Evening Star Newspaper, December 13, 1925, Page 91

ILLUSTRATED FEATURES MAGAZINE SECTION The Sundy Stae Part 5—8 Pages WASHING1T PON, D. SUNDAY FICTION AND HUMOR MORNING, DECEMBER 13, 1925. Machines Take Place of Human Touch in Tests of Currenc BY GEORGE H. DACY. ()l R a mortality r be called grog enough bills Potomac 1ed, partial »ored and worn, an d of currency come: nited States it formerly fared habiliments money ox 1.200 10 the ace of the Crippled, decrepit 1it rvwhere in P he osperity’s d. We and kept and most emin; na nd 1sed ing by to s use was hard enbacks and Maine Par royal adven sy went motoring the etay-at ements of had to carry than formerly. There oll and ace to pay for und s three 1910 and For- i for 16 service. seemed lusting life and eight mon n greater tha sixfold more than 40, imercial worst Te durable mor were Thelr has thi hs. last months, how has to renew his rerer beciause red m to sed somewt der nd 1t reau of Engravi and Print- is able to demands. curreney consumption it will not be many vears Government will have to sfze of {ts mammoth unless some extraor- are developed to r-mounting needs e paper mone. for current ided to artship ount of his stew the Government round-up intensive conditions and decided best to call in the case and if pos- the patient flici and the iccepted the the paper ture of cur most in Depart tnception to the vedemption and wary motive in was to determine the paper ional cur- it last longer. were mo uight be condi- Lkt measures 1l laboratc biect rich nd metho handled ay 1ife he Burea > Bure ed 1) nd its strength sevity f examp) tzed 1 4 ars | SiRiaed t du dollar bill ind lon- . special- 1ve been har le strength. hc For welght -ubbing folding e imi n the The ~xpos wounted iy A he rubt AD eraser w ud forth over the while an t was con © wis rubbed through parison of the num red to wear gh the different samples of paper wus tested would readily identify the cimen he most resis- ere suspended in paws of a tensile- atus After the in place, the dis: Aws was Increased paper was fasten tance between t turni ol wheel ample would stretch to its limit and ‘inally would rupture under the severe strafn. A pendulum gauge he total pulling force exerted a iaper broke. These data were the ndex figures which denoted the ten- le strength ¢ that specimen of “aper. Another 4§ out per devien teari rigged to the ste ping hich each spee ~fore nen « talling he was studied filminated ethod is i fait sins, blemish h opacit " photonse detectc other the of spots defects paper and satisfactory important d + Paper opacits production, printed on both Inting urre a bank notes of the paper. One of the tinishing processes asso- .ted with paper production consists run the sized paper between erful ers in order to h ce pavpurly that it could | auto- | unt of the num- | recorded | The paper | the | course of time will revolutionize or stand | hapnens that Mr. Brown was raised in the |an atmospbere of paper making, for by the utllization | his father owned a paper factor, This | in our bills!| gate { they | at the Bureau of Stundards. Government Study of Paper Money Intended to Meet Problem Involved in Wearing Out of 1,200 Tons of Material Every | ;i coriciies rom vour oo Year—Motor Car Traffic One of Chief Factors in Increased Use of Bills—Scientific Means Employed in Giving Longer Life. | covering How Many Times a Government Note May Be Folded Before It Is Useless. s Some Progress Made in 12 Months—Di Trying oul the papers learing stremgth. The Bureau of Standards has used a! special optical apparatus in investigat- | ing the gloss of various types of cur- rency paper. The amount of light reflected from the shiny surface of the | paper this test is an Index of its gloss! Blotting paper. for ex ample. will absorb ail the lizht while glossy photographic paper at the other extremity of the list will reflect nine-tenths of the lizht which plays upon it The weight of the paper calculated by the use of e curate torsion balances. while the thicknesses of the specimens are de termined by use of a speclal measur- Ing device. Glycerin under pressure is used to inflate a rubber diaphram placed under & specimen of paper stretched into position and held in place. A register records the amount of pressure needed to distend the dia- phram sufficiently so that it will burst the paper. Llectrically functioned equipment exposes the paper samples to regular repetitions of foldinzs until finally crack and break under the strain, Our currency paper sub Jected to this endurance test will usu- lly withstand about 2,000 foldings be fore it breaks. wples is | tremely uc- LL these tests were conducted in a constant temperature chamber Paper is very susceptible to chunges in temper ature and humidity. Hence this pre- caution which featured the study