Evening Star Newspaper, July 26, 1925, Page 35

JAPAN IS ON TREATY "DISILLUSIONED WITH SOVIET Realizes Concessions Meant Nothing as Oil Bubble in Saghalien Bursts—Ex- perience Like Other Countries. BY ROBT. UNDERWOOD JOHNSON. Former American Ambassador to Italy. of the na- cognize the Soviet government—and in 1921 apparently one of the most de- termined in_this regard—is the Iast to become disillusioned in the credulous attempts to sup with the Prince of Darkness. Great Britain, Germany, Italy and France have all seen the folly, in international rela- tions, of giving something for noth- ing, and threwing in for good measure a_ better opportunity for the bolshe- vists to forment revolution within their respective borders. The later, recog- nition of Moscow by Tokio has evi- dently produced a similar result, be- sides affording the Soviets a conven- ient vaulting-board for a second leap into China, which had preceded Japan in this futile policy. Treaty for Concession. It will be recalled that at the close of the Russo-Japanese War, by the Treaty of Portsmouth, the southern Talf of the Island of Saghalien was transferred to Japan, the northern half being left to Ru The Jap. anese have always had an exaggerated idea of the value of this territory and at one time sounded out the various governments as to their attitude to ward the occupation of it as indemnity for the slaughter of Janese by Soviet troops in Wi n Sibe: Ap- parently they received little or no en- couragement for such a policy, for they made no such move. But in March of 1925 the same ambition ap- ently was realized through the ireaty with Moscow, by which Rus- sia, while nominally retaining sov. erelgnty over the northern half of land, granted to her neighbor oveted right to exploit its re- urces, which consist largely of oil. (It is worth remarking, by the way, that the effect of oil on troubled wa- ters is anything but tranquilizing if the waters be those of international Ppolitics). One Bubble Bursts. The quid pro quo of the treaty was the recognition of the Soviets, a mere form, which seemed so little to give for so much! But soon same the re- port that the oil bubble had burst, that the exploration of the fields was most disappointing, only one in three f the borings having been successful. vidently the mastery of the oil trade of the world is not vet in the hands of Japan. Probably the wily Soviets knew what they had to offer, as they did in a similar bargain for recogni: tion by Italy, which has not vet for- gotten the dirt-padded nature of the much-heralded first wheat cargo that came from Russia after the admit- tance to Rome of the Soviet commer- cial representative, Vorovsky. So far, the Sovie such good bar overreached themsely ¥ hav nly succeeded in producing reactions gainst their intriguing duplicity. But they are still at it. Professing to be encouraged by the retirement of Sec: retary Hughes and by the succession of Senator Borah to the chalrmanship of the Senate committee on foreign | relations, they are trying, by all the arts of suggestion. to create in this country an atmosphere of friendship for them, which they hope will result in the recognition which they kdvet. That they will get any help or sym- pathy from the new Secretary of State is unbelievable. (Copyright. 1928.) . one of the firs seemed STIRS UP TROUBLE. Soviet Unlikely to Succeed in Plots, | However. BY HAMILTON FISH ARMSTRONG, Managing Editor of Foreign Affairs. The foreign policy of the Soviet| government, which as we often have seen is something quite independent of the social policy of the Third In- ternational, has concentrated recently on increasing the internal difficulties of the States which fringe its borders, advantage might turn up amid the ensuing disorders. This government, which denies nationalism, has been posing with some success as the pro- {tagonist of any aspiring national group which seems capable of making trouble for the government of one of Soviet Russia's neighbors. The shift from class to sectional warfare has been noticeable particu- larly in the Balkans and ulong the Russian border in Europe. Russian irredentism was stirred up against the Polish government among the White Russians and Ukranfans of FEast Galicia and against the Czechoslovak government among the Russo-Car- pathians in Ruthenia. The Rumanian province of Bessaraba, where there are large Ukranian and Jewish mi- norities, was offered a bait when Mos- cow created next door an autonomous Moldavian Socialist Soviet Republic, the title of which was designed to ap- peal to the Moldavian (i. e, Ru- manian) population now not alto- gether happy under the rule of Bu- charest. The radical remnants of the late Premier Stambuliski’s agrarian supporters in Bulgaria were taken under the wing of Moscow, as were the most extreme and_irresponsible Bulgar revolutionaries in Macedonia. In Greek Macedonia, especially around Saloniki, the Soviet government aimed at taking advantage of the misery ex- isting among the hordes of Greek ref- ugees from Asia Minor to play up the plan for a Macedonian rising which might topple over the existing gov- ernments alike in Greece, Bulgaria ind Jugoslavia. In Jugoslavia the at- | tempt was made to identify the Croat | veasant movement with the Peasant International as the first step toward bringing it definitely under the influ- ence of the Soviets. Success Not Likely. Will these various attempts to ex- ploit nationalist grievances and enmi- ties succeed? It seems increasingly unlikely. Whatever the success of such Soviet endeavors in Asia (and no one can yet say what the result there will be), the danger point in eastern | Europe seems to be either passing or past. The attempt of the Soviet gov- | ernment to land a body blow at Bu- rope by means of class uprisings fn one or more of the principal countries failed. The subsequent attempt to weaken the lesser governments of eastern Europe by méans of national- ist agitation seems also to be failing. Short of the contingency of a gen- eral war which might provide Moscow with exceptional opportunities, and upposing that the Soviet governmeat does not for domestic reasons decide to attempt single-handed military action agaifist either Poland or Ru- mania, those two countries seem well able to cope with possible disagreeable events within their present frontiers. Bulgaria, where the reactionary gov- ernment of Premier Zankoff has been goaded to unfortunate reprisals by a succession of assassinations, at least some of which have been directly financed from Moscow, remains a danger point. But from the parts of Macedonia under