Evening Star Newspaper, January 31, 1926, Page 49

[—EDITORIAL PAGE NATIONAL PROBLEMS SPECIAL FEATURES Part 2—20 Pages BRAZIL. COFFEE MONOPOLY MULCTS AMERICAN PUBLIC Small Toll Exacted by State of Sao Paulo From Almost Every Breakfast Table. BY WILLIS J. BALLINGER. people are wor- American dip_into \ eltizen's pocketbook rease the burden of Uving at will they say about the v muuner in which a small state vernment in Brazil—cone they never of —can its hand into Amerfcan home and to every | an hreakfast table and help | 10 a s wibute every morn ng of life, That s what Sao 1 ac cording to Dr. Jullus Kiein, director of the Bureau of Foreign and Domes- tia Commerce. Few know where Sao Panlo is. though all must disgorge o it. Tt i3 a state in Brazil, and it collects its tax from the American tiousehold through the means of Its monopoly of coftee. One af Eight Comunodities. Coffee fact that in 1918 the Brazilian gov: ernment bought 4,000,000 bags of coffee at around 8 to § cents a pound and sold this coffee at a market price around 16 cents or nearly 100 per cent profit. The profit indicates the strength of the monopoly. Again, in any the way ents can and 8 cents a pound and sold this stock at around 11 cents per pound. Turned Over to State. Q. How did this monepoly about? A. The nionopoly was first orgunized In 1906 by the federal government, but it was later turned over to the Sao Paulo state government. The original plan was to secure loans for the purchase of coffee when it glutted the market and its price was un- profitable. The first purchase wus made in 1907-3, when about 10,000,- 000 bags (132 pounds each) were hought and_ stored with loans ad- ccoraing r. Klein, is|vanced by foreign merchants who T Tty Torm | were glven preferentlal buying ad- elght foreign monop vantages. This stored supply was making the, Anier liquidated during 1811-13. The sec- Through the nose. One of jond purchase, of 4,000,000 bags, was getting good dewl | made in 1918 and liquidated i 1819, is rubber. b and the third purchase in 1921 and Dr. Kleln was at one time at-|501d in 1823. The government has e aitiany state of fao|eXercised its control over the move- e ¥ phes him out to quiz on|ment of coffes from the interior to this subject. I asked him {o tell me|tlie Ports by bullding 11 large ware- Hoor serious this monopoly ls; how [housesda the interlor. muel it has been able to boost the| Q. 1s there any monopoly in the nete of coffee and how much the cof- [ United States that distributes the 26 monopoliste take from the Amer- |Coffee purchased from the Brazillan I~un peopls annually. Here is his an- |monopoly? 1 ask this because it swer: would do the American people no good Coffee to combat successfully the Brazilian <ty in monopoly if the distribution of a tha pre competitive product was handled by t an American monopoly. The price wouldn't come down for the Americar consumer. No Monopoly Here. A. There 1s no evidence of lusion or monopoly among those im porting coftee. Coffes is imported principally at New York, New Or- leans und San Francisco. These three r | ports apparently are in strong com- | petition. In addition there are about s who are come ol neces We are of coffee in ption has 50 per| ar days. average annual wortation of ffee into this country is 1,386,000, w0 pounds, or o i2:; pounds a for every man, woman or child, s against 9 pounds Lefore the war. vi 1 coffee impe ‘an fam. |average more than 6v pounds of coffee | per family. The retall price during | the last vear has averaged about 60 cents & pound, which amounts ta $30 4 year for the average family. ~This st not un undue burden on Therefore Bre 4 bost. | the hilgher income familles, but on the world. prices If she|lower incomes a diffarence of 10 to 15 1o T Chomen 1o ereate | cents a pound is a considerable item. oming | Jiow should this Brazillun < ¥ he combated” Means of Retallati could be this would re the | per from |is probabl upply cont comes Q aggravated international which might be very dange There are other ways, however, that cannot be criticlzed. We could stimulate cof- fee production in competing countries. There is a large undeveloped territory in Central America and countries bor dering on the Carribean where the finest grades of coffee can be produced. American capital can develop coffee production there and effectively com- bat the Brazilfan monopoly. Our bank- ers have re Brazil for the financing & {has T tion w he market uWil the high price of the narket tempts out this stored supply, ut the state government has been sble to control the movement of cof- e from the interlor to the ports, thus keeping coffee entirely out of #ight and the vest of the world en- virely in th: k as to how much ‘offee there vhat grades, How Scheme Works. . the Brazilian government bought | ,000 bags of coffee at between 7| i strong | Soviet Marriage Law EDITORIAL SECTION he Sunday SStad WASHINGTON, D. SUNDAY MORN Holds Keen Interest for BY G. GOULD LINCOLN. OR the better part