Evening Star Newspaper, June 21, 1925, Page 39

Everyday Religion Not a Talk on Theology, But Upon Life and Right Li BY RIGHT REV. JAM Bishop of A SCHEDULE. CCLESIASTES 3:1, time to every purpose.” A time table is indispensable Even so-called have their schedule, All well ations, whether in are based upon to a railroad. “ext: must else collision and disaster. conceived administ school or busine some definite form applies to all alike. or standard that An: and We are to be r time card. uitimately destroys efficiency. lated and governed by a The prescription, “eight hours for work, eight hours for play, and eight hours for sleep,” Is a wise distribution of the hours of the day. We recall reading a most engaging book, “Twenty-four Hours a Day,” in which the writer sought to indicate the supreme importance of orderly and_well-regulated living. Sir John Lubbock wrote a suggestive book entitled “The Use of Life,” and on every page of it he urges the impor- ce, not only of definiteness of pur- pose, but of a precise and well con- ceived provision for the use of each hour of the day. * ¥ ¥ X Every now and again we meet gome one who has accomplished large things in life and we wonder at his 1 and proficiency To our vision he betrays no evidence of hurry. Yoverything is done decently and orderly, but system and definiteness of purpese characterize his every movement he secret of his power and abill s simple to understand—he lives by & system. Some people seem to think this is slavish and machine like, but we have known few, if any, who have ever done a work worth while who did not unfailingly observe the rules of a timetable Some one once asked Danlel Web- ster how happened to use with such telling force in itself favorably affected the judg- ment of those who were opposed to him. His reply was, that he had kept it him for 17 vears in the hope that sorhe day he might find the place nd the opportunity for its largest use. nd it made him Co-Operative M Of Farmers, (Continued from First Page.) exceedingly wary about putting their hard-earned dollars into any such or- ganizations. So I asked Mr. Jardine to name the chief requirements for co-operative success “First, honesty and efficient man- agement,” he replied in his abrupt, punchy manner. “That's no revel tion. The same essentials must un- derlie any business success, but to co- operatives it sometimes seems as if these principles were even more im- portant. Co-operatives are founded on good faith, and when good faith is undermined the co-operative crumbles. Co-operative Must Co-operate. “Another essentlal to co-operative Buccess is inherent in the very name ‘co-operative.’ In other words, the management must really co-operate. It must have the farmer point of view. The whole organization must be responsive to his interests. 1If I invest some money In a stock com- pany, I am perfectly satisfied to let the management vote for me by proxy provided I get my dividends. But the farmer Is not putting merely his money into a co-operative organi- zation. He is putting in his year's work and perhaps the work of his entire family. “Since the co-operative is so vital to the farmer, since his shoes and socks and the schooling for his chil- dren depend on {t, he must feel sure that he s getting a square deal Therefore the more familiar the man- agement keeps him. with the internal workings of the organization, the bet- ter he is satisfled. “Don’t misunderstand me. The farmer should not always be butting in. The management must be free to according to its best judgment, but good management will see that the farmer is kept {nformed. “Let me {llustrate. The manager of one co-operative association had a fine mahogany office, but it was prac- tically impossible for any farmer mem- ber to get inside the mahogany rail to the manager. The farmers had not been paid for their crops which had been shipped months previously, and there was a lot of dissatls This was poor management, cause of wrong werchandising meth- ods, but because the farmers were not kept informed. “Another manager of a large co- operative had cut the price of the crop several times during a single ‘To every- thing there is a season, and a occupation or profession that lacks this impairs constituted that we need v illustration that | ng. ES E. FREEMAN, D. D., Washington. the most telling orator of his time. When Henry Ward Beecher was asked how it was that he prepared his sermons that drew thousands to his church Sunday by Sunday, he quietly observed that his whole life was given to the preparation of non material. He saw sermons in stones, he found them in the flow- {ers of the field, he heard them in the songs of birds, indeed, the whole world was his library, and the satis- faction of the yearnings of the human oul he understood and interpreted. Among the médical aphorisms of Hip- pocrates is the following: “Life is short, art is long, opportunity fleet- ing. experiments uncertain and judg ment difficult.” Another wise man has sald, “More men have rulned themselves than have ever been de- stroyed by others. More houses and cities have perished at the hands of man than storms or earthquakes have ever destroyed.” Alexander could conquer a world at 33, but for lack of a well ordered life he fell a vietim to his own weaknesses. * o ok % Too much cannot be said about the value of living by a schedule, and possibly nothing is more difficult to learn to practise. We have sometimes wondered at the protracted periods of reflection in which the Master of men Indulged | He began His life with a withdrawal into the wilderness for 40 days. Now | and ugain he left the haunts of men and sought the solitude of the moun. tains. In a little house in Bethany He passed quiet hours, and there he uttered one of the mightlest truths that ever fell from His divine Iips. hort as was his life, it was regulated. mazingly regulated, throughout. As | He neared its climax we read that “He set His face steadfastly to go up to Jerusalem.” Those who knew the inevitable end of this pilgrimage sought to restrain him, but he brush- | ed them aside with the clear con- viction that the time had come for the demonstration of the supreme pur- pose of His missfon. He knew that a cross stood at the end of His lonely and yet He knew that it was by | the way