Jugoslav and Greek rule come reports that the populations concerned seem to be settling down to | an acceptance of the present situation and that they are looking forward to an era of peaceful farming and com- merce in a frame of mind that does not promise much success to the wiles of Moscow's agents. And in Jugo- slavia itself a rapprochement between the Serbs and Croats seems to have proved once and for all that the rift of which Moscow hoped to make so much ,was nothing but a brotherly quarrel which, given commorn sense on both sides, will sooner or later be completely healed; certainly it does not presage the dissolution of the Jugoslav union or violent disturbances that might be profitable to the watch- ers in Moscow. All in all, it does not seem extrava- gant to say that the Soviet drive for the break-up of the states of eastern Europe by appeals to racial hatreds has passed the zero hour and that, given a continuance of general Euro- pean peace, the majority of the new states are now as immune to infection as the great powers seem to be. in the vague hope that something of (Copyright, 1025.) Constitution Is Found to Bar Work of Prohibition Agents (Continued from First Page.) the arrest, search or seizure, without any regard to -their results. That the search discloses contrabrand prop- erty or a violation of the law is irrelevant. The search or sefzure first must be based on facts, and not sudpicion. Fvery twenty-four hours or so brings a new decision relating to some evasion of the prohibition laws. Great, heavy text books, a thousand or so pages thick, are now being compiled of the decisions of State and Federal courts throughout the land. ¥rom them are evolving certain prin- ciples relating to new phases of pro- hibition enforcement. What adds to their number, what congests the courts, is the fact that each case has its own merits, and_must be consid- ered separately. Every bootlegger caught breaking the law may call upon his rights as a citizen under the Constitution. If a man is protected from search @nd seizure of his person, he is like- wise protected from invasion of his home, and the prohibition enforce- ment act declares that no search war- rant shall issue to search any private dwellings occupled as such unless it is being used for the unlaw- ful sale of intoxicating liquor, or unless it is in part used for some business purpose. A Federal judge has_decided that this right also ex- tends to a garage. Citizen Fully Protected. The law-abiding citizen is fully pro- tected by the fourth and fifth amend- ments, but in this case they seem | especially designed for the bootlegger. For it is a difficult task to secure evidence legally upon which to base a search warrant. And no matter swhat the search discloses, if the war- rant fs based upon erroneous facts, the results of the search are useless. ¥or instance, two prohibition agents are watching the house of a prosper- ons bootlegger. They find that he keeps his liquor in a garage, or strongly suspect it. They g0 to a United States commissioner and make sffidavits to the effect that in passing the garage a strong and delicious odor of rye whisky emanated there- from. Upon this they secure a search warrant. The search discloses row upon row of whisky in cases, beauti- tully labeled, beautifully sealed. They seize the liquor. But in court the judge asks how the officers, with all due respect to their keenness of scent, could smell liquor in sealed bottles. They are unable to explain this phenomenon to the satisfaction of the judge, who declares the warrants were sworn out on suspicion only and the case is dismissed and the liquor veturned. At the same time, each case presents jts peculiar aspects. Prohibition offi- cors, for instunce, obtained a search waszant on the strength of their hav.* ing seen, on several occasions, trucks unloading cases at a garage at an | early hour in the morning. Men were seen taking the cases into the garage and later the trucks went away empty. Liquor was found after search, and the judge decided that the agents’ hav- ing repeatedly seen the trucks unload- ing cases constituted probable cause which warranted a search. Other Case Dismissed. In another case agents declared they saw a truck loaded with cases suspected of containing liquor back into a garage and go away empty. They obtained a search warrant, and two days later found the garage filled with liquor. In this case the judge declared that their having seen the truck enter the garage did not consti- tute probable cause, but was only sus- picion on their part that the truck con- tained liquor. The case was dismissed and the liquor returned. In other words, the Federal courts hold to the very strict rule that affi- davits in support of search warrants must show facts, and not opinions and beliefs which indicate the existence of illegality. State courts, however, are inclined to be more lenient. ‘While judges throughout the coun- try are interpreting the various cases as they see fit, and there yet exists no general policy on the return of liquor illegally seized, the United States Supreme Court has placed itself on record to the effect that such evi- dence should be returned. In the case of Amos vs. United States, revenue of- ficers made unwarranted search of the defendant’s premises and seized some whisky. The defendant petitioned for the return of his property. The United States Supreme Court, without discussing the question of the disposi- tion of the liquor, merely said that the etition should have been granted. So ‘the Federal courts generally have held that in the case of illegal seizure liquor: must be returned to the owner without regard to whether it may be contra- band or whether he holds it legally or illegally. Auto Ts Great Danger. The automobile gets the bootlegger into his greatest trouble, for the courts have agreed, generally, that if officers cannot stop and search auto- mobiles suspected of carrying liquor the law would be nugatory. While the courts are agreed that automobiles cannot be searched without cause, they are nevertheless apt to seize on elements of suspicion as justifying search, and then holding that the find- ing of liquor may be in itself a suf- ficient justification for the search. The courts argue that if Congress did not mean that automobiles could be searched without a search warrant, automobiles would have been included with dwellings in section 25 of the prohibition act. What might be con- sidered a typical case of search on. [Z BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is a brief sum- mary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended July 25: Great Britain.