of a year the “best minds” in America have been working on the problem how best to develop the alr arm of the military and naval serv- ce. In the coming conference on limitation of armaments, initiated by the League of Na- tions, and to which an invitation has been ac- cepted by the United States—so far as the pre- liminary conference is concerned—efforts will be made to limit, If not to cut down, the air services of this country and otheta. To the layman the question might well srise —why be excited over bullding up if the next moment we are to cut down, or limit? The answer to this question {s that no coun try, including the United States, should be so in- sensible to the need of national defense as to neglect this comparatively new weapon. & weapon of tremendous potentlal power. Fur- thermore, there fs no assurance afr strength is to be limited at the conference. S The proposed limitation of air ermament pre- sents, perhaps, the toughest nut in the whole bagful which the coming conference will be called upon to crack. The reason for this is found in the fact that it {s almost impossible to limit air armaments without at the same time tying a halter on commercial aviation, There i3 strong opposition to hindering the de velopnient of this newest form of communication and transportation. Commercial aircraft, it is generally admitted, may be used for military purposes, and it is idle to expect a country which has well developed commercial alr services not to make use of them in time of war. Just as idle us to expect that & country would not arm its merchant vessels for use as crulsers and transports if the war emergency aruse. Commercial planes may he converted for hombing and observation purposes for use with the Army, though they have not the speed for use as pursuit planes. The Navy requires a more specialized type for its operations, and wonversion would be difficult, if possible at all. The United States, if it assents at all to the limitation of the air srmament of this country, doubtless will sisk a strength which it considers adequate for the defense of its long const line and for the protection of fts great overseas commerce. It is unthinkable that this country would agree to a lmitation in this arm, which o u considerable extent experimental 1 ity existing ulr streng ing a ratlo of air strength for States, this country’s representatives doubtless will stress the fuct that it has its Atlantic and Pacific coast lines to defend, not to mention the wide borders ulong the entire northern boundary and along the southwestern boundary. The defense of America’s commerca and outiving possessions les to u large extent with the Navy. The Navy wt he handt -apped by a small air service for this pur ks a. sut 1s recognized today as United * * ok s can ouly be regarded as defen: Yuropean und Astatic nations. It ms urged, therefore, at the coming conference that the size of America’s air force ashore has only an academic interest to those natlons. The alrcraft that may be carried overseas, it is expected, will be the point of attack when it comes time for the foreign nations to seek to £x a limit for the United States. At the Washington Conference on Limitation of Armaments in 162 et upon afr_strength that gle. The naval treaty powers were limit. £d to the amount of tonnage they raight for aireraft « vessels designed particou m considerahle ome coast 1 entered \bers for use the nuval lmitation into the following tonnage was allowed: United Stutes, 135,000 tone; British Implre, 135,000 tons; Japan, 81,000 tons; France, 50,000 tons, and Italy, 60,000 tons. This limitation, however, pertains to carriers in excess of 10,000 tons. Any number of less tonnage may be built that the powers desire. * ok ok ¥ Figures representing the present air strength of the five-treaty powers now available are at best estimates, so far as some of the countries are concerned. They show France well in the lead in the matter of number of military planes und in personnel. The number of planes in commission, exclu- sive of school and training service, for the ,powers s given as follows: United States, ‘Army, 775; Navy, 214; total, 933. Great Britain, general mervice, Gi4; fleet alf arm, 116; total, 760. Japan, army, 400; navy, 148 (estimated); total, 548. France, army, 1,888; navy, 84; total, 1,472. Italy, general service, 605. The number of alrcraft in reserve is given as follows: United States, Army, 550; Navy, 180; total, 730. Great Britain, general service and fleet arm, 100 per cent. Jupan, army, not known; navy, 305, estimated. Irance, army. 2,466; navy, 96; total, 2,662, Italy, general serv- ice, 467. Personnel of the various air forces are glven as follows: Unlted States, total officer per- sonnel, Army, 934; Navy, 638. Great Britain, general service, 3,379; fleet, air, army, 476. Ja- pan, army, 690; navy, 400 (estimated). France, army, 1,757; navy, 210. Italy, general serv 767. Officer pilots included in these figures as follows: United States, Army, 802 v Great Britain, generul service, 2,050 arm, 238. Japan, army, 403; navy, 1 army, 1,085; navy, 100; Italy, 407. Enlisted men In the air lows: Unjted States, Army Great Britain, general ser arm, 71. Jupan, army, (estimated). France, armn; Ttaly, general service, 16,716. Enlisted pilots tncluded in these figures are: United States Army, 64; Navy, 97. Great Britain, general service, 145; fleet air arm, none. Japan. 