Evening Star Newspaper, January 6, 1924, Page 29

EDITORIAL PAGE NATION AL PROBLEMS SPECIAL ARTICLES Part 2—16 Pages BUREAU OF STANDARDS SAVES MILLIONS TO U. S. $1,000 for Every Hour Shefiandoah Is in Flight But One Example of Economies. BY BEN McKELWAY. HE burcau of standards has just perfected a device which will the United States government' $1,000 for every hour that the Shenandoah—pride of the American air service—ls in Alght. That, according to commen inter- pretations of the word, is “ne But it night have been more inter esting news if the newspaper read- public had been informed before- nd, in headlines, both large and , that the Shenandoah, in her picturesque flights over the heads of an admiring and heavily taxed pub- burning up one thousand Iver dollars for every hour she flew. Such was the case. The wuste came about through the fact that for every pound of gasoline consumed a pound of helium had to he “valved out” to maintain the standard buoyaney of the ship. The problem turned over to the bureau of standards. There it was «d, by experiment in the labora- ses may pound of con- pound of discovery save hard. round was wis prov be made to yield 4 wafer for evel consumed. The will enable the Shenandoah and other eraft of her type to maintain stand- | ard buoyaney without “valving out”| the expensive helinm The annual} saving on one airship, flying one day m six. would execed the annual bud- ®et of the bureau of standards for an entirc year. Millions Saved. Yearly v | i But not about thei Shenandosh, but about the bureau of | stundards and the results of a some- | what cursory check-up there to show | the millions of dol which are being saved American industry, and therefore the American public. by its work. Tt has been said and written bhefore that the bureau of standards has effected savings in industry. But with the thought in view, perhaps.| of having convincing memoranda at | hand when the annual fight for ap- propriations begins on Capitol . Hill, officials ut the bureau have checked ! up interesting data which shows, in dollars and cents, what a sound tn- vestment the American people have made in the bureau of standards. So far us known, this is the first time anything of the sort has been at- tempted. Limited in the work it might do by lack of funds—an old story at bureau of standards—a system gradually come into use there| which is making this government ugency a distinet aid to all branches of American industry. There are ap- proximately 100 committees now existing which represent various groups, and which meet regularly at the bureau for the discussion of problems common in allied fields of industry. When the bureau decides to investigate a particular problem— for instance, the problem of getting the most wear out of automobile brake linings—the automobile indus- try, through its representative or- ganizations, will be invited to send men to the bureau who will take rt in the experiments. The brake lining tests are a good example. Some me ago the War Department asked the bureau to help put its trucks in first-class condition. A test was started on brake linings. The au- tomotive industry found out ahout the experiments and asked to be allowed to benefit by them. The tests themselves have been finished and it is estimated the savings in brake linings alone will approximate $10,000,000 annually to the automo- bile-owning public. Helps Industrial Groups. With & few exceptions, the bureau | undertakes work for an Industrial | sroup only at the solicitation of that | sroup, thereby evading any slurs on | the bureau concerning its desire to meddle in somebody else’s busihess. | Nor does the bureau undertake to| compete with industrial establish- ments which make a business of testing or analyzing materials. This policy s carrying out the ideal of any government establishment by making it an agency which co-oper- ates with and assists private indus- try, which does its work to benefit the majority of the people, but re- ligiously abstains from interfering or attempting to dictate. The bureau may tread on some- body's toes now and then, but the step is taken in the Interest of the this story is Vtne chemically pure glucose, made possible by discoveries of the sugar section of the bureau. Experts at the bureau prepared 4,090 pounds of pure dextrose by the new method and proved so conclusively its com- merctal $2.000,000 recently has been devoted by factorles to. produce dextrose by the bureau method. to the world is beyond estimate. {imately largest number of people. stance, research is just beginning at the burgau into the varfous types of #as heating fixtures on the market. Comparatively few persons are as- phyxlated because of faulty and abstemious Americans have ter- rific headaches day In and day out becuuse carbon monoxide is manu- factured In some gas heaters. Gas heater manufacturers may not relish the thought that the bureau is going inte their field, but, on the other hand, similar experiences of the bu- reau have developed the fact that in- dustry Is just as anxlous to over- come defects in its products as the bureau of standauMls. and is anxious to help rather than hinder this gov- ernment agency In its work. Few Instances Give Idea. Coming down to brass tacks and some of the accomplishments of the bureau, it would be difficult and per- haps useless to attempt an estimate of the total savings brought about through the bureau's various re- searches. But a few concrete in- stances might give an idea of what