Evening Star Newspaper, April 15, 1923, Page 82

“AT THE STUDENTS' EXCHANGE, THE BOYS BUY, SELL AND TRADE FOOD, SECOND.HAND CLOTHING AND OTHER SUPPLIES.” BY FRANK G. CARPENTER. Berlin, Germany. - T seems as though the devil was sweeping over the na- tions fn a great tidal wave but nevertheless we know that God lives.” These were the words of Prof. Har- nack, the most famous of German theological professors and the fore- most of modern church historians, ut- tered to me today in his study in the great Palace of the Kaiser in the heart of Berlin. Prof. Dr. Harnack has something the same position here that Dr. Eliot. President Emeritus | of Harvard, holds the United States. He has been writing books, which' have attracted attention dur- | 114 in ing a period of almost half century | and his name is known throughout the world as the exponent of liberal Christianity I had called to ask him as to the oondition of the intellectuals in Ger- many and the conversation drifted to | the low morality of the times and the prospects for the future. Speak- ing of the intellectuals, Dr. Harnack maid, “I suppose you refer to the pro- fessors, teachers. students and men | who make their living out of their brai T can explain that in a few words. We starve. » We, work, but we do not despair. 1f you ask me | how Germany is faring, T would say T do not know. If you ask me how 1 am faring, T would give the answer. T do not know. None of us know. The outlgok is dark but we do not despair. We need help, but we expect to keep on hoping and | working. I trust the time will soon come when America will stop saying she will not interfere in FEuropean | matters. We need her help and we | feel she could do good. But whether | that time comes or not, Germany will surely get on her feet, although without America’s id, it will take her longer to do so.” “How are these times affecting the soul of the German people?” T asked. The reply of Prof. Dr. Harnack was in the words at the beginning of this letter. 1le continued: “Here in Germany the luxury and loose life, which you see everywhere are a disease. which our people have caught. Tt is not unnatural consider- | ing that we have no inducement to thrift. No one will save when he is sure his savings will llisfll’l‘ear; the next day. Every night the people spend what they have rather than see it swallowed up in the fall of | the mark the next morning. As to| men of my class, we have no surplus | whatever. Our trouble is that we have not the means to educate our child- | ren along the lines in which we have lived. This will affect the culture of the Germany of the future, and the outlook for our intellectual life & dark one. same * X ok % € HE worst of the whole situa- tion,” concluded the learned doctor, “it seems to me, is the fate of the young, and espegially of the chil- dren. These hard times may be a punishment, and they ard pe-haps a just punishment. but it is' not fair that the punishient shoutd ‘fall cn the heads of the babies. It makes no difference if we old peopie die. We have lived our lives and it might be as well if we pass away. I have been here more than threescore and ten vears and am ready to g>. So are many others of my age in my class. But our bables are dyving for wan: of milk and our children need the food which they must have to become strong, able men. That surely not God's purpose and I do not believe it can long continue.” T have entitled this letter “Bi Brains on the Wdy to the Poorhouse. ‘This expresses the situation among the ltve, thinking, intellectual Ger- mans of today. The culture and sci- ence of the country is on the edge of dissolution, because these men sre rractically paupers and' their means of existence have been wiped cut by the fall of the mark. This class in- oludes the lawyers, doctors, artists, musicians, authors and all thoss who had their own individual fortunes in- vested In conservative securities. It includes the professors and school teachers, of whom Germany has tens of thousands. There are today in the public schools more than 10,000,000 puplls, and of the less than 200,000 teachers about 30,000 are women. There are in the universities more than 100,000 students who are sup- ported by very slender allowances from home, which, by the shrinkage | to pawn | 90,000 ma; | nastic | spai |3t and Heldelberg each 200 and upward. These professors are getting on an | average a salary of 110,000 marks a month, the amount having been fixed the first of this year. This is equal, at the present exchange, to about $5, and it is impossible to see how they can find food for their families. Many