Evening Star Newspaper, January 6, 1924, Page 55

STORIES, 'DISTRICT SCOUTS Boy Scouts. Troop 10 of the Ninth Street Chris- tian Church still leads in the advance- ment contest. Thomas J. Kelly, the hustling scoutmaster of this troop. With the equally aggressive assistant ecoiitmaster, Ray Kelly, have kept the Scouts of Troop 10 on their toes from the day this contest opened. They are now being pressed hyrd by Scoutmaster Dan Tyrrell and his rap- 1dly advancing Troop 100, from the Y. M. C. A, who won the contest last year. Troop 100, six points behind frroop 10 last month, has now de- vreased the margin separating them from the leaders to less than two points. Troop 70 of Fourth Presby. terian Church is a good third, only fifteen points behind Troop 100. Standing of the twenty leading troops is as follows: Troop 10, 37.409; 100, 35.467; 70. 20.651; 15, 19.422; 11, 13.763; 3§, 10.227; 52, ing Kenneth Stubbs of Troop 70 leads all others, with 80 points to his credit. George Tolson of Troop 67 s second, with 70 points; Robert Praetorious, Troop 70, third, with 65 points, and then follow: Donald Stubbs, Troop 70, 60 points; Carl Ackerman, Troop 10, 55 points; William Ackerman, Troop 10, 50 points: H. Hoffman, Troop 10, 50 points: A. Roliman. Troop 10, 45 points; Willlam Smith, Troop 10, 45 points; Clarence Stauffer. Troop 10, Sam Nordlinge, 39, Elmer Whitney, Troop 10, 35 Frank Whitney, Troop 10, 35 points; Blain Harrell, Troop 100, 35 points; Vernon Robbins, Troop 63. 35 points. Scouts, scoutmasters and scout offi- clals are all exprossing gratitude at the progress made by the Boy Scout movement in the Capital city during 1923. Tt was a record year, surpass- inz all former accomplishments for Washington, both in number of Scouts enrolled and in advancement from grade to grade made by the Scouts, As a result of the memberehip cam- paign, for which President Harding awarded streamers, the enroliment of Bcouts reached a high-water mark Washington was one of three citles of its class in the whole country to attain the goal set by national head- quarters and win this distinction. Fitty-four troops were awarded these streamers In cxercises at the Capitol a short time ago. In addition, every record for ad- vancement from tenderfoot to second and first class scout and for merit badges awarded was broken in the year. A new and more difficult goal has been adopted for the present year, that will tax every troop to the limit to attain, but the Scouts are going at it with a will. Region C has a larger percentage of first and second class scouts than any of the other regions under the District of Columbia Council. This reglon is under the charge of Charles A. Bell, fleld executive, and includes division IV, of which Col. E. L. Mat- tice Is deputy commissioner, and divi- slon V, under Deputy Commissioner Fred Pearce. The thirty-three troops in this region are: 1, 6, 11, 35, 39, 42, 44, 46, 40, 47, 51, 56, 60, 64, 70, 75, 91, 94, 21, 33, 32, 41. 49, 69, T4, 77, 83, 96, 110, 124. Troop 120, located at Capjtol Heights, Md.. has just received per- mission from Gov. Ritchie to be called “The Governor's Own.” and feels highly honored by this distinc- tion. . H. Hamilton is scoutmaster, and in a few short months since as- suming charge has built it into one of the most capable and hustling troops under the District of Columbla Council. It is planning to win the further distinction of being “the best Boy Scout troop in Maryland.” that " it may be worthy of the patronage of its distinguished friend. Troop 57 of Chevy Chase Presby- terian Church has just secured Maj. Stanley L. Wolfe as scoutmaster. Maj. Wolfe was formerly colonel of cadets in Pennsylvania State College, was cited by Gen. Pershing for meritor- ious service in the world war, and made @ knight of the Black Star by France. He now is forest evacuation engineer in the internal revenue de- partment, and comes splendidly equipped for the leadership of the live bunch of scouts that make up Troop 57. Troop 73 of the Y. M. I. A. enjoyed two lectures during the Christmas soagon. W. Graham Cole, secretary of the Washington Safety Council, addressed the troop on December 20, and Dr, Wallace Yater gave a first aid talk on the 27th. Scout Abby Mintz was in charge of the Field 45 GAMES, Troop | Girl Scouts. Troop 4, Mrs. Loretta Murphy, captain; Leah Woods, scribe, held its regular meeting in Noel House, Wed- nesday, the 19th. After the opening ceremonies the minutes of the last meeting were read by the secretary, Leah Woods. The color guard was formed by Dorothy Claypole, Ruth McKinney and Leah Woods. The troop