, Canadian buyers now go direct to Melbourne for the annual wool auc- tions. T’S a very old, old story; but r it never needed retelling so much as in this present hour. His name was Joseph, and he was carried away from home, in Egypt, a nd. B he good-looking and intelligent and a hard worker, he rose rapidly until he became prime ther man in Egypt more tial or more celebrated. rned with They followed It looked as permanently as th un: nothing single generation— le fraction of a gen- vable oc- curred. The people who were so from all gon- e hurled from their ion into the bitterness The thing that had recorded in a si Joseph British Sales Dropping. “The United States and India now buy less from Europe and more from " the league economists find. ina and Japan buy less from Eu- ny high positi of slavery. happened to them rope and more from North America; Australia less from Europe and more ing. Here again the effect was null.” Japanese Are Making Real Strides at Golf ‘Ten years ago there were three golf courses in all Japan—Yokoham: Rokosan, near Kobe, and Tokio. All were nine-hole courses. Now there are seven, two at Tokio and Hodo- gaya, near Yokohama, being as good from both North America and Japan. Reciprocally, India sends a greater proportion of her goods to North America and Asia. Japanese exports to Europe have dropped from 23.3 per cent to 6.6 per cent of her total exports, while those destined to North America have risen from 30 per cent to 44.5 per cent. In recent years al- most every country of the world has bought _relatively more from the United States of America than before the war.” Since 1913, the proportion of British 18-hole courses as the best of golfers | sales to China and Japan has been cut could wish. Fifteen years ago golf | nearly in half, while British sales even was unknown to the Japanese. Now |to component parts of the empire, as the number of low handicap Japanese | Canada, Australla and India, have players is increasing yearly and the | been going steadily down. The United foreign players reside: ere may-beStates has- gained ly -all- Britain said to have lost th they “held “hus lost:’* - - i) in the first five years, The Jeague gle sentence. And “there arose up a new king over Egypt, which knew not Joseph.” Only a few years since Joseph's death—and the new king knew | little about him and cared less. His name had been a byword in the ancient world. But a few people passed away, some new eré born and sto, he was as much forgotten as though he had never lived. 1 would print that story large upon the office walls of thou- sands of men in these changing days. On the walls of business men, for example. Only last week | talked with a man who told me that his €Copyright, 1920.) essoclations as they existed at their worst—years ago—are still ascribed by many persons to all of the citizens’ associations as they exist today. Such as these, without knowing what great advance has been made in the asso- clations themselves, and without look- ing into the facts, are the ones who say: “Well, I don’t know anything about it, but I saw one of these citi- zens’ associations has come out for it, so I am against it.” These are the persons, in particular, who ought to join a citizens’ associa- tion. They would not find perfection, but they would find that progress has been made since 1890. Then I would not be candid if I aid no% -:t d:wn here my opinion wl)';h respect to the dangers that face the izens’ associations.” As they grow in power and influence they will offer an ever-increasing temptation ta the petty politician as a fleld for the prac- tice of his profession. best wa: to ward off that danger is to get the widest possibe participation of citi- zens who are genuinely interested in the community, s0 that the petty poli- ticlans may not have their way. *n other words., the cure for the ‘weaknesses that exist in the citizens" FARM RELIEF AT SHORT SESSION IS URGED BY SENATOR CAPPER Time for Congress to Take Definite and Constructive Action Similar to That Given Other Industries, He Declares. BY ARTHUR CAPPER, Senator from Kansas. It is time for Congress to take definite and constructive action to give agriculture protection equivalent to that already accorded manufactur- ing and other industries. The pro- tecttve tariff by itself is not sufficlent, Just as it has not been sufficient for capital and industry—witness the re- stricted immigration act for the fur- ther protection of labor, the mainte- nance of adequate freight rates for ‘the railroads ‘and other similar legis- " “Which Knew Not Joseph” BY BRUCE BARTON company controlled 75 per cent of the business in its line a quarter of a century ago. To- day this company controls less than 20 per cent. The men who owned it had grown