of them are selling their books, con- sisting, in some cases, tions which represent the savings of a lifetime. Others are selling their furniture, and one whom I met the | other day told me how he had sold all his classics and even some refer- ence books and that his wife had had | the family silver to pay a recent coal bill Unive tutors are now getting s a month, or a little more than $4. and public school teachers, who have always received very low wages, are paid little that it amounts to a comparatively few cents a day. A teacher of Swedish gym- | who is well known here, de- | & of fixing a mark price for services, has established a rate | of one pound of margarine per hour, by which is meant takes the equivalent of that for each hour's work. so Ler she price * * OW widespread these conditions are can be understood only by those who realize the part education | takes in the life of the German peo- ple. The nation has been crazy on culture, and it has more schools to the square mile than New England. has had universities of note for hundreds of years. Leipzig was founded in 1409, and Heidelberg in of fine edi- | e ES “We Starve, We | € - | i | Obhgatmns. 1386. The country had trade schools before the days of our revolutionary war. and there was a mining academy at Freiberg ten years before we de- clared our independence. Germany has trade schools of every descrip- tion and technical high schools in all ; the chief centers. The Technical High School of Berlin covers acres. It has several hundred teachers and about 000 students. Leipzig has a munici- pal industrial school. Chemnitz has schools for weaving and nearly every German state has schools for the | building trades, some of which have ,been in existence for two | There are seven state | navigation and many {and horticultural schoo 3 In nearly all such institutions the | teachers have looked upon their jobs | as good for life and a pension. and it | is on this ground perhaps that the salaries have been 8o low. The pub- | lic school teachers were started in | at about $25 a month, and when a woman had reached forty she re- ceived a little over $500 per annum. At forty-eight she might retire. At generations. schools for agricultural Work, But We Do Inte]leqtual Clasq—Out]ook for pcoplc’s Future Declared Dark Because of This Situation. Books in Fine Editions, Which Represent Savings of Lifetime, Being Sold to Piece Out the Salaries—Disposing of Furniture and Pawning the Family Silver to Meet Coal Bills and Other | bodies. A, e that time her salary would be but I am not sure she received this full sum as a pension hese were the rates before the war. They were fixed by law and were in marks. The number of marks has been increased many times, but to reduce them to gold one must now divide the amount by 5.000 and the result means only enough to buy ome's food. to say nothing of clothing. I talked with the superintendent of the model school of Berlin vesterday. He is getting $6 a month and he has five little children. He told me he was earning $125 a month before the war, and added that the man teachers un- Not Despa public | . ir,” Says Prominent supported by |incomes of such have been so re- duced that the average amount al lowed to each boy by his family is about 30 cents a month. or 1 cent a day. Some of them are living on this and others on but little more, Notwithstanding this low price, many | Pasted wallpaper on the cloth as a8irls are fed daily adding to their income in all sorts of | ways. | In order ment, the cities, and, in many cases individuals, have contributed/to the establishment of student boarding houses and student restaurants at the jlarge centers. The government has | converted a part of one of the great army barracks here into a restau- their parents, but they tin to aid them the govern- “WITH THEIR ALLOWANCES FROM HOME SHRUNK TO LITTLE OR NOTHING, THE UNIVERSITY § AT ONE CENT A DAY, GET THEIR MEALS AT COLLEGE SOUP KITCHENS, AND THEN DO ODD JOBS.” A ¥ Educator, Speaking of K AAAAAAAADADADAT 3| ¥ | and the studéents who dwell there call | their home Mount Olympus, after the famous mountain which the ancient | Greeks supposed touch the heavens cheered me to think of the nerve of the boys who, at the peak of their misery, were able 50 to name their| | miserable home. | The students were out when the TUDENTS LIVE IN GREAT BARRACKS | me the students do all sorts of things to help out on their expénses. Thres |of them are porters in the theaters one is 2 night watchman and others ¥ and was the residence of the gods. It|work in banks and offices for & fewv | hours every day. Many teach part ot | the time and some who are musictans play at night in the cafes, theaters. fand motion picture shows. Some ko | to the railroad stations and drum up i) | manager of the home showed me their | business for a hotel connected with /| rooms. Each had some pitiful at- | the home, receiving one-fourih of x 3 [tempt at decoration of one kind or an- | cent for each guest they bring in SRR TSR RSRY \ basin. The basin is furnished free, but each diner had to bring or | hire his own spoon. 