of the cross He was to draw | all men unto him. If we would emulate His life and contribute our falr share to the en- richment of the world we must learn to live by a_ schedule. (Co ight, 1025.) arketing Hope Jardine Asserts | week. Naturally this did not please his members. But at a monthly meet- ing of the hoard of directors., which | could be attended by any member of the organization, the manager ex- | plained the whole situation. The | farmers present asked guestions and the whole situation was cleared up. That I call good management.” No Decision Until Fall. Jardine was a member of President Coolidge's agricultural conference which last Spring recommended estab- lishment of a Federal co-operative mar- keting board. Until some action on this subject is taken by Congress, it is very evident that the agricultural chief purposes to go ahead in his cus- tomary forceful manner administering his department in such a way that i will be of ever-increasing value to co. operative organizations. At the close of the interview he outlined four defi- nite measures by which his depart- ment was boosting co-operative mar- keting. “First, we are collecting hard facts. There has been too much theorizing about co-operatives. We are studving the movement abroad, especially in Denmark, where co-operatives have been the salvation of the country. “Second, we are boosting new or- ganizations in communities where farmers are trying to get organized. “Third, we are sending an efficiency business help. Farmers are not nat- ural business men. Lack of business methods is one of the big faults in many co-operatives. Experts Are Sent Out. “Fourth, we are sending agricultural experts around the country to visit co-operatives. They can not only help the associations, but they reach a much greater number of farmers in this way. For instance, our livestock man has recently been getting farmers in certain sectlons of the country to dock the tails of their lambs. A great many of them had been shipping their lambs to market with long wails, yet no| long tails that have been dragging in the barnyard, and he is not willing to pay such a high price for them. “We figure that a few of these travel- ing farm experts who can take their little satchels and sit down with co- aperative managers can get more edu- cational information passed on to the farmers than we could get with tons of charts and bulletins distributed at random.” (Copyright. 1025.) Four-Power Peace Pact Has Difficult Road to Travel (Continued from First Page.) in mind. The reaM uncertainty in the matter lies In the fact that there are three divergent states of mind to be reconciled, namely the French, the German and the British. The French still want some form of al- liance directly with Britain or some form of general guaranty for all ex- isting frontlers, like the protocol of last year. The Germans want in re- turn for evacuation of their territory and general recognition of thelr free- dom from restraint to give a guaran- tee limited at best to the west, and from neutralizing the Rhineland against French invasion. The mass of the British public—and all the Do- minions—want no form of continental commitment whatsoever. Diversion in Cabinet. The Baldwin cabinet is probably too firmly seated to be overthrown because of any popular disapproval of the proposed pact. but there is open division of opinion in the cabinet on the question. By contrast, both the Yrench and German cabinets are ex- cessively insecure and might fall at any moment, either on this issue or on any one of half a dozen which are also pending. As it has been so far sketched in the press, 1 doubt if any German cabinet could accept the proposed four-power pact and survive. And I think about the same Is true of the Painleve situ- ation In France. Between now and the end of Summer there i{s sure to be some tall talking indulged in and provatly many modifications of the proposal, which has already been ad- vertlsed as If it were an accomplished fart, In est!mating the present value of the proposd fourpower pact the wisest thing s to’ regard it as one more expsriment with the all fmpor- tant question of insuring stability and therefore peace in Europe. The protocol represented an ambitious at- tempt to deal with the whole ques- tion at once and guarantee all fron- tiers in a single document. It failed because the British were not ready to go beyond guaranteeing frontlers which interested them directly—just as we would guarantee none because none concerned us sufficlently—and only then provided these frontlers were similarly guaranteed by all parties concerned. The present Anglo-French venture represents an effort to approach the issue from the British standpoint and by piecemeal. The British thesis is that if a Franco-German arrangement can be made peace will be assured and and the rest can wait a mors pro- pitious time. But Poland, Czecho- slovakia, Rumania and Jugoslavia are all interested, all have votes in the assembly of the league and are bound to make a fight when the ques- tion comes up to the asembly, as it must in September. Summer of Debate. ‘What we are now in for is a whole Summer of debate on the proposed pact leading up to the session at Geneva in September, when, perhaps, Germany will be admitted to the league and thus qualified to make her views heard for the first time as an equal. In sum, then, the latest proposal is no more than a fresh experiment with the most difficult of conceivable questions and represents at most no more than a new beginning where there have already been innumerable false starts. It represents a gain, be- cause Germany is at last speaking and acting for herself without duress; but if there is basis for optimism, there is no excuse yet for far-ranging forecasts of approachinz settlement. (Coprright, 1925.) expert to any association that wants | butcher wants to recelve lambs with | THE SUNDAY ~STAR, ‘WASHINGTON, D. 0, JUNE 21, 1925—PART 2, Education in Fundamental Rules of Safety Held Key to Ideal Traffic Conditions BY WILLIAM ULLMAN. F the number of child traffic fatali- ties were reduced to a minimum, the major portion of the so-called traffic problem would be solved. This {s the opinfon of M. O. Eldridge, director of traffic of Wash. ington, who has undertaken the tre. mendous