the total would amount to. Ten thousand dollars a month is estimated savings on the depth- sounding operations of a single ship of the coast guard flect by the use of & device developed by the accous- tics laboratory of the bureau. Loca- tion of sounding points can now be fixed, even in fogs. by sound signals from ship to shore stations through water, the signals being automatical- Iy relayed to the ship by wireless on reaching the shore station. At pres. ent the fog prevents work twenty- five days a month. An annual saving of $65,200 in the cost of government telephone service was made as the result of an expert survey by the telephone sectlon of | the bureau. The testing of electric lamps and their factory inspection are saving the federal government at least $100,- 000 annually. The restandardization by the bu- reau of instruments used in fixing the customs duties on Imported Lsug.’lrs is resulting in an increased revenue on imported $100.000 per year. $10,000 Saved for District. At least $10,000 a_year is being saved the District of ‘Columbia In its purchases of fire hose as a result of specifications drawn up by the bureau of standards and experiments In its laboratories. The radiometry section of the bu- reau suggested that in airship han- gars venetian blinds be used, painted a buff color, to reflect sunlight into balloon hangars. This eliminates sugars of | ultra violet rays, which cause rapid deterioration of balloon materials. The estimated eaving on a single hangar was $25,000 a year. A new industry, the production of has been feasibility that more than the sugar industry to building The ultimate value Data compiled by the bureau of standards in co-operation with the iPost Office Department show that specifications for motor gasoline for the government may be for- mulated in such ‘a ‘way as to increase the possible g#soline Dproduction in the country by approx- 15 per cent—that 1s, 500,- 000,000 gallons per year—with no im- portant sacrifice by car owners in operation difficulties or costs. The ving to the country from the bureaw’s work on batteries of va- rious types is conservatively esti- mated at more than $350,000 per year on account of better quality, performance and durability. Three hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars’ saving a year may be credited to the bureau's investiga~ tions of causes and remedy for dam- age to underground metal work from stray electrical currents. And this is not, by any means, a complete list of the bureau's sav- ings. But any one of the majority of thoso cited above is enough to pay for the operation of the bu- reau of standards for many years to come. Soft Coal Strike Now Unlikely; Leaders Are Getting Together ITH 4,300 soft coal mines throughout the country tdle at the present time, and the newly elected dele- gates to the United Mine Workers' conventlon preparing for their an- nual contact with operators to dis- cuss a new wage agreement, indic tions multiply that the ‘public will be spared this year from the pangs of another strike in the coal indus- try. Neither miners nor operators are in mood for another protracted strug- gle. The mines through their offi- cial spokesman, are professing keen desire to continue workfng. The biggest clouds In the sky at the pres- ent time, they say, are those kicked up by certain non-union coal oper- ators, who want to see a strike be- cause it would enable them to run thelr mines full time. Some of the owners of the 4,300 idle mines, too, the miners charge, would mnot be averse to & strike, because at its closs they could resume Opsrations— A prospect unlikely for many months Je Soms IS thesa ia-0o sipika. Miners and operators who met in Cleveland Friday, to fix a time and place for holding the next jolnt con- ference to arrange a wage scale took 2 long step toward averting a strike. In recent years it has been impossible, in some Instances, even to get the parties together. Now they are amicably arranging their meeting, and arranging it in advance of the miners’ annual convention. Hereto- fore the operators have waited to see what the miners would do. The miners' convention to be held at Indianapolls January 22 will re- flect accurately the mentiment of the workers with respect to their- course after April 1 next, when the present wage agreement expires. As the situation shabes up now, it is unlifely that the miners will ask for apother advance in wages. In ail likelihood the mmers will be content to renew their present wage agreement. They want a two-year agreement this time, instead of one running enly one year, and in this, it For in- gas heaters, but thousands of upstanding WASHINGTON, D. BY MAJ. J. FRANKLIN BELL, Engincer Commissioner, District of Columbin. HE future of Washington! perience here, to write on this subject. i three periods of residence here at intervals of about ten years, my ex- periences in other cities in the United States and abroad, and reflections incident to my present duties, have called my attention to certain things that people living here continuously and engaged in private enterprise may not have considered. Most cities are planned, if at all, fifty to one thousand years too late. Many American cities are now spending millions of dollars to tear down, or move, structures that in- terfere wtih their growth and de- velopment along logical lines. Not until the time of Napoleon was Paris recreated on thé lines so much ad- mired by all visitors today. In the interests of economy we should plan several years ahead. I heard a visitor say recently in speaking of a proposed memorial: “It is beautiful in itself, but does it conform to your city plan?” It is not practical, nor wise, to plan detailed developments too far ahead, because no one can foresee what the future may bring forth, but much as a house needs a plan. As the greater economic returns. cur Natiopal Capital From the dawn of history nations have risen, developed and decayed. Europe, Asia and Africa bear the ruins of national capitals. Even America bears the traces of prehistoric cities. Why did these nations pass away and are we to look forward to a not distant future when our National Capital will begin its decline? No patriotic American believes so. Through all the centuries of his- tory, up until about a century ego; man moved about the surface of the carth only as fast and as far as his own legs, or the legs of a horse, IPol ~ Says I | 5 article is set forth political philosophy of the man who will in all probability be- come the next premier of Great Britain, and in any event will play a consplcuous part in world af- fairs. It makes plain, further, that there is no strain of revolu- tionary methods In the present leadership of the labor party, Mr. Macdonald’s declaration being unequivocally in favor of consti- tutional methods. In this the By J. BAMSAY MACDONALD, M. P. HE makers of paper constitu- tions are coalitionists by na- ture. In the abstract, can any- thing be more logically or morally obvious than that men of good will and honest concern for the commonwealth should sit together as colleagues in effort and devise, as a joint body, the ways and means of national and international wellbe- ing? In this instance, however, the creation of the study has little like- ness to the needs of the world. That very simple expression ‘“national wellbeing” is the common aim of diverse policies and opposing schools, and political controversy must be concerned in discovering in what it consists as well as in how it is to be secured. The political field is not set out like & sports ground, but like a bat- tle plain. The work of the politician who has any claim to be regarded as a useful citizen is to value appropri- ately the rival and conflicting inter- ests and ideas of his time and cor- relate them into a system to gulde him in his aims and his practical work. In every-day life conviction may have to compromise with con- viction, and legislation be a result- ance of conflicting forces; but unless these forces are kept active by inde- pendent expression, public life will become a sluggish and a muddy flow of deadening expedlency. Conservatiam of Two Kind When leaders of opinion can strike no clear notes and can glve the peo- ple nothing but a value vision of moral ends, such as the lazy-minded ple nothing but a vague vision of fect, the energies of ‘public life siacken and the will to progress be- comes weak. Minds unspurred by high and open controversy _become lethargic, and then purely personal fleld, and institutions like parliament fie d, and institutions like parliament lose their grip on public interest and cease to be freshened by new drafts from the active intelligence in the nl:: nt'hc end of strenuous political epochs, when the principles of fur- ther advance are confused, parties become partisan or are committees for the defense of sectional concerns, and the majorities are gathered by aggregates of self-regarding inter- ests, each with & log to roll. But. normally, national life is maintained 7 two gohools of thought, both truly It may be presumptuous | for me, with my brief ex-| Perhaps, though, my | EDITORIAL SECTION e Sindny Shar, a, a city needs a general plan just zs; a city lasts longer than a house, | foresight in city planning will bring | That brings us to the question of | the probable future development of | | could carry him; or, if he moved by water, only by the aid of s or oars. Lack of transportation facili- | ties cramped the growth of cities and prevented the intercommunica- tion of the peoples of empires so as to bring about that intermingling of the races and that mutual under- standing on which the permanency of peace and government depends. Any American traveling in the rural districts of Europe is struck still by the limited horizon of the inhabi- tants. It was nearly three centuries from the time Columbus discovered | J. J. FRANKLIN BELL America before mastered the transportation difficul- ties of the Alleghenies sufficiently to begin to establish homes in the Ohio valley. The various colonies were jealous of their rights and stood to- gether apparently only because they could not stand apart. Today we are about ready to ac- cept a flight from the Atlantic to the Pacific, between dawn and dark, as an_ everyday happening, and the time is near when no American will care where another one comes from. Lloyd George says that the United J. RAMSAY MACDONALD. conservative, but one conservative in the sense that it stands still—the con- servation of the skeleton; and the other conservative in the sense that it promotes organic change—the con- servatism of the mind. Today the former is represented by the tory and the latter by the labor party. It is all for the good of the nation that the two should be In clearly conceptions of what national well- being is, criticize and supplement each other's proposals; and now as and administration up to, indeed, a|playing round them. It is enlisted as | terial things: of parliaments and cabinets as bodle: of specially wise or foolish men and endowed with a supreme power to do things for a passive people whose only function is to obey the laws An essential part of the parlia- mentary or any other system of gov- ernment is to educate the public so that it becomes an active partner in all that is done. Now, this is impos and in the press. interest but education kept up. the colonists had | | propaganda SUNDAY MORNING, JANUARY 6, 1924. Look Ahead, Plan for Capital’s Growth, Avoid Waste, Commissioner Bell Urges|yove sirica i Congress 1o Rearrange States can support 1,600,000,000 peo- ple. What will Washington be like then? Surely it is time to develop not only our city plans, but a regional plan. Perhaps no city in the world has been devcloped along better lines than Washington, but we need to look ahead constantly. We have a highway plan and mod- ifications are made in it as occasion arises. Developments outside the District limits must be considered soon. The McMillan Park plan serves as a general guide, but as it has, never had official approval there is no way,| to prevent real estate developments that will interfere with acquiring the parks proposed. It is time, also, to consider the acquisition of park |nial enumeration the President of the | taken it is not nec United States shall fmmediately note areas outside the District. We have plans, also, for improving our street lighting, for the enlargement of our water supply, for the extension of our sewer system, for bettering our | the total number to be elected as pro- | methods of disposing of city refuse, for improving traffic conditions, for improving our waterfront, for en- larging our facilities to care for the indigent, helpless, criminal and in- sane, and for the development of our school and library systems, but these plans have no official status. A modern city is such a complex organism that any change made in the plans proposed for one depart- ment affects the plans of several other departments. Highway, park, water, sewer, lighting, school, police and fire protection, disposal of refuse, public utility development and zoning plans are all related. Congress has wisely adopted the policy, in carrying on civil work un- der the chief of engineers of the ‘Wart Department, of approving com- prehensive projects which may take several years to complete, and ap- propriating lump sums to be dis- tributed by the chief of engineers in the most advantageous way. Con- gress is so burdened with thousands of bills requiring attention that it would appear to be wise to adopt a similar policy with regard to plan- ning improvements required in and near the District of Columbia. Plans cost little. The lack of plans leads to waste. itical Clashes Aid Public Weal, | Macdonald, British Labor Leader ideas is always handicapped by their newness. The first fate of a new idea is to be misunderstood and to become a bogy. Nine-tenths of the anti-soclalist is bogy-dressing, and points in the soclallst creed that are really vulnerable and need further consideration are passed over because it is easler to enlist fear and ignor- ance than full understanding. But no one can really complain of that It is part of the resistance which so- ofety makes in its own interests be- fore assimilating new {deas which are sound. The errors of Mr. Bald- win's speech on soclalism in Edin- burgh have been the subject of ex- amination on hundreds of platforms since it was delivered, and enlighten- ment has followed. Must Test New Ideas. If society is to enjoy a stable evo- lution rather than endure a serfes of revolutions it must not suppress new ideas, but provide that they be tested before they are applied and under- | stood before they are embodied in | legislation. All we need strive for is to create the best conditions under which public education may proceed, and leave the rest to the ordinary op- eration of democratic government. Only in this way can we create the constitutjonal mind—the mind which assigns their special rights to both majorities and minorities and toler- ates neither, whether fascisti or bol- shevists, exceeding those rights The moral and economic breakdown of capitalism, marked by fits fallure to provide a sufficlent impetus to labor and to keep the flow of pro- duction, exchange and consumptlon steady, combined with post-war con- ditions, has presented the world with sheaves of problems of critical im- port. If these are to be dealt with by ‘political methods we must have some assurance that parliament is equipped with both the knowledge and the will to face them. The case of the sufferers must be put with plainness and with force. The action finally taken may be a composite thing, but the discussions must be conducted by men free to ex- press their own views—men who have s | come to no bargains behind the scenes and whose loyalty to colleagues does REPRESENTATIVE RULE INU. S. AT END, IS CLAIM State Apportionment of Seats in House. BY WILL P. KENNEDY. EPRESENTATIVE ghvern- ment has ceased to exist in the United States and must be restored,” says Repre- sentative Roy G. Fitzgerald of Ohio in justification for a bill and joint resolution which he introduced in the House last Thursday proposing an amendment to the Constitution. His bill would carry out the pro- visions of article 1 of the Constitu- tlon regarding the distribution of seats in the national House of Repre- sentatives among the several states in equal proportion to the whole number of citizens. His resolution proposes to amend