separated into patrol corners, Dorothy Claypole coaching the candidates in patrol 1 and Leah ‘Woods helping the prospective scouts in patrol 2. The meeting was adjousned with the singing of the evening song and taps. It was decided that there should be no meeting the day after Christmas. Holly Troop 10, Miss Hazel Scanlon, captain; Ruth Shaughnessy, acting scribe, had no regular: meeting Christmas week, but went on two hikes. The first hike was Thursday, the 27th. The girls started from Sth and F streets at 10:30 and went to Anacostia to the home of Capt. Law- rence of Troop 34, who used to be the captain of Troop 10. While on the hike, Ruth Lewis passed her signal- ing test, thus completing her work for second-class scout. | A fire was made and lunch cooked after which they went back to Capt. Lawrence’'s and the giris took turns riding her horse. A few of them ex- pect to go back soon to really learn to ride. As it began to rain, they went indoors and played gam leaving for home about 4:30. The next day the girls met with Capt. Scanlon and started on a hike through Rock Creek Park. They first went toward Plerce Mill and | camped near there for lunch. They then divided into two groups, one to set the trail, the other to follow. After this they practiced signaling. | All who went on this hike were sec- Innd-clnus scouts. On Christmas Eve a basket was taken by the troop to a needy fam- ily. The basket contained food and toys. Troop 14, Mrs. Theodore Wilkinson, captain; Betty Seeds, secretary, gave a Christmas party Wellnesday, Decem- ber 19, from 4 to 6 p.m., to twenty-one deserving children of the city. When the children first arrived at the party, which was held at the St. John' Church parish hall, games were played. They were then shown their Christmas tree, which held a gift for each of them. Refreshments were served. At 6 o'clock Capt. Wilkinson and Scout Sarah Jane Reed's mother returned the girls to their various homes. Pine Cone Troop 34 held no regular meeting Christmas week. On Christ- mas eve several of the girls went to the home of the captain, Miss Vera | Lawrence, and there they packed a box of homemade candy which they sent to disabled veterans at Walter Reed Hospital. Wednesday night an entertainment was held in the Ana- costia Methodist Church hall, and the parents of the girls were Invited. A playlet written by the captain was given and each girl had a part. “Jo: 10 the World” and “Silent Night were sung by the girls. Esther Rankin gave the story of | the first Christmas. Motion songs were sung by Lillie Hazel, Josephine Rankin, Lou Snyder and Virginia| Galatzo. Anna Fuglitt sang “Oh, Lit- | tle Town of Bethlehem” and Lon Snyder gave a monologue. Scout Mar- jorie Robey was at the piano. Re- freshments of hot chocolate and “hot dog” sandwishes were prepared by Katherine Peaper, Evelyn Hazel and Vera Inscoe. Marden King substi- tuted for Santa Claus and presented gifts to all scouts present. An informal meeting of the troop was held Monday night at the hall, and the next meeting will be held to- morrow at 7 p.m. I1da and Isabel Schnable and Helen King will recelve thelr tenderfoot pins. Troop 42, Mrs. Conrad H. Young, captain; Katherine Merritt, scribe, on account of the absence of so many of the girls did not hold patrol ‘corners. The girls brought fruit, candy, nuts and gifts for the hospital for crippled children in Baltimore. The court of awards, to be held at the Wilson Normal School, 11th and Harvard streets, on January 12, wis announced. AL the next meeting of the troop thirty-two girls were present. A let- ter was read from Girl Scouts in Towa, after which knot-tying was practiced. Troop 45, Miss Mildred Averill, cap- tain; Dorothy Oothoudt, scribe, met in the Ninth Street Christian Church Monday evening. After the opening exercises a business meeting was held. and it was decided to form a | | ! | i { | { day program last week. The troop|DeW Patrol and a court of honor. The {s planning to issus a booklet soon | LD Dresented Christmas baskets to THE SUNDAY NEWS OF SCOUTS, Tormery TorTLe ane sue & rated by Edward | ndlinh, | OMMY TURTLE used to clerk | for Brother Black Beaf, who kept a cross roads store down at the Blg Forks. Brother Black Bear was noted for being tight- fisted and stingy. In his cellar was 2 cider barrel, and when Tommy Turtle went down to draw cider for the cus- tomers Brother Black Bear made him whistle, 80 he would know that he wasn't drinking any of the cider. “Young man,” said Brother Black Bear, “kindly whistle when vou.go into the cellar to draw cider." Tommy usually whistled: “Sweet prospects, sweet fields, And sweet flowers, Have all lost their sweetness but me." After a while Tommy hit upon the idea of fllling a bottle while he was whistling. ¥ One day Tommy came to Brother Bear with a very rueful countenance. “What Is wrong, sir?" asked Brother Black Beer. “A customer, sir,” replied Tomm. bought a bottle of horse linimen The bottle was a dollar and twenty- five cents. But he gave me a counter- | teit dollar.” Brother Bear clicked his tongue at this. ‘'Was the quarter good?” he asked. Yes, sir.” replied Tommy. Very well, then." replied Brother | Black Bear, “we still made a profit | of twenty cents.” * % % % One day a traveling duck stepped in and showed Brother Bear how he could save himself some, money. Brother Bear said as how he never allowed a good deed to go unre- warded. Then he broke a Wheeling stogie in two and gave the traveling gentleman one-half and he smoked the other half himself. Another time Brother Bear's store got on fire and the boys of the neigh- borhood toted water to put the fire out until they were black In the tace. The fire was finaily put out. and, after | delivering a lecture on the damage | done by the water. Brother Bear gave | egch Doy a dried peach Straw STAR, WASHINGTON GIRLS’ ACTIVITIES, One day a neighbor asked Brother Bear how he felt. Brother Bear said he felt “very diabolical.” “Diabolical,” replied his neighbor, “means ‘pertaining to the devil'” “Well." replied Brother Black Bear, “T heard a bluejay use that word an’ 1 just thought T'd try it out.” Brother Bear always held that it was Incorrect to say “I saw a man.” “You saw wood,” said Brother Black Bear, “and you seen a man.” * o ok * One time a traveler going to a near- by town offered to buy any supplies that Brother Bear wanted. Brother Bear said his medical department was getting low and he asked the traveler to bring him two dollars’ worth of “skaly-kanutin The traveler re- turned and reported that the druggist at that place said that that there wa: no such drug as “skaly-kanutin Polo Is D. O, JANUARY exclaimed Brother Black Bear, and then he made the air quite blue, saying a number of things that would never do to print in the Sab- bath school primer. ‘What!" sald Brother Black Bear again. “Don’t finow ‘skaly-kanutin'? Why—blinkity—blank—blank. Why ‘skaly-kanutin’ is one of the common- est drugs what Is!" * ok ok ¥ Tommy Turtle used to sell the cus- tomers vegetables, salt meat, candy, pickles, ladies’ hats, butter, eggs, hardware and millinery. Whenever a customer wanted a suit of clothés Tommy had the customer lie down, then he marked off the measurements on the floor with chalk. | Brother Bear hal cut a trapdoor in | the floor of the second-story ware- ouse. One day Tommy heard a rum- ! biing noise and he knew that Brother Indoor Fun ITH the long winter evenings |ficld. If he is successful another point | A referee should be appointed to indoor game, which can be played by a whole group of vour friends, is just the thing. The following articles are nec- essary: . An old table (preferabli® one of the felt-covered card tables), some cardboard, a few thumb tacks, one dried pea, some soda straws, two salt ehakers and two pepper shakers (all here this good showing the good turns -performed during the past year. That the Boy Scouts of America constitute an impresive force for ad- vancement of radio was recently shown in the results of a question- naire sent out by Boy's Life, the Boy Scout magazine, to subscribers in hundreds of cities, towns and vil- lages. Of all replying, 90 per cent are interested in radio, 75 per cemt of those who replied own radio out- fits and 48 per cent receive «up to) several thousand miles. Parts were bought and sets bHulit by 67 per cent of these young owners, while the remainder bought complete units outright. _ * The interest and enthusiasm do not seem in danger of falling, as every scout to reach first-class rank must know the Morse or Interna- tlonal code, and this before he can %o on into the work for the merit badge for radio. A comprehensive radio program covering a period of five years is at present under consideration by the Boy Scouts of Amerlca. Details are being worked out by & committee of experts. The tentative plans include the employment of a high-grade radio expert at the national office to pre pare material for boy scouts in their official magasine; develop broadcast- ing plans with statlons, for the in- formation ahd entertainment of boy scout units throughout the country; _ develop a boy scout relay league with spresentatives i each of the 21,600 needy families. The scouts attended a Christmas party at the home of Capt. Averill on the evening of December 26. Wise Little Fellah! Customer to Waiter—A little pird told me that this coffee is old. ‘Walter—What kind of & bird was it? Simply Great! Polly—What do you think of my shoes? Percy—I think they're immense. Hello, There! “Money talk; “What language?” ‘Chink.” Strong Number, Latest Song Hit — ‘Chemistry Blues.” (The words aren't much, but, oh, that air!) ——————— troops and perfect a system for broadcasting important announce- ments from the national council office at New York to all local couneil units throughout the country. A system of broadcasting _between troops is also contemplated n the couragement of the installation of a recetving set plans, and aiso the in the home of every Boy Scout four alike, if pogsible). The illustration shows how the ta- ble is used. The cardboard is cut into strips two and ome-half inches high and thumbtacked all around the table so that the pea (which serves as the ball) will not be blown off the field. The salt and pepper shakers are placed as goals. Any number may Pplay the game, just so there is an even number of Dlayers on each side. Every player is given a straw and the pea is placed in the center of the table. At the signal, g0, the two téams try to Flow the pea through their opponents’ goal posts. Each goal so made counts -Ixt points. After scoring a goal the ball i is placed in the center of the fleld | and a player on the scoring side nl given one free blow at the pea to x whether he can make it go,through the goal posts from the center of the ! He Was Piqued. A young boxer with splendld physique Received a hard blow on the bique; His head hit the ground - And he didn't come ‘round To his senses for more than a wique. His Mistake. Mother—Some one wants you on the | phone, Helen, ‘and I guess it's a stranger. Daughter—Why? Mother—He asked If you were busy. is added to his team's score. For breaking an opposing player's strdw during the game the penalty is moving the ball three inches nearer to the goal which the destructive player is defending. For knocking or blowing the ball from the table nenalty is five inches. You will often need a background for your cartoons—a .bit of land- scape, perhaps, or & body of water. If the scene is laid indoors a little furniture, a half-open door, or even & picture on the wall will help. Al- udge the game, and his declsion is final. If any player refuses to abide by the penalties he inflicts that player must retire from the game until af- ter the opposing side has scored on | his team once. ways keep your backgrounds simple and do not allow them to detract attention from the more important part of your picture. A few simple techniques for han- dling the various subjects are shows. When drawing trees of bushes, don't attempt to show svery leaf—just in- SCIENCE, RESSREAPITORE | 1924—PART 3. Things of Interest to Young Folks Bear was rolling in some barrels of sugar. Suddenly there was an awful crash and Tommy turned around in time to see Brother Bear come hurt- ling through the trapdoor and land head first in a pickle barrel. The vinegar got in Brother Bear's eyes and he rolled and hollered, and howled and swore, and finally he made a dash for the water bucket. The bucket was on a shelf and when Brother Bear reached for it he acci- dentally stepped on the plug of the molasses barrel. Out came the mo- lasses in & thick stream and down went Brother Black Bear right in the middle of it. Tommy Turtle was so excited that he was hopping up and down like a Jack sparrow on an ash can. “Roll in @' sawdus’, Brother Bea Tommy shouted, jumping up and down. “Roll in d' sawdus’ So Brother Bear rolled his sticky sides in the sawdust and shavings on the floor, and then—well, you just ought to have seen him. All that Tommy Turtle could see was two eves, a pair of ears, few claws, and {the rest was all shavings and saw- | aust. | Tommy Turtle called in some out- side help and between them all they managed to roll Brother Bear on to a wheelbarrow, and then they took turns and trundled him off to the mill dam and just dumped him in, sawdust and ail Brother Bear was a good swimmer and when he came out he was fairly clean again. But the fiies gave Brother Bear a good deal of trouble for some time after that, for the mo- lasses stuck in his hide; and that is what Mra. Bear meant when she said that Mr. Bear “was a little bit rough in his ways, but that if one really knew him he was the ‘sweetest thing, " ete. A couple of days after this Tommy Turtle heard a great clatter and banging upstairs and he called up to Brother Bear to ask what he was doing. “Doing!" thundered old Daddy Black Bear. “T'm & nallin’ up that blinkity- blanked, blooming trapdoo; Invisible Writing. Ever want to use a secret Ink for writing? 1If so, the two simplest are milk and lemon juice. Just take a {bit of milk or a bit of lemon julce and put it in a clean inkwell. A clean new pen must also be used, |50 thet no trace of black will appear |on the “invisible letter.” Dip the | pen in the Ink often so as to be sure it 1s writing and after the letter ls finished, do not blot it, as that will absorb some of the invisible Ink and the blotted portions will not show up well when it is desired to the read the message. To make elther of these invisible |inks visible all that has to be done | is to get the paper on which they are used good and warm and they | will both show up plainly. Care | must be taken when heating the paper not to burn it or scorch it. Digesting Knowledge. First Cannibal—I have a stomach ache. Second Cannibal—It must be that grad-u-ate. pet I e Never at Right Time. Mother—No, Bobby, for the third time, you can't have another choc- olate. Bobby (in despair)—I dom't see where father gets the idea that you are always chenging your mind. Slacker. i Foreman—Ow is it that that leetle | man always carries two planks w; your one? Laborer—'Cos "e's too blinkin' lazy to go back for the other one. dicate a few. The same holds good when drawing windows on high bulldings. & “This concludes. our little course in’ cartooning.” We have not been able to cover everything as thor- oughly as could be desired in a few short lessons like thiese, of course, ‘but if you have faithfully carried out the instructions from week to week and_have practiged the .exercises, am sure you are & better cartoonist now than when you began, aren’t you? ADVENTURE, JOKES, CARTOONS The Gentleman Thief’'s Secret Which Leaked TAD looked up ftrom his geos- raphy book to gaze out the win- dow where snow was pouring down in soft white clouds, making a spot- less blanket over trees and streets and hou “Bet I can earn some money after school cleaning off peo- ple's sidewalks,” he thought. As Tad left the school yard, John Hammond called to him. v, how'd you'llke to make a snow man?’ he whispered. “It's getting colder every minute, and If we'd make a man tonight, he'd freeze up and last for days.” Tad hesitated a minute as he thought of the sidewalks that might yleld some pocket money if he cleaned them, then he replied, “Sure, I'm in for it. Let's make it here in tho school yard for a surprise to the other folks in the morning. | We can start a little ball for the snow man’s body on the walk at the top of the_hill and roll it dawn to make it big enough.” The boys eagerly started their hard, tight ball down the sidewalk of the long decline of College HIIL Half way to the bottom they checked it, while Mr. Peters, their principal, passed with a hearty greeting on bhip way home from school. Again| they whirled it through the drifts: while they ran behind, giving it oc- casional turns to make It nice and round. The boys pushed the ball from the foet of the hill into the center of the school yard. It was almost as high as they were and firm as a rock. While Tad rolled a small ball for the head and made arms and legs, John ran home for an-old Pipe, & hat and a slouchy coat. Dark- ness was falllng when they got the last touches on the snow giant. They ran home chuckling at the thought of the surprise to the other students in the morning. The next day when Tad reached school. he was met by a chorus cf cries, “Mr. Peters wants to see you!" “Too bad a fellow can't even make a snow man without getting bawled out for it he thought, climbing the stairs. But Mr. Peters did not mention the snow man. Instead he said, “Tad, did you see & gold watch in the path last night when vou were on the hill?" Tad replied that he had npt. “I lost my valuable timeplece be- tween achool and my house” Mr. Peters told him. “I remember put- ting it in my pocket when I left the bullding, but I discovered after reaching home that it was gone; I “Ring in the New Year!” cry the Jigedies. “Three hundred and sixty- five jaunting days are over. - Hur- rah for 306 more to travel! In balancing their book: ;dlea find the year has given them jevery ome without exception a cer- {tain thing. ‘Twas laughing so much did it. _Trace the word with your pencll on the map. s First letter: From Grand Island, the Jige- 1 From the Trap "THE trapper's life is one of dan- | gers and hazards. Hiy season. { which extends roughly from the first iot October to the time of