—The government has set up a court of inquiry to investi- gate the coal mining situation and to attempt to effect agreement between the miners and the mine operators. Until Friday the miner’s representa- tives refused to confer with the operators’ assoclation or to co-ope- rate with the court of inquiry unless and before the operators should with- draw thbeir denunciation of the pres- ent agreement between miners and operators (which expires on July 31) and their slmultaneous offer of new terms involving decrease of wages and increase of working hours. They say they will not even consider the possibil- ity of reduction of wages or increase of working hours. Indeed, the execu- tive body of the Miners’ Federation has instructed the coal miners throughout Britain (except the few re- quired to keep the pits from flooding and to care for the pit animals) to cease work on July 31, wnless prior thereto the operators have made the withdrawal demanded. But on Friday the president of the court of inquiry persuaded the miners’ chiefs to abate so much of their in- transigence as to agree to meet oper- ator’s representatives on the coming Wednesday. The general counsel of the trades unions has pledged slupport to the miners and as earnest thereof, has re- resolved in favor of the repeatedly dis- credited project of ‘“the one big union” (to include at least the mining, rafiroad and other transport, engineer- ing and shipbuilding industries); but this resolution is not taken very seri- ously. There are appalling possibili- ties in the situation. One hundred and thirty-five thousand workers in the wool textile in- dustry have struck. The total of workers insured under the uaemploy- ment insurance act in Great Britain and Ulster is about 11,600,000. Of this total 1,281,000 were unemployed on July 1, as against 1,247,000 on Juns 1, 1925, and 1,063,000 on July 1, 1924, From the armistice of 1918 to Octo- ber 1, 1924, the cost of unemployment insurance was approximately £193,- 000,000. The demoralizing effect of the “doles” being admitted and obvious, yet it has to be sald for that unfoi tunate system that it has prevented serious disturbances and, still better, really tragic distress from privation. Many minds are bent on the proolem of “liquidating it,” for considering its subtle and far-reaching effects of de- moralization, liquidated it must be at the earliest practicable moment. A grand battle has been raging be- tween Winston Churchill, chancellor of the exchequer, and the admiraity, the former, In the interest of economy’, resisting the demands of the latter, in the interest of naval efficiency, for appropriations in order to replace obsolete or obslescent cruisers and torpedo craft, surface and submarine. The admiralty wins; the government will ask the Commons to apropriate : for the necessary replacements. Delegates of chemical societies and industries of Great Britain and the United States assembled recently in suspicion was afforded recently in New England, when officers saw a car, heavily loaded, come into town by a little-used route during a snowstorm. Its mere travel in such weather was suspicious, and the officers’ seizure of the machine was upheld in the courts. For some reason, the fourth and fifth amendments, while safeguarding the citizen against search and selzure by Federal officers, gave no such pro- tection against State officers. It has, therefore, been possible for State of- ficers to obtain evidence which Fed- eral officers could not legally obtain. The Supreme Court has decided that such evidence is admissible in a Fed- eral court, but the different courts in- sist on_making their own interpreta- tions. In some courts the judges re. fuse to admit evidence obtained by State officers, while in others the evi- dence is allowed. In the long run, the fourth and fitth amendments are coming in mighty handy for the modern bootlegger. Why French Think War Debt Invalid (Continued from First Page.) fresh and strong, and that' under no conceivable circumstances could Ger- many have landed an army on American sofl, vanquish America and dictate the terms of peace. The French also seem unable to see that the very arguments they put forth In support of their conten- tlons tend to show that it was America that saved France and not France that saved America from de- feat.. They say the dollars America advanced were to save the allies from defeat while America got ready to fight. Such being the case, it must have been American dollars that saved France from making peace on Germany's terms, and it is certain that Germany's terms would have imposed an indemnity amounting to a great many more dollars than France borrowed from America. No Share of War Booty. Admitting, In order to make out their own case, that it was American dollars which made it possible for American soldlers eventually to turn the tide of battle and save France from defeat, the French fail utterly to take into account that America asked no share of the booty which came with the victory she had been decisive in snatching from defeat. They take no account of the fact that instead of being compelled to pay a heavy in- demnity to Germany, France will col- lect substantial sums from Germany in the way of reparations; that she gets back Alsace-Lorraine, and con- siderable other German territory, and that she finds herself today the strong- est and most _prosperous state on the continent of Europe, instead of being a vassal state. But as it Is for readers in America, not {n France, I am writing, there is no occasion for going here into a lengthy exposition of the American viewpoint. That is a duty some in high authority at home should per- form, and I think those In high authority will be sadly remiss of their duty if they do not perform it. 1 cannot imagine anything more , unfortunate than for the debt ques- j tion to be settled by official negotia- tions without the French people ever having had opportunity to know and understand the reasons which impel the American people to believe that the debt should be paid. It almost would be better hot to have the ques- tion settled at all. What I have been trying to do in this article is to give an explanation of the reasons why today the French people are unwilling to pay the debt. Consideration of the two other parts of the problem—whether they intend to pay, and whether they are able to pay—will have to go over until next week. (Copyright. 