task of setting up the Na- tional Capital as a model traffic city for the entire Nation. Although he has been on the job less than two months, certain innovations made thus far in trafic regulation and con trol give assurance that Washington is approaching the lead, if it is not already in advance of other cities, in solving the traffic problem. Director of Trafic Eldridge has just returned from a tour of some of the principal citfes in_the country, in cluding Chicago, Detroit, St. Louts, Columbus, Philadelphia and Atlantic City, with the conviction that Wash- ington leads in the matter of ‘traffic enforcement, although a number of the cities are considerably farther ad- vanced with respect to automatic traf fic control. Washington fs the only city in the country with a .Traffic Court running from 9 a.m. to 11 p.m., which fact, in the opinion of Mr. Eldridge, 1s probably accountable for the stringent traffic enforcement here. Collateral System Passes. Another feature of traffic enforce- ment which is conepicuously absent in the District is the collateral system. Prior to May 3 the collateral system was subject to abuse, as it still is in most citles, but it has been abolished entirely by the new traffic law. Aiso “pull,” that intangible but meaningful adjunct of every city government, plays no part in Washington's traffic enforcement scheme. The question put to Mr. Eldridge was, “How may we make our streets safer? In view of the director's 25 or more vears’ experience with traffic problems as an engineer in the United States Bureau of Public Roads and as an offi- cial of the American Automobile As- soctation, his answer, though appar-: ently contrary to his training, seemed to strike at the very root of the prob- lem. He had no fantastic engineer- ing panaceas to present, no pet theo- ries to back, no particular group to blame. ‘Education, or rather the lack of it,” replied Mr. Eldridge, “probably Is behind the tremendous traffic toll in most of our clties, educatiof of the parent, as well as the child, the pedes- trian and the motorist. “In Washington, since the new traf- fic law went into effect, May 3, there have been six trafic deaths, four of which were children. In one of the other cases, a driver of a horse-drawn vehicle was knocked from his seat und killed, and in the other, an in- toxicated driver of a motor vehicle |ran into a tree.” Deaths Outside Congested Area. e directed my attentlon to a large imap of Washington on which were | colored pins, showing where these ac- cidents had occurred. Contrary to what might be expected, not one of them had occurred within a mile of | the so-called congested district. The accidents resulting in the deaths of press Editor ote—This is the scc- ond of a series of four articles by Senator Jones describing his trip 0 and impressions of South Amer- ica. BY SENATOR WESLEY L. JONES. | EFORE I made my trip 1 had a vague idea of the cities in South ' America and thelr people. 1Jad seen statements | as to the population and size. i the type of their buildings and streets, but this had not given me a clear impression of their character. It | m: e that others do not have the {idea that 1 had, but, while I realized | that there were citles of considerable size, I did have an impression that |they were slow-going, back num- bered, rather dilapidated citles, with very little activity and that their | people were rather sluggish, non- progressive, and of inferior intelli- gence. 1 was genuinely surprised ! with what I saw. Rio has a million land a half people; Buenos Alires, | 2,000,000; Sao Paulo, 750,000; Monte- Video, 500,000, and Santiago, 500.000. They have magnificent hotels. Thelr streets are built up solidly with beau- tiful butldings, of course, largely of a different architecture than ours. There are very few of what might be called skyscrapers. Two I think were being finished in Rio. There are but two or three towering sky- scrapers in Buenos Aires, (where they are now prohibited) and three or four in Montevideo. One building is now being erected there which they claim will be the largest rein- forced concrete building in the world. Rio Not Growing. Rio is not growing like some of the other citles. We are impressed with the wonderful bullding activities fn many of our own large cities. Buenos Alres and Sao Paulo are ap- parently growing just as rapldly as many of our cities and building ac- tivity is just s evident as in any of the cities in this country. The peo- ple are refined, cultured, enterpris- ing and highly intelligent. It is true that there are largely but two classes of people, the wellto-do and the poor. There is no great middle class and the well-to-do are the equal of our well-to-do. There are splendid hotels, beautiful parks, good bathing beaches and superb driveways in and about Rio. They are trying to get a golf course, but it is hard to do. There is little open space in or about the city. We have a fine embassy building there. It was our building at their exposition and was wisely built with this purpose in view. It gives us a standing that means much to us. We can well be proud of it. We have the ground upon which we should bulld so as to bring all our activities together. I visited their docks and went through their warehouses. The docks at Rio are like the docks in all the other cities I visited. They are most substantially built, many of them of stone. I was much impressed with the clean and general order of the docks. They are far superior, I think, in this respect to our own. They are built differently from ours. Here we have docks reaching out into the har- bor, the vessels coming up to the slips. There you find a long dock lengthwise of the water front, and the vessels come alongside. At Rio there was a continuous dock for a mile and a half or two miles. At Santos there is the same situation, and the same 1s largely true at Buenos Alires, although there they have started upon the enlargement of their harbor fucllities and contemplate con- Rio De Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires, Montevideo and Santiago Are Im- ive to Senator Jones. ELDRIDGE VIEWS O N TRAFFIC IN D. C. “How to play and still avoid accidents is what every child should Eknow.” “Lessons in safety should be taught in the pubdlic schools.” “Regulation