self-sat- isfied; and almost overnight a new, verile competitor arose, and with advertising pusl the older company from its place of power. Our fathers knew. that older company well; but you and 1 have hardly heard its name. A gene has a ing, which’ knows ' not ph. | would print it on the walls of writers and of preachers and of lawmakers and of every man who wants to see the race progress. You think that you have told your story to the world and that therefore your task Is done, Overnight a new world has been born that has never heard your story. g You think because the gospel has been preached for nine- teen hundred years that by that preaching the race must auto- matically be saved. Every ser- mon preached as long ago as fort, little moment of self: satisfaction, and all the momen- tum gained by years of work: Is lost. For the world moves more swiftly today than ever before in its history.- And even in the very instant of your self-content nce is shattered by the trampling of new feet. Behold, another generation has come, a new king who cares naught for precedents, in whose experience nothing Is fixed—a king in whose sight yesterday has been cold a thousand years) a king which knowa net Jeseph, 1926. assoclations, both external and in- ternal, and the protection of the whole movement from its greatest threat of danger, both may be found in the same thing—greater membership. I say: Every Washingtonian with the slightest public interest or public spirit ought to join a citizens' association. “But,” says the inquiring reader, “you have given no reason for your faith in these citizens’ associations. You haven't told me why you think the assoclations are valuable in them selves, and you haven’t told me why you think I should take the trouble to join one. What good are they? What do_they do?" Before 1 answer those questions I would like to say frankly that I will ot give the same answers that I ould have given on that day, a little rore than six years ago, that I laid own the commissionership. Then 1 would have said, no doubt, hat since the people of the District of ‘olumbia. have no vote and no volce n their local affairs, the citizens' as- ociations were a crude substitute for he ballot box, and that a citizen who rouldn’t express his views ‘with re- :pect to local affairs at the polls ought, 18 a matter of duty, to do the next best thing and join a citizens’ associ- ation. Then I would have gone on, no doubt, and would have cited instance ifter instance of the important mat- ters in which the advice of the citi- zens' assoclations had assisted the Commissioners and, through them, Congress in solving District problems. [ would then, no doubt, if I had been in a candid frame of mind, told of a few instances in which the interven- tion of the citizens’ association had gummed the game for some particular branch of community progress. But I did not at that time, six years ago, have sufficient knowledge and ex- perience to appreciate the citizens’ assoclations for their intrinsic worth. For all of that six years except the last few months I have been’ the ex- ecutive and administrative head of a city, for three years and a little more the city manager of Petersburg, Va., and for nearly three years the city manager of Knoxville, Tenn. . Both of those cities have, naturally, the ballot box. In both of them the citizens go to the polls at stated pe- riods to express themselves with re- spect to the policies of the commun- ity. They have all the privileges of the elector, including the devices of the initiative, the referendum and the My administrative experience in these three cities—Washington and Petersburg and Knoxville — has taught me that the problems of cities, whether large or small, whether vot- ing or not voting, are the same prob- lems. They may differ, and do differ, of course, in degree, but they are the same in kind. The community prob- lems of these three cities certainly are the same problems. chinery provided for attempting the solution of these problems there was a great difference. It was a long time before I recognized the nature of one of the chief difficulties in Petersburg and in Knoxville. I thought that cause the citles were smaller than ‘Washington. But as time went on I found that (Continued on Third Page.) lation. The principle of protection for capital and industry has become almost an accepted axiom in our leg- islative scheme of things. It is to the interest of capital and industry and a necessity for agriculture, that this principle of protection be applied also to culture. It is to the interest of capital and industry to surround agriculture with equivalent protection to insure the buying power of the farmers—capital and industry are more dependent than some capitalists