1 saw the place where they were handing out the spoons. The rent of a spoon for thr {meal was just about 1-200 of a cent. bring their spoons with them * X ¥ * WANT to take you into one of the students’ homes or lodging houses | which are found here and there i Berlin. In some of them the students | get their lodgings at as low as 3 cents a month, and for this the boy | has his shoes shined by the maid and !a substitute for coffee each morning.‘ der him are now earning something |rant for the boys and girls of the| The home I refer to is in the heart of like a dollar a week and woman teach- ers nine-tenths that amount. Of all the intellectuals, the univer- sity students have the most conspic- uous poverty. The doctors and law- Berlin University, and it is feeding over 3,000 such every day. When I visited it I found the plain, board tables crowded with . fine-looking young men and women, taking their | the city. 1t has eighty rooms, and | there are eighty-five students living in them today. Each pays from 3 | cents to 15 cents a month, according to his accommodations. The 3-cent yers, authors and artists are scattered | chief meal of the day at a cost of less | quarters are in the attic, which has and one does not see them in large The students might be called a union of educated paupers who are trying in every day to make the ends meet. In the past they were than 1 cent. The meal consisted of a generous bowl of vegetable stew | without else. | quar Each portion was about a and this was ladled out into a | been divided up | compartments, into curtained-off each containing one | bookcase and a table There are nine such compartmen other. Pinned to the cloth walls were pictures, fraternity emblems, photo- | graphs of sweethearts and of mothers and fathers. Some had ornaments similar to those in the room of an American college student, and the | better to display their pictures had background. They had put tissue pa- per over the electric lights and had done their best to cover the shabbi- ness. 1 observed that there were no |lewd pictures or photographs of hali- naked actresses such as one sees in all the chief magazines here and that | the quarters looked like the homes of !clean men. I remember one roocia which had in a frame the certificate of the student’s first communion | showing he had been confirmed by the church. In another room the wardrobe was encircled with dog-chains fastened with numerous padlocks. 1 asked what this meant and the manager said that the student occupant adds to | his income by buying old umbrellas bread, butter or anything or two beds, a rude washstand, a|which he patches and repairs and then and stools. | sells again. The wardrobe contained {his stock in trade. The manager *2!ls Last Surviving Officer of Regiment Which Led Final Civil War Advance Col. Archibald Hopkins Has Been Conspicuous in Civic, Patriotic and Educational Work Here for More Than Half a Century. Would Restore Sword of Texan Taken in Last Fight- ng. OL. ARCHIBALD HOPKINS, who for more than half a centu has been conspicu- ous in elvic, educational work in the National Capital, and who for forty-ome years was chief clerk of the Court of Claims, until he resigned, cight years ago, is today the sole surviving field officer | of the 37th Massachusetts Regiment, | which led the advance on the fateful day when the civil war ended. Nearly three score years ago he led in the pursuit of Gen. Lee, which caused his surrender April 9, 1865, at Appomattox, and in the battle at Sailors creek’ three days previous, when the martial spirit of the south was broken. Z Col. Hopkins is a son of the noted educatorwDr. Mark Hopkins, who was president of Williams Col- lege for more than forty years. After the war was over he married Miss Charlotte Everett-Wise, daughter of Capt. Henry A. Wise, U. S. N., grand- daughter of the great statesman, Ed- ward Everett, and cousin of the Adams, Brooks, Frothingham and Hale familles so conspicuous In Massachusetts history. Both he and his wife have done notable public work in Washington. Col. Hopkins had brought his Gth Corps Infantry of the 37th Massa- chusetts within sight of Lee's camp, when an orderly rode through the Union ranks, crying out: “Lee has surrendered!” ’ For gallantry in action during those three days—April 6-9—the dashing young Union officer recelved two brevets as a glorious climax to valiant service throughout the war, participating - particularly in the bloody campaigns in Virginia, around Petersburg in the east and Winches- ter in the valley. 