of the pedestrian ‘must solve in the near future.” “In Washington we probably problem is ome that Washington have the most effective trafic en- forcement of any large city i the country.” “Here, too, we do mot have to contend with political ‘pull’ which in many cities tends to vitiate justice and acts as a deterrent in the exercise of any safety program.” “Courtesy, above everything else, should be the qualification of a trafic officer. “Multiplication of trafiic laws will not cure the trafic evil. mains for the pedestrian and the m fundamentals of safety.” It re- otorist to ground themselves in the “The irresponsible should be driven from the streets and dealt with severely.” the children, Mr. Eldridge explained, were all avoidable. They were either cases of running between parked cars or playing in the streets. “These figures seem to shofv,” con- tinued Mr. Eldridge, “that our biggest problem is protecting the lives of chil- dren between the ages of § and 15 vears. In view of the fact that these accidents were the result of careless- ness, 1 am hopeful this problem is not beyond solution. When we con- sider the tremendous traffic toll from among children under 15 vears of age, it is high time we give thought to this phase of conservation of human life. “Specifically, what would you do by way of educating the children?” 1 asked. “It is not altogether a quegtion of educating the children,” Mr. Eldridge replied. “It is just as important to educate the parents, the teachers and the civic leaders. Children should be taught from infancy that danger lurks in the streets, just as they are taught that a stove is hot or that pun- ishment will follow a violation of any parental mandate. Favors Teaching Safety. “It should be a part of every school curriculum in the elementary grades to instruct the pupils in safety. This cannot be done in a perfunctory man- ner, but must be brought before the child in a way so that inhibitory babits will be built up. A traffic ac- cident to a child should be made the subject of a speclal discourse by the teacher, drawing a dramatic picture of the accident and its consequences, in order to impress the child “How to play and still avoid acel- dents is what every child should know. This is as important to the child any course offered in the schools. As vided with the proper facilitles, they are going to play in places where their lives will be endangered. Well-regu- lated playgrounds should be located in every neighborhood where children may congregate and play in safety. “The adult pedestrian has no patent on how o cross a street safely. Often- times he defles danger and all signals, gambling with his life against tremen: dous odds. Many a motorist, who also Is a pedestrian a great part of the time, ‘defies the very rules that he would want to see practiced by pedes- trians when he is it the wheel. Regu- lation of pedestrian traffic is a_prob lem that Washington must solve in the near future.” “What of the eng the traffic problem?” I interrupted. “Granted that the children of today and_the citizens of tomorrow will be traffically minded and will eschew the hazards of the streets, are there not certain mechanical controls that will help solve this problem?" Automatic Signal Controls. “Yes,” was his answer, “and therein Washington Jags behind other cities. Most of the large cities and many of neering phases of matic signal lights to regulate pedes. trian as well as motor vehicle traffic. We are coming to this in Washington, and within a short time a number of our streets will be equipped with auto- matic signal controls. These controls will be operated from central switches, probably in batteries, so that the traf- fic in the congested area will operate |on one schedule, while the traffic in the outlying districts will operate on an- other. Mr. Eldridge explained that Wash ington, because of its wide streets and careful planning, had an advantage over other cities in the handling of a laboratory course in the safety pro- gram, ® might be advisable for the | school authorities to maintain a per-| manent safety exhibit where motion | pictures, graphically displaying lessons in safety, would be shown and practl cal instruction given in crossing| streets. | ‘Of course, it is the nature of chil dren to play and, unless they are pro. IN SOUTH AMERICAN TRIP | structing new docks more of the x,\'ne]‘ of ours. I was astonished at the shipping in the varfous harbors visited.” T did not count the vessels ip the harbor at Rio, but I know they | were lined up all along the mile and | a half or two miles of docks, and | many were anchored throughout the | harbor. Santos Great Port. Santos is the port to Sao Paulo, about 12 hours’ ride from Rio. It has a population of about 150,000. Tt is the great coffee port of Brazil. The city is built on a flat jutting out into the sea at the foot of the mountain ridge separating it from the table- land of the interior. It was the vel low fever pest hole a few years ago, but is now free from that deadly scourge. Its harbor is a narrow chan- nel, widening as you enter, 2 or 3 miles long. In that harbor there were nearly 100 large ocean-going ves- sels. Some forty-odd lay alongside the dock, while more than 40 others were anchored in the narrow channel | waiting to get to the dock to unload and take on cargo. These ships had been in the harbor 30, 40 and 50 days waliting for an opportunity to unload This, of course, is an unusual state of affairs, but it was amazing to me to see about a million tons of ship- ping in the harbor of a city with a population of a little over a hundred and fifty thousand. Sao Paulo is about 50 miles inland upon a tableland at an elevation of about 3,000 feet. There is just one rallroad to connect the two cities and transport the freight to and from Sao Paulo. This is said to be thes most profitable and the most splendidly built raflroad in the world. It has a franchise from Brazil which expires in 1927. One of the provisions of this tranchise prohibits the building of another rallroad within a certain dis- tance on each side of this line. This glves it a monopoly of the transpor- tation between Santos and Sao Paulo. When this charter expires in 1927, the general impression is that this limi- tation will be removed if the charter