realize upon -the farmers as a market for other prod- ucts. It is a necessity for agricul- ture because unless agriculture is placed on an equivalent basis, agri- culture as a basic industry is on the road to bankruptcy. ‘The protective program, so far as agriculture is concerned, is out of balance. This Congress should try to bring about a more stable equilib- rium .among capital, industry and agriculture. ‘There are some signs of more favor- able consideration for agriculture during the present short session’ of Congress, although the time is so limited as to require quick and de- cisive action if real results are to be attained. The unfortunate attitude of many representatives of ‘the East- ern section of our country toward farm relief is’ bringing the agricul. tural West and South closer together. The growing realization of this fact by party leaders, who realize .also how fortunate for the country as a whole such a combination might be- come, may result in favorable action at this time. The attention given the farm prob- lem by the President in his message to Congress is an indication of this growing realization that the tfme for action is close at hand.. The .people of the West and-Séuth -are " looking for constructive farm legislation— not for subsidies, but for protection equivalent to that afforded, others. Also they are tired of belng, to a certain extent, “high‘hatted” in the matter of farm legislation. Congress should _consider seriously the McNary-Haugen nieasure. Unless ! ruin to herself. those who do not helieve in .jt, but!feated .in the Carpathians, and the| want to help agriculture,.can produce something better, they had best get behind' this measure and adopt it. The farm issue cannot be evaded successfully, it must be met and solved and the sooner the better for 3 (Covyright. 1926.) Angora Is Growing . Into Modern Capital Although during the last five years 1 RUMANIAN CRISIS HOLDS PERIL TO ALL OF BALKANS Dissatisfied Minorities, Resentful Neigh- bors and Bolshevist Aims Might Add to Trouble Once It Started. BY FRANK H. SIMONDS HE visit of Queen Marle of Rumania has now been com- pleted for some time. Its ob- to put Rumania on the map. But viewed in retrospect, can it be felt that on this side, at the least, the royal excursion was a shining suc- and that the people of the many States through which she passed are today more conversant with the reali- tles or even with the fact of the Latin Kingdom camped on either side of the Carpathians than they were before? And yet Rumania remains one of the most fascinating and at the same time complex problems of all modern Eu- rope south of Vienna, which most Americans conceive to have been Bal- kanized by the peace treaties, and let it go at that. There is today little recollection that the single authentic transeript of any speech made by Mr. Wilson at the Paris peace conference on the subject of the meaning of Eu ropean commitments under the cove nant which has «een the light of day so far concerns the integrity of this same Rumanian state. Before the war Rumania was a small country, about the size of New York State, and with a population of 7,000, 000, wholly southeast of the convex side -of the Carpathian curve and be- tween those mountains and the Danube and the Pruth. It was the single surviving remnant of the Roman colo- nization which had once penetrated deeply into what is now Slavic and Teuton Europe. Retain Roman Traces. In their own proud national legend; the Rumanians have clung to the t dition as well as the name of Roman: But, seated at one of the cross roads of Europe, they have been in the path way of many invasion: in the end succumbed to all, Slavic and Tukish alike. Magyar. the imprint of Rome, beyond all els in their language, which is as Latin as French or as Spanish. The Rumanian people sistance to the Turks as.the Serbs, They escaped from Turkish rule r ther by the will of others and the acci- dents of national progression about They to any one else the national unity which came with the joining of Wallachia and Moldavia, but by an odd turn of them than by any racial revolt. owe to Napoleon III as much as fate a state which had a French ble: ing received a Hohenzollern dynasty Rumania begins to fight with the Russian war, which centered about I found, however, that in the ma.