200; navy, 300 (estimated). France, arm navy, 200. Italy, general service, 41 Referve aviation personnel is given lows: Officer personnel, United Sta Navy, 352 (reat Britaln, generul 390; fleet wir arm, information r fermation sMowed by actual numbers 54 Of th mber are | United States, Y 3z Britain, gen enlisted aviation r United States, Arm ain, general service, §.19 * ok ok x Le future show t) d Great Britain all L fally is thi menti Plans for an, Italy a siderabla prograns. Esp the first three conntri gram for the further de n air services, Army e muking 3 tion of Congress ut France s reported to ditfonal air squadrons for its o ditional air squadrons for its navy 15 additlonal squadrons for its arm 5 its navy. Japan also plans for an increase o 415 officers in {ts army wir service and ditfonal enlisted men. In the matter of lighterthanair craft, the United States has the Los Angeles, Germnan bullt Zepplin, which is larger than any other similar craft possessed today by the other powers. The Los Angeles' use is rest ommercial purposes. (ireat Britain, four of these rigid craft, whic e Los Angeles. France and Ttaly or seven smaller craft, some rf non-rigid. In Jupan it on at hand, this y developed, although Jupu pect Zepplin L iich has not been ussem because of the absence of essentlal part Great Britain, however, two rigid lghter-than alr craft have been authorized, each to ha 60 ad e NG, JANUARY 31, 1926. Air Problem at Coming Arms Parley United States 5,000,000 cubfc feet capacity, as compared to 2,764,461 cubic feet capacity of the Los Angeles. The aeronautical organization in these coun- tries varies. For example, in the United States, the Army controls its own air service, and the Navy does the same. The alr mail service is under the Postoffice Department. The Goverr- ment has no control over commercial aviation. Tn Japan and France much the same organiza tion obtains, except that in Japan civil avia- tion {s under the department of communica- tions, and in France, it is under the minister of public works. Great Britain and Italy, on the other hand, both have u general air service. called in England the Royal Air Force, and in Ttaly the Royal Itallan Alr Service. In euch of these countries the al service has the status of & ministry. In Great Britain, civil aviation is placed under the air ministry * kK K Commerctal avintion in forelgn countries is subsidized hy thelr governments. This Is true in Great Britain, where the subsidles for the fiscal year, soon to_end, amount to some 32, 000,000, In France the subsldies requested for 1925 amounted to about 56,000,000 francs. Italy and Japan also subsidize commercial aviation In the United States there are no government subsidies, but within the last year several com panies have undertaken to develop commer cial routes, Henry Ford among others. The United States, according to testimony glven before congressional committees, leads the world In seaplane development for navi purposes. Amerfca hus been more successful in devising means for luunching and ating nlanes from Navy vessels at sea. If the present pluns are carried out, practically every type of A vessel will be uipped with one or mors planes, including destroyers and even subr rines. Such equipment will be of great va for scouting and observation It is posstble that efforts made «t the coming conference to lmit or to Torbld the carrying of airplanes on warships outside of the regular aircraft carriers, which b been lmited under the G-5-3-1.67 Such a course would be strongly posed by the Amerfcan Navy. The afreraft carrier tonnage of the sgnized us the basis of it operation against an enemy, however, and need of ping this tonnuge ut its maximum strengti 15t be emphasized. strongly strengtl ned 50 45 to ins trength, ith the British ¢ on ratio of 5.3 In regard to se Indeed, the recommendation t u speciul board appointed by Secretary Wil bur of the Navy Department, submitzed about E specifically that the aircraft riers of the Navy should be malntained ar ~ strength ailowed by the navs ind that aireraft should be n performa; quired to insure a and the nstruction 6 n ich under the terms cre converted intq United_States i one carrier of 12,700 tons, and that is called experimental. Great Britain has completed five 290 tons; France has two of 21,450 s; Japan one of 9,500 tons. Great Britain two carriers totaling 37,200 tons under c tion and Japan two, totaling 53,800 tons. * ok * % view of the coming conference, the afs don of the limitation of air strength which place at the Washington