1925.) Still Unexplained. From the Detroit News. The telephone company's famous slogan, “The voice with the smile wins,”’ doesn’t explain how Charlie LDavwgs achieved hig present eminence. London to celebrate the centenary of the discovery of benzine by Michal Faraday. Quite rightly, Faraday is chiefly remembered by the world as the supreme genius and pathfinder in the fleld of electro-magnetism; but he began as a chemist and his chemical ex- periments played into and led the way to his electro-magnetic discoveries. Not the least of the titles to fame of Sir Humphry Davy, the great chemist, is that he at once recog- nized the genius of the obscure self- educated young Faraday when the latter was casually brought to his no- tice and procured him an appointment which made possible an ideal life of continuous investigation. The assertion might not be too bold a one that Faraday was the most im- portant man of the last century; that the, present face of the world owes more to his achievements than o those of any other man. He discovered the induction of electricity currents. He was the father of this electro-mag- netic age. Were Carlyle to resume life on this planet, he would add a chap- ter to his “hero and hero worship,” namely, “The hero as scientist,” and ?‘:e of his examples would be Fara- y. It is an instance of the ineradicable snobbishness of mankind that in ref- erence to Faraday stress is laid on the fact that he was the son of a blacksmith. It goes against the grain, but we snobs must reconcile ourselves to these proletarian assertions of gen- fus. Charles Lamb, son of a valet; John Keats; son of a stableman; George Meredith, son of a tailor: President Ebert, a cordwainer. Snobs all, let us emit a final snort of dis- gust and let it go at that. * ok k% France,—Marshal Petain has taken charge in Morocco and it is said that reinforcements have brought the French strength up to 150,000. Abd-el- Krim'’s forces, after recent severe loss- es, appear to have been definitely stopped. Indeed the latest reports (to be recelved with some caution) show them in full fight. La comedie est finle, however, when it is in fact finie. Tt appears to have been definitely de- cided that a French debt-funding mis- sion, headed by M. Frankiin-Bouillon, shall arrive in the United States in September, and that M. Calllaux shall Jjoin it before its business is concluded. The output of French iron, steel, coal and coke, continues to increa The coke output row exceeds the pre war average. It is even, a fact that the output of the mines {n the devas- tated region exceeds the pre-war out- put. * % %k % Germany.—On July 21, a German re- ply to the French reply of June 16, to the German proposals of February 9, for a Rhine security pact, etc., was delivered at Paris. I remarked of M. Briand’s note of June 16 that it was ingeniously framed to ““draw out” the ermans and that it evidently contem- plated a long correspondence and ne- gotiations. M. Sfresemann refuses to be drawn out. His reply is an cxceed- ingly able and adroit document. It is incredible, the amount of balderdash that has already been written about: “So courteous,” “A distinct step for- ward,” etc. As a matter of fact it does not yield one jot on any essential point; au_contraire, it contemplates nothing less than supression of some of the most important, perhaps the very most important, provisions of the Versailles treaty by a bilateral agreement favorable to Germany. It is not courteous, though it is charm- ingly suave; it contains, indeed several covert sneers, as at the ‘“sacrosanc- tity” of the Versalilles treaty. cussions will be ‘“accelerated,” no doubt having in view a conference. It seems likely that there will be a conference in August; Mr. Chamber- lain would much like to be able to furnish the coming league assembly with proofs of progress in this busi- ness. But the Germans will enter the con- ference (If conference there be), on the basis of their proposals of Febru- ary, having refused to step out fur- ther. The allied and German repre- sentatives face to face, there will or will not be “acceleration.” The battle of wits between Briand and Strese- mann will be a show of the first order. My remarks on Stresemann’s note were intended to express admiration; merely the sarcasm is neither brilliant or accelerative. Franco-Belglan evacuation of the Ruhr (le., of the reglon occupied by be completed by August 16. On the proposal of M. Briand, Duesseldorf, Duisburg and Ruhrort, occupled by al- lied troops in 1921 (all the great al- lies concurring) because of German recalcitrance, will also be evacuated in August. * ok k¥ Ttaly.—Prior to delivery at Berlin of the Frenchvnoto regarding the pro- posed security pact, a copy tnereof was submitted to the Italian govern- ment in the hope that the latter would signify a desire to participate in pact based thereon, But, true to his principle of no favors from Italy, to other nations without return favors to Ttaly of equal value, Mussolini replied that ,while heartily approving the note “in principle,” his government could not see its way to participation in a guarantee of the Rhine frontiers of France and Belgium without a sim- ultaneous assurance of corresponding advantages to Italy. In other ‘words, Ttaly will participate in a guarantee of the Rhine frontiers it the Brenner frontier of Italy is stmilarly guaran- teed. With the resignation of Signor Nava as minister of national economy, the Italian cabinet became pure Fascist. Even its worst enemy will not deny that Fascism has performed some good works. For example, all over Italy Fascist institutes have been es. tablished, each generously provided with good bathing facilities, free to members and open to nonmembers at moderate charge. * X ¥ ¥ Poland.