should be renewed. One of the pro- visions of the franchise is that a per- centage of the net profits over a cer- tain amount shall go to Brazil. It is claimed that the result of this has been to lead the rallroad company to make all sorts of improvements and expenditures so that there will be but little, if anything, to pay to the gov- ernment, and it is figuratively said that the tles and rails of this railroad are of silver. Nothing has been pald to Brazil. ‘Wonderful Road. It is really a wonderful stretch of road. It rises about 2,500 feet in six miles. There are four or five sections of steeply inclined planes on which the trains are operated by cable. As one train goes up another comes down. I understand that there has never yet been a serious accident. The roadbed, of course, is in splendid con- dition. There are several good bathing beaches at Santos. Many fine build- ings, really mansions, appeared to have been recently built and much building i8 going on. There are many luxurious-looking banana plantations near the city. There is also a very splendid Summer resort and bathing beach nearby. Our ship unloaded cargo all afternoon and all through the night on the way down and spent nearly two days there on the way back taking on 32,000 bags of coffee. It expected to take on about 60,000, but the hard rain of the night before had put the power works out of busi- ness and they could not take it on. (Continued on Fifteenth Page.) |ably would be the last large city |ways and ele traffic. Oneway streets, conceived originally in Boston and Philadelphia, where there are an abundance of nar- row streets and lanes, are less applica- bie to the National Capital, which prob. in the country, he predicted, to take to sub. ated systems as means of expediting the flow of traffic to and rom the congested are: the smaller ones have installed auto-| “Can any one agency be blamed for the large number of traffic accidents in our cities?” I asked the director. “To place the blame,” he replied, ““on he pedestrians, the drivers, the courts or the traffic officers is a mistake. Traffic conditions will not be improved until all the factors entering into the traffic problem are made to work to- ward its solution. Traffic Enforcement. “In Washington we have probably the most effective traffic enforcement of any Jarge city in the country. That is true because In carrying out the provisions of the new 'traffic law, we have had the full co-operation and support of the courts. This ls the only city in the country with a traf- fic court running from 9 a.m. until 11 p.m., which fact is largely respon- sible for the abolition in the Distriet of the much abused collateral sys- tem. Tgafic offenders are given a hearing as soon as they are arrested, and there is no postponement of cases or forfelture of collateral. ““Here, too, we have not to contend with political “pull” which, in many clties, tends to vitiate justice and acts as a deterrent In the exerclse of the safety program. The judges in our courts are subject to no dictates ex- cept the dictates of justice and their own consclence. “Just as the courts are a necessary part in the traffic scheme, so are the traffic officers. Courtesy, above every- thing else, should be 2 qualification to the traffic officer. The men who actually have charge of directing traf fic must know their business and ex- ercise their authority, but I belleve they will accomplish more for the safety of the citizens of the commun- ity whom thoy are hired to protect by acting at all times in a courteous manner.” Penalties Not Too Severe. Mr. Eldridge realizes the importance of the strict enforcement of the traffic law, particularly with respect to speeding, driving while Intoxicated and hitting and running. The penalties for these offenses were, for the mo: part, fixed by Congress and car mandatory jail sentences. Such pen- alties, according to Mr. Eldridge, are not too severe for the nature of the | offenses, as is evidenced by the fact that they have tended to reduce the number of serfous accidents since the law went into effect, May 3. Strict enforcement of the traffic law, in the opinion of the director, acts as a check on crime. He described the system in operation here of issuing permits to drive, and explained how the information thus gathered was invaluable to the police in checkiing up on criminals and in eliminating, to some extent, the irresponsible and reckless from driving automobiles. “The multiplication of traffic laws,” continued Mr. Eldridge, “will not cure the traffic evil. After we have mini mized, as far as possible, the likeli hood of accident, it remains for the pedestrians and the motorists to #round themselves in the fundamen of safety. Safety on our streets largely an individual matter. No responsible citizen wants to be in- volved in an accident, and the irre. sponsible should be driven from the and dealt MAGNIFICENT CITIES SEEN PARLIAMENTS ABROAD PUT CURBS ON DEBATE Business Expedited to Degree Not Cus- tomary in American Congress—All Systems, However, Not Alike. BY FREDERIC WILLIAM WILE. 6 AWES PLANS" to limit debate, irrelevant or otherwise. and force a vote, are in vogue in the principal parliaments of the world. Information assembled by this writer in official quarters at London, Paris, Rome and Berlin in dicates that legislative business in the Old World is conducted on lines that expedite it to a degree not usual in_the Congress of the United States. In the British House of Commons, “the mother of parliaments: in the French Senate and Chamber, in the Itallan Chamber of Deputies, and in | the German Reichstag, varying forms of majority vote can stop discussion and force immediate action on a pending measure. The British “clos- ure” is more mindful of the rights of the minority than the French, Italian or German systems. In the House of Commons “closure” can only be car ried, and debate ended, if there are not fewer than 100 votes in the majority for the motion. In_ France, Italy and Germany a vote’can be forced at any time by a mere majority. Filibuster Impossible There. The filibuster, as the United States Senate knows it, is virtually impos sible in transatlantic parlitments. It has come Into vogue to a certain extent in Germany since the war, not by trying to talk out a law, which