Evening Star Newspaper, April 15, 1923, Page 47

TURKS AT LAUSANNE TO HAVE WHIP HAND 7~ Grant of Chester Concessions to Ameri- : cans Will Strengthen Position in Resisting Allied Grabs. BY OLIVER OWEN KUHN, HUCKLING Turks are return- ing to Lausanne. Scowling statesmen of al- lied powers are going there to meet the Man from the East a week from Monday. The Turk is happy because he feels that the wholly nationalistic demands of some of the allled countries are tlready frustrated and that when he * agaln sits in the little international poker game he has sufficlent aces up - his sleeve to meet any emergency. The allies are ready to resume the conference to enforce their peace de- mands In the near east, but only a shell remains for which they must play. The meat has been taken from the cocoanut. Rich concesslons which have been the heart of every delib- eration with the Turks, the soul of every move to implant the will of the Western powers upon the Moslem, have been removed from the em- broglio, and by the Turks. Concessions in Background. During the last Lausanne confers ence the Dardanelles, the straits, oc- cupation of Thrace and many of the territorial problems directly apper- taining to the imposition of a victor's will upon a vanquished nation were discussed pro and con and tentative agreements reached. Coustantly there lurked in the background allled de- sires looking toward commercial and industrial expansion in the near east with allled control over exploitation of Turkish national resources. . French and British interests in- sisted that the present Angora gov- ernment recognize pre-war obliga- tions and the so-called capitulations which permit easy infiltration by out- side interests into Turkish commer- cial and economlic life, under the guise of protection of forelgn capital. Now, as always in the past, France, England and Russia recognize the tremendously rich potential riches of undeveloped Turkey and in the inter- national political game that has been * played for the past fifty years, Tur- kish development always has been +* an important factor; in fact, so im- portapt that each move of European powers has been watched jealously by other nations and any great head- way made by either has been checked by the others through .negotiations - . OF protests. As a result Turkey long has lain. dormant—stunted. .., European nations have been much “i1n the position of three or four hun- 8Ty cats around a cholce meat morsel. all_howling in menacing tone and each afraid to move for fear of feel- ing the sharp claws of the other. All Agreements Discarded. When the world war came on all agreements with the old sultan’s gov- ernment went into the discard, for the very natlons that had long been eyeing Turkey, from the standpoint of rich concessions, made war on the Turks. With flctitious good will gone there was little hope of finan- cial and commercial Interests in al- lied countries ever realizing on ad- vantages gained through pre-war maneuvering, save through the com- - plete defeat of Turkey and Germany . This was accomplished. Immediately at Versailles and in Paris there was .,~a mad rush toward statesmen nego- tiating peace terms with the defeated powers, the Interested ones asking for guarantees for property Interests in the near east. The leaders of the peace conferenc, carving knlives pois- ed. indicated the choice morsals that were desired in Turkey, politically and territorially. Syria, ‘Mesopotamia, Palestine, Silesla and Anatolia were to be split. Mandates were assigned 28 near as possible In accordance with the respective allied viewpoints. A mere shell of the old Turkey was ~ left, a few bones for the already -emaciated country to subsist upon, whilo other natlons, through ex- ploitation In the guise of mandates, *carried out their own purposes. Ali was deemed well, and allied nations . prepared for the feast after Sevres. ‘s Kemal Starts Resistance. But Mustapha Kemal decreed other- wige. He rallled around him the pa- triotio elements of the nation. A ~ separate government, revolutionary +in character, was formed and, to »make a long story short, the sultan's power was overthrown, the treaty of Sevres cast into the discard, the Greeks completely defeated In'their effort to restore the limits of the old Byzantine empire, and the Angora as- sembly, with Mustapha Kemal at the ead, enunclated a program of com- plete freedom for Turkish national- istio effort. The Lausanne parley then was called and the allies forced to make many concessions to the Murks, after weeks in which war clouds hung heavily over the eastern " heavens. The allles presented their so-called final terms. The Turks car- ried them back to Angora and replied m& they were partially satisfactory. The second Lausanne parley was call- ed to complete negotiations, the pur- .. pose in allled minds being the clos- “ing of a definite understanding as to capitulations coupled with economic ~-and commercial understandings. In the meantime the Turks, facing drastio demands regardlng pre-war and post-war concessions and