Evening Star Newspaper, June 21, 1925, Page 37

EDITORIAL PAGE NATIONAL PROBLEMS SPE Part 2—16 Pages CIAL. FEATURES EDITORIAL SECTION ¢ S WASHINGTON SECURITY PACT IDEA AROUSES SUSPICIONS France, England and Germany Eye Each Other During Course of . Negotiations. Editor's note—No recent single effort to recoricile European differ- ences as betieen the allied poicers and Germany has aroused such o #torm as the attem pi to bring about a security pact which would insure against aggression in order that various mations wmay set about putting their economic and finan- cial houses in order. England France and Germany all suspect the other of gaining the wpper hand in the proposals so far made. and this ix reflected in the weekly dis- patches to The Star of Andre Tardieu. noted Frenchman: A. G Gardiner. English liberal editor. and Mazimilian Harden. the noted Ger- man publicist GARDINER. iberal Editor. the ratified by rosy, and it seems BY A FEngland's Greatest HE prospect of pact scheme being Parliament are not the hostility toward to have increased since publication on Friday of the white paper dealing with the subject The case for the pact Britain Is so deeply involved by the Deace treaty and the practical neces sitles of her situation in regard to the Furopean problem that it ix impos sible o avoid commiting herself further in the interests of peace Government organs insist that the new scheme is more limited and less incalculable than was former Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald’s tocol proposal. which Austen Cham- berlain rejected upon succeeding Mr MacDonald at the foreign office. but which commanded the overwhelming approval of the League of Nations. Opposition 1s Formidable. The opposition to the new pact formidable. and in the labor and in dependent press it is described as a complete surrender 1o France and & conversion of the Rhine into a Rrit ish frontler. Great Britain. it is as serted, would be no longer warden of the English Channel, but warden the Rhine. The argument partial as thai_the pact between France and is im- Ger- security | the | is that Great | pro- | is | of guaranteeing each against ag: is held to be fallacious, in view of the apparent freedom of France to make military use of the ine zone in the event of a disturb- on the Polish-Czech frontier. ch freedom might easily extend Rritish liabilities from the Rhine to | the Danzig corridor | Possible complications of the pact | are most far reiching. and informed | British opinion is deeply perplexed by | the proposal. which wonld commit the | country”irrevocably 1o fncalculable | consequences. many gression. | | ane Ik Chamberlain Faces Attack. The subject will come up for debate in Parliament next Wednesday, and Mr. Chamberiain having fallen into an ingenious trap, by which England guarantees France and Germany impartially on the Rhine, while France, in guaranteeing | her Polish allies, converts the western act into an instrument hastile | Germany on the eastern frontier, Much depends on the German atti. tude to the response (o her offer of February. The prevalent view here is that Germany is 'not likely o ac {cept terms which make her position on the Rhine so equivhcal “The tendency of British opinion is hostile to military commiiments which bind the country helplessly to conti nental intrigues. and though the scheme is based upon the principle of arbitration. it s felt to have grave po tentialities of a breakdown. Inclusion of Germany in the League of Nations is part of the proposal, but the authority of the league Is so at tenuated since Mr. Chamberlain's ac cessfon 1o office that its place in the scheme is not regarded seriously. The protocol did represent the mind and spirit of the league. but the pact, how ever benevolent in intention. repre sents, not the league. but methods of old diplomacy dictating the policy and calling in the league as a matter of form to witness the signature of the principals. An_accommodation and Germany is a vital condition for the restoration of peace in Europe. But is the pact such an accommoda- tion, or only the old dog of warlike ! alliance dressed in a new coat? hetween Krance Fall of Painleve Is Predicted RY A&"RH TARDIEL, Former French High Commission to the United States. UBLICATION of documents marking steps in the negoti ations between Berlin, Paris and London re rding the se- curity pact: violent scenes hetween the Fernch government and the Communists: a rupture consid- ered inevitahle between the ghvern- ment and Socialistz. that is to say. a break up of the political formula calling the Cartel des Gauches. which has heen in power since Ma 11, 1924—this is the balance of the last_week The writer hastens to add that al- though these events are of a diverse nature, they have ane common. par- ticularly remarkable feature: they take us back six years to 1919 The Communsts, in the last ses- slon of the Chamber of Deputies, were discredited by Premier Pain- leve and leaders of the Radical So- cialist party. They have been treated as traitors. It has been declared that no government could have anvthing in common with the doctrine they répresent. But it i= not very long since they were allowed to join in an official procession in Jaures honor and that the dictatorship at Moscow was recognized. It is only three vears gates of the Poincare government met those of Moscow at the Genoa conference. It is only two Years