is impossible under the German cloture system, but by demanding a quorum and calling for a vote by roll call The quorum call Is most effective, as Relchstag members are notoriously lax in attendance and far less than a majority are usually present. The British House of Commons, the real law-making body of parliament, has three different forms of restrict- ing debate—the simple closure, the “closure by compartment” and the “kangaroo’ closure. Restriction of discussion there had its origin in the obstructive tactics of the Irish Na- tionalists in the early 80s Restrictions first w aimed against deliberate obstruction, but later it had to be exercised in the interests of regular business, which had increased through normal causes. The “mother of parliaments” re- sorts to restriction of discussion with reluctance. Parliament “Talking Shop.” “Parllament,” says F. Stanley Jack- son, M. P., national chairman of the Conservative Party now in power, “is the safety valve of public opinion. It has been referred to as ‘the talk- f\n ing shop.’ The term should not be one of contempt. Parllament is, and is meant to be, the ‘talking shop'. Grievances, well founded or unfound ed, when suppressed, give occasion for dangerous agitation. Grievances, when opportunity is given to state them, if unjustified, can be exposed, or, if justified, remedied. Parliament affords the means, and is therefore a valuable instrument for democracy and its safeguard against revolution. Democratic government largely de- pends upon talk, because without {t the trend of public opinion cannot be ascertained.” Any member of the House of Com- mons may move the closure of the debate through a simple motion “that the question be now put,” namely, that the motion which is be- ing discussed be voted upon without further debate. The motion to put the question may be made elther at the conclusion of a speech, or a speaker may be interrupted for the purpose of moving the motion. The speaker, or whoever may be in the chair, has an absolute discretion in accepting the motion, and. will re- fuse it if he considers it to be “an | abuse of the rules of the House or an infringement of the rights of the | minority.” In other words, he will | not_accept it if he thinks that the | subject of the debate has not been sufficiently discussed. If it is accept- ed, the motion is put at once. If it lis "carried, and there are also not |less than 100 votes in the nmjority for the motion, the debate comes to an end. and the question which has been under discussion is put to the Ylosure by compartment” is the | most drastic form adopted by the British for curtaliment of debate. It is used in respect of discussions on bills. It sets up a time table of days und hours for the discussion of sec- tions of given bill, and prescribes that at stated times discussion is closed. The section of the bill allo- cated to the particular time must then be voted upon without further debate. Voting is confined to the clauses of the bill and to amendment moved by the government only. Closure, of course, must be carried by the House of Com- mons, but, as it is always a govern- ment proposal, and relates usually to a_highly contentious measure, which the government is keen to enact, its passage is u foregone conclusion. This form of closure has come to be known in England as the “guillotine.” “Kangaroo” Closure. The “kangaroo™ closure is so called because it gives the speaker or the chairman of a standing committee power to select amendments for dis. cussion, passing over those deemed of less importance. This power was com- pared to the jumps made by the kan. garoo, hence the popular name. The system places a responsible and dif. ficult duty upon the occupant of the chair, but it is accepted by leaders as a great improvement, on the whole over the drastic “closure by compart. ment.” In the British House of Lords (some- times likened to our Senate), the lord chancellor, who presides, has no power of shortening the debate. Discussion there goes on until all who want to speak have spoken, with the one re- striction that a peer can move that the fellow peer who Is speaking be no longer heard. Resort is but seldom had to this rule, but, if the motion be carried, the peer is required to dis- continue his speech, System in France. As to France, there is no forma rule to lmit debate, either {: the1 Chamber of Deputies or in the Senate, or to force a vote. As a result of this system, however, in either house. the majority has full power at any moment to adopt the course they please. They can, when they like, do. cide that a vote will be taken on Such a day and such an hour, or vote the immediate closing of the debate—in French, la cloture. Such measures, in fact, though not unusual, are not often resorted to, as there i little obstruc. Pa;l;nment;' e president of the Cham Deputies has quaint lu!horllbysrlg: stopping disorderly or utterly irrele- vant debate. He calls a speaker to order or asks him to desist from further talk by violently ringing a dinner bell. If the speaker pays no heed to the bell, which is often rung with the utmost vigor, the president (who is always in evening dress) jams his silk hat down upon his head as a gesture of impatience and disgust and leaves the rostrum. That ends the obstreperous speech and the ses- slon for the time being. In Italy the Chamber of Deputles, which is more important than the Senate, can at any time amend the tlon or filibustering in the French Story Week Has Told Comprehensive Survey of Latest Events in United States and Abroad. BY HENRY W. BUNN HE following is a brief sum- mary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended June 20: * ¥ ¥ X Amundsen.—The great news item of the week is the arrival back, on June 18, at Kings Bay, West Spitz- bergen (one of the Spitzbergen Island groups) of all six members of the Amundsen party, who just four weeks before had hopped off from Kings Bay, pointed for the North Pole. The following is the barest outline of their experiences, pieced together from the earllest reports. Either because bearings had been lost in a fog or because, through retardation by head winds, almost half the gasolne supply had been ex- hausted. The planes were dropped (without mishap) on a “lead” (water lane through drifting ice) at a point later ascertalned to be 88 degrees 30 minutes N., or about 100 miles from the pole. Then a terrible mishap oc- curred. A sudden shift in the wind froze the lead and both of the fragile craft® were threatened with destruc- tion. It was decided to abandon one. There followed a period of terrific labor—smoothing a surface for taking off from the ice, a hazardous business at best. But at last Amundsen’s famous luck came to the rescue. A lead opened by great effort, the saved plane was launched and off flew the overloaded craft. It descended off North Cape, northeast land, an is- land of the Spitzbergen group, east of West Spitzhergen. A sealer took the party aboard with the plane in tow and carried them to Kings Bay. It is doubtful that with leadership less resourceful or intrepid than that of Amundsen the party could have escaped destruction By this adventure Amundsen has not enhanced—that could scarcely be —his reputation as hero, but he has fully sustained and justified it. * x % x United States of America.—Senator La Follette is dead. President Cool- idge leaves Washington on Tuesday for his “Summer White House" at Swampscott, Mass. The two ships of the MacMillan Arctic expedition left Wiscasset, Me., vesterday. One hears with pleasure that young Mr. Scopes has turned down offers aggregating $150,000 from moving pic- ture outfits and syndicates. But real ly, the devil is not playing fair. Dante] Guggenheim has given $500.- 000 to New York University for the ablishment of a school of aero- nautics. Mr. Guggenheim thinks he foresees a mighty economic future for aeronautics The other day Miss Gertrude Ederle, aged 17, swam the 21 miles from the Battery, New York City, to Sandy Hook in 7 hours 11 minutes 30 sec- onds, beating the men's record, and finishing fresh and Jjolly, a most notable physical athlevement. 5 ook ok Ireland.—The Irish Free State min ister of commerce gives the lie direct and absolute to reports alleging fam- ine conditions in the Free State. He says there is no famine and that the crop prospects are first class. He would lkewise have it known that there is no longer any shooting ‘re- gardless” in Ireland. the country is entirely at peace. Moreover, the rail- road service is as good as the con- tinental ones. Falge tales about Ire- land, he says, have diverted large part of the expected tourist stream. * % ox % The Moroccan War. — Not much fighting, apparently, during the past week between the French and Abd-el- Krim's followers, less than in the Spanish zone between the Rifenos and the Spaniards. Painleve, the French premier, arrived at Rabat, Morocco, by alrplane on the 11th and left Rabat by airplane on the 15th. Meantime he inspected the war front and con- ferred at length with Marshal Lyau- tey. the Sultan of Morocco and others. Appearing before the French chamber on the 16th, he merely stated his satis- faction with Marshal Lyautey’s dis- positions and his resolve to push the war- vigorously with such collabora- tion as the Spaniards might give. He would, he said, unbosom himself fully to the “interested” chamber commis- sions pledged to secrecy. IHe refused a vociferous Communist demand for an interpellation, and his refusal was sustained, 436 to 34. But on this oc- casion only 25 Soclalists voted for the government. 74 not voting. The Socialists are, in fact, debating whether or no they shall finally an- nounce withdrawal of their support of the government. So shattering the Left bloc which came into being in May. 1924, dissent ing as they do from the government’s Moroccan policy and in party from its financial policy (they still, for extm- ple, hanker for a capital levy, which is anathema to Caillaux). Should the Soclalists decide to disrupt the bloc, would the Painleve government carry on? Apparently they have decided not to break with the government on the Moroccan issue, at least for the pres- ent. A conference on Moroccan matters between representatives of the French and Spanish governments began at Madrid on the 17th. It is reported that a joint Franco-Spanish naval blockade to prevent further smug- gling to Abd-el-Krim of the enginery of war is already on. * Ok k% Garmeny et al.—The French reply to the German proposals of February 8, for a Rhine security pact, s de- — order of the day by a mere majority. The phrase Is proverbial in Rome that “the Chamber is master of its agenda.” To restrict debates within certain limits, the Itallan Parliament has adopted the system of the three readings for bills presented either by the government or by a member. No member can speak more than once on any reading of a bill. A speech from manuscript may not last more than 15 minutes. If a speaker disagrees from the subject under dis- cussion, the presiding officer can pre- vent him from further speech at that sitting. "On the first reading of a bill, it may be discussed only by the minister or deputy who presents it and by only two other speakers—one in favor and one against. System in Reichstag. In the German Reichstag a motion to close the debate can be carried by a simple majority at any time. There is no such thing as the “unanimous consent” system. Members do not take part in debates as indlviduals, but only as delegated representatives of their parties. A steering commit- tee, on which all parties are repre- sented, decides how much time is to be given to debate on any question and how many speakers shall take part in the discussion. Since the war the tendency has been to cut down debating time. The limit on a single speech has been reduced from two hours to one hour, with occasional exceptions when momentous matters are under debate. (Copyright. 1925.) livered at Berlin on the 16th and soon thereafter was made public. It went forward approved by the British and Belglan governments. It is very in senfously framed so as to “draw out” the Germans, and it evidently con templates a long correspondence and negotlation. Unfortunately it is want ing in lucidity here and there, hut the correspondence (published simul taneously with its publication) be tween the French and British foreigu offices, which largely determined itx character, lightens some of its ob scurities and is, in effect, an im portant supplement thereto. This correspondence shows the British un willing to undertake specific commit ments respecting any German fron tlers except those marching vith France and Belgium, and the extrime French solicitude not to prejudicd in the slightest degree the Versailes treaty arrangements respecting the frontiers of Poland, Czechoslovakia Austria and Lithuania which march with Germany or the engagements supplemeatary thereto which have been undertaken by France. * *x % x China.