conference is of « interest. At that time a committes on At reported against an attempt to limit sngth in the following lang The nmittee is of the cticable to tmpose uny pon the numbers of charactersties of aireraft, sither commercial or military, excepting in the single st Makes Divorce Cheap t and cheap factlities for fon | STARVING s 1 the | Donor’s Far-Sightedness Shown in Pres GUGGENHEIM GIFT GREAT AID TO AVIATION INDUSTRY nt to Pro-| Solid Gold Armlet Found Buried in Sand Near Chichester, England. recentl the ancient law of treasure trove was {called in a legal case. A governess s —== . ¢ land all over Society News FEAR OF RUSSIAN “PERIL” DISAPPEARING IN EUROPE Nations Optimistic as Menace of Bolshe- K vism at Home Fades and Non-Agressive f Status of Red Army Is Seen. BY FRANK H. SIMONDS. N all the circumstances which make for optimistic expectations in the new year there s none | conceived that defense of thewr own inads against bolshevism entailed some measure of an offensive against Russia, have seen their mistakes and Tore mpressie tham Cthe Tae | bave sbandoned them. The fear of H slan. Moreover, what is odd about | the, Tas8 of Ruselan peasanis mre the change with respect of Russia is | fovy, ORHOCS BOEORER OF L0 Cony {that there has been no real trans | . .iomtion of the old regime would | formation brought about by diplomatic | ¢xve’ §¢ from them, the fear which |or other agreinent or even conference. | tait 4" B e Tt The Franco-:erman bitterness, whick P 5 ool at a year ago, despite the London agree. | (o0 THUSLL W@ REE PO0 2 ment on the Dawes plan, dominated | Fei 1s o longer fad b | all Kuropean calculations, was not bet- | fn b vione Alrected agalr {tered in any obvious fashion until the | preret] g Locarno conference and the stgning | "T050. 0o cituation in relation to of documents which gave France a| po sity L attack, while glving ‘Germany similar | 3t s been wssecsed as a Aanger | e epect of Russta, however, | MaY from time to time be reckoned as | h > B¢ | middle of Asia, in China, in Turkey, s thre hes e but on thelin Syra and in Mesopotamia—wher | s izt uch ol tHe1ev n fact, there is trouble—may “;fl:{;“i‘:r ;:"“x‘l“l'!¥pl;'f“_;‘;@ bhoviet produce addiftonal dificulttes, but e HOCEITIO Loy £ < extent. of the difficulty | combatted by Tehitcherin in Berln R I i land In Warsaw. All the Ru: : fluence, bused upon the famo t the Soviet of the Genoa conference, to persuade the Germans to rej Coincident Locarno pacts and even em- | Russian mena phatically to prevent German entrance | cline in the expectations from Russla into the League of Nations. | economically. There was a tinie when Still more recently the Turco-Rus-|the radicals of many countries were slan agreement has been brought out | insisting upon the resumption of rela- with the obvious purpose of indicating ! tfons with Russia because of the need that Russia, although isclated in Eu-|to have access to the food supplies of Irope, has still Asiatic opportunities. | Russla. On one occasion Lloyd George | Yet ‘perhaps for the first tim made @ rather unfortunate reference 917 Europe has heard of & major Rus- ain bins of Russia dan operation with utin of the time ite all the obvious tension and diffi- 4 s nec- le Most d food t rving people lurger sense &l ter be Persia, Great Future Ahead. L the decline 0. has gone t tion, and in questions whic Mediterranean and Londun nor Paris Moreover, when 1 w t Spring I was struck with bsence of Polish apprehension as has been felt in more western | ¢ ountries, that the Belel Jmost without warning r k upon them to the « Ari I by Rumani {in all, the fuc fthe nefghbors of Russ is no longer lying awike i rying over the great Slav nelghbor What has brought about the change, for change there certainly has been, | in e relatively limited perlod of time? | { Two circumstances, the one disclosed lin the domestic conditlons of the Eu | ropean nations, the other fn the con ditfons within Soviet Ruesia itself { Peril of Bolshevism Passes. ‘ lLooking | within B | clear ficte: the which the I should know ded that an ploitation carn Germany needs Russia No Longer Feared. upply. the mark P ul thme. or perhap | moment, not yet s {when the war had hardly come to lan end, when disorganization had | spread from Hamburg to Constanti- {nople and from Moscow to Madrid, | when the whol system of | Europe was, or at least seemed to | be, gravely in peril | "No one who wus in Parls during | the peace conference will forget the | tremendous sensatfon caused there Western Hurope when Bela Kun gained the upper hand in Budapest. Perhaps this was the criti cal moment f 1 lly Europe ssary field for its resources. But people are not talking _about Kussia, not thinking about Russia, not calculating upon Russia now, Statesmen are not wait- ing for a Russla and delay ing thefr adjust < with other coun. tries, wWas in the sti controls the iich is pro- did 1t to ban the g of coffee trees. ‘offee growers must seil to govern- ent warchouses lovated in the in- ent aims to pur- 1y as possible and rell s profitat n. In Sao Paulo railreads are state owned. Hence the ports like Santos the govern- t brings down from its interior varehouses cnly S0 many bags of 1 day as can be sald lucra- In this way coffee is taken t by the government until it can be sold at & » profit. The money required ed by for- | capitallsts lend vhich 1s used to pro- ave refuscd ie Brazillan Was XPUS Only | ernments. 