of the paper at a constant temperature of 70 degrees and a humidity of 6. Altogether more than G50 different A gloss test of Governwent Paper kinds of paper have been tested and each varfety has been tried out about 0 times. All the currency papers have been investigated well as other grades and qualities of paper which might be used for money manu- facture. Invaluable data have been collected as a result of thix experimentation —facts and figu which in the paper prodizetion, these belng the best| ifibers for puper making. The strength | of any paper depends on the length | and uniformity of the iibers which | compose 1t. Where excessive beat- | ing of the paper pulp is practiced, a | paper of very smooth surface and | texture is produced. Smoothness of | rface, however, is obtained at the crifice of strength Phe manufacturing procedure in currency paper making has been to reform certain of the methods and practices now pursued In currency output. < | Credit is due Herbert D. Brown_;-;“}’J;"{ thelidper BRID ol contIntious chief of the Bureau of Efficlency, for | eating O o aonme. Brown work whieh probably will aid more recommended that tesis be made han all else in the inimediate improve- | ‘Vxh;lt: the "’Llil‘Prrl'\.l‘yv WS ; ten oniy ment of cyrrency wearability. It so | I’m“ s }‘.:;‘I:CT"I_"”‘_\W-‘;:_llln,r’n\fiu’:’—‘ {paper which when exposed to the {orthodox endurance tes withstood 4,000 foldings before it cracked and broke. This paper showed u folding fstrength twice s great us that of the i SRS sor manu. | Currency paper obtalniug from the e amd e 1o cairoe of his | 24 hours' heating. Some of It actually | official dutles, he began to investi-|survived 5,000 foldings | the durabllity of our cur-| As you probably know paper in the | rency, and found that our money was | making is plunged into a glue bath | not wearing as well as it might, he |in order to bind and cement together | cuggested immediately the cause of | the multitude of fine fibers which give | the trouble—excessive ‘“beating” of |the material its strength the pulp during paper preparation. | found that by spraying the | Uncle Sam uses one-fourth cotton | formaldehyde after it s out lowa. From his earliest boyhood, Mr. Brown daily assimilated more and more information concerning the prac- per with removed IS | glaze is developed. The indications | ure that this treatment will ald in making our pape€r money last longer | by fortifving it against damage by dust, dirt and grease. Paper treated | in this manner lasts three to four | times as long when exposed to surface wear tests. Uncle Sam is now experi- meniting with currency prepared and armored in this manner. If it lasts longer under severe service conditions | than ¢ mill run of paper money, our | otential supplies of bills will all be | treated in this manner. i HE United States is radically diifer- | ent from the average country in that maintains five national cur- rencies instead of one. The foreign countries almost without exception | boast_only one currency. The fact is activities in multitudinous manners. | Previous to the Civil War this coun: | trv did business mostly on a gold and | Iver basis. The only paper money | was that issued by State banks. Our | paper money was created for emerg- Science has [ency use during the trying times of | money as a routine job. the Civil War. The greenbacks, or | our first and oldest United States otes which have heen culation v | since Civil War days and have never rency. Their value fell as low as 40 {cents during the war because they |Ford reaily makes one product. | systematize were not redeemable in gold or silver. Our second currency consists of | dollar for dollar by Government bonds. | The third form of national currency | About the end of the Civil War, the | United States made provision for the exchange of gold for these certificates. The certiticates were really warehouse receipts which were presented to those persons who stored their gold with the United States Government. In the late s another currency Was created. It consisted of silver cer- tificates distributed among those who placed their . stores ~of silver with Uncle Sam for safekeeping. Finally | I |that Uncle Sam supports a quintet of | in 1913 our Federal reserve currency | |currencies complicates our financial | was developed after comprehensive scientific study. It is the most flexible of our currencies and is adapted for expansion or contraction in accord- ance with country-wide needs. Our Government money factory pro- | duces 39 different models of paper ~Visualize if | you can the puzzles which continually arise in_a' huge manufactory which | makes . 39 differsnt . products. , The ' jor banking expert who h four paper money, ¥ okens, a packet of cigars or he wonderful % appears 1. This is th Vashing e fines to ma month or the 1 Wa plece of It took tirst plate cight 1 ¢ er to reproduce Jle to counte: means. Observe Washingto: d out from the paper su: nnterfeiter ¢ rency reforn Theodore 1s Jeffersor 181y potnted g4 is steered o the capped the e lands. money as sug srrency w nominatfor 0.000. A Sam make exposed isia denomin o! £ht world has praised the wonderfui effi |been redeemed, were our first cur-|ciency of the chain of automobile fac- tories operated by Henry Ford. Mr. To to his his _activities effectualize the dally doings and in | national bank notes which are secured |5reat plants have been relatively sim- ple as compared with the difficulties which confront Uncle Sam at the | features the use of gold certificates. | Bureau of Engravirig and Printing where he has to produce 39 products instead of 1. Mr. Average American under pres ent circumstances does not know his money. Ask him the distinguish ing characteristics of each of the 3! varieties. He is absolutely unable to ! describe them unless he is u money devoted his life to such work. Most of us recognize currency only as to denori nation. The fact that one currency is different from another is untrans. lated Greek to the ordinary citizen This is an unfortunate condition. It is a condition which aids counterfeit ing. 1f we as a Nation do not know how are we to recognize spurious bills when they are passed out to us? The Treasury Department has long appreciated the desirability of modifying onr currency and of stand- ardizing & crent medels wud s 4 . | reduction in the total varieties of cur the printing now produced. 1 nom o perfection as endeave ction. The » our paper mone ny faces and va produci nts ann Jack of durabi the titutes 1 . the most of be “eliminated tain th re secure merly u se difficulties w thing of the future sound and ed and it ible and more 1 model. Standardizati o form a trio w stantlality as the national currency. will mited n wi F stability and s earmarks be more “Vitamin D" Eggs. IT nNowAppears that som hens’ egs n D pre contain the ita { (that substance seems to vent ricke do not. Tt all not the exposed enough. A | plenty of su doses ult | auartz mercu {min D" eggs. N | that has been { violet 8. | Experiments direction of J. chemistry cultural - College, these conclusions. An egg a day was included in p s s e move. | tion deficient only in vits e posdule. Anaf nove- | <hich was fed to 48 chicks di ment is now on foot to reduce the 39 | ] B s divig Virletios 16, 11 cksentis] tspes, | with {Into lots of a dozen each. Chicks fe ozly 11 models of currency to handle, | 0% €EEs 1ald by hens that had re Avecdels of eurrency to handle | ceived both sunlight and artificla oter he denb e conIC BCO |ultrarviolet | Hght erew up Hncitt s bank notes and certificates, We | {OWIS without any indication of weak Americans in a short time would know | '°€%: = Eight Ro% e Wbt i S which had been kept In a room lightec e e ”.,,“,,l:,},"‘1'\,”“’\”:'\“”{" {only by glass windows but which re 3 £ “llY, | catved ultra-violet light treatment one oduced will extend the | D&If hour daily developed mild cases Fit in ratio to the fach, | of rickets. They ible to stand s 10 ¢t0 facil Thut had weak legs itles now used, {n'its production | A third pen of chicks got egge frov Under the propesed system instead | hens which had recelved plenty of sur having five different models of the !light, but no ultra-violet light tfreat $10 bill, for instance, we will have only | ments. These chicks-were thrifty one standard type. It will be o won- ! All the chicks in the fourth pen een derful example of plate printing at its | tracted the rickets and four of the lot best. To differentiate between the dif |died. Their diet included an egg a da ferent currencies, identifying seals for | from hens which recelved no direc each, respectively, will be used. These |suniight but all the sunlight that pene distinguishir ean be surface- |trated a large south glass window printed on the Dill after it has been | The glass in the window filtered ou made in quantity production via plate | the ultra-violet light, the part of the printing methods. This will intensify | sun's rays that is responsible for the the efficiency of printing activities ap- | production of vitamin “D" In the ege proximately 500 per cent. { " Vitamin “D" is stored in the volk Let us consider the matter of the |the egg, it was shown by a supple silver certificate for illustration, the |mentary experiment with chicken $1 hill which vou use frequently I onducied by the department of chem when Jjou purchase gas, sleeh gms ' g™, . ren) 1 whethe ced the egx a-violet chicken was rays gettnz dail: rays from produces Vit out-of hen con, Hughes, Kansus § give evidence ofessor of Agrt the — | r. D ided of the 12 chicks whose diet rency to be p