pro- Jonged fight over the future develop- | ment of Turkey's latent resources, _.ratified the so-called Chestér conces- . mlons promoted by Americans. These will involve the development of near 1y 3,000 miles of railroad in Anatolia and 'Persia, the construction of citier docks and ports and, in a general way, involve the reconstruction of the old Turkey and placing it upon a basis of all advancing nations. Many of the choice concessions which the allles sought to gain by force and subsequently by gulle have been turned to American hands. Turks Play for U. S. Support. The Turks, by their action, at once gain the indirect support of the United States government in the de- velopment of the new Turkey for the Chester concessions and will have the backing of this government in case foreign powers strive to undermine the wishes of the Turks. The con- cessions will be but a step in the goneral process of bringing interests of the Turks and the Americans closer {together as against the selfish ends pursued by some European powers. The Turks will enter the Lausanne parley ready to treat with the allles, but the prolonged sessions and acri- mony over concesslons may fade, un- less the French and the British at- tempt to bring political pressure upon the Turks, & thing to be expected from France at least. Then the Turks will be in position, even in the face of war threats, to defy the allies. Furthermore, they will be able to strengthen their demands in regard to other directions and the allles eventually will be forced to accede unless they wish to go to war. And this is the thing they do not want. In case of threatened conflict the is- sue would be clear cut, the allies find- ing themselves committed to a war- fare for concesions already granted to the Americana. It is not believed that the allies will press the matter that far, although it cannot be ex- pected that either France or England will be content to abandon their old claims without Eome protest or some effort to bring about their own par- ticination In American development 1 of Turkey. Feellng in France Bitter. The feeling against the Americans and the Chester concession in France is bitter. The press has demanded that the British joln them-in protest- ing the concesslon, and even going to war {f necessary to enforce the old 1912 agreement between a small group of financiers of France and the Turks, looking toward the development of certain railroads in Anatolia, an agreement which not only was not sanctioned by the Turkish parllament under the sultan, but was abrogated by the war France waged against the Turks.. The fight of the allies for the main- tenance of the capitulations would cover these old agreements, but Mus- tapha Kemal insists they are to the disinterest of the Turks. and that the American agreement is to the hest in- terests of the nation. The Turks are veady to go far in upholding their new grant on the ground of self- deterrhination alone. 3 British canital is interested in the near east, but in Fngland there is more of a fesling that if the Ameri- cans are to develop Turkey there is more of a chance of future accord and go-operative endeavor. T¢ the matter is left to he dealt with he- tween the French and the British, the near enstern question already having heen the oceasion of several grave differences hetween them. England. it iz said. feela that it is better that the American claims stand. even though the British are crowded out. But ft must be expected. however, that the British government in ‘ts tmme- dAinte neeotiations will reflect to a certain degree the pressure of cer- tain Rritish financial interests be. hind it. Tn official America. conver- sant with Rritish tendencies. it ig he- lieved the British will not narmit the @rant to interfere with definite e tlad agreemsnts with the Turks dur- ing the coming Lausanne parley. Ponition of Russians. The Russians were among the first to protest the pronosed Chester grant when it first came. fo the fore in 1908, when President Roosevelt sanc- tioned the negotiations of the Amer- fcan admiral with the sultan, but Russla’s present position mav prove different because of the peculiar com- plexion of ‘the government. It fa belleved, however, that, now that Russia is permitted to control the Baku ofl flelds and the Transcauca- sian region, with its teeming milllons in natural resources, Russia will not be as quick to protest American oil grants In the Mosul reglon. How- ever, the Russians have looked forward to being the chief Influence in the reconstruction of Turkey and may resent incursion by the Amer cans. On the other hand, the Ru sians. ever willing to woo American capital. may support the Turks in their concessions against the allies. Russia may spur the Turks on in resisting the allles’ demands. Having many flelds of her own susceptible of development and desiring capital, Russlans may support the Turkish concessfons to the Americans in the hope of attracting American’ capital to_Russta. Though the Chester concession be glven, it cannot be taken for granted that all will be smooth sailing merely by virtue' of the jealousles of cer- taln European countries, particularly those already made manifest in Paris, but there is every reason to believe that, unless there is actual warfare in the immediate future. the Ameri- cans will get their project under way and particularly so if an accord is reached at Lausanne. —-— .