1na been | Q | trus s just as b 2 | "A. Of course such 4 plan would have to be carefully safeguarded in or- der to protect the American consumner from any exploitation from an Amer{- can coffes monopoly. The anti-trust laws would, no doubt, be invoked if such & danger arose. Q. What international 1} feeling has been engendered by the coffes, ni- trate and rubber exposures? A. The best answer is Secretary Hoover's words before the congres- sional investigatin committee: “The departments of our Govern- ment have been visited mot once, but scores of times during the past year by business men demanding that the administration save them from injury. Our public resent whut they const as an Injustice and feopardy to their interests on_the part of forelgn gov- International prejudice is consequently stirred. Thus the state departments of governments are drag- ged into the bickerings and higglings of the market with innumerable new was refused Is the business of taking coffee of artificlally regulat- ng trade, profitable to the Lirazilian overnment? A. Some idea of the profitability of e business may be obtained by the frictions every day. There is acri- monious discussion at home and over- seas. Our Government cannot ignore the situation. Even if our officlals were to remain sllent, the problem could not be repressed in the public mind.” (CopsTight. 1826.) Radio Carries Calls for Help to Save Ruffed Grouse From Extinction in U. Scientis ng radio to help ve the ruffed grouse from extine- fon. This once common game bird, col- squially known as partridge, has teen gradually disappearing from our Northern woods for yvears in spite Of attempts of State game assocla- tions to restock the supply. Ex- perts have ascribed this decline to ‘arious parasites and several diseases, tut very little is known as to thetr ‘rue nature. Ry radio the general public was ssked to bring in any dead or wound- ~d birds so that scientists could study them and determine the cause of ‘hefr scarcity. Thorntor <. Bur. s ure members of his Radio Nature League, scattered throughout New Englanc and Canada, for their co-operation, with the result that a steady stream of specimens has been pouring in. These are being turned over to Dr. A. O. Gross of Bowdoin College, Maine; Dr. A. A. Allen, at Cornell University, and Dr. E. E. Tyzzer of Harvard Med- fcal School for investigation. Im- portant information on the number and condition of ruffed grouse over a wide territory has also been sent in. Dr. John C. Phillips of Harvard, who headed the movement, declared there is hope that enough informa- tion on grouse habits and diseases will be collected to restore eventually the ruffed grouse to normal abun- dance in the Northern States. « { zess has appealed to thousands of Fiji Island Fossil Reefs to Be Studied For Sidelights on Evolution Theory Believing that the fossil deposits in he ralsed reefs of Viti Levu, largest istland of the Fijl group, may yield nformation in regard to its geological nistory and give sclence as well a tew sidelights on the theory of evolu- rion, Dr. H Ladd, paleontologist nd Yale Uni sity-Bishop Museum ellow for 1925-26, has left Honoluiu Ladd points out, “there are two other series of elevated coral beds which were deposited in different geological periods and which are believed to have been raised by emergence centuries ago. These contain about 100 feet of fossil deposits. “Fossils found in limestone usually consist of fish teeth and shells, and ing of ma indicate 24, 10,050 divorces in a population of 1.830,000. This 1,208 marriages und 543 dtv each 100,000 population and one 4! vorce for 2.4 marriages. The corre- sponding figures for the United States in 1922 were 1,033 marraiges and 136 orces for each 100,000 population and one divorce to 7.6 marriages. One- third of the Russlan marriages are second marriages and 80 per cent of the divorced persons remarry. About five-sevenths of the divorces were ob- tained in court and the others by merely recording the wish of either party at the civil registry office. Ac- cording to the flgures, men are most changeable when 26 vears old and women at 85. The favorite wedding myrring tember. May and September also hold the record for divorces. S Ho]): Land Crusade. Afzer 800 years IKngland is to have another crusade to the holy land. With full pomp and ceremony 100 knights and ladles of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem will start on a pil- grimage to some of the anclent strong- holds of the order famous in history. The Countess of