—After earnest study and collation of the dispatches, I conclude that the far-flung anti-forelgn agita tion in China did not, on the whole, diminish during the past week, that, if anything, it somewhat increased For a day or two there seemed a marked subsidence, but the very latest dispatches are disquieting. Two incidents at Shanghai stand out. A British engineer in the employ of the municipal government of the inter- national settlement was murdered in cold blood. There is piausibility in the inference that the act was plan ned to prejudice the peace negotia tions then in process in the city. A British member of the international settlement police force attempted single-handed to disperse a crowd lis tening to a student orator. He was knocked on the head for his pains. 1 see no extraordinary sinister signifi cance in that—mobs are that What strikes me as significant is the indiscreet overzeal of the officer. The strike situation at Shanghai is worse than ever. One hears of a monster demonstration at Shanghal at which the cry was for war against Britain and Japan, of 2 mob smash ing the windows of shops containing Eritish or Japanese goods, of striker setting fire to & Japanese mill (foreign police extinguished the fire). More important, the conference at Shanghai between legation secretaries, commis sioners of the Central government and representatives of the local Chinese broke up quite without result. The local Chinese would bate nothing of their criginal demands, which import ed nothing less than the complete abolition of foreign jurisdiction From Kiu Kiang, Chin Kiang, Tsi an, Tsing Tao, Chung King, Tient sin, Nanking, Swatow, Amoy, Fu Chau, elsewhere, come reports of anti-foreign demonstrations, strikes, propaganda and the like—not much actual violence, but the mob beast crouched as though to spring, so to speak. 1 should like to dwell on the little war at Canton, but it wasn't im- portant enough in the comparison to command much of my space. It was a domestic struggle of factions, the Reds and the Pinks, unconnecte with the widespread antifore agitatin, and the Reds won. It gan amusingly enough in t tonal desuitory celes! ended horribly in massacre and loot ing. Strangely enough,:however, the horrors seem to have ended quickl and the reports of our consul genera indicate that for the nonce Canton is quieter than many another Chinese city. But now that the Pinks have been massacred or crushed, the Reds will have leisure to join in the anti foreign agitation; and they may be expected to do their part. * & e Mexico.—James R. Sheffield, our Ambassador to Mexico, has been a guest at the White House and in close conference with the President, Sec tary Kellogg and others, respecting Mexican developments. The repre: sentations of Mr. ShemfieM and the consultations thereon resuited in tk issulng to the press by Secretary Kellogg of a statement from which I extract the most important parts “It will be remembered that we en tered into two claims conventions with Mexico, under which joint claims com missions were appointed to adjust claims of American citizens for properties illegally taken by Mexice and for injuries to American cltizer or their rights. These comm are now sitting and wiil in, due time. adjuaicate these ciaims. Conditions have improved and our Ambassador has succeeded in protecting Amer: as well as foreign interests. Our rela tions with the government are friend ly, but. nevertneless, conditions not entirely satisfactory and we are looking to and expect the Mexican government to restore properties: ilegally taken and to indemnify American citizens. A great deal of property of Amer- icans has been taken under or in violation of the agrarian laws for which no compensation has been made, other properties have been practically ruined and in one instance property was taken by the Mexican government on account of unreason- able demands of labor. We will in- sist that adequate protection under the recognized rules of internation: law be afforded American citizens. “I have seen the statements pub- lished by the press that another revolutionary movement may be im- pending in Mexico. 1 very muct hope this is not true. It is the polic of this government to use its influ- ence and support in behalf of sta- bility and orderly constitutional pro- cedure, but it should be made clear that this government will continus to support the government in Mex- ico only 8o long as it protects Amer. fcan lives and American rights and complies with its international en= gagements and obligations. “The government of Mexico s now on trial before the world. We have the greatest interest in the stability. prosperity and independence of Mex- ico. We have been patient and real- ize, of course, that {t takes time tq bring about a stable government, but we cannot countenance violation of her obligations and failure to pro- tect American citizens.” The above is sufficiently “strong.” but even so it is a reasonabld infe ence that a good deal “more is meant than meets the sense.” The adoption of so unusual and brusque a mode of setting forth our grievances sup: ports an inference. President Calles of Mexico at once issued a counter press statement; full of indignation and high spirit, but perhaps not so nearly addressed to the points in issue as could be wished. * % % x Notes.—Reports are rife alleging bomb plots against the life of King Alfonso of Spain. There seems to be some exaggeration or quite op- posite import. A Spanish internal loan offered the other day was grab- bed up Instantly. 1f many reports are to be credited, Admiral Horthy, regent of Hungary, is decidedly “up against it,” in great danger of losing his job. Now is the time for the admiral to show wheth: er he has In him the right dictator stuff, the true Caesar mettle; now or never. He looks the part, but, all that glitters is not go'd. Horthy out, who wacu and what?