- Cost of Government | £ In the Capital City| (Continued from First Page.) | .. .marked in the case of San Francisco | where ten new bufldings with 300 | " rooms, an average of thirty to the 7-!‘building, wWerfe provided during the; ) period under review. Concentration of school facilities is now an ac- “oepted principle in the District. and the old policy of bringing the school to the children must be modified 8o - c.aras, within reasonable limits, to bring = ""the children to the school. Separate units should certainly never be of .less than sixteen rooms, and a twenty-four-room standard should be | { Zour uitimate goal. It seems needless | 10 point out what a large reduction | .in cost of operating our school sys- | tem is sure to result from the adop- tion of this larger unit and what the . possibilities are in the way of mor efficlent management and instruction. Cemparison of Policemen. At the beginning of the period the - District had the smallest number, of *“ policemen, 775, and on the whole Newark seems to have been the best policed ‘town, considered - from the “ gtandpoint of area or of population. I have already pointed out that sta- “ tistical comparisons must not be ac- cepted at more than their face value “erhus, in comparing police force: while some idea of their relative ade- quacy may be gained from the num- ber of policemen per square mlile, or per thousand of population affected, to make really convincing compari- sons would require also careful con- deration as to the character and mposition of the populations served, their homogeneity or other- wise, the nature of the business de- velopments of the cities concerned, ‘the prevalence of crime and the ex- ‘gent to which law enforcement is earried—in other words, the amount of real protection given to life and roperty. PP ould carry this article far be- -~. yond {ts allotted sphere to enter into a discussion of the prevalence of orime and the extent of its detection and punishment. Plainly, conditions may well very as between industrial communities, such as Pittsburgh and Buffalo, with their large proportion of foreign workers and their neces- sarily. unstable populations, and a city Tike Washington, with a popu- latlon practically entirely native born and virtually without manufactur- ing activities. However, it is inter- esting to note the following figures as to the five cities. Taking them in the order named they had in 1916, respectively, 13, 34, 20, 21 and 22 po- licemen per square mife, and in 1921, 14, 40, 22, 23 and 27. Observe how much ‘smaller {s the number of po- licemen in the District. Per thousand of population, however, the District has a_higher standing, the figures being 1.94, 2.05, 1.4, 1.8 and 1.8 police- men per ‘thousand, respectively, In 1916, and 2.2, 2.2, 1.65, 1.9 and 2 in 1921. On the whole, the ratio of police to population would seem a fair criterion, other things being squal, and if Pittsburgh and Buffalo have normal protection, then Wash- ington appears above the average. ! Fire Department Weak. ‘Without discussing our fire depart- ment in detall, it appears to be weak from any point of view, far too small if the other cities are to be consld- ered as guldes. Fire losses per year | and per capita would shed some light lon the situation, but once more cau- l'tion should be observed in our con- clusions, since the prevalence of fire and the amount of fire losses.depend on some factors beyond the power of the largest and, most efficlent of fire departments to control. For example, the character of buildings, whether combustible or otherwl their grouping, close or scattered; the-oc- cupations carried on, the extent and availability of water supplies—all below the other cities in mere num- bers that, consldering our larger ter- ritory alone, it seems safe to sug- gest that our fire department. prob- ably demands strengthening. We might go into further- details, and especially we might point out that the District performs some of the functions ordinarily assigned either to the state or the county and that to this extent the cost of gov- erning the District is increased. How- ever, it, includini these unusual charges,. expenditure: in- '.h.-Dll_tHGt THE SUNDAYI STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C., ‘APRIL 15, BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is a brief summary of the most-important news of the world for the seven days ended April 14: The British Empire—The situation as re- gards strikes and threats of strikes or locl outs (tho same rose with another name) is somewhat relleved. The employers and the upward of 500,000 employes in the building trades have agreed to a truce, with temporary continuance of work under the old condi- tions. The employers had issued notices of wage reductions and extensions of working hours, effective the 14th. Both sides have now agreed to arbitration of the wage question. The guestion of working hours will be re- ferred to a vote of the workmen. The strike of coal miners in the Rhodda mines of Wales, has been called off. On the other hand, the threat remains of a general strike of railway men throughout Britain if the employers insist on wage re- ductions. The strike of farm laborers in Norfolk con- {inues. 