Cromer, the Dow: ager Countess of Alrlie and Countess Haig will be among the woman pil- grims, while among the men will be Viscount Galway, Lord Lamington and Maj. Gen. Sir Percival Wilkinson. A special steamship chartered by the months are February, May and Sep- | { posal the sum of $2,500,000. order will carry the pllgrims through the Mediterranean. They will embark from Venice March 7. ‘An admiralty order of 1700 directs all ships of the navy to salute the flag of St. John, and as this order has never been can- celed it is presumed that the salute will be received during the cruise. The Order of St. John is the oldest and only survivor of the many orders founded during the crusades. “Pigs Is Taxes” in China “'Pigs is pigs,” but according to Chi- nese military officials they are more than that—they are a good source of revenue. Hence when the new regime took control of Shanghal and looked around for possible sources of income it decided to impose a tax on every pig that enters Shanghal. for Suva and plans a six-month stay n the southern archipelago. “In addition to the modern reef pround the berder of Viti Levi,” Drs, -t —— it is expected that there will be va- rieties in the ralsed reefs of Vitl Levu which are not the same as those Nv- log fodaks’ - The city magistrate gave orders that the headquarters and social club of the Bhanghal plg dealers be closed and sent a posse of Chinese police to see that his orders were carried out until the new tax was pald. ‘The levy proved unpopular‘from the start and led to curtailed demand for this luxury by Chinese buyers. High Prices in Ireland. In the Irish Free State the cost of living is 88 per cent higher than the pre-war figure. In Great Britaln and northern Ireland it is 76 per cent high- er. The Free State figures reached 103 per cent of increase last January mote Scientific Study of Flying and Wav« to Develop Better Air Machines. BY DONALD W. McILHINEY. Today progress comes from the sclentific study of & subject, rather than from haphazard inventions. But this sclentific study takes money. And money is something that & new art, such as aviation, is usually without. During the war aviation had more money at its disposal than it could spend, but those days have gone. Post-war depression and a lack of understanding of what was needed for commercial use have combined to practically starve the industry. Real- izing this, & far-sighted patriot, Danel Guggenhelm, has stepped in and sald: “J have decided to establish the Danfel Guggenheim fund for the promotion of aeronautics and to place at its dis- The time is ripe for actfon. There is urgent need in our country for immediate practical and substantial assistance to aviation. No less urgent is the nesd to awaken the American publ This means that o great deal of the Dbitterness will be softened. Big, healthy organizations like the tele- phone company or the General Elec- tric can afford to spend millions on scientific development, but the strug- gling aviation companies cannot. To one who has made aviation his life work, this encouragement is like sun- shine in a dungeon. Such bequests for various purposes have been made in the past and often have provided “'soft” berths for many parasites. This gift, thank heaven, is not In the same class by any means. Mr. Guggenheim has not only chosen the highest type of men to admin- igter the fund, but has given them some general instructions, which show that he has given a great deal of thought to the subject and realized some of the pitfalls in the way of its use. He has given the directors only Enrployer’s Dollar Worth 43.7 Per Cent Of Value in 1914, Employe’s 60 Per Cent 1f the purchasing power of the con- sumer’s dollar has declined to about 60 per cent of its pre-war value, the employer’s dollar in paying wages has shrunk still more, because of the higher wages pald. A dollar in Octo- ber, 1925, would buy on the average only 48.7 per cent the amount of labor it would have commanded in 1914, ac- cording to a study by the National Industrial Conference Board. In other words, the board points out, while the employe'’s dollar, spent for general liv- Ing expenses, has decreased only about 40 per cent since 1914, the employer’s dollar, spent for wages, has declined 56.3 per cent, and is worth consider- ably less than half of what it was in pre-war days. Axerage hourly earnings fu industry “ | walking along Selsey Beach, had found n armlet half burled in the sand- | & worthless old ornament she thought, of no interest or value. But investiga tion by her employer revealed that the armlet was of pure gold, and subse- quent examination by scientists proved that it was British 'in workmanship and probably 2,000 years old—a rare relic of the pre-Roman period in the British Isles. No one knew what legal disposition of the armilet was to be made, until attorneys for the British Museum proved that under the old treasure trove law it must be turned over to the government, the government, how- ever, being