since the same Poincare government re- stored civil rights 1o the deserter, Marty. who is today the leader of Communist violence. r since dele- Speaks As Clemenceau. Today Premier Painleve speaks am formerly Premier (lemencean spoke. He savs fo the people of the Third Internationale: “Between us and you it is a question of force” and if he were offered the * wire” with which the Tiger wanted to surround the Soviets, he would be ready fo fix it himself. As to the Socialists with tionary Marxist tendencies gin to realize thal if they bourgeois government. even of left, they will lose the election. to the profit of the Communisis, and they are preparing to enter the op- position. Their leader, Leon Blum, 1told the writer so a few davs ago Since then attempts have been made revolu- they be- the Britain’s Supremacy Is Foreseen BY MAXIMILIAN HARDEN, Central Europe’s Foremost Publicist. GIVE my €€ ncer ‘thar reach the Wword as a naval of. no American will continent of Eu- words, < spoken 1917, hy Admiral secretary of the miraity, caused the unrestricted marine warfare which proved trons to any Holtzend is dead and Raron Reisbach. whose recently pub- lished memoirs contain these words But the all-highest Kaiser. King and Jord is rushing about Holland in a motor car, the driver of which still has on hix cap the letters W. L R (Wilhelm. Imperator Rex). just s in former times The wspirit in Germany's upper 10.000 is still the same. If Holtzen dorff still lived he would not spised on account of the stupidity of his words. which only fools could be lieve, but would be feted as a staunch patriot. Ready fa More Foolishness. To have foreseen what happened and to have given warning—that alone is considered a sin. Rather than be gullty of such a sin people who know better are ready to repeat every ostentatious foolishness. This is seen again in the volume of words regard- on von ad sub- disas January Holtzendorff. so s ing M. Briand's note on the guaran-| tee pact Isn't it a success for Berlin states. manship? A change for the better? A | hlessing for Europe? Doesn’t Musso- lini deserve blame because he alone hesitated hefore agreeing to the proj- ect? The “Duke” of Fascism wonld gain everlasting renown it he would take The lead in this most important event g the vital Buropean question -since arbed | uphold a | be de- | to repair The o vote the vase, but unsu ocialists unified against M. Pa have already abstained in the last eight day voted against the \Versailles treaty and occupation of the Rhine. They vears ago. and on them as on others. vears ago and on them as on others the same causes produce the same Jeffects ssfully. soing nleve—they from voting ust as they | Sees Germany's Profit. | | _Reading of the terms relating | the security pact does not modify the writer's opinion expressed in his |last two dispatches. If the negotia- | tions succeed it will transform to Germany’s profit unilateral obliga- tions into bilateral guarantees and will change Great RBritain's role of ally into that of arbiter. But what the texts add to the first statement is that the French nego- | fators are advancing on a slippery |road. They refer in almost every {line to the Versailles treaty. as if it was the sole protection. Kor in- stance, such terms as these appear frequently in the French note: “With- in the limits of the treaty”, “within the limits of the league of natlons |as constituted by the . treaty”, “no substitution for the peace tre Against note makes in entering Treaty Revision. it clear that the into negotiations foF 4 security pact cannot consider any general revision of the treaty | of Versailles, or modification of par- | tienlar clauses of -the treaty. who signed this French Briand, who since 1920 has been most ardent ecritic of these clauses Awhlrh he upholds today. Who {is at his side in the government? | Joseph Caillaux, whose imprecations against the Versailles treaty are as well known as his condemnation for carrving on a correspondence with agents of the enemy The writer does not know whether these gentle men join 1o their other qualities a | sense of the ridiculous. If =0, they | must suffer greatly to have to pose before rope as adherents of what they opposed vesterday. | The | ernment appeals to treatles as the sole safeguard and finds | like Clemenceau | Socialism. { for The allies note? Clemenceau’s international opposed to 1t Communism and It is a picturesque sight those who remember. | the conclusion of peace, and prevent | | British guardianship. Unfortunately only the bolshevists seem to have an idea of the impor- | |tance of the case. A whole troupe of | the most prominent of them hurried to | Berlin under various pretexts to | threaten or to sirike as the case re. | quire | It is easy to understand what they | fear. Kour or five nation pact includ- |ing Germany would mean disappoint. ment of their ships for political and possibly military co-operation with | Germany. Germany might | jumping-off hoard against the Soviet republic. Farewell Rapallo treaty: Tt ! would not even be easy to stir up France ngainst England. Five nations with Eastern allies be- tween the Adriatic and the Baltic, the Black Sea #nd the Vistula might de- cide on a sanity cordon leaving Russia out in the cold. leaving her almost the possibility of inciting a wholesale re- beilion en the Asiatic flank of the British empire. Sees British Victory. But America’s business capacity