|Shipka Pass and precipitated the crisis following the treaty of San Ste- fano and later the congress of Berlin over Rumania on their way to Con stantinople paid scant attention to Ru | beaten In the Balkans, it was the Ru aid without not to be had. Russia Took Territory. Characteristically, after the war the Russians took from the ally all of its territory east of the Pruth, constitut- ing a fraction of Bessarabia, which was and is .mainly inhabited by Ru- manians. On the other hand and as a compensation, they bestowed upon their ally the Dobrudja district, be- tween the Black Sea and the Danube, where that river bends northward be- fore it flows into the sea. By a quaint | bit of frony, too, this region was main- | ly inhabited by Bulgarians and con- stituted an essential circumstance in | Bulgar aspiration for the greater ra- | cially united Bulgaria. Following the events of the Russo- ‘Turkish War and the congress of Ber- lin, Rumanian policy for -three dec- ades was mainly anti-Russian and pro- German, and Rumania became a mi- nor partner in the Austro-German al- lance which, when Italy joined, be- came the triple alliance. Dynastically, too, this was natural, for the King was a Hohenzollern. But the alllance was unnatural be- cause beyond the. Carpathians lived many millions of Rumanians in the Magyar lands _of the Banat and Transylvania’'and the Austrian crown- land of the Bukovina. Just as -the Italian mind was always dominated by the thought of the redemption of Triest and the Trentino, the Ru- manian mind was filled increasingly vith the hope of uniting the Rumani- ans of Austria and Hungary to the kingdom. Rumania Becomes Aroused. But no real break in the alignment came until the second Balkan War. Then Rumania, alarmed at the rise of Bulgaria, which was striking for ‘Balkan hegemony at the moment &nd at war with her Greek and Sert allies of the first Balkan War, fought against Turkey, interposed, and by her ald contributed to the defeat of | the Bulgarians. As a reward she; took a larger slice of the Dobrudja. The effect of this little war upon Rymanian spirit, however, was very congiderable. It stimulated a sense! of national strength and it incre the desire to recover the I brethren beyond the ‘When the World War came, ds the efforts of the King, Rumanian | statesmen refused to fulfil the condi- tions of alllance and Rumania re-| mained neutral. Disappoiptment and | humiliation over this cdurse killed | King Carol. Subsequently, when : Russian ad- ject she told us at the end was | and they have Yet to an amazing degree they have preserved in recent times have no such tradition of re- The Russians advancing victoriously manian rights and interests, but when they were checked and well nigh manian army which brought them the which their victory was | the treatment racial minor with the Bukovina. She now ob- tatned her racial frontfers, but in doing is she Included within her frontiers v constderable minorities d Slavs, together with hich predominated ansvivanian cities. «covered the Dob- |. a Saxon eleme; wumber | In_addition, | rudja from I The new I | greater are | united k an kingdom has a I or the old has a population {in round bers of 18,000,000 It is essentially an agricultural state, al- though it has great oil deposits and some fron. 1t i3 compact, with £ ward Russia and , from which it is Dobrudja, by the th and west arried it be- ers into the in th on- the tural fronti n plain. ulties of the Rumanian state out of the fact that t Russia steadily refused to accept as fl of Bessarabla, the Bulgarians continue to dream of regovering the Dobrudja and the M ars are passionately tesolved never to accept the loss of lands which contain a minority of mapy hundreds of thousands of their race brethren. In this situation Rumanla has based her security on a series of military treaties of a defensive character. She allled with Poland against Russia wember of the Little h Includes Czecho- ugoslavia, the main h is to insure a com- any effort of the to reconstitute the old kingdom of St. Stephen at the expense of all three. With Jugo- | slavia, Rumania has also a common erest and alliance against any Bul- ian ambitions in Macedonia or in Dobrudja. Works Warmly With France. field of European af- has generally acted with' France and has a military com- pact with that country, but in very recent time she Ims made a treaty with TItaly, which has so far been unpopular because it did not pledge n recognition of the possession 8 on which, in- ¥, has never been officially {accepted by the United States. But the present crisis in Rumania, wl has excited world interest, is | domestic and not foreign. two sides, political and dynastic. Old Rumania of the period before the war was a country of peasants, with & relatively small educated class, which owned enormous estates and was on the whole little interested in the social conditions of the peas- were both ignorant and and she is a Entente, wh slovakia and purpose of wh mon a Hungarian peor . | the In the larg fairs, Rumani - Jlor economic ntry, which exploited. The government was in | the hands of a smail group and it was at one time corrupt, inefficient |and reactionarv. - The annexation of large areas, how- v_of the Tran- t to Rumania which, while Ru- progressive and politically conscio Not only were the sections of the new Rumania, which were larger and contained more people than the old Kingdom, not willing to accept the rule of the old order because of geographical and historical reasons, but they repre- sented a far more progressive and modern spirit. Before t war there had been no real opposition in Rumanian politics and various leaders and groups had more or less taken turns in enjoying the pleasure and material profits of office. After the war there began to develop real political parties opposed to the old order. And these elements of opposition bezan to press power- fully for agrarian reforms which would permit the peasants to get n of the lands which they ated. The ablest and the strong- est figure in this new liberal move- Dr. Lupu, whom many Amer- fcans may remember because of his ts to the United States. Move Toward Democracy. In the confusing and complex politi- cal conditlons Lupu represents a real opposition, while the Bratianos and Averescu, while nominally opponents, are united in opposing the advance of liberal and even radical ideas. All the domestic political circumstances are comprehended in the fact that tumania is seeking now to become & modern and democratic state. But the situation is complicated by the pres- ence -of strong racial minorities and particularly of the Hungarians. Before the war, as I have sald, Trapsylvania was a Hungarian prov- ince with a Rumanian majority. But it produced many of the most striking men in the public life of Hungary, of whom Tiza, the war prime minister, was the most conspicuous. Count Bethlen, the present premier, is of the same territorial origin and belongs to the so-called Tiza school. Bethlen's ancestors. were princes of Transyl- vania a thousand years ago, when the Hungarians settled colonies on the Carpathians to watch the passes. tumania has a vel large Jewish population, which has always suffered which has fallen: to 2 and in the border nal elements an, were bo their lot in Ru 0 minorities that Woodrow Wilson made his famous in- tervention in the Rumanian settle- ment at Paris, which failed complete- ly. Treatment of the Jews and the ies explains much if not vance seemed irresistible, Rumania, like Italy, cast her lot in with the allles and recelved in reward the| promise of possession after victor: of all the Austro-Hungarian ends sh desired. But, instead of bringing v tory to the allies, Rumania brough: Her armies were de-| attack. of Bulgaria in the rear led to | the loss of the capital and. most the country. The collapse-of Russia following the revolution forced her to make the treaty of Bucharest, by which she abandoned her claims to urg land, surrendered strategic territorles in the Carpathians and turned over the Dobrudja to Bulgaria. Her conquerors did, however, per- mit her to ocoupy not only the portion of Bessarabla which had been hers before the Russo-Turkish War of the preceding generation, but the whole Russian province to the Dniester. Thus, if her war had.cost her dear, she did regain one of the lands in- Angora has grown into a town of about '100,000 inhabitants, it is not a delectable spot in the Summer. spite the local health officers’ efforts, backed up by the Rockefeller Founda- tion, to im town abo files the drainage, the|and surrendered she seized her op- nds in mosquitoes, sand- ponnrln‘xty. and the peace settlement habited by. Rumanjans, which ‘was an essential circumstance in the Greater De- | Rumania. all of the liberal hostility to the new Rumania, particularly in the United | States and Great Britain. stic erisis grows out of the nt King's health is ause of various ro- ades has been forced to throne and live-in exile in arol’s infant son. n elements in Rumania desire return of the exiled prince. Others avor a regemcy, In the event of the King's death, and there is the possi- bility that the Queen herself might be named regent. Civil war might result if the champions of the exiled Prince Carol should seek to restore his lost rights and others should resist. It might come if the dynastic crisis and dispute should lead to a real republi- can movement. Serious Factor in Europe. Any Rumanfan - civil disturbance would be a serious matter for Eue for it might involve a Soviet in- rsion—and the Bolshevists have never resigned either their legal claim to Bessarabia or their more vital hope Recouped at End of War. When the central powers crumbled of ultimately Bolshevizing Rumania as a whole. Poland, as an ally of Ru- mania against Russia, would be in- evitably involved in such a n.m% vast areas beyond the Car-| On the other hand, domestie 3 to of f@pight move the Hu% to F together itinued en