obliged to pay the finder 80 per cent of its value. But its value, said the scientists, was incalculable. After an interesting court case a jury of Chichester farmers awarded the five rules of conduct, und une of them is: “Maintain @ simple, inexpensi organization, depending on outside agencles, wherever possible, to carry out the aims of the fund.” That fm- mediately rules out the largs force of “experts,” “'consultants,” etc., 8o common with the administra- tion of public trusts. - The public at large can feel, therefore, that what- ever is done by the Guggenheim Foun- dation is of real worth and not pub- leity for some self-seeking individual. The membership of the board of dt- rectors is another strong point in this contribution to American prog: 1t not only contains the grandfas of all fiving, Orville Wright, but men who have achieved distinction in other flelds. The 10 men can be divided into two groups: Those who are pilots | or have been very closely connected with_aviation, #nd those who ure| noted for their executive abflity and | mature judgment. Men like Elihu| Root, Gen. Goethals und Dwight Mor row will not be led astray by un- sound enthusiasts. The younger ele- ment, and we are constantly being told- that fiying is a young man's game, s well represented by F. Tru- bee Davison, pre-war pilot and former naval aviator, now a member of the New York State Leglslature, and Harry F. Guggenhelm, also a former naval aviator. E It is too early yet to attempt to predict what precise steps the board will take. It is evident, however, that a large measure of what Mr. Guggen- heim, as well as every other well-in- formed patriot, hopes to come to pass will do so as a result of this founda- tion. The members of the board ahd such assistants as they may later choose will have reason to feel sig- nally honored. (Copyright. 1026.) Museum took the jewel. Oldr Roman Dugr Up. London has found new traces of & real old Roman. His name was T. C. Pacatl. Ie lived about nineteen hun- dred years ago. His name appeared during excavations for the new Bank of England Building on Threadneedle street. Twenty-elght feet heluw the surface of the ground, where several ancient Roman wells are known to have been laid, workmen found frag- ments of an Italian wine cask about six feet long. Pacati’s name was found on the inside of the cask, burned and engraved in the old cypress. This, however, is not the first time the mysterious Pacat! has come to the attention of archeologists. During excavations under London in 1914 his name was found carved in stone. The stone is now preserved in the Guildhall Museum. Feudal Offices Passing. In a series of outworn medieval cus- toms, offices and rituals the English feudal system still persists, but day by day it loses. The latest great feudal remnant to disappear is the office of lord of the manor. This office has been held on great estates since the fifteenth century, but under the terms of the new property act which came last October were 129 per cent greater than in 1914, and have shown greater stability for the past two years than girl £20 (about $100) and the British | at any time since the beginning of the war, according to the board’s analysis. The purchasing value of the employ- er’'s dollar in the labor market reached its Jowest point in 1920, duting the in- flation period, when it dropped to 40.7 per cent of its 1914 value. It rallied to 51.5 per cent, or a little more than half of its pre-war value, in 1922, but has hovered at 44 per cent or less of its 1914 value ever since 1923. These percentages, however, the study ' emphasizes, cover average amount of labor in terms of man-hours and do not take into account kind and quality of work or changes in labor efficiency. P into force January 1 the lord of the manor must go. With him go such feudal hangovers as steward's fees, escheats and the office of court baron, German Smokes Cheap. Germany's financial condition 1s ap- parent from the sort of stuff Germans smoke. According to statistics, 43 per cent of all the cigarettes smoked in this country are of the cheaper kind— three pfennigs each. . The cheapest variety at 2 pfennigs are little smoked, obviously because the quality is so bad. Though the Germans once were cigar smokers, in , but ther | ments har ample, as when, in 1920, vist armies approached Warss - self and it seemed as if the whole still fragmentary reconstruction in the middle and east of Murope was doomed to go down and the red wave spread as far as the Rhine and the Alps. As late at 1923, when the Ruhr con- flict was in full blast. there seemed again a very real perll, which was probably largely exaggerated, that Germany in despalir might adopt the gospel of Lenin, as Italy had appear- }#d to do in the period before Musso- lin{ and the Black Shirts appeared. | Indeed, the Russian issue proved to | be the cause of the downfall of the Labor government in Britain us late as the closing months of 1624, Reject Moscow