will insure Russia’s existence and can pi serve her from a return to the ter- rors of military communism. The be- gold flelds and the Harriman agree- ments must be tenderly encouraged. Yet in their anxiety about tomorrow those in Moscow forgot that the guar- antee pact drafted in London—which the writer called last week the Traf- algar pact—promises then a rich har- vest. The pact would be. like Nel- son’s battle, a British victory over Furope. In 1805 legitimate power vanquished the illegitimate genius of Bonaparte at Trafalgar. The aim of this ambi tious visionary was to deliver the con: tipent from British guardianship and, will be attacked as | | to Painleve-Caillaux-Briand gov- | become a | ginnings have been made in the Lena | BY PROF. LOUIS W. MATi‘ERN. HE word evoluon has been brought recently to the atten- tion of the public In such a way as to create a widespread Interest in, the evqlusion idea. ! The need of a clear understanding {of the term evolution can certainly be }m?l at the Capital of the Nation, ! where more renowned specialists delve deeply into the hidden secrets of the many branches of natyral science than {in any other ety in the world. % Accordingly, a symposium is hereby | Presented by wav.of soliciied answers 1o definite questions xiven to available { members of this group of dlstgutshed | men. T i | | i l Dr. Charles E. Munroe. Dr. Charles E. Munroe, dean emer. tus, faculty of graduate studies, | George Washington University, pro | found investigator in chemistry, di- | rector of important branches of chemi- cal research in the Natlonal Research | Council and in the United States Bu- Ireau of Mines and a wide contributor im scientific publications: Are you a bellever in evolution?” As applied to the expression of an orderly and systematic development of nature, I am.” “Is the evolution idea, so applied, a modern one?” “No: on the old: according to that eminent ex- ponent of this doctrine. John Fiske, the evolution idea seems to have been recognized first in relation to human history: thence it was projected upon animate apd Inanimate nature “It was early recognized that one orm of institution grows out of an |vther: one race out of another: one language out of another thus arose the suggestion that this might be true of the order of nature as a whole. “Laplace applied this idea in as- ronomy when hypothesis. he indicated how the solor svstem may have been evolved from a simpler antecedent state of affairs. and Lyell. among others. showed that contrary. It is quite !the evolution formula ix vividly de seriptive as applied nfigura don of the earth. aature and human affairs this feri 1dea spread like a leaven to the study {of fauna and flora and man himself 1 “What Lucreti and much earlier thinkers had dreamed of: what Leib- nitz and Schelling and Kant and other philosophers with strong Interests in | the outer world had sketched in gen- {eral terms: what Buffon. Erasmys, | Darwin, Lamagck, Treviranius, | Hilaire,” Goethe and others had ven- {tured to promulgate. hecame, through the work of Charles Darwin. Wallace, | Spencer and Haeckel, cucrent: intel lectual coin Spreads From Biology. “From biology the | psychology. and the stinetive. intelligent and rational ac tivities were sought after: finally the idea came back again to Its originai ides sSpread origins of to in 'CO-OPERATION BIG HOPE, JARDINE SAYS Standardization ‘and Storing of Crops] Among Benefits of Marketing Plan, | i Secretary BY DHEW PEARSON. OW can co.operative market- ing help the farmer? . This is probably the big gest question confronting the | vast agricultural regions of this country. and that Is Why I took {1t to the new Secretary of AgTiculture. ! Willlam U. Jardine. | Mr. Jardine had been In -office for |three months. He had begun his work |during one of the stormy. periods of congressional conflict when the mid | definite farm relief legislation. Presi- | dent Coolidge had opposed any form | of Government subsidy until the en- |tire farm situation could’ be thor- oughly studied by practieal farmers, but suggested that the farmer could |be greatly benefited by organized co. {operative marketing. Mr. Hoover also | had strongly championed co-operative |marketing. and a split between Hoover and the Department was rumored on this question. | Co-operative marketing seemed to tion and Mr. Jardine, apparently, was |appointed to the agricultural port | folio because he believed in it. After he had been In office some weeks, therefore, and had had time to adjust himself {o his new job, I went to find out what progress the co-opera- | tive movement was making. | Mr. Jardine 1-found to be the | breezy, abrupt and broad-shouldered | Westerner that he is pictured. They aay he ouce made a living busting | bronchos at 25 cents & head. And | judging from his handshake 1 can be | Heve it. When Jardine became head of the State Agricultural College at Man- hattan, Kan.. It is said that he se verely rébuked someone who reminded him that he was no longer “BINT | Jardine of the Western plains, but a | dignified university president. Again when he took office his adviser started fn Washington, to Instruct upon certain formalities of office only | he rub- the abrupt reminder that to get Bill Jardine and no i still Co-Operatives Not New. Although I had not known the new Secretary previously, he appeared still to be very much Bill Jardine and very much in love with his new job. 1 asked him to give me five minutes’ worth of explanation on how co-opera: | | English Channel, he tried an indirect way through Russia and India. The first creative genius found in any great power in Europe today would |take the same route. Not on foot, llke Napoleon, and no longer with weapons, and not against, but with Russia, and _possibly ~with India, where the seed will outlive the sower, IDE!. | Russia’s Hour Would Come. | phen Russia’s hour would come. But destiny’s way does not need to |lead through such horrors. Reason |Joins history so subtly together that | England must one day disinterest her- iself from Europe, the only continent lon_which no land belongs to her, in | order 1o preserve herself as the center of the empire. It M. Briand does not foresee all |this the Francé of tomorrow will curse him. And if the Berlin rulers walk Into the pact ax if into Eden they will prove themselves worthy fol- because this-was - impossible - in .-the- lowers of Holtzenfnrf, - % ldle western farm bloc wanted (o pass | of Agriculture | much-mooted | Ihe the chief bone of cabinet conten- | him | SUNDA o St Y MORN | DR .GEORGE P MerRrIM HARR S Ev I, | in his fameus nebular | | DR PAUL BARTSCH What Is Accepted Theory of Evolution? Prominent Capital Scientists Answer EW N Dr.CHAS.E. MUNROE DR.HARVEY W.WILEY. HARKIS & EWING starting point, as, a formula applica- ble 1o human history. Already the idea is fast becoming organic in our way of thinking about the origin of all present appearances—whatever be their mature—as a thought economiz ing formula applicable to all orders of fact: ““Thus, in considering the modern | sciences we trace their origin to cruder_expressions of knowledge—as tro my to astrology, arithmetic to al ! gorithm algebra to alm: bala geometry to geomancy. chemistry to alchemy, and so on through the long list of sclences which engages the attention of the student of today." FARMERS’ Believes. tive. marketing was to be started among the farmers. and this is what he said “There is no mystery about start- |ing farmers' co-operatives. They are not new. Here is a list prepared by | our’ department which shows that 10.600 of them have already been or- ganized in this country. “It_strikes me, however,” the Secretary, “that We ure more: in- terested in helping these co-operatives | nlready in existence to function ef- | Actently than in hatching new ones | Thera is nothing more contagious than success. And if we can help the | assocjations already organized to show. | profitable balance sheets. we will bhave taken a big step toward making the co-operative movement perma- nent. “That is why this department is doing everything in its power to help i co-operatives.” | After reminding the Secretary that one time there had been consid- | erabie objection to the co-operative | marketing movement In this country, | at fits which the farmer could derive from such organization. Standardize Cotton Bales. “One of the most widely recognized benefits is standarization. That is, a farmer must market his crop ae- cording to standard just as the manu- facturer of steel rafls sells to suit certain standards of size, strength and design ““Take the cotton associations of the South for example. The Southern farmer, just a comparatively short { time ago, knew very little about vari- | ous grades of cotton: He mixed his | bales se that his be#t cétton sold for about the same price as his poorest. The cotton associations are helping to change all this by grading cotton. | “'Or take the case of potatoes. If a farmer mixes his shipment, putting i big - potdtoes, small potatoes, poor | quality and good in the same lot, he can't get the price that the standard grades can command. Moreover, if he ships partially spoiled potatoes, he gets nothing for themn at the other end, and yet he has to pay the freight on the spolled potatoes. An efficient | marketing organization helps him to |save all this waste. --“Another. big beneft derived ‘from co-operative marketing #s help :in selling a crop ‘at the right time.’ For instance, perishable fruits must be rushed to market in'a hurry and‘a co-operative can handle fruit cars and trains better than the individual farm- er, who perhaps has less than a car- load to market. Co-operatives Store Crops. “On the other hand, some crops can command a higher price if the farmer does not sell until months after he harvests. But since most farmers have no means of storing a crop and also need the money imme- diately, the co-operatives can step in and market at the most favorable times of the vear. Also they can market at the most favorable places. By studying the demand for lemons, for instance, 1hey may discover that the Milwaukee market fs glutted but the Cleveland market {& in need of lemons. The individual farmer could never do this." g 1 knew that a considerable ‘number- of co-operatives had failed, and that in certain sections the farmers were continued | 1 agked him 10 outline the chief bene- | Dr. Paul Bartsch, professor of zo- ology, George Washington University, and curator at the United States National Museum What is evolution “Evolution, as conceived by ologist, deals. with the progres development through which organ isms have passed to attain their present status. If the words “pro gressive development were substituted for evolution, 1 am sure the evolution idea would be swallowed hook. bait and all. but why should it? ‘There should be no need for camouflaging truth.” IND Editor’s note.—The movement of many sections of organized labor to promote efficiency and worth- while effort within their own uniona is growing rapidiy. It is .one of the most_striking of the re- cent trends in premoting ‘the ego- nomic awd industrial iwelfare of both esmploger and Fmploye-and is ezpected 10 Yo far in bringing to pass complete confidende in _the proposition of mutaality of inter- est. : ¢ BY GEORGE L. BERRY, | President, International Printing |~ Pressmen and Assistants’ Union of North America. | HE prosperity, the stability and the permanency of industry means more to the employes than it does to the emplovers. The emplove is dependent up- on his weekly compensation. The stop- | page of business stops his income and | immediately his standard of living is jeopardized. The emplover has the collateral; he can raise money upon | his ownership. .Hence the continuity | of industry upon a prosperons basis is infinitely of greater importance to the employe than it is to the em: ployer. With fthe Internatignal the basis Printing gressmen and Assistants’ Unlon 8f North America in 1911 concluded to aseo- !ciate itself with the work of increas- ling efMciency in industry, the elimina tion of waste and the increasing of productivity in both quantity and quality; and thereupon the organiza- [tion established the - first technical | trade school owned and conducted by |a labor union In this or_any other |country—a trade school dedicated to the Industry’s well being. Since then a number of branch schools have been | established and in all this the or- | ganization of employes of the print- |ing’ department of newspaper and commercial platits of ‘America—union {men—have expended ' approximately 141,700,000 to - prove its gentuinenesg of purpose. : The mother the foregoing as | school s located ‘at | Pressmen’s’ Home, Tenn., the town Ibuilt, owned and Operated by the | International Printing Pressmen and | Assistants’ Union of North America. ~This trade school development . has paid - substantlal’ dividends te thein dustry of America and ha contributed .generously to'the -establighimerit and maintenance of? that prartical constructive co:gperation between em- ployer and emplove that is essential in the conduct of profitable business. Printing Evils Corrected. A few years ago the organization elected to broaden its scope of activi- ties and establish a department con- nected with our trade school opera- tions which was called the engineer- ing department. The newspapers of America were invited to send their papers dally to this engineering de- partment. More than 500 newspapers immediately respbnded. These papers aré examined daily by an expert in printing and monthly the publisher of each newspaper and the superintend- ent of printing—the foreman—are ad- vised jointly of the defects appearing in_the printing of each newspaper and the remedy is given. 1f the remedy is not applied in due time, or upon ap- plication of the publisher, an engineer is sent to the city where the news. paper iz published to take charge and the bi- | USTRY’S PERMANENCY HELD VITAL TO LABOR Georgé L. Berry Tells Why Union Seeks to Promote Greater Efficiency - Within Its Ranks. Is the evolution idea, 5o appled. a new one? g “Not In the least. Animal breeders since time immemorial have produced hy the application of nature's evolu tionary laws the animals and plants most useful to man."” In order to make this meaning of evolution clear, will you please give an_fllustration? | *"No one can fail to note the changes which have been brought about in our domestic plants and animals, all of which have been produced by Selective breeding. Not one of them | has the form today which the an-| cestral stock from which it was pro duced possessed | “Take, for example, the case of the | dog. whose ancestors were wolves. T am sure that all would grant that fhe Newfoundland. the grevhound. the coach dog, the bull, the pug. the little Pekingese and the endless number of other dogs now existing should not be lumped together as a single species of wolf, The characters that separate these dogs are far greater than the | characters that separate the various known species of wolves. But ‘they were produced by man. you will say. To which 1 shall reply: Man is as much a factor in nature’s laboratory as any other force. He speedily brings into play the factors of selection and | isolation, and by the elimination of | | that which he does nof desire sdcures | 4 speedy fixation with the results that | we sees all about us Plant Life Improved. | “Taking up the question of’ plants. | !Indian corn is one of the outstanding products of man's handiwork. Our wheat and barley, and all othey grains have been improved. changed and | | modified by breeding to force. them to | vield the largest possible retwrn. The history of the cabbage Is a wonderful one. and when we come to those forms | of plant life which we foster for their | esthetic value, why, there is fot a gar- {den in our city that does not_proclaim, | |1 might say shriek out loud”the word | | —evolution. Take the dahlia. There | are two or three not particular showy | | wild species from which by breeding ! |and cultivation man has produced end- | less number of beautiful forms within |a very shert perfod of time. The | chrysanthemums, too: the ‘roses and | the” iris, and the other favorite pets | speak for evolution.” . / Development of Man. How about the statément that man | is a descendant from monkey? | “I know of not a single citation where a recognized biological authority | has made such a statement. We do | not know the complete life chain of | man’s development, for the “study of | | the remotely ancient life of the globe | has furnished rather meager evidence | of his existence. Our’ nearest existing relatives. the chimpanzee. the gorilla. [the orangutan and the gibbon do not | tmiark man’s line of development, but | (Continued on Fifteenth Page) | | | will be not only published in a pre- sentable and salable manner, but an efficient and economical system estab- lished to the end that its prosperity | #nd its stability may be enhanced. School Service Is Free. Our technical trade school service is free to our membership: our corre- spondence courses to our apprentices are free to them our engineering course is free to newspaper pubhsh. | ers of the United States and Canada, with whom we are in contractual re lationship. The educational work referred to herein has passed the experimental siage. It is an established fact after vears of study and application. and | it _has proven practicability A period of unparalleled peace as between the newspaper publishers of America. the magazine publishers, the | commercial employving printers” and | | the membership of the International | | Printing Pressmen and Assistants’ | | Union of North America has resuited { Much of the waste and inefficiency of | the past has been ellminated and our | | membership has increased its me- | chanical and artistic equipments. The industry has profited in dollars and cents, and the emplover and the mem- | bers of our organization have ob. | served with genuine satisfaction the | increase in their income and rates of | compensation. It is co-operation based upon Amer-+4 ica’s theory of industrial conduct free | from any color of confiscation, recog. nizing the rights of private owner- ship of property, the competency of organized labor and applying the theory of co-ordination in promoting the industry upon which all are de. pendent for their economic happiness | and its many attending benefits. its soundness and its | { {Past Glory of Royalty | . Revealed to Austrians | Tn Schoenbrun, the late Emperor Franz Joseph's Summer castle near | Vienna, there has been prepared a banquet tablp for 60 guests. It ex- tends the olzlre length of the feast | hall. Snowy linen covers the boards. | | The silver service has been carefully placed. Flower stands on the fable are filled with lilacs from the late emperor's garden. Six crystal glass- es are at each place, one for water, the five other for wine. Sixty chairs are about the table, one in the middle at the side of the long board being slightly higher than the others. That is the emperor’s chair. The menu, printed in French, calls¢ for many courses. It is the setting for the last banquet, held on February 9, 1912, Today Austrians are paying 3,000 crowns to enter the feast hall, walk around the table, admire the reflec- tions In the wonderful mirrors, and walk out.again through the caatle grounds to the street. True, today 3.000 Austrian_crowns are equivalent to less than 5 cents, but the difference between the nomi- nal value and the exchange value has heen In some way. The Austrians the war and they | pression that ! that | the British | upon FOUR-POWER PACT HAS HARD ROAD TO TRAVEL Oppqsilion on All Sides While Plan Is Still Adoption BY FRANK H. SIMONDS, O much has already been about the proposed fou: | pact between Britain, France Belgium and Germany to main- tain the status quo in the west of Europe—that is. the frontiers cre ated by the Treaty of Versailles—that it would be easy to derive the im- the most difficult_of all | the outstanding problems of Europe had at last In some miraculous fash- | fon got itself solved at Geneva and in a few brief exchanges between M Briand and Mr. Austen (‘hamberlain. The truth is. however, quite differ ent. We have already had more than one seitlement of the western Euro. pean situation and guarantee of the security of France arranged at least to the extent that at present has been agreed upon. The series begins with the still-famous three-power pact which President Wilson signed during the peace conference: con- tinues through the draft treaty M Briand and Mr. Lloyd George were completing at Cannes when the former was called home to resign. and ended temporarily with the muc vaunted protocol accepted by Ramsay MacDonald in Geneva last September and slain in the same place by Cham- berlain last March What M. Briant berlain have actually on a preliminary said | ower and Mr. Cham- | done is to agree draft of a treaty which will be one of the most im portant post-war creations, if and when it shall be adopted. not alone by France and Britain, but also by | Germany. And Germany in this dis. cussion has all the rights of a sover- eign power and can reject the whole affair. if it displaces her. without thus in any measure affecting her legal | position. Reply to Germany All that has actually happened to many. having—on British suggestion —approached France last Winter with a proposal for a security pact guar- anteeing French, German and Belgian frontiers from Switzerland 1o Hollang, M. Briand and Mr. Chamberlain have been in consultation over the French reply and have