—For over a year past, Po- land has been in a phase of industrial and commercial depression. The num- ber of unemployed today is 180,000, as against 160,000 at the commencement of this year. The production of pig iron in 1924 was 330,000 tons, as against 515,000 in 1923 and a pre-war annual production of a million, The production of steel in 1924 was 682,000 tons, as against 1,122,000 in 1923 and a pre-war figure of about 1,650,000. In 1923 exports exceeded imports, but since March, 1924, the trade balance has been adverse. On the other hand, MOORS DINE LUXURIOUSLY, THOUGH LACKING FINESSE Food Is Plentiful and Tasty, But Custom of Digging at Roast With Fingers Revelation to Occidental Guest. BY PAUL SCOTT MOWRER. ROSPEROUS Moors eat well, but they do not eat as ‘Westerners eat and every visitor to Morocco is eager for the somewhat rare honor of being Invited to a meal in the house of a Moor of distinction. It was with ill-dissimulated alacrity, therefore, that I accepted the invitation of the Sherif Al Ben Hassein to take luncheon with him. The old man lives in a steep, nar- row, winding way in the middle of the labyrinth of Fez. The scrofulous white walls that face upon the street betray no hint of the elegance and comfort inside. Once beyond the great nail-studded door, one is in a different world. A deaf and dumb man, one of the sherif’s many sons, let me in and after a ceremonious, if silent, greeting, led me across a cool tiled court, in the center of which a foun- tain gurgled musically, to a steep stairway leading to an upper gallery. ‘There, close by the wrought-iron grill- ing of a window, through which one has a magnificent glimpse out over Fez to the northern hills, my host was walting to receive me. Removed Shoes. The Sherif Ali Ben Hassein, tall, grizzled and venerable, is mnot only a descendant of the prophet, but has made the pilgrimage to Mecca and, hence, is a personage of more than ordinary consideration. He welcomed me with warmth and dignity and es- corted me into a large, high room with tiled floor, tiled walls and grilled windows. On entering I took off my shoes and went thereafter stocking- footed. If I had forgotten to observe the rigid and cleanly custom the sherif would have said nothing, but he would have been confirmed in his secret impression as to the boorish- ness of unbelievers. From the Jofty ceiling of this room was suspended a monumental glass chandelier with electric lights. In one corner stood an antiquated upright plano. On a kind of shelf against one wall was a French clock. By the opposite wall were two double beds of brass and iron, each with six mat- tresses. The sherif must have to stand on the piano stool in order to climb up to rest. Near the beds were 12 dining room chairs. Nobody ever sat in them, I believe, but they looked impressive, ranged against the wall. So vast was this room that, de- spite these various furnishings, it looked empty, giving an impression of bare, polished tiles and cool, dim spaces. Ten or twelve Moors stood politely waiting for us at the farther end of the apartment. All, of course, were men, for the female members of the family are never exposed to the gaze of outsiders —even fellow Moslems. Each, in turn, touched his heart, bowed and shook my hand, saying, “Peace be with you.” Several of them ‘were the sherif’s sons. One or two were his friends. One was a lordly caid come up to Fez on a visit from the mountains of the south. T could not identify the others. About every important Moorish house there are al- ways to be found vague relatives and hangers-on, grateful for the free meals. Coarse, thick cushions had been placed along the wall. We half re- clined upon these, having each & smaller, finer cushion on which to rest an elbow, while the sherif, manipulat- ing a brass ovar, made . tea, of which we each k the three cus- tomary glasses. A conversation began on the sub- ject of the war in the Riff, but guard- edly, for one x’ver knows to whom one may be talking, and it is not good to seem too well informed or to com- mit one's self politically before stran- gers. These Moors were really. thor- oughly informed. They knew just how close Abd-el-Krim had been to captur- ing Fez a few weeks before, and they were familiar with the political situa- tion in every tribe along the front. But they all pretended a kind of naive ignorance. They had heard of my trip into the RIff and they began asking me questions. “How many soldiers do you sup- pose Abd-el-Krim has?” “Tell me how many men there are in the RIff,” I replied, in my best Ori- ental manner, “and I will tell you the size of his army."” They all thought this an excellent answer. 1 could see their respect for my intelligence immediately increase. The sherif now clapped his hands. Two slave girls appeared, each bear- ing a round wooden table about § inches high. Both wore bright-colored headdresses and garments, heavy sil- ver bracelets, necklaces-and earrings. Their finger nalls, toenails and the soles of their bare feet had been stain- ed red with-henna. One was a young negress. Her thick nether lip was beautified by three black vertical bars penciled with a bit of kohl. The other was a very pretty Arab girl. Her eye- brows and eyelashes were darkened with kohl. Her cheeks and lips were rouged in the traditional Oriental man- ner. They set down the tables and our party gathered about in two groups, for at a native dinner of any size there are always a first and second table. The dishes are placed before the host's table, and only when the guests there have eaten their fill are the same dishes passed over to the less distinguished company at the sec- ond table. Embroidered Turkish tow- els were spread upon our knees by way of napkins. Before each of us in turn the negress placed a shallow brass bowl, and while we took up the plece of pink soap she poured with a brass ewer a small cool stream of water over our hands. We wiped our hands on our towel-napkins and were ready to eat. Eat With Fingers. ‘The first duty of the host is to i break the bread. The old sherif took up the flat loaves—each about the size of a pie—broke them into quar- ters and tossed the pleces about the table to the guests. The pretty Arab placed in the center of the table a large crock in which was a roast of mutton, done to a turn. We sopped bits of bread in the sauce at the crock’s edge, then presently began to dig our fingers into the hot roast, de- taching guicy bits of the succulent meat. The sherif, when he thought a guest was not diligent enough or when he wished to do some one a small honor, would tear out a good- sized plece of the mutton with his own fingers and hand it to the person he had singled out. At last he clapped his hands and while the negress removed the dilapi- dated roast to the second table— whence a loud smacking of lips could presently be heard—the pretty Arab | wall. revenues have increased; not suf- ficiently, however, it would seem, to balance the budget. Col. James C. Logan has gone to Poland to study the situation; where- on Polan is to be congratulated. A recent report justifies hope that Ithe end of the year will see budget| It expresses a hope that further dis- [equfliorium. * kK x China.—Morgan Palmer, an Anterl- can, was killed the other day while defending against bandits property on the 25,000-acre ranch of the Man- churia Development Co., on the Sun. gari River, near Harbin, Manchuria, of which company he was manager. A guest of Mr. Palmer's, Dr. Harvey J. Howard, an American, and an eye specialist on the staff of the Rocke- feller Foundation Hospital in Peking, was carried off by the bandits. Mr. Palmer was a man of distinction. During the Chinese famine of 1921 he headed the Red Cross work in the famine area. The tragedy had no con- nection with the anti-foreign agitation. * * * *x United States of America.