1t involSts only about 15,000 men, to be sure, but ‘it is highly important and significant; enough so to engage the particular; attention of our ambassador. And there are other strikes and lockouts in process or thréatened. Parliament assembled again on April 9 to face problems of the first importance: Agri- culture, housing, the general problem of un- employment, the budget, air defense, the Ruhr, etc. Hitherto, in important divisions, the Bonar Law government has malintained, with the support of part of the national liberals, an _average majority of ninety-six. There was a tremendous uproar in the house of commons on the 11th, involving some exchanges of blows between laboritles and conservatives and the singing of the “Red Flag” by some labor members. The row was started by the clamorous insistence of certain labor members that the government, de- feated in_a thin house on a technical point, resign. Stanley Baldwin, who was handling the situation for the government, seems prop- erly chargeable with a certaln lack of tact and address. The session was adjourned to end the scandal. The leaders of the labor party—Messers MacDonald, Clynes and Henderson—are not pleased with the rowd‘llm of part of their followers, recognizing that it seriously preju- dices the 'prospects of the party. It should, however, be remembered that in time past even conservatives have been guilty of rowdy behavior in the commons. Am imperial conference and a session of the imperial conference of premiers wiil be held in London commencing October 1. One should be very wary in his predictions concerning Ireland. It Jooks. however, as though the end of organized resistance were near. Liam Lynch, “chlef of staft” of the Irregular forces, was wounded and captured on April 10 and died a few hours later. He was_the most important military leader of De Valera's faction. * % k ok Germany—There is little to report this week concerning elther occupied or unoccupied Germany. The French have extended their requisitioning to several more coke plants and hope soon to be getting half the amount of coke they were getting before they occupied the Ruhr—enough to keep the Lorraine blast furnaces at work. An attempt was made to put the Rhine- Herne canal out of commission. One of the side walls was bombed at a point where the canal passes by an aqueduct over another canal. Considerable damage was done, but not.enough seriously to affect this important avenue of transportation. B There has been a marked revival of sabotage along the railways, involving the use of high explosives and compelling the strengthening of_guards. The funeral of the victims of the Krupp affair at Essen took place on the 10th with- out untoward incident. The German manage- ment was excellent, and the occupying author- ities kept all soldiers out of sight. remiers Polncgire of France and Theunis of Belgium are in conference at Paris. A communique issued by them announces that they “have planned a whole series of new , measures to increase pressure. ; The. total net tonnage of ships arriving at compare favorably with those of these other citles, then certalhly there is no need for worry on the part of anxlous friends and possibly more anxfous than amiable critics. Cutting Down the Overhead. To satisfy all classes of curlosity, we.have compiled detailed figures of cost of all. District activities for the years 1916 and 1921 and for the, as nearly as possible, corresponding ac- tivities elsewhere. Some of the fig- ures are hard to reconcile, but of one LTHOUGH Hamburg during March was 1380.882, as against 1,242,936 In March, 1913; of ships de- parting, 1,369,609, as against 1,123,763 in March, 1913, The total German paper clrculation on March 2 was 5,617,916,651%000 marks. * ok ok ok Ruasia—A convocation of the so-called “liv- ing church” of Russia, or “Reformed Ortho- dox” Church was summoned by the szoviet supreme church , administration to meet at Moscow today, April 15, to unfrock Patriarch Tikhon. The convocation consists of tools and lackeys of the soviet government and may be expected to do the latter's bldding. After Patriarch Tikhon has been unfrocked he will be tried (commencing April 17) by the soviet supreme court for resistance to requisitioning by the soviet government of church treasures. and for counter-revolutionary activities. It is an interesting observation {n this con- nection that the “living church” has been weakened by dissenting offshoots through the ingeriious “boring from within” of .soviet agents. Some regard the soviet government order