Leadership. Nevertheless, by the close of last ar Europe, speaking generally, was beginning to be perfectly aware that while the conservative elements might still find useful propaganda material in Red activities, the real menace was long passed, for the simple reason that the Labor party in Britain and the Soclalist parties in Germany und France had definitely rejected the light and leading of Moscow. Italy had, of course, definitely en- tered the pathway of l'acist reaction, but in Britain, France and Germany the partles which represented tho working class, the masses, had so pa- tlently turned thelir backs upon Soviet | ideas that there wera appearing noisy, but not politically, consider- able groups of Communists, who had broken with their own associates and, despairing of influencing the majori- tles in their organizations, had openly | abandoned them. Today the House of | Commons, the French Chamber and |the German Reichstag have small | groups of extremists, but they have | been, practically speaking, expelled { from' the political organizations which | represent the mass of the workers. In reality the workers, whatever thelr original notion as to the Soviet experiment, have by now been con- verted from it by the practical re- sults. The utter breakdown of the whole economic life of Russia, the vast misery, the terrible fumine in a country which produces food in vast quantities, the great social, politi- cal and moral break-up—in @ word, the visible, unmistakable, undeniable outward consequences of bolshevism— have destroyed the cause in the eves of those who alone might concetvably have adopted it. Despalr Is Driven Away. Pari passu, to use the phrase havi present currency, the condition in countries outside of Russia has not only improved vastly, but in such fashion as to stand in striking con- trast with the Russlan condition it- self. Despair, which was the founda- tion of the wholé danger, has gone; men and women in all parts of Europe, despite the patent difficulties which remain, are finding life again tolerable, far more tolerable than con- ditions which have existed or can ex- | 1 lenged b or following. The restoration of the Crarist regime seems not only un- Ukely fn any proximate time, but cause itself seems lacking in preser vitality, On the other hand. siens continue to multiply that, while the bolshevic regime maintains its position, it principles are gradually giving w: It is compromising all the time more and more with the doctrines which in sum are the negation of all its de- clared purpose. Wb is more and more unmistakable Is that the peasant millions are more and more making themselves felt, not so much political d thus directly, but economical ndirectly hey are becoming more and more of & power hecause they have increa ng needs which must be met, needs which governments exist to me Govermments full when they fo meet them. Army Is Not Feared. On the military side it has becou & truism in Warsaw and Bucharest, quite &s much as in Paris or Lon- don, that, while the Bolshevist army is still formidable in numbers aund not lacking in a certain amount of material, it lacks all the resourc¥s for any sustained campaign and hus no means of obtaining either the ma terfal or the numbers. It is not a national army in any sense, least of all comparable wih the armies which France threw up during the revolu tion. The Red army remains effective for dealing with internal threat. It might under certain circumstances prove effective again against an in- vader. But it s not and can hardly be made en instrument for Aggre: slon. It certainly would have less chance against the now strong and well equipped Polish armies than Mt had o few years ago, when it was overwhelmed after a triumphant ad- vance, which just missed supreme success because there was lacking both leadership and organization. A foreign war now, a war of com quest, would inevitably involve losses which could not be replaced, and it is totally unlikely that there could be any replacement of the huoman losses. That the peasants would sub- mit to the old conscription to support the Soviet state in any advance tg Warsaw or Bucharest, to recover Volhynia or Bessarabla, is unthink- able. The army is the basis of do- mestic power for the Bolshevist lead. ers, but only on the condition that it is maintained and not exposed to the losses and disorganization incis dent to war. Sought Frontier Guarantee. Tchitcherin's exploits in Warsaw while the Locarno discussions were opening are the best indication of the Soviet state of mind. So far from contemplating an attack upon Po- land, the Soviet envoy was seek- the last year only 342,000 cigars that cost more than 4 cents eack were COIIIM & > - Both in China and Japan handwrit- ing still ranks as one of the fine arta. ing a form of contract with Poland which amounted to little more or less [Continued oz Third Paged . ist in Russia for years to come. Furthermore, the conservative ele- ments in the western nations, which 4