—Mr. Scopes is guilty. So that's that. The confab at Atlantic City be- tween representatives of anthracite miners and mine operators continues, apparently without appreciable prog- ress. Our total exports last year were valued at $4,591,000,000, a record and a gain of more than 10 per cent over the 1923 total. Our favorable balance of trade in 1924 amounted to $758,- 000,000, as against $423,000,000 in 1923. Our leading exports in 1924 ranked in the following order as to value: Raw cotton, wheat, automobliles, gaso- ling and naphtha, leaf tobacco, refined copper, lard, coal and coke, wheat flour, ' kerosene. Cotton is king (951,000,000); wheat ($237,000.000), a poor second. * X ¥ ¥ Miscellaneous.—Portugal has had an- other military and naval revolt; hap- pily suppressed without bloodshed. Also another Portuguese cabinel has fallen. These little incidents are quite “normal” in Portugal; merely serve to_relieve the dreadful enpui. The Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes has a new coalition cab- inet, which includes members of the Croatian Peasant's party. Here's a little world turned upside down, or, rather, right side up, by vour leave. Immediately on the swearing in of the new cabinet, Raditch, head of the Croatian Peasant's party in prison, chafged with treason, was set free. Pashitch {s premier and Ninchitch forelgn minister. The Rumanian government has an- nounced the intention of sending a debt-funding commission to Washing- ton. Rumania owes us about $45,000, It is a satisfaction—a rather vague one, perhaps, but still a satisfaction— to learn from Dr. Beebe that he has found the amphioxus lancelet, (sand- lance), away out at sea. Hitherto it was supposed to live only in the sands of the seashore. It is “the lowest form of backbone animal in the world.” What it boasts {sn't really and truly a backbone, but a “notochord,” a car- tilaginous, ‘supple, rod-like structure, which in the real vertebrates has de. veloped into a spinal column. It seen:s probable that the genus amphioxus has come down with little change of matter of 60,000,000 years or so. Spoons were passed around. With these we tunneled into the savory mess. Roast chicken in oil followed the kous-kous and after the chicken came a delicious dish of ollves and artichoke hearts cooked in ofl with nuggets of mutton. For dessert the sherif cut up some oranges with his knife, passed the quarters about the table and gravely rolled the remain- ing oranges across the tiled floor to the second table. We washed our hands once more and moved our cushions back to the The slaves removed the tables and mopped up the debris from the floor. Piano as a Tomtom. Everybody was feeling comfortable, friendly and expansive, but there was to be no conversation, for the negress seated herself at the piano and began to play and sing, the pretty Arab be- side her jangling a tambourine. The piano had been out of tune and out of tone for many years, but this did not particularly matter, for the negress used it not as a piano but as a sort of tomtom on which she drummed out noisy and strongly rhythmed discords, much as an ignorant child might do. Her singing was very loud, very strident and very monotonous. She was giving us an “Andalusian ballad,” the sherif ihformed me. There were many verses. The dreadful clamor of strident voice, tangling tambourine and loudly thudding piano beaten like a drum filled the vast room with deafening reverberations. We inclined on our cushions, listening patiently and perforce, except for the solemn caid from the South. He sat a little apart, reading the Koran, with a power of mental concentration which I could not but admire. The first song lasted 10 minutes and was fol- lowed by two others, equally dls- cordant and equally long. Then the negress closed the piano in a business- like manner and the two slave girls went away. It was time for me, also, to depart. Everybody stood up. We bowed and shook hands all around. The sherif accompanied me to the balcony, one of his sons led the way downstairs, the deaf and dumb son opened the thick, nail-studded door, bowed, smiled and closed it behind me. I was borne away down the steep, narrow street in an eddy of pack donkeys, street urchins and pushing, shouting Moors. (Copyright, 1025, by Chicago Daily News Co.) Proper Social Ethics Stressed in Free State In the life of the Irish Free State there is a determination to show that political democracy is not inconsistent with soclal ceremony. Great impor- tance is attached to the wearing of precisely the right sort of clothes. Under the British regime in its last years there was in Ireland, as there is in England, a certain slackening in the requirements as to what garments should or should not be worn at social functions. The tall hat had almost en- tirely disappeared. The white shirt front and the “swallow tail” of eve- ning dress were by no means in- variably worn at theaters or at din- ners. All that has been changed. The tall hat has been resurrected. The black coat and striped trousers of for- mal wear are essential on formal oc- casions. : . The newspapers note the change. It is pointed out that at the garden party at the vice regal lodge, where the gov- ernor general entertained the Ameri- can doctors, the tall hat was much favored. Some of them were very queer tall hats “‘of every vintage from the lanky tile that one usually asso- ciates with side whiskers and a double [FIRM BASIS IN AMERICA IS INTERNATIONAL GOAL Solidification of All Hemisphere Being Nations in Western Accomplished by Commission of Republics. BY HENRY L. SWEINHART. NE of the international or- ganizations which grew out of the war, which was cre- ated, in fact, by the necessi- ties of that crisis, but which had to be given a permanent character in order to fulfili its mission effectu- ally, is still functioning actively today, and’ is accomplishing an important work in the improvement of com- mercial and economic relations among the republics of North and South America. Little is heard of this or- ganization, and many people are even unaware of its existence, while others are unacquainted with its purposes and {ts aims. This body is known as the Inter- American High Commission, and is composed of national sections in each of the 21 American republics. Secre tary of Commerce Hoover is active president of the United