reached a_ basis of agreement as to the form the Freach reply shall take. All of which means that the Baldwin cabinet_has agreed upon a formula for the -defense of both French and Belgian frontiers, along with German, which it has promised to present o Parliament with' its important indofsement. after France has sent it along to Germany, and provided Germany will rept it. M. Briand has similarly engaged him self op behalf of France. But both governmentx may be rebuffed by their parifaments. and there is the German 1o be considered in additton. So far as one may make coherent detail out of théterribly confused re- poris which have heen circulated and the official denfals which have pursued. them. the proposed pact represents a triumph for British policy ‘ithin the lmite of British necessity. Great Britain does not want another war between France and Germany he cause she - recognizes she would be involved on the French side again Her “splendid isolation” having be. { come a memory in consequence of the developments of modern warfare, her own security demands something more than a_passive observance of Euro- pean affairs Nevertheless, although geography has bound British security to French, the British have no desire and no in tention to undertake responsibilities as to French security without having some influence in shaping European conditions. They are not ready ‘o ally themselves with France against Germany: their concern is to find some basis for agreement between France and Germany and guarantee Situation Changed. A good deal of nonsense has been printed recently explaining how the | new pact renews the old, situation | which existed before the war. It does nothing of the sort. because this con- | dition is onme of the precise things wish to avoid. Rritish statesmanship does not start with any idea of an alliance with France: it is not thinking of dealing with the ques tion in terms of alliance. In the present temper of the British people no alliance as such could be forced the nation. But there are certain facts which ave patent. In the first place. the French state of mind is entirely domi nated by the element of fear—fear of a later German aggression, fear of the survival of a German determination to reconquer Alsace-Lorraine. France is perfectly satisfied to live within her own frontiers, provided that within those frontiers she is safe. Ard. con- versely, she Is on the middle Rhine and will stay there until she feels safe. - . - Now the British have gone sys- tematically to work to find out how the Germans feels about Alsace, and the Germans have sald quite frankly that they are prepared to abandon any aspirations ip this direction, that they are willing to guarantee French security—and Belgian is implied— provided, in return, allied evacuation of German territories shall take place within the periods fixed by the treaty of Versallles, or perhaps more promptly. And, ax I have sald, act ing on British Impulsion. the Ger: mans have proposed to the French some sort of agreement. with Britain as a party, which should embody the readiness of both nations to abide by existing frontiers and pledge their { faith in that respect. Without the British backing, such a proposal would have no hearing in France, because the' French would | {inevitably fear that it would become | anotlter “'scrap of paper.” But with the British indorsement it becomes | another thing, for in effect it obligates Britain to defend the French and Belgian frontlers against a German attack. Since France has no purpose to attack Germany, similar British undertaking with respect of German frontiers is not a disadvantage. Plans of Own. So far the line of discussion has run smoothly enough. - But it was in- evitable, both France and Germany, while complying with British sug- gestions, have had plans and interests of their own. Thus France, lacking a British guarantee all these years since the close of the war, has sought a substitute and found it jn her al- liances with Poland and Czecho- slovakia. But whdt becomes of these alliances if, after France and Germany had agreed to accept each other's trontiers as fixed and invincible, Ger- many attacks Poland and Czecho- slovakia? Accordingly France has | argued that Germany should accept all her frontiers, east, west and south, in Nebulous | collision on the Vistula or | not ttions. | sponsibility State Makes Doubtful. not four-power but a six-power pact, Including * (Zechoslovakia and Poland. Also, they have demanded some form of guarantee that Ausiria should not be annexed by (Germany, whether Austrigns desire it or not The German. on the other hand, has felt that if he resigned all claim fo Alsace-Lorraine and 1o FE en and Malmedy. if he agreed to accept the western frontiers made against him at Paris, such renunciaifon could only be justified on his part by the re moval of barriefs in his pathwav in the east and South. He .has heen ready to- agree not to attack his neighbors, but at the same time he has demanded the right to open the question of eastern frontiers by dip- lomatic methods; by some rather vague application of a loose phrase in the covenant of the league. The Englichman on his part is quite ready to permit Germany o reopen all questions which do not affect British security and totally unwilling to stand committed directly or indi rectly to maintain Polish or Czecho boundaries. But he has to deal with the Frenchman, who has made defi- nite contracts with Poland and with Czechosovakia and all hope of an arrangement on -the Rhine and the Meuse goes for nothing if there re mains the prospect of Franco-German the Upper a Elbe. France in Awkward Fix. Meantime, the Frenchman himself in an awkward canse both his (‘zecho allies are coming down demanding. that they shall he abandoned —and theyv represent the strength of a millioon and a half or two million trained troaps on Mabil ization dav.