the Constitution by inserting this paragraph: “At the conclusion of each decen- 13 the result and notify the several states of the number of representa- tives to which cach is entitled in the next succeeding Congress, based upon vided by law, which apportionment shall control while the total number of representatives to be elected re- mains unchanged.” To substantiate his statement that representative government has ceased to exist, Representative Fitzgerald points out that in the 1920 election a presidential year, which invariably brings out the largest vote, In the third district of Louisiana 4,201 votes were cast, while in the tenth district of Missouri 199,729 votes were cast. Few Votes, Many Congressmen. There are twelve districts in the United States, Representative Fitz- gerald calls attentlon, where the to- tal number of votes cast in the whole twelve districts was 154,171. These districts are: Third Louisiana, first and second South Carolina, third and | elghth Mississippt, fifth Alabama, fourth Virginia, seventh Texas, sec- ond Florida, fifth Tennessee, second Arkansas and second North Carolina. In contrast to thls there are,twelve other districts where the total vote cast in the same election was 1,640,089, These districts are: Third, seventh and twenty-second Ohio, fifth and tenth Missourl, seventh Indiana, sixth Pennsylvania, sixth and tenth Illinois, tenth California and first and thirteenth Michigan. Representative John Philip Hill of Maryland also called attention to this unequal distribution: of seats in pro- portion to the whole number of vot- ers in an open letter to Representa- tive William D. Upshaw of Georgia, in which he stated that “each citizen of Georgia Is represented in Congress {by six representatives in proportion {to one congressman for a similar cit- {1zen of Maryland. In your election only one out of every forty-four cit- izens voted, while in my election one out of every five voted.” Prevalling Situation. The situation that exists is this: decennial census completed five years ago showed a population in continental United States of 105,- 708, The Constitution provides for the taking of this census every ten years and that “representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union according cording to their respective number: The House in the Sixty-sixth Con- gress passed a reapportionment bill based on the present number of seats in the House —435 members— but this was pigeonholed in the Sen- ate. The House census committee in the Sixty-seventh Congress reported 2 bill which placed the total number of seats in the House at 460 in order to take care of a number of dtates whose increased population entitled them to additional seats in Congress. The census committee adopted a ratio of 228,882 for each representative, which would give the average con- gressional district 17,005 more in- habitants than the average district under the last apportionment act. Under that bill there would have been an increase of twenty-five mem- bers in the House—four from Cali- fornia, three each from Michigan and Ohio, two each from New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania and Texas, and one each from Arkansas, Connecticut, Georgla, Illinois, Massachusetts, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma and Washington. Evén then there would be two states which would lose & representative—Maine and Mis- sourL That bill was killed on the floor of the House by being referred back to the committee on the ground that the Increase was unwarranted on acoount of the expense to the government and the loss in efficiency which would result from an un- wieldy legislative body. The mi- nority report, signed by six mem- bers of the committee, showed that the proposed Increase would mean a total annual increase in expenses of approximately $500,000. Losses and Gains for States. With the total number remaining the same as now—435—eleven states must lose one or more representatives and elght states would gain one or more seats. Representative Fitz- gerald points out that there are, The not necessitate silence or diplomatic | therefore, twenty-two Senators from equivocation. Coalitions can never | these eleven states who will be at put stralght issues. As a matter of | least luke-warm on the reapportion- fact, the necessities of the case do not permit of such coalitions of forces | whose representation or muffiing of opinfons. Polats of View Comfilct. Today the government and oppos!- separated camps; should be free from |sible without parliamentary opposi- |tion represent in principle diametric- all entanglements from each other; |tion, active not only in the house of |ally opposed points of view—the one 1 should, as the chdmpions of opposing | commons but on the public platform | that “private enterprise” (as it Is Thus not only i8 erroneously called) is good in itselt, that public interest should be sacri- ment, because they represent states in Congress would be reduced, which representa- tior, he claims, now votes on the property and rights of citizens of other states and is now imposing lation on those who have no choice {n their election. It is more than four years now since the decennial census was taken, 25| The natlon is kept alive to its own | ficed to private gain and that human |and If the samo reluctance to make drags, now as spurs, kedp legislatioh | problems and to the ideas that are | beings should be subordinated to ma- (& reapportionment continues through|of the total output is sold