States section, although Secretary Mellon is honorary president. The former is also chair- man of the central executive commit- tee, which is the co-ordinating organ of 'the activities of the bureau. In each of the other countries the secre- tary of the treasury or minister of finance is president of the national section. Safety From War Shocks. The purpose of the organization, as cxplained by Dr. G. A. Sherwell, sec- retary general of the commission, in discussing something of its history and aims, was to “make America safe” from war shocks. After the outbreak | of the World War, he said, “it was scen very clearly for the first time that the economic solidarity of Amer- ica was something very real, what- ever might be the political conditions on the Continent; something that should be preserved, organized and studied in such a way that it would not only make America safe, so far as possible, from painful repercussions like that of 1914, but would also make it a storehouse of vital resources from | which in case of necessity aid might | be given to peoples less fortunate than those on this side of the Atlantic.” In speaking of its work he said: “The personnel of each section could | not” by itself study thoroughly the | many problems which are presented for the consideration of the commis- sion. Even if the members of the sec- tion be chosen from the most promi- nent economists, bankers, financiers and merchants of each country, there may well be occasions on which it may be necessary to consult persons out- side of the section in order to obtain authoritative opinions. “The United States section, indeed, has tried to avall itself of the advice of a group chosen from among the leading economists of the country, whether in actual business or upon the faculties of universities. There are some 200 of these advisers. They are divided into groups of about 12 members each, and each group is charged with studying particularly the problems of one American country. For example, there is the Argentine group, the Brazillan group, the Peru- vian group, and so on. Advisers Prominent. “When the United States section has to study a problem affecting particu- larly one of the countries of South America, it has at its call 12 advisers who have prepared themselves through special study of the economic, financial or other situation of the country con- cerned. Moreover, there are in these groups persons who, in addition to having an intimate acquaintance with the problems of the particular country to which they have been assigned, are prominent in some special field of learning, and are consulted whenever the studies of the section have to do These national groups, Dr. Sherwell went on to explain, have taken it uj themselves to attend to distinguished persons from the country to which they are assigned when such persons visit the United States. For instance. if the United States section knows that a distinguished Argentinian is to come to this country the members of the Argentine committee place them- selves at his disposal and aid him in every way possible to fulfill the pur pose of his mission and serve him as guides and as friendly and disinter- ested advisers, the purpose of these attentions being only to show to Latin American peoples the hospitality of which North Americans u\cl]nble Dutles of Committee. The principal functions of the cen tral executive committee, at present located in the United States, were de fined by Dr. Sherwell as follows: 1. To secure fulfillment of the pro gram. To that end it keeps track of m.easures taken in each country which affect the program. It informs all the sections of the progress reported by any one section, and asks from eac periodically a detailed report upon the status of each question within the limits of the country concerned. 2. To distribute information and studies of an economic character or that may relate to the program not only to the national sections but also to persons interested in those subject: 3. To direct the preparation of re ports and studes that may throw light on the problems of the commission and to distribute these to the sections and to interested persons. 4. To propose to the national sec tions measures which, in the opinion of the council, may facilitate within the respective nations the solutions of the various problems. 5. To establish contacts with sim ilar organizations in order that advan tage may be taken of their experience, and that the experience of the commis- sion in turn may contribute to the study of the economic problems of the world or of a given country. 6. To serve as an intermedlary be tween the national sections, in order that there may be agreements between two or more sections upon points of regional interest. 7. To assist in studies and works of the sections through constant cer- respondence, frequent visits and meet. ings of representatives of some or all the sections. 8. To consult the sections in con nection with changes of program and to publish the program periodically, with any changes that may have oc curred. . 9. To initiate studies and activities that in any way may relate to the pro gram or to the principles upon which the Inter-American High Commission is founded. Forms “Permanent Academy.” Through its efforts to bring about uniformity in commercial and customs regulations and the adoption by the various nations of legislation which will simplify and improve the trade relations between the various Ameri- can republics and in similar lines of endeavor, the Inter-American High Commission is performing a service of permanent value to the nations of the ‘Western Hemisphere. “Thus there exists in America,” said Dr. Sherwell in conclusion, “an organ ization that at any time may study questions of great interest in which there may be needed a rapprochement of the best minds in order that ideas may be exchanged with entire fresdom and that methods of co-operation bene- ficial to all may be sought. There is a sort of permanent academy to which may be referred a multitude of prob- lems of capital importance.” with the branch of science.” (Continued from First Page.) tically $5,000,000,000. Now, they have not as yet received a penny from their allies, while they are paying us an- nually on the sums borrowed from us. Moreover, there is little real chance that they will ever receive more than a small fraction of what they have loaned abroad. They are, it is true, entitled to receive 22 per cent of the German reparations pay- ments, but these have as yet been slight, while payment taken in ships proved to be a disaster to British shipbuilding, just as German coal de- liverles to France, Belgium and Italy compromised British coal exports. Thus, to make up a little sum- mary: The war forced the British to {liquidate a very considerable portion of their foreign investments, reducing their national income and abolishing the precise funds from which to meet an unfavorable trade balance. As a result of the conflict America ap- peared as a competitor in shipping, its new fleet actually subsidized by the Government and thus run at a loss. New York, and not London, be- came the center of available capital for world investment. Reparations at once reduced the market for British coal on the continent, while the recon- struction of the French devastated area enabled France to compete with Britain as never before. Situation Is Grave. Today the situation is grave in the extreme because of the simple fact that 45,000,000 people cannot con- tinue to live within the British Isles under existing conditions. Either there must be an enormous migra- tion, which is hardly conceivable; a voluntary restriction of population, which is in part taking place, as the vital statistics show, or there must be some far-reaching change in the whole world situation, sight of which are not now discoverable anywhere. The single alternative is obviously a steady decline in the standard of liv- ing, with social and political conse- quences which one would hardly dare to_consider. Not a few Englishmen have sald frankly that there is no solution short of a tremendous reduction in popula- tion. Lloyd George, I think, esti- mated the necessary shrinkage at 15,000,000 or 20,000,000. But the solu- tion which has seemed most alluring— namely, transfer to the colonies—is by no means simple because of the great cost, the unwillingness of the British to go and the fact that the colonies desire not an industrial but an economic -immigration, which is exactly what Britain cannot supply. Moreover, disquiet is already noted, because a voluntary migration which is taking place is removing the able- set before us a second roast of mut-|stock to the type of hat that is worn | bodied and most worth-while elements ton, prepared in sweet olive oil and (by a witch on a broomstick.” Three |almost exclusively. highly spiced with aromatic herbs, so ‘well known men, one of them Senator A great deal is saild and written in that the meat really had a different |Oliver Gogarty, dared to come in As- | British journals of the possible ad- flavor from that which had gone be- fore. cot grays, but for the most vantages of an imperial tariff wall, After that we had kous-kous— |orthodoxy was satisfled. It was noted, |but in practice this is by no means wheat flour rolled into little kernels too, that the majority of the ladies |simple, for the dominions are natu- and served like steamed rice—flavored | “courtsyed as they were presented to | rally eager to foster their own indus- ‘with meat juice and bits of meat and his 's tative.” In these (Copyright. 19: Britain Facing Collapse With No Relief Apparent despite the results of the tariff elec- tion of two years ago, it is unmis- takable that Britain is steadily mo ing away from its old stand as a free- trade country and toward protection, and the pace may be accelerated as German competition grows. Terrific taxation and enormous death duties are already effecting a revolution in England. Vast estates are being broken up; a whole social life, one of the most charming and decorative in the world, is disappear- ing. But it is hardly to be denied that this terrible taxation is proving ia grave handicap to industry, and it is problematical whether it can be permanently borne if some unfore- seen change does not improve funda- mental conditions. No other country in Europe faces anything like the British situation, be- cause none is so overpopulated. France has 5,000,000 fewer people on an area more than twice as great as England, Scotland and Wales combined. Ger- many, with a larger population, has systematically sustained its agricul- ture and is to a considerable degree self-supporting, while its workmen, accustomed to a lower standard of living, are able to produce at smaller costs, the German coal miner, for ex- ample, receiving hardly half as much as the British for a longer working day. Moreover, save for the repara. tions payments, which remain prob- lematical, the German repudiated his war debt, while the great industrialists took advantage of the inflation time to modernize their great plants, and thus are able to produce more effi- clently at far less cosé than the British. Dangers Appreciated. I should be giving a very inaccurate account of the present situation if I did not notg that appreclation of the dangers, which is very general in Eng- land, has had one unmistakable con- sequence. Britons are fighting now to overcome the present obstacles with the spirit and determination which has characterized the race in all great crises of history. But you' cannot be in England, read the British press, study the statistics of British trade and unemployment and not perceive that it is a life-and-death struggle and that up to date the war has been more costly for Britain than for any other belligerent, even Russia, for the foun- dations of Russian life have not been shaken—as, indeed, the foundations of an agricultural country cannot be shaken. And it is one of the ironies of fate that the United States should be, on the whole, the nation which has prof- ited most at British expense, albeit through no design or planning. Nev- ertheless, there is the fact, and it ought to be taken into consideration in estimating occasional {ll-natured com- ment coming from the other side. It is our shipping which so far has hurt British most; our immigration laws, which shut out surplus British popu- lation; our tariff laws, which prevent the British from paying their debts to us in the goods which their idle fac- tries, while the British people are by ‘majesty's represen vegetables. Usually this is eaten, like | islands the courtsy is reserved for per- {no means ready to accept increased everything else, with the fingers of the vignt hand, but on this occasion. out of consideration for ine, i {sons of royal blood, and the governor meneral wan thus saluted only because by dep.cwcuted he King. costs in raw materials and, above all, in food, which would be an inevitable concomitant. On the other hand, tories and workmen could manutfhe- ture. And the last detail, but perhaps not the least, it is our fleet, which is the first in several centuries to suc- cessfully claim equality with theirs. N (Cepgrigat. 1925,