-whereas the British army is weaker rather than stronger than it was 11 vears ago and there isn0 Russia o come to the scrateh if finds position be. and Polish on him and | &t the case fairly stated. is that Ger-|Germans should chonse to regard the new four-power pact as she did the aid’ guarantee of Belgium neutrality To judge by what has been so far permitted to be printed by the British and French governments, the French phase of the trouble has been avoided by some ingenius, not to say Jesult ical, manipulation of the covenant of the league. Under the covenant it was provided that all member nations should be in duty bound to aid anv unhappy enough to be menaced by an unprovoked ~attack w Ger many 15 to be admitted and she will be bound not to attack any member nation: she take a new pledge. as it were, to respect neighbors’ vine vards But if this commitment were adequate, why should Belgium he insistent power pact and wr which like the U'nited States. has a holy borror of all pacis. recognize jnstice of the demand and the neces Sty to do somethinz else in the mat ter_of guarantééing western securiiv? AgWin. there 1she suggestion that if the Leagi# of Natfons should decide Germany has wantoniy attacked Po. land. then, France will be free tn march inte the ‘Rhineland. notwith standing “{he facl that it has heen permanently neutralized and its ne trality established under the four power pact’ and guaranteed by the British?, Germany Wants Security. Then there How will she take permission upon het npe should Britain fs alwavs Germany' the bestowal of France to invade her territory for any reason what soever? The only value fer Germany of a pact i8 that If gives her security against French aggression, which she fears, puts an end to any possibility of permanent French occupation of Mayence, Conblense or. for that mat ter Cologne, when the British go. 1f 1 may venture an opinion based upon my own German investigations. 1 do for a moment believe the Ger mans will accept any sort of pact which does not free their territory {and givedhem insurance against what they—mistakenly, in my judgment, but universally—regard as a standing menace of French ambition? The chief difficulty in the guaran ee pact question lies in the fact that it suggests in all its details the en trancing game which the older gen eration may still remember, the game which refoiced in the name of “Pigs in the Clover” and consisted in manip- ulating & number of ifttle round shot %0 that they all would roll into the center. the -obvious difficulty being that the motion employed to entrap one usually set all the others rolling in a centrifugal fashion The Géneva agreement between Bri and and Chamberlain would seam to suggest that agreement has been reached between France and Britain by a series of compromises designed on the one hand to satisfy French obligations to her allies and on the other give proper attention to the British determination not to be re- sponsible either for Polish and Czecho frontiers or for Franco-German quar- rels growing out of them. M. Briand and Mr. Chamberlain have found a formula, apparently, which will al- low France to protect her allies, but only under conditions carefully set down and all to be put definitely un- der the control of the League of N Fight for Status Quo France and Britain have agreed that Germany is to be admitted the Leaghe of Nations with the promise of a 'permanent place on the couneil. Subject to her consent to come in, and her due rival, France and Britain have agreed that there shail be a four- power - pact, eternizing the existing frontiers on the west of Germany. that there shail be a neutral zone on the left bank of the Rhine, all within Ger- man territory, that Britain shall agree to - guarantee these frontiers and to take up arms if they are violated. Britain thus takes for the region be- tween Holland snd Switzerland the responsibility which she formerly took for Belguim, and for the same reason. She agrees (0 fight to preserve a status quo, the disturbance of which would compromise her own security. But_in taking this important re- the British do not ally themselves with the French against the Germans. This ‘much has been made very clear by denials coming from London. All British skill is di- rected toward avoiding creating the impression in Berlin that an alliance is being made against the Germans, all British effort is concentrated on giving to the whole matter the form and character which will make it free from any color of hostility to Ger- many, in reality a bilateral pact. And the natural effort of the French press to read a unilatural character into the proposal has aroused vehement British denunciation. So much for the wholly nebulus in- formation as vet available about this already famous pact. Now thers are and that Britain should guarantee] them.- Thus the French have wanted - certain obvious warnings to he horne “(Continued on Third Page) :f— ¥