by the about | reapportionment legislation, Repre- sentatlve Fitzgerald says, He fears that the situation might drift on to a point where it would become impos- sible to restore representative gov- ernment. His bill designed to “keep things on the squarc” until Congress acts. This situation of representation be- ing thrown out of balance by the ebb and flow of population within the ten-year period. was emphasized on he opening day of the present Con- gress, when Texas, through a resolu- tion of its legislature, demanded an additional seat fn the House Representative Fitzgerald reads the Constitution the same way that Tex- as read it, putting on the interpeta tion that after the federal census ls ary for Con- gress to act, but that the proportion- | ment representation is determined b | the result of the census. Under t | is interpretation Texas clected anot! representative Congress and de manded that he be seated. Texas and California are destined to b mighty empires as population gro jand may in a few years rival New | York in population, so that Texas ha« a great deal more at stake than otl er states which have about ‘llu:xr maximum population, | Related Advantages. Besides the question of seats i House there are many related adva tages which some states are now ¢ prived of as a result of proportionat | representation being thrown out of . nce by the swing in populatior | This includes quotas of government publications, cadetships at Annapo. and West Point and distribution o other benefits of government whic as a result are now unfairly divided T in reach Those who are opposed to increas ing the size of the House call tion that reduction in representatio: of a state is not without precedent Eighteen states have heretofore ha } their congressional representation r { duced by various apportionment acts | several of them more than once. The membership of the House was duced in 184 It was not until 1886 that the practice of apportionmen 20 that no state would lose any of its representatives became an appers ent policy of Congress. Prior to tha time it was common to reduce the number of representatives in variou states. Besides the Fitagerald measures there are four reapportionment biit: before the House census committec three of which are jdentical, based oun a House of 435 members, the same as at present. These bills were all i troduced on the same day. Two of them are fathered by Representatives Louis W. Fairfleld of Indiana and Henry E. Barbour of California, re- publicans, who signed the minority report submitted to the House July 29, 1921, when the census committee proposed an increase to 460 members The identical bill is sponsored h Representative Eugene Black, derao- crat, of Texas. 1 1 Decreases Are Set Forth. A fourth bill hy HRepresentati Thomas L. Blanton, demoerat, of Texas, which proposes to reduce the number from 435 to 304. Under such an apportionment Arizona, Delaware Montana, Nevada, New Mexico and Wyoming would be the only states to retain their present number of House members. The following states would have their representation de creased: Alabama, from 10 to 7 Arkansas, from 7 to 5; Florida, fron. 4 to 8; Georgla, from 12 to §; Idaho from 2 to 1; Illinois, from 27 to 19 Indiana, from 13 to 8; Iowa, from 11 to 7; Kansas, from 8 to 5; Kentucky from 11 to 7; Louislana, from & to & Maine, from 4 to © to 4; Massachusetts, from 16 to 11 Michigan, from 13 to 10; Minneso from 10 to 7; Mississippi, from 8 to & Missouri, from 15 to 10; Nebras! from 6 to 4; New Hampshire, frox 2 to 1; New Jersey, from 12 to New York, from 42 to 30; North Carolina, from 10 to 7;: North Dakota from 3 to 2; Ohio, from to 16 Oklahoma, from § to 6: Oregon, from 3 to 2; Pennsylvania, from 36 to 25 Rhode Island, from 3 to 2; South Carolina, from 7 to 5; South Dakota. from 3 to 2; Tennesse, from 10 to 7: Texas, from 18 to 13; Utah, from 2 to 1; Vermont, from 2 to 1; Virgina. 10 to Washington, from ; West Virginia, from 6 to 4,and Wisconsin, from 11 to 8. Sweet Tooth of U. S. Costs $450,000,000 To satisfy your sweet tooth ther are 3,150 candy manufacturers in the United States, with an investment of about $350,000,000, who sell to wholesale and retail trade, consisting of about 3,600 candy jobbers and 75,000 candy retallers. Theso do not, thousands of wholesale and grocers and whol le and drugglists, through whom a volume of candy is distributed. The total output of the candy manufacturers last year was valted at $450,000,000. The total number of employes in the industry is about 250,000. All this is upon the authority of Walter C. Hughes, seqgetary of the National Confectioners' Association who furnished It to Representative Peter Tague of Massacusetts, a demo- cratic member of the House ways and means committee, in an appeal for abolition of the excise tax on candy Mr. Hughes said that 80 per cent include retail retail large however, ; the other that economic | the next sixX years, there will be more | manufacturers at less than 80 cents little ahead of the limit reached by |a jury in its own conocerns. I know | power should be organised for social | than eleven states which will be- | per pound and that 50 per cent of the how dificult it is fo get the facts be- ) ends and that™ national. préspefity | come involved on the losing side and 'output is sold as “penny goeds,” in the education of publio opinifom. Tt 1y a profound mistake tq think!fore the jury, The a@vocats of new 5 W it will by hatdsr than pow to pass units of L 5 and 10 cents, »