2 * K x % REAT-GRANDSON of Col. Mark Hopkins, who commanled the 1st Massachusetts in the revolution, of the mark, have been reduced to practically nothing. The University of Berlin has 11,000 such students, Munich has 7,500, Leipzig has over 5.000 and the universities of Bonn and Breslau each almost as many. The universities are well equipped with professors. Berlin has - more 4&amg, 500, Munich over 300 _and .Bon > PIf, young Archibald Hopkins entered the rvice of his country in her hour of need on the very day he graduated from Wjiliams in 1862—aged nine- teen. He received a commission as captain from Gov. Andrews within the same hour that his diploma was given. He ‘had two- brothers- in ice—Henry, as a chaplain, ‘the: serv- later aue- patriotic and | ceeding to the office so long held | with honor by his father as president of Williams College, and Lawrence, who was a major in the 1st Massa- chusetts Cavalry. | Early in the war Capt. Hopkins served on the staff of Gen. H. S.| Briggs. He was in the bloody fight- ing at Winchester, under Gen. Sheri- | idan, on September 21, assisting in | the capture of 4,000 prisoners and | | the flag of the 2d Virginia, Stonewall | Jackson's old regiment. After this | important engagement his regiment, |as the highest compliment to its| | valor, was detailed to provost duty {in the town. | Yesterday, as Col. Hopkins sat in his | home at 1826 Massachusetts avenue, | looking back over the fifty-eight [years to those three days of culmi- | nating strife, pursuit and victory, his | eves rested upon two crosved swords, | while his old commander and friend, | Gen. Phil Sheridan, looked down from |a 1arge autographed photograph. One |of the swords was that carried at Sailors creek and Appomattox by Col. Hopkins, the other belonged to a Texas colonel, and was taken from him in hand-to-hand fighting on April 6. In the hilt is wrought. a “lone star,” showing the vanquished foe was a Texan, “If 1 knew where his relatives are T would be glad_to restore it to them,” sald Col. Hopkins, showing that the war has left In his breast none but tender and sympathetic feelings to- ward those who' were even his bit- terest foes .while both sides were fighting for what they honestly be- lieved to be right. And that is pre- dominantly the ‘spirit of Col. Hop- kins' recollections today, for he says, in speaking of the one thing that dampened the enthusiasm of the vic- tors at Appomattox: “We had all read and seen. pictures of the formal surrender of captured armies, and we expected that Lee and his veterans would march out and lay down thelr arms'as Cornwallis did at} Yorktown. We thought it was due to our long and arduous service that we should see its results, and when we found we were fo be faced about and marched northward, without even a glimpse of our late enemies, there was much murmuring and discontent, But Gen. Grant was much wiseg and greater than all of us. He knew how we felt, but he knew also that we and the men of the south henceforth were to be fellow countrymen again, and his maganimous soul-refused to subject Lee and his army to any hu- miliation that could be avoided. It was evidence of true greatness, and we see now that he was right.” kX X GAIN, after recounting the flerce- ness of the earlier battle at Sail- . ors creek, Col. Hopkins said: “It had been a glorious victory all along the line, resulting in a loss ‘to Lee's crumbling and disrupted army of about 8,000. Who can fail to admire the splendid manhood and courage of men who, after such a march as they had made, almost without food, with disaster upon them and . def "evitable; ‘cduld ‘make such a stand as they did at Sailor's_creek,.or to re- COL. ARCHIBALD HOPKINS, joice that they with their children are back again with us and ours un- der the old flag that waved triumph- ant on that bloody day?” Col. Hopkins quotes W. E. Came- ron, who was in the battle of Sailors creek on April 6, on the southern side, and subsequently was Governor of Virginia, as confirming his state- ment that this engagement was really a finish to any effective work by the Confederate army. As his command, after a forced march, was coming up