that Easter observances bo not burlesqued as evidence that the soviet government is really alarmed at the world's reaction to the execution of Mgr. Budkievicz and the severe sentences on the other Roman Cathollc clergy. The world was 8o unobliging as to not accept that government's declaration that.the trials were on political rather than on r liglous grounds. One hesitates, however, to indulge the hope that Patriarch Tikhon has cscaped the martyr's crown. The Jewlish telegraph agency reports that the communists have seized the synagogues in several cities and turned them into work- ing men's clubs, and that the Jewish com- munists, according to the reports of this agency, the most uncomprisingly anti-religious of all communists, urge similar treatment of all the synagogues in Russia. The United States Department of State has canceled the authorization for & visa for Mme. Kalinin, wife of the president of the soviet republic of Russia, on the ground that her presence in this country “is rendered wholly undesirable by the deep feeling which has been aroused by the execution of Mgr. Bud- kievicz." Mme. Kalinin had proposed to visit the United States for the detlared purpose of ap- pealing for contributions for Russian children. If Mme. Kalinin has sailed for this country, she will be arrested on her arrival and at once deported. The total paper circulation in Russia on ovember 10, 1922, was 1,302 trillion rubles, s against 1.700 billions at the beginning of 922, * ¥ % ¥ “Turkey—The Angora assembly has ratified the famous “Chester concessions,” thus crown- ing the labors begun some fifteen years ago by Rear Admiral Colby M. Chester, United States Navy, retired. The name of the Amer- ican company which is to exploit these con- cessions is the American-Turkish Develop- ment Company, whereof Gen. Goethals is pres- ident. Reports greatly differ as to the extent of the CHester concessions. According to the extreme reports, the concessions nullify important con- cessions previously made both by the old Con- stantinople government and by the Angora government to certain governments of the na- tions—French, British, Russian; they include everything worth while that one could imagine included in & concession, and then some. By their complete “exploitation” .(on the.bizarre assumption that Angora will fulfill its con- tracted obligations under them), Turkey, while retaining all the spiritual benefits of Islam, could acquire everything that is prized in the west, would be completely equipped for eco- nomic_competition with the west; a network of railways no whit inferior. to. the Pennsyl- vania system, . dredged hagbord with quays docks, elevators and other port facflities, equal to Antwerp, the earth made-to disgorge un- exampled wealth of gold, sliver, iron, coal, what not; bumper crops under American agri- cultural methods: old cities renovated, new citles bullt complete on the American model sky-scrapets, subways, hotels, movies, drug stores, cigar stores, quick lunch “counters, base ball dlamonds, golf links—each a city Three Scan';lin’aviah King To Plan United Defense BY FRERERICK CUNLIFFEOWEN, C. B. E. the people of tor in the game. But his policies in this direction are belng pursued with- 1923—PART 2. realizing the .most ecstatic dreams of the American promoter except, that you will find mosques instead of churches. According to the delightful reports, the agreement between the Angora government and the American con- cessionaires, provides for erection of a ne capital on a site not yet chosen, which shall make Paris, Washington and Vienna look like Hoboken in the comparison, whose architec- ture shall surpass in airy grace that of Berlin, and whose statuary shall be superior in beauty and fidelity to life even to that of the early Pullman period in Washington and New York. As against such reports, which may seem a little fantastic, other reports show the Chester concessions as moderate enough, &s not nulli- fying previous concessions, and as not travers- ing that principle of the "“open door” of which our government is the chief champlon; to be virtuous and without guile and such as our government may diplomatically support with- out disturbing scruples. It is reported that the French government has sharply protested to Angora against the Chester concessions, as nullifying certain con- cessions made to French under a treaty con- cluded between France and the old Oitoman overnment in 1914, and as traversing both n letter and in spirit the Franco-Angoran ac- cord of 1921, France, under the 1914 treaty, was to lend the Ottoman government & billion francs and had actually turned over 500,000,000 francs when Turkey entered the world war against the allles. Tt {s reported, but confirm- ation s required, that the French government in a note to Angora declares itself constrained to consider the action of the Angora assembly ‘a. deliberately unfriendly act of a nature adversely to influence the coming negotiations at Lausanne.” However fantastic or moderate that may be, the general scope of the Chester grant, