Evening Star Newspaper, January 31, 1926, Page 51

CHAOS OR ORDER TO ISSUE | FROM RADIO PIRACY CASE WJAZ’s Big Hour When Warrant for MacDonald, Jr., Is Returnable. BY WALTER R. McCALLUM. MPHASIZING the strict Government regulation of yadio broadeasting in_the view of Government suthori- ties, vadio station WJAZ has started w Ay amount to a snow ball of nutional proportions, if a group of the broadeasters attempt to emul stand of the Co tion at Chicago. hour will come District Court s when the war need for in the Chicago to- ant for the ar- rest of Eugendé F. MacDonald, jr., president of the Zenith Company, fs returnable before Federal Judge Wil kinson An immediate hearing proba- LIy will be held, opening up for legal decision the bizsest fssue that has ever been presented affecting the right of o broadeasting station to use the ether. The issue is a paramount ome—and one that will take some time for decision. If decided adversely against the Government —it will throw the entire broadcasting situation into utter chaos and result in an effectual llenge of the right of the Govern- ment to control wireless communica. tion, in so far as broadeasting is con- cerne morrow Pirated” Wave Len WJAZ new field casters by th. up an entirely of thought among broad- virtually “pirating” a wave length assigned by international agree. Mment to seven Canadian stations. Dis- carding the 3224-meter wave length assigned to the Zenith station many months ago on which it may broad- cast two hours u week only—on, Thurs. duy night ause its air channel is also share has moved up the the channel at 3295 meter Hned 1o the neighhoring stations across our northern horder. In taking this action it is sald to k fously interfered with the programs of the Canadians d particularly with those offered by CKOCW, the biggest station in the Do- minion, broadeasting from the prov- of rio with 5,000 watts of er behind it on a 329 5-meter wave band. A warrant already ha on Mr. MacDonald in Chicago and he Las notified the United States attorney for Cook County that he will contest the case when the warrant is returned tomorrow B. Davis, solicitor for the Department of Commerce, virtual administrator of the realm of the air, alrendy visited Chicago and dis- cussed details of tie prosecution with District Attorn E Olson. The latter has announced the law viola- tor will be punished to the full extent of the statutes. Air Not Free. Those who have had the Idea that the air is fi and may be used at any time have been in error. The alr or ether channel through which radio broadc: come is very rigidly p trolled and r ited. So in the radio gense it is not free, for the statutes of Government, | sed away back In n the da of radfo de- velopment, trict the right of any one to use wireless unication s apened le and usurped o been served »d wave band, band of ms 1 the “czar: Washington and he air wernment Loy, You h 1 of well orc whether you am of the family and ngdom of children precipitute reaching w And gress of Con- n sep by Maine radio world by WJIAZ, but it still con its program on the clearly allocates to the Department the in- alienat to regulate stations snd keep them on an assigned wave length And broadeasting stations are very checked o wave quenc In addition renewed every three ve been naughty period or th closely nd f their license: onths hoys progra the mpany, or risdiction of L use or op- 1dio commu- course th for- el of inter. for slgnals ation within el States sh pharatus rication T amoni (1 eign ons. or upe United States state or foreign ransmission of r J et of whic tends bevond the ion of the State or Territory sume are 1 would cuised th < or signals tion of t under n ceipt of mess: - or Terrd cordance with wdd company or corpd that fon ny person. that shall vio- ite this section shall be judged guilty | on conviction shail nd the of ¢ be apparatus or devi United inte The sec- » provides tion may be punisned by a fine of $500, im- prisonment for one vear or both s Views of Mr. Hoover. Secretary 1 merce Depar i realm bil head of the Com in charge of the ussing the White 1y take these facts as cadio legislation is ab- nedintely essential if chaos in radio com- broadeasting: proposed has settle solutely und we wish to pr munieation, especi second, the bill now already received and third, the principles declared in this bill have received the approbation of both the radio industry and the radio public.” He alluded to resolutions passed by the recent fourth annual radio con- ference, which urged the need for more stringent radio legislation and conferring of additional powers on the cabinet officer administering the law. Outstanding features of the White vill, he added, are that the bill affirm- atively asserts and assumes jurisdic- tion in the Federal Giovernment over all phases of radio communication in far as such communication con- siitutes or affects interstate or for- cign commerce. “I believe that Fed- cral supremacy is absolutely essential this system @f communication is to First, in enith Radio | by KOA at Denver. WJAZ | may | The | the | forfelt- | ference ubstantial approval | Comes Tomorrow, Arrest of Eugene F. be preserved and advanced." ver sald: *“There can be little question of the interstate character of this | service. Every word broagcasted tra- verses State lines. “It provides an administrative or- ganization by which Federal control |is 10 be exerclsed. It requires a Fed- eral license as a prerequisite to the | overation of a transmitting station. | This license system has been in effect since the passage of the act of 1912, and has demonstrated its effctiveness In spite of other deficlencies in the aw. “It retains complete control in the Federal Government of all channels of radio communication. It declares that there shall be no ownership or vested |right in wave lengths. It recognizes |that the public interest is paramount n all forms of radio activity. It recog- nizes that the interest of the public a4 whole supersedes the desire of individual. This is a new and hly desirable feature in the radio {law. Mr. Hoo- Alleges Abuse of Power. And Mr. MacDonald, clajming that |the Commerce Department runs the alr with a high hand, takes the fol- lowing interesting view of the situa- tion: | “We feel that not only we, one of | the pioneers of radio broadcasting, but scores of other stations, have been dis- | criminated against. The Secretary of Commerce claims to have wide dis- | cretionary powers in the division of | time Dbetween the broadcasting sta- tions. I question whether he has such discretion, but if he has, 1 wish to state that in my opinion he is abus- ing this discretionary power, not only {in our case, but in many others, to the | detrtment of the public and the radio industry.” | Mr. Hoover pointed out that there |are today some 536 broadcasting sta- tlons, operating on 89 available wave {lengths between 200 and 550 meters, | separated by a minimum of seven kilo- cycles. “The problem has been to try to divide 89 wave lengths among more than 500 stations, which means an average of over six stations to each wave length,” he said. “Only by time |diviston, power limitation, geographical sevaration and other expedients has it been possible to preserve any order at all in the ether. There are some 250 ap- plications for new statlons before the department now. If they were al- lowed and the number thereby in- creased by nearly 50 per cent, the whole broadeasting service will be ef- fectively destroved. From the view:| [ point of public service we need fewer | stations rather than more.” 1 Mr. McDonald counters in this man. | I ner tion in the air, which makes it almost {impossible for the listener with the |average radio set of limited selectiv- {1ty to separate one hroadeasting sta | tion from the other, is not due to the | | great number of broadcasting stations |in the United States, but is the result |of the abuse of the discretionary power which the Secretary | merce clatms to have in the division of | wave lengths and operating time, and in spite of this chaotic condition, for which the Secretary of Commerce s responsible, he is today asking Con gress to pass legislation which will | confer upon him broader powers of | discretion than those which he now | claims to have. | A Fight for Principle. “With the idea of settling one of the greatest questions presented by thie development of modern sclence, we intend to litigate in every wav possi- | ble the questfons involved. Our posi- tion i3 that we fight for principle rather than for personal gain.” Mr. McDonald was second fn com mand of the Arctie expedition of Don- ald B. MacMillan last Summer and is a former president of the National As- soclation of Broadeasters. While not wishing anticipate what angle the defense will seize upon | to press its right to free usé of the | alr, Judge Davis believes the Zenith Corporation may hinge its defense upon the use of the words “commer- | clal” and “radiogram or signal” in| the 1612 law. If the McDonald attor- neys claim he is not using the air for commercial purposes, the Government may have a hard time, while it is ! equally sure that the tr will bring | out a clear definition the words | “radiogram or signal” to radio. The case is the first ever presented to the Commerce Department in this | new baby industry—this giant which has grown from a mere whisper a few vears ago, paralleling the radio ampli- fication obtained in a radio tube, until today it ranks as one of the largest industries in the world. It would be interesting indeed if all radio stations in the United States could be hooked up and hear the trial re-broadcast. For, after all, the public is the agen served. And the public will have the final word In this matter, which so vitally affects the rights of millions of listeners who have become interested in this new child of science. Much Hinges on Decision. If the court decides for the Goverrs ment everything will be “hunky-dory. If against the Government, 108 I8 {bound to result in the air, unless Uncle Sam gets busy and immediately | lexislates against “air pirates.” . If WJAZ can romp off on another wave tand and get away with it, what of the other 535 broadcasters in the United States? And if they do like- wise, man-made static—the regener ators of today—and nature-built static will find the cofnpetition far too stren- wous for them Judge Davis makes this observa- tion: “I don't know what is going to become of the whole radio situation unless we get some more legislation. f3ven should the Chicago ruling be favorable we would need legislation just the same.” of as applied Italy Guards Antiques. In Italy one of the most serious crimes is the stealing, or unauthor- ized excavation, of antiquities. The { government claims as its property all | objects of artistic or archeologlcal in- terest over 100 years old, and permits for their exportation are obtalned only varely and with difficulty. Rights to excavate or even to study while excavations are proceeding are rarely granted to forelgn students. The other day some archeological | pickpockets who removed some an- | cient vases and marbles from tombs that were being excavated near Co- | macchio were convicted in court. The leader was sentenced to seven vears in prison—a punishment rare in Italy for any crime less than mur- der. In Movie, Can’t See It. In a new film, *“The Circus Princess,” which is to be shown soon | for the first time, the leading role is | played by the producer’s daughter, { Tilly Feindt. Miss Feindt, though only 16 vears old, is an excellent actress. German movie laws forbid the entrance of children under 18 into movle theaters, except to see films specially produced for children. The question has arisen whether Miss | I | l The present chaos and conges- | Feindt is to be permitted to witness herself on the screen. mother was a staunch Church o England believer; my father a Presbyterian elder. One Sunday I accom- panied my mother to the Spiscopal Church, the next I went with my father to the Presbyterian; every morning we had Bible reading and prayers. As a boy and young man I became fairly conversant with Chris- tian doctrine. On reaching maturer vears certain qualities and characterlstics of the so- called Christianity of churchgoers and orthodox bellevers began to trouble me. First of all their faith seemed to ma a very selfish faith; it was all for “me,” “myself,"-“mine’"—"‘my prosper- ity v salvation”—"my Immor- tality”; it didn’t concern itself with the other fellow, the less fortunate soul—and this impressed me as being distinctly at variance with the mission and teaching of Him who told the parable of the good Samaritan; sec- ondly, there was no one among the frock-coated, silk-dressed pew holders who came pompously to church and who professed to follow the teachings of Jesus Christ, who practiced even remotely what He preached. There was none among them then, nor in the course of my life have I ever met or seen one. Y W kK k “Sell all that thou hast and give to the poor.” I know no man of prop- erty who does that. No one glves all. The literal practice of Christianity 1s certainly not observed Dby the rich parishioners and without the rich parishioners how are the churches to be maintained? The churchgoers and hymn-singers, with whom I was raised, struck me as mumbling hypocrites. They clipped off their bond coupons and cashed their quarterly stock divi- dends and prayed for thelr own salva- tion und the preservation of their identities after death in some blissful state of reward. Well, sald I, I will have none of them and none of the churches, and if being a Christian necessitates my lin- ing myself up with such mouthing humbugs T will deny T am a Christian. * ok ok % But T had to have some kind of a re- liglon, had to believe something, but I wanted a working philosophy that I could respect and something that would satisfy some spiritual craving in my soul. I recognized the truths in the gospels, and 1 knew these hadn't been tampered with by the early fathers of the church. They couldn't be, and if they had been I was ready to accept them in their doctored form because they spelled reason and right ness to me. But I saw they had to be pted to present day life. No one— far as 1 know—ever literally fol ed the teachings and examples of Jesus Christ except Franeis of Assisi and certain religious orders. Today if a man followed such a course he would be adjudged demented even by the people who loved him best, and he'd run a fair chance of being locked up for vagrancy. The practice of Christianity for an low American citizen of this day and gen- | eration had to be an interpreted Christianity, 1 decided, and it had to be based on the precepts: Do unto others as you would have them do unto you” and “It is more blessed to give than to receive. R Then one day along came Prof. Wil- liam James' book of philosophy, “The Will to Relieve,” to mix its theories with my religious uncertainties and help shape them. “The Will to Be- lieve" is nothing more or less than faith, faith in yourself, faith in vour BY HENRY W. BUNN. Hi2 ma following is of the m of the world days ended st important for the Janu- seven British Empire.—Apparently threatened strike ha been The the wvoided. Sir Alfred Mond, all his life a Lib- eral, has joined the Conservatives. Al effor he says, “to revivify and reorsanize the Liberal party have been rendered hopeless by the intro- duction by Lloyd George of a land policy which has produced a new and profound cleavage and embar- rassment in the Liberal ranks.” It seems that in February Lloyd George is to submit a resolution to the Na- tional Liberal Federation calling for nationalization of the land. To Sir Alfred the notion is a horrible one. The board of trade has issued sta- tistics of 1925 as follow Imports topped those of the previous year to the tune of 45,419,000 pounds, while exports fell off to the value of 27,- 880,000 pounds. The adverse trade balance was the largest of record— namely, 393,361,000 pounds, as against 341,926,000 pounds for 1924 and 210,- 5,000 pdunds for 1923, Coal exports declined to the value of 21,000,000 Jounds, and exports of woolen yarns d manufactured goods to the value of 9,000,000 pounds. Cotton exports were of about the same value as those of 1924. The value of rubber imports increased by 20,000,000 pounds. The Free State is cutting its army about 5,000 men and 300 officers, thus effecting an annual saving of the equivalent of about $25,000,000. It is expected that the discharged men all will find employment in connection with the Shannon River electrifica- tion enterprise. Great platinum finds in the Trans- vaal and Rhodesia are reported. * Xk X X France.—On Tuesday the French Chamber began debate on the sup- plementary tax bill reported out by the Chamber finance commission. The Left majority of the commission fun- damentally altered in a Left sense the bill submitted to it by M. Doumer. That gentleman, one hears, is kept from resigning only by the prayers of Briand and the hope, which day by day seems less and less justified, that the Chamber will work out a satisfactory compromise bill, restor- ing the most important items pro- posed by him and retaining only those minor changes proposed by the com- | mission which are inoffensive to his economic principles. Apparently Briand will not, unless the Chamber’s dectsion seems to him too outrageous, raise the question of confidence in connection with the bill. He counts on the Senate to eliminate from the measure sent up to it what- ever is positively obnoxious to him. And so0 on and on till a fair compro- mise is reached or the necessity of Inew general electlons is clearly mani- fest. For the fourth successive month the French trade balance of Decem- ber last was unfavorable. It was 917,- 000,000 francs as against 381,000,000 for the previous month. The balance for the year 1925 was a favorable one of 1,433,000,000 francs. That of 1924 also’ was favorable—1,540,000,000. * k k * Germany.—On Monday the new Luther cabinet presented itself before the Reichstag, and the chancellor read his ministerial declaration and @ brief sum-| STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C, JANUARY 31, 1926—PART 2. : WHAT IT MEANS TO ME ARTICLE 1IV. BY CHARLES G. NORRIS Author of “Salt,” “Bread,” “Brass” and “Pig-Iron.” CHARLES G. NORRIS. I tried sries and they worked, n to religlous faith es- ability, faith in your destiny. Prof. James’ the but their rela caped me. And a few vears later some one put Judge T. Tr s Bdinburg lectures on mental science into my hands, and I came upon what for me has proved a sound, workable religlon, computab | with every acceptable truth in the | gospels. ¥ % | Briefly, Troward asserts that in each of us are two minds, the subjective and the objective. In a hypnotic state we see these separated—one wor independently from the other. facts of hypnotism show that |can be impressed on | mind by the obfective mind of another |as well as by that of its own individ- uality. Next, the cosmos is all thought —divided into the Greater Mind (God), and the individual mind (man), former is manifest in us by that part of our intelligence recognizable us subjective mind. the latter by that part which makes us indfviduals. In other words, the Greater Mind we share fn common with every onc. and it is as receptive to our wishes, hopes and purposes as the subjective mind of the hypnotized person is to wishes The | asked for a vote of confidence. | four days of debate he got it by the narrow margin of 10 votes; the Demo- lerats, Centrists, Pouu (PPeople’s party) and Bavarion FPopulists varian People’s party) voting for the government: the Nationalists, Ex- treme Nationalists (Ludendorft's fol- lowing) and Communists voting against it, and the alists _and members_of the Economic Union (about 17 in number) uining in pursuance of a benevolent neutrality. The vote was 180 to 150, those at staining numbering 131. The pre- carfousness of Luther's position fs vividly illustrated by the fact that of 21 absentees 10 are of the opposition, only 11 supporters of the government. Perhaps the government was saved by Stresemann's last moment an nouncement that the allies had de initely decided on January 31 as the date of termination of occupatfon of the Cologne area, and his reading a note from the council of ambas: dors, which, as,the Germans inte pret, and I think rightly, practically gives assurance that the number of allied troops in the second and third zones will be reduced to 45,000 (or a close approximation thereto), as in- sisted on by the Germans (that being the number of German troops ga risoned there in pre-war da soon as the Locarno treaties into effect.” Those treaties become effective on German entry into the League of N tions. Germany has not yet applied for-such entry; the hint is obvious. Owing to the industrial depression railroad profits have markedly fallen off of late. For the same reason Ger- man revenue receipts are falling off, not exceeding calculations so hand- somely as a while back * ok ok * Italy.—Count Volpi, the Italian minister of finance, and Winston Churchill, British chancellor of the exchequer, have signed an agreement fixing the terms of settlement of Italy's debt to Great Britain. Though a precise comparison could not be made without a very elaborate calcu- lation, it seems fairly apparent that the British concessions are more gen- erous than those made by us to Italy. Apparently Britain stands to recover considerably less than the principal of the obligation contracted, whereas we recover the full capital amount and even get a trifle of interest. Some of the French journals ob- serve that the United States and Brit- ain are more generous to the auto- cratic Fascist government than to the genuinely democratic government of France. * ¥ k¥ China.—Latest advices seem to jus- tify the interpretation I submitted last week of the recent Manchurian development. It would seem that Moscow manu- factured a major issue out of an in- cident of friction between the Rus- sian officials of the Chinese Eastern Railway and the Chinese authorities in the zone of the railway (subordi- nated to Chang Tso-lin, super tuchun of Manchuria), the which difficulty was_capable of easy adjustment. It would seem that Moscow so acted in order to prevent Chang from prose- cuting his plan of invading Chili (probably in co-operation with Wu Pel-fu, moving from the South), de- stroying the Kuominchun (National People’s army), and ending the con- trol by extreme radicals vf the Peking government, the which control has been effected through the Kuomin- After | {we concentrate on a determination to | ideas | the suhjective | the | | the | yourself by nd suggestions of the objec-| can help others. those whom tive mind of another. When we kneel and pray for help to