with the cav- alry, near Sailors creek, in the he- lentless pursuit of Lee's army, in- spired and led by Gen. Sheridan, Col. Hopkins recalls that he saw Sheridan in a fleld on the left of the road, near an old barn, on his black horse, talk- ing to Gen. Wright. “I saw him make & gesture with his palm turned to the front,” says Col. Hopkins, “that said unmistakably that whatever opposed us on the hill opposite was to be pushed out of the way. “The order was brought us by Col. Tom Colt, riding as jauntily and cool- 1y as on parage, to charge up the hill. We forded the creek, which was up to our armpits. I saw Sergt. Cowles as - he fell, shot through the body, wave his hand and cheer on the men with his last breath.” Then, as he told of how their rear was half cut off by a movement of marines under Custis Lee, he gave a vivid picture of arm-length battle. “It was hand to hand. A brief, flerce struggle for mastery with mus- kets at arm's length. Officers were fighting with clubbed muskets and plstols, and the bayonets and the cut- lasses of the sailors came into free play. “Clouds of sulphurous smoke soon obscured everything not close at hand, and it was as these operied and shift- ed that I had glimpses of battle groups which wiil always remain in my memory. One, just a momentary gMmpwe, ‘seen and dost too soon to know the result, of a powerful officec |in gray, with clubbed musket, raised | Hopkins says: “Just before we halted | Years of Peace With Great Britain. | to strike down Capt. Chandley, who on the morning of the 9th we saw | He is one of the founders and vice | had a Spencer rifle and was cocking it |to fire. Another, of a flaming rebel | battleflag, planted in the ground a |few feet away, the center of a des- | perate struggle. A blue-coated ser- | geant selzed it with determined grasp, lonly to tal, fatally wounded, beneath | its folds, when a plucky little fellow, as Private Taggert of Company B, wrested it from its hold and carried it safe to the rear. P “The adjutant, John S. Bradley of Lee, a gallant soldier, always at the front, as the musketry lulled de- manded the sword of a rebel officer. ‘When the officer, without a word, put his pistol to the adjutant’s breast, ‘he knocked it aside. They grappled and rolled over each other down into the ravine, the officer discharging his pis- tol into the adjutant's shoulder. rebel soldier also shot him through the thigh, and it looked as if another shot would finish him, when Private Eddy of Company B shot Bradley's as- sailant as he came uppermost. Just as he fired a “gray back” thrust him through the body with a bayonet, the point coming out near the spine, and he was pinned to the ground. is antagonfst then tried to wrest his Spencer from him, but he clung to it desperately, and, in spite of the dis- advantage of his position, fired an- other shot, which was fatal to his brave and determined enemy. The rebel fell upon him as he lay, but he thrust his body aside, pulled out the bayonet which. transfixed him, stag- gered to the rear and later recovered. I met \niim eleven years ago at our regimental reunion in Pittsfleld, 'and beltave he is alive today. ‘We opened fire again with deadly effect and they then gave wp in earnest. Gen. Custis Lee surrendered at the muzzle of Corp. David White's rifie and we sent to the rear, with him and his staff, nearly 300 prison- ers, and a silk flag, belonging to a crack Savannah battalion, besides the battle. flag. already spoken of. The ambulance men said they had never seen the dead piled up in such heaps anywhere. “An Irish corporal, whose brother had been killed on the parapet in the assault on Petersburg a few days be- fore, concealed himself in a thicket and killed nine rebels during the ight. When it was over, he sald he ‘didn’t know as it would help poor Mike any, but somehow he felt a little aisier about the heart. “Some men were always having| narrow escapes. We had a sergeant named Seeley of Great Barrington, yet alive, I believe, who was famous for close calls. I met him just after this fight and sald, ‘Well, sergeant, have you had your usual scratch? He pushed up his cap in reply and I saw the blood trickling down his temple, which had been grazed by a bullet.” * Kk ok % 'N describing the very last moments ; of.the war,.when three days later Gen. Lee actually surrendered, Gol. | whom T recognized through the smoke | Al |a group of officers in gray, who we | 1ater learned.were Lee and bis stafr. | We Bismounted and lay down by the | roadside.; Rumors had been spread- | ing through the ranks for two or [three days that Lee was negotiating | to surrender. As we lay there await- iug orders a staff officer rode through. crying out, ‘Lee has surrendered.’ and we knew that the war was over. “The soldlers went wild with joy. Gen. Meade, who was in Immediate, command, soon rode through . the ranks with his staff as the men let themselves loose in the greatest demonstration of delight I have ever witnessed. Gen. Grant was there also, but took no part in the demonstra- tion, When Col. Hopkins resigned eight vears ago as chief of the Court of Claims, he was honored by the bench and bar, officers and employes with a public testimonial. Bestdes the commission of brevet ajor of volunteers Issued to him by the President April 6, 1865, “for gal- lant and meritorious service before Petersburg and at the battle of Little Sailor's creek” he was-again twice breveted as lieutenant colonel and as colonel of volunteers. Before the muster out of his regiment the gov- ernor of his state also issued to him a commission as lleutenant colonel of his regiment. In addition to extensive literary work, Col. Hopkins has given his ac- tive support to a wide range of philanthropies. He has served as a member of the board of visitors of the United States Military Academy and as a delegate to one of the inter- national peace congresses. . He served many years as chairman of the Board of Associated Charities. He was long an active member of the executive committee of the board of directors of Garfield Hospital. He has for a long time been a trustee of George Washington University and on the executive committee and vice chair- man of the board. He is a director of the Washington Society of Fine Arts, a trustee of the Legal Ald So- clety, has been chancellor for the District commandery of the Loyal Legion, president of the District So- clety, Sons of the Revolution, and its sole remaining founder; president of the Willlams College Alumni Asso- clation, vice president of the Metro- politan Club and chairman of the executive committee, and a member of the Historlcal Soclety. He is a member of the Author's Club of London, of the National Geographic Soclety, the Albi Club, and has been a member of American Soclal Science Association and of the Amerlcan Academy of Political and Soclal Science. He is one of the mem- bers of the Soclety for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, of the District branch of the Natlonal Civic Fed- eratior, and has been a member of the Washington Academy of Sciences - and the Archeological ) Society. He is on the Committee of One Hundred for the Improvement of | Washipgton -and. qn.the compittee for the celebration of One Hundred | president of the National Association for Constitutional Government. The Hair’s Breadth. fTEcHNxCALLY epeaking, a “hair's ] breadth” s just 17-10,000 of an |inch. For the purpose of such deli- |cate measurement, tool-makers em- [ploy what 1s styled a micrometer | caliper. ' The hair’s breadth is some- thing that must be taken into con- sideration in the manufacture of many objects of the machine-maker's skill. Very precise calculation of this sort must, for instance, be practiced uopn the doors of bank vaults, where every part must fit to the nicest de- gree. In addition to the micrometer cali- per for the attainment of exactness in metal work there are also employ- ed the ring-gauge and plug-guage. It is obvious that failure to take into - consideration the contraction and expansipn of metals Sometimes results.in disaster to the manufac- turer. In this relation there may be mentioned the case of the manufac- turer who had prepared dles.in which castings from soft metals were to be made. An error of several thou- sandths of .an_.inch in the djameter of the finished castings existed, and this was quite fufficient to render the work useless. The Five Ices. JEXPERIMENTS have “shown that water can be made to solidify into five different kinds of ice, each of which at certain temperatures and pressures changes from “one into another with explosive violence. One kind, “ice-2,” requires a very low temperature. and great pressure. to keep it from exploding into ordinary ice. Another kind will stay frozen at summer heat, provided it is kept under a pressure of 20,000 ‘atmos- pheres. In nature such great pres- sures exist only in company with very high temperatures, and it is, therefore, entirely possible that some of these kinds of ice never existed until they were created in the experi- menters’ hydraulic press. Vagaries of Climates. IF the anclent Gresks could revisit the earth they would hardly recognize their beautiful country, if the statements made