the break- ing up of the ice in the spring, .is filled ‘with the thrill of winning hix prize in every sort of weather—be it sun, rain or blizzard. Some one has said that the trape per's months are the ones contain- Ing the letter R. Except for the first and last, September and April, this is true. Throughout the others the animals’ pelts are in their prime, or full-furred, state. Stripping the furs from the ani- mals and drylpg them is an drt. Not all pelts may be handled in the same way. Some must be cured with salt; others may be stretched. Some must be cleaned; many of them dyed. The final appearance of the fur when It is made up into the article for sale has undergone many changes of hands and processes of beautifying, %o that it oftentimes bears little re- jemblance to the creature of the woods that first wore it. The gama of trapping must take dditiosal adventure when the Out in the End o £ must have dropped it in the snow. [ have asked many of the students, but as far as I can find, you and John Hammond were the only ones on the hill all evening.” With the assurance that ha would do what he could to recover the watch for the principal, Tad was thanked kindly and sent to his room John, too, when questioned, denfed seeing the watch As the days went by and the watch was not returned, Tad and John found themselves looked upon with growing suspicion by their school- mates. The snow gradually melted, leaving the walk on the hill clear, 50 it was certain the timepiece had not been hidden in the drifts “Somebody has that watch and is keeping it secret” declared Fred Sampson, the school bully, who al- way took the lead when troubls loomed on the playground. 1r there's a thief in this school, we'll find out who it Is and beat him up to a clean finish.” The others agraed and eyed the two boys more than ever. As the talk grew, Tad and John even became suspiclous of each other. Somebody did have the watch, bu- that somebody did not tell “That old snow man's brought me " nothing but trouble,” though: Tad angrily on his way to school ene morning. “T should have been clean- ing off walks and earning money while T was making it. And now the boys say I'm a robber.” As he entered the vard, he saw a group around the snow man. It had grown crippled from melting and sooty with smoke. Knock it down! Bust it up!” eried Fred. the leader. “It was made thieves!” There was a thump as the &ang, charging upon the snow man, pushed it over. Then there was a sudden surprised silence. “Mr. Peter's watch,” Tad heard Spying Tad, the boys cried, “How did you make this enow man? “Started a little ball at the top of the hill and rolled it down,” re- plied Tad, with joy. “That watch must have been taken right up in the snow.’ “Well, who would have thought of accusing a snow man of being = thief,” remarked Fred, picking up the thin gold case. “Let's do what we sald we would, beat him to finish!” and the group laughingly fell upon the ruins of the snow man and pounded his lcy sides till they crumbled by WHAT HALF THE PEOPLE TRY TO GAIN THE OTHER HALF DECLARETHER BANE 1F YOU WOULD 1T TAKES THEU BUY, THE BUTCHERILSELL IT IGEDIES TO SPELLIT b} Neb., to Cheyenne, Wyo.; to Dawson. N. M.; to Roswell, N. M. Then, lifting the pencil, from Daw- son to Woodwsrd, Okla. Second letter: from Tulsa, Okla., to Sedalia, Mo.; to Waterloo, lows; to St. Louls, Mo.; to Jackson, Tenn. Then 1ifting the pencil again from Sedalia across to St. Louis. Third letter: From .Indlanapolis, Ind..'to Johnstown, Pa. Then from Columbus, Ohlo, to Augusta, Ga. Stories of Furs and Fur Trapping. to the Market. woodsman knows his booty is to be of special value, or will go for = unique purpose, Furs have played a famous part in costuming nota- bles for the brilllant events of his- tory.. Coronations always employ furs of fabulous value in the robes worn. - Brmine, sable and black fox are the three. furs that have been used for the crowning of monarchs. Sea otter, blue fox and others have been worn by royalty o other court occaslons. « Sometimes ‘®il. the trap- pers of a country have been knovn to devote their season {o catching enough furs for a singlé coronation Popes and priests have worn costly furs in affairs of religibus ceremony for generstions. In the days of her- aldry, coats of arms frequently bore fur backgrounds, or inlays of ermine Special occasions, after all, pl small part in the yearly use of the thousands of furs that aro caught in various parts of the world. The majority are the furs of medlum value, but since the days of the pomp of kings they have been looked upon as & luxury wherever they are