accomplish an ob- juct our objective mind is talking very earnestly to our subjective mind: when achieve something we are prodding ur subjective mind. where the Greater r Universal Mind dwells (God, if you prefer that term) to accomplish it or us. Mrs, dy discovered this truth and used it in “Science and Health": Dr. ¢‘oue understood it, and “Every. day I am getting better and better” produced results. “I will be chari- table, | will be kindly, I will be con- siderate and generous and try to be Christ-like and love my neighbor” repeated with fervor and earnest- ness, morning. noon and night, tends definitely to make one more chari- tuble, more kindly, more considerate and generons, Christ-like and heln- ful. Not only does this work for spiritual benefits, but equally as well for matertal gain. “My loved one shall be well—my tooth will stop aching—I will be rich—I will get that appointment.” Thought does it; con- centration dees it; “Falith can move mountain: You' cannot only help concentration but you you chun. It would seem that Chang re- acted to Muscovite pressure by ar- resting the Russian general manager of the Chinese Eastern Railway and other Red Russian officials and by a menerul you-be-damned attitude. would séem that on January 23 0w sent a note to the Peking ‘nment, requesting that govern- ment's consent that Moscow should “use its own efforts” toward settle- ment of the Manchurian difficulty, and it would seem that on the same date Moscow sent a 72-hour ulti- matum to Chang Tso-lin, at Mukden, demanding_release of the arrested Russlan officials, full restoration of normal conditions on the Chinese Eastern, and one knows not what else. It would seem that on the 25th Chang Tso-lin released the arrested Russian officlals and made an agree- ment by way of adjusting his rela- tions with Moscow. One is very curfous as to the precise character of that agreement. The question clamors for answer, Has Moscow, by her maneuvers, achieved the grand object thereof? Is Chang directly estopped by his new engagements with Moscow from mov- ing south to destroy the Kuomin- chun, or does Moscow figure that he is indirectly, but none the less effec- tively, prevented from so doing by fear of Russian action as recently threatened ? Has the Russian bluff worked? For few believe that Russia has the nerve to risk the clash with Japan that in- vasion of northern Manchuria might involve. Or, may it be that Chang Tso-lin despises the bluft and confi- dently proposes to proceed with his project of “liquidating” the Kuomin- chun? Mystery envelops the move- ments of Gen. Feng Yuhsiang. It will be recalled that just before the Manchurfan flurry he threw up his command of the Kuominchun and that he was reported as having re- tired to Russia. But one now hears that he is at Kalgan, his old head- quarters, explaining regretfully that snowstorms bar the trip across the Mongolian desert en route to Russia. Rumor has. it that his resignation was a piece of camouflage fitting in with the Russian intrigue and that he soon will resume command of the Kuominchun. There is even a rumor afloat that far from apprehending at- tack by Chang, Feng proposes to at- tack Chang by invading Manchuria, expecting him to be fatally weakened by the necessity of keeping a large part of his army in the Amur Prov- ince against the Russlan peril. ‘What could be more fascinating than speculation on the Far Eastern problem, so vast, containing possi- bilities so hideous? ‘The anti-British boycott in south- ern Chinesp ports continues—at any rate, at Cdhton and Swatow. * koK ¥ United States of America.—On ‘Wednesday the Senate, 76 to 17, ap- proved the resolution calling for par- ticipation of our Government in the Permanent Court of International Justice, with, however, six “reserva- tlons and understandings” attached. ‘The signature of the United States is not to be attached to the protocol which instituted the court until the powers signatory to the protocol shall have formally accepted the ‘reser- vations and understandings as part and condition” of our adherence to the protocol. The reservations seem abundantly adequate to keep us clear of league taint, and otherwise pro- tected. Perhaps the most important | boarding school. |a drop W love. I know this is true, I've done it. Here Is a story of how once it worked. * ok ok x 10-year-old _son was at «t The principal sent for me and told me he didn’t know \yhat he was Roing to do with my 0y he was simply mischievous and was constantly in trouble and belng Kiven “black marks.” He had over 200 black marks against his name and it would take him months of sentry duty to work these off. 1 took my 10-year-old home with me, had an earnest talk with him, and turned to Troward for help. I gave the boy a formula: P-D-R. P. T told him, meant “Praver”: D, etermination,” and R, “Resolve.” I asked him to try the following ex periment for two weeks: Every night when he said his prayers he was definitely to ask that he might “black mark"” for the next (2) he was definitely to determine every morning when he awoke that during the day he faced he would do nothing to merit a “black mark™: of every study hour he was to make a definite resolution that in the 50 minute period before him, no “black mark” ghould come his w * ok % % My At the end of the Christmas holi days he went back to school the formula P-D-R firmly fixed in his mind and with a solemn promise to me that he would try my scheme for the next fortnight. I asked for no longer trial. For those two weeks I, too. conjured up the sig nificant letters, and did my share o praving, determining and resolving The result speaks for ltself—in the next three months my son did not receive a single black mark—not one! * % % I don't believe in a personal God sitting on u throne with a long white | beard, I don't believe in a heaven of pearly gates, or in an immortality with a white robe and a harp. 1 don’t believe in an immortality where I retain my identity. That's a selfish conception to me. Immortality, ves— the good I may accomplish while I'm alive, lives on, and for every good, unselfish action that a man or wom- an does the world, the whole infinite | cosmos is just that much better off; but that after death I must be T stlli, | and go to some definite reward and glorification, that 1 must be trans formed into some cthereal state and rejoin my parents und my brothers and sisters, all of whom I am sup- posed to believe have been preserved | in the heyda, tion, I can’t and won't accept. of water, 1 go back ocean and become part of and the ocean is that much more befouled or purified, according to the life 1've lived. Our individual obliga- tion is to mankind—not to ourselves— and war and hatred let loose in the world retard civilization and human progress and the coming of the mil- lennium, just as forgiveness and char- ity and love bring them that much nearer. If I had but one plece of advice to give young man starting out in the world to build his character and to make his career, T would tell him first to read Willlam James' “The ‘Will to Believe,” and next Judge Troward's “Edinburgh Lectures’— for of these are all the law and the prophets. of their physical perfec Like to the (Copyright. 1926.) of them is that providing that “re- course to the court, settlement of dif- ferences between the United States and any other state or states, can be had only by agreement thereto through general or special treaties concluded between the parties in dis- pute”” A considerable number of reservations offered Ly anti-court Senators were refected. The Senate, having unanimously passed the House joint resolution ap- propriating $30,000 to cover the ex- penses of participation of American representation in the commission, which, under league auspices, is to prepare the way for an international disarmament conference, acceptance by us of the invitation to partielpate has been dispatched to Geneva. At the Instance of Mr. Lewis, presi- dent of the United Mine Workers, the negotiations between representatives of the mine operators and miners, respectively, which were suspended in New York on January 12, were resumed in Philadelphia on January 28. Opinfons differ greatly as to the prospects. Meanwhile, the Pennsyl- vania Legislature is more or less busy with the problem. - The St. Louis-San Francisco Rail- way Co. has acquired a_controlling interest in the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Rallway Co., with a view to combining the two systems into one system, surpassing for mileage any other system in the world. The St. Louis-San Francisco has 5,546 miles of main tracks, and the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific 8,039 miles; total, 13,55 miles. The Southern Pacific system has 12,447 miles. There are rumors afloat of other coming mergers. Perhaps leg- islation to compel consolidation will not be found necessary. * % % ¥ Miscellaneous.—Cardinal Prlmate of Belgium, died on January 23. Comment would be superfiuous. The whole world acclaims him as one of the supreme figures of the war, a8 indeed one of the very great characters of history, combining as he so happily did the shepherd of souls, the liberal philosopher and the heroic patriot. - The Spanish government has made October 7, Cervantes’ birthday, a na- tional holiday. It is to be called “Dia Del Libro.” It is hoped that the Spanish-speaking countries of Ameri- GB.A“'IH follow suit. S every one expected, Riza Khan Pehlevi has been elected Shah by the Persian Constituent Assembly, the vote being 257 to 3, the succes- sion to be hereditary in his family. Viscount Kato, premier of Japan, is dead at the age of 67. Thrice min- ister of foreign affairs, he had for many years been one of the chief directors of the foreign policy of the empire. He was Ambassador to Great Britain, 1908-13. It was he who drew up the 21 demands served on Kenseikal party and championed uni- China in 1915. He was leader of the versal manhood suffrage. PNy Romans Stop Singing. Romans no longer sing, complains 2 writer in the Rome Messagero. There was a time, not long ago, when one might hear a carpenter pounding nalls to the tune of “Funiculli” and a street cleaner chanting *Sole Mio" over his refuse. Rome, which is try- ing hard to become a cosmopolitan capital like Paris and Berlin, appears to be paying the price. Mercier, The youngster wasn't vicious, | (3) at the beginning | with | it again, | PAGE SCHOOL BY OWEN D. YOUNG new responsibilities in the world's affairs, and if. in the evolution of the nations, we have become the creditor of the world, we shall have to face that | fact and act with the responsibility and intelligence which that situation imposes. 1f our command of natural resources, inventive genius and pro- ductive application are to be exercised for the benefit and safety of the world, then we must learn how to do it. Xow that the debauch of the great war is over we look at the cost of the conflict with the depression of the morning after. Our desolated homes, our economic burdens, our human losses, all lead to the prayers and cries of a united world to outlaw war. But prayers and longing must be supplemented by action. The great emotional dream to outlaw war, with | its devastation and disaster, is one of | the most desirable agencies in the | world toward peace, provided we will {anchor it to fac Merely to have t float in the air as something wished for, but without a practical program of getting it, means that it will spend itself until we have a hope- less world. Let us study facts, im- !purtially, and sfture a real basis for {lasting peace. t us get machinery to get the facts 1 facts in international affairs: we can| [only take account of our own| |side, and therefore we must develop some non-partisan, non-political n hinery for the investigation s “overy of the actual facts 2 | | agency is the Walter Iines Page | { School of International Rela that | is 10 be established at Johns Hopkins University. It will be a place wher zuided by professors of distinetion, re” | search workers will accumulate in {formation in the field of international laffairs by study of original sources These men will gather the facts about international trade, racial psychologs, merical and’ mili geography. diplomatic usage and ex- | perience, effects of artifictal economic | barrlers upon international amity, | effects of new Inventions to expedite | MERICA is now entering into r"; things t o will referenced, cessible and who needs to know them School will, things: of international will problem, and, third, it will produc continually trained in that for service in the fields of education, government and tacts with should show new tory political statements trouble i them, soundly and day isolate We cannot take account of all the jhow LONG STEP TOWARD WORLD PEACE With Entry Into Court U. S. Opens New Chapter in Progress of Nations to Amicable Understanding. :ommunication, and all the hundreds enter into the contacts nation. These facts be digested, systematized, cross- nalyzed and made intelligible to everybod The Page therefore, achieve three First, it will develop a science relations; second, scertain the facts, so far an be found. on any particular & growing body men science and available nation with hey business. Our the world at ever more conductiv s useless sparking. It won't do any good to deal v new international problems in per headlines and in_inflamm: We ¢ for_ourselves and the world The thing to do with sucl is to get down and study nsibly, day afte and year vear, until we d some w3 working them out We have got to learn to solve the ind they can't be solved by our avoi ing them. No matter what any one may say. science is so compressing the ¥id that we can no longe ourselves. We have got tu learn, whether we want to or not. to live together in a compressed world. What is the use of talking about isolation when the people in Berlin, Paris, London, New Yorl “hicago and Cincinnati danced to_the music of the same orchestra on New Year's night? We are too close—too lose Let the on. I am con poi we do. problems debates and education not decrying their vahie, but 1 do say let us supplement them with action. Let us get the practical srocesses of peaceful decision opers ing while the world is crying fo Let us get our experience and strengthen these international peace agencies in order that they may be strong to meet tk issues of the future a new generation which will not itself have experfenced the horrors of war as we have done. (Copsright. 1926.) ed from First Page.) than a mutual guarantee of front laid down in the treaty of Riga, which followed the unsuccessful war upon Poland. It has been a favorite form of discussion in London, for example among so-called liberals and radicals, to describe the eastern frontlers of Poland as impossible and open to immediate challenge. But in Poland not only is there no tear of such challenge, but there is universal testimony to the fact that in recent months the whole situation on the difficult and extended frontier has been improved. Raiding parties have stopped, local agreements have been made. What i3 even more sig- nificant, association is increasing, com- mercial relations, still small, to be sure, are mounting. In a word, the fronifer is dafly losing its character as a battle line, frozen into fmmobility by & temporary truce, and is becoming more and more a frontier in the peace- ful sense. The Rumanian_situation is a bit more obscure. The Russians have steadily shown greater disinclination to recognize the loss of Bessarabla than of Volhynia or Polesia, although on the ethnographic side they certain- Iy have a better case against Poland. Yet the explanation lies rather in the fact that the domestic conditions in Rumanta Lave been more difficult and the Russian hope of fomenting dis- order and even of outbreak is better founded. As Rumania, too. begins to emerge from the terrible crisis through which it has struggled one may expect to see Russain protests over Bessarabia similarly diminish. 1f yvou review all the various activi- ties of the Soviets in recent months it is patent that, although there are numberless examples of defiance and of challenge, there are also an increas ing number of incidents suggesting that behind ail the deflance and chal- lenge there is no little anxlety. All the Soviet papers confessed that the Locarno agreements were a terrible reverse for Russian diplomacy and put Russia in a very dangerous situa- tion of isolation. In the agreement the Boishevists affect to see the deliberate Fear of Russian “Peril” Fades in Europe As Nations Are Freed of Bolshevism rpose of British statesmen to repeat the “encircling polic ch the G mans charged against o decades ago. Russian Problem Internal. One of the wisest of my Russian ac- quaintances recently undertook tha dangerous task of forecasting the Rus- slan future. He saw for the next few vears the gradual evolution of the state, the growth of the peasant in fluence, the gradual transformation of the character of the regime. But his most significant comment was th for half a century, perhaps more tha half