by one authority can be sustained. Attica has lost the greater part of its forests, the rain- fall has decreased and the tempera- ture has increased. The heat in the open air now, it is contended, is so great that the Olympian games of an- tiquity would be virtually impossible today. Many other parts of the earth show similar changes. The once beautiful oasis in the Syrian desert, where Zenabia reigned over Palmyra, is now a desolate waste. In upper Egypt, where only a hundred years [ago rain was abundant, drought now usuaily prevails. This place is governed by a st dents’ council which settles all mar- |ters of increased cost and other thinks relating to the management of ths | establishment | This home has a general restaurant | where about five hundred hoys anu The u 3 | more elaborate tham those at the |army barracks, and cost more. The |actual price of a dinner is one cent |and a half, and-for this is given a | soup. meat, potatoes, vegetables and | gravy, but no bread or butter or cof- | fee or beer. | * ok ok x | JYURING my stay I went through the kitchen. The soup was being | cooked in great bLoilers and on the | ranges nearby food of different Linds | was steaming away. Potatoes were | boiling, and in one large pot was 4 stew of beef and cucumbers swim | ming in gravy. T examined the cub.s of beef in the stew. Each was the {size of a lump of sugar, and there were only three pieces of meat for each person. 1 was told that thirty- four pounds of meat arc allotted to | the five hundred meals which are eat- en each day. Thirty-four pounds equal five hundred and forty-four ounces, so that each dinner contains | just about one ounce of meat. Almost |anl of my readers can eat a pound of steak at a sitting, but that yould be a ration for sixteen of these growing any of my readers can eat a pound of fat are used in preparing the Soup. and that the meat stew is served only |four times a week. The manager says !that owing to the high cost of meat | they may have to raise the price of | the meal one-fourth of & cent. But even a cent and a half js too high for | some of the students, and not a few get the Quakers to help them. As one entered the room, there was a Quaier boy from Philadelphia who had meul | tickets before him. He was furnish: Ing these tickets to such as could not afford to pay the full sum, meking up | the difference to the fraction of | cent. Among these students were both boys and girls. I saw one boy who had a fresh cut of a sword on his | face, showing that dueling still pre- | vails among the students notwith: |standing their poverty. 1In othe |homes where the students live, thd s | quarters are more pretentious. I vfs ited one where each boy has t¢ pav a cent a day for his room alone and | where. the restaurant serves food la carte at from 1 to 2 cents a dish [1-was told that tne restaurant was frequented chiefly by day laborers, as it 'was too costly for the intellectuals In a third home the students wer® cleaning their own rooms and doing their own cooking. On cach floor was a little kitchen where the boys took turns in ‘preparing their individual meal. ‘A fine-looking young man of twenty-two was frying a pan of po- tatoes: when I looked into one of the kitchens. I was told- that that was all he would eat for his dinner. (Copyright, 1923, by Carpenter's World Travels. A Pound of Honey. O turn out one pound of honey it is estimated that honey ' bees must. have taken the . nectar from more than 62,000 clover blossoms, and that to accomlish this there would be required some 2,750,000 ‘Visits to the blossoms by the bees. In ther words, to collect sufficient nectar to make up one pound of honey a bee must pro- ceed to hive to fiower and back again 2,750,000 times. When one considers the distances, honey bees sometimes traverse in search of.clover flelds, in some cases a mile or two from the hive, one begins % ahtain an idea, In a slight degrée, of tne rumber of miles the industrious little creatures must teaveh in order that man may possess a pound of honey. Alcohol Lights. THE use of alcohol as an illuminant is' growing in France and other European countries, and the subject attracts much attention in England. On the continent alcohol lamps are now made with incandescent mantles capable of yielding 1,000 candlepower. Two hundred and fifty candlepower is very common with these lamps. It is clamed that they vitiate the at- mosphere sensibly less than any other illuminant except .incandescent electric lamps. In Germany potatoes and in France beets are now largely .used in .the production of alcohol for industrial purposes.