a century, the Russian problem was domestic, it would be for Russian leadership and government to supply the domestic needs: that the period be- tween 1925 and 1950, for example might well be like that Letween 186 and 1890 in our own country, when the West was being opened and de- veloped. “There is enough in Russia to keep Russians busy,” that was the burden of his prophecy. The Bolshevists can- not make an aggressive war, for the peasants will not march. No other war is possible because no one will attack Russia. What Russlans w think of lost provinces in the west or of traditional aspirations in the south after a quarter or a half century it is impossible to forecast. But for the immediate future, for the next dec ades, Russia is not a menace to world peace, a peril to her neighbors or a real factor in international relations. “There is a Russian problem,” he concluded, “but it is in fact a Rus sian prablem. The Soviet govern- ment will be forced in order to retain its position to direct its energis mor and more utterly to the satisfying « material domestic demands rathe than to the promotion of new revolu- tions in other nations. The victor of the old revolution, for it is alread old. will become the victin of the new evolution. The Russia that coming will be a Russia concerned with itself for a long span of time Meanwhile it is no longer a menace and is becoming less and less a mys tery. (Copyright. 1926.) (Continued from First Page.) The same committee held “that the use of aircraft in war should be gov- erned by the rules of warfare as adapted to aircraft by a further con- ference which should be held at a later date.” Members of this committee for the United States were Rear Admiral Wil- liam A. Moffett, now chief of the Bu- reau of Aeronautics of the Navy, and Maj. Gen. Mason M. Patrick, head of the Army air service. The Italians hel out for limitation of the air streng but the United States, Great Britain, ¥rance and Japan, were united in op- position. The presumption is, however, that at the coming conference, Great Dirit- ain will look with favor on plans for the limitation of air strength, iust as she will look with favor on the aboli- tion of the submarine and the capital ship. But France and the United States, and probably Japan, having thelr owh problems of national defense in mind, will likely be opposed to any attempt at drastic limitation of air strength. %* K ¥ X It an atempt is made to limit heavier-than-air craft in the military and naval services, it may take several lines. First, the limitation in num- ber of craft; second, the limitation of horsepower; third, the limitation of the lift tonnage; fourth. the limita- tion of personnel, and fifth, the limita- tion of military aircraft budgets. A great difficulty, however, in ef- fectually establishing a limitaton on heaver-than-air craft lles in the con- stant development of new and more efficient planes. Aircraft that is rated high today, may in a few months, be- come obsolete. The problem of limiting air strength may be attacked also from the angle of ability to produce and maintain air- craft. Here, again, the question of commercial aviation bobs up, and the determination of many not to permit a check to be placed upon this very proper development of transportation and communication. So far as lighter-than-air craft are concerned, the problem of limitation is held to be much simpler than in the case of the planes. Their numbers and size can be regulated, and the personnel can be limited. In the case of one nation. an arbi- trary limitation has been placed upon air strength. That is Germany. But the limitation was Iimposed as one Air Problem at Coming Arms Parley Holds Keen Interest for United States of the terms of peace after the war In Germany airplanes are limited in sizeand engine power. It may be ex | pected that if Germany comes into the arms conference, as she is expected to do after she enters the League of 2 tions, she will seek to have this Im tation lifted. While Germans are foi bidden to build and fly large planes at home, they are building and operating them in other countries, as in Colom: bia for example, where Germans now maintain an air service of consideruble extent. Prohibit on Lauded. 1t is so unusual to read anything good about American prohibition in European newspapers that a recent article in the Svenska Morgonbladet deserves a note. The writer declares that there were 10 times more arrests for drunkenness in Stockholm than In New York in proportion to populs tion. He would not allow that this was to the credit of the Stockhelm police, or that it showed slackness in New York. The Morgonbladet verdict is that (1) prohibition in American is not a failure, (2) that it is superior in some ways to the wedish system of drink regulation and (3) that while temperance conditions here are not improving, American conditions_are becoming more favorable. The Mor- gonbladet is Stockholm’s religious dalily. Buddhists to Meet. - Arrangements are being made fo: an interndtional congress of Buddhists In Leningrad next Autumn—said to be the first in a western country—under the auspices of the Russian Academy of Sclence. Dr. Tedor Scherbitsky, a member of the academy, and Prof. Boris Alekseev, a corresponding mem- ber, have started to Japan and China, respectively, to interest other Budd- hists and scientists. Dr. Scherbitzky is 2 student of the Indian languag> and literature and Prof. Alekseev of the Chinese. Tibet and Mongolia and other Budhist countries with which the Union of Soviet Socialist Repub- lics is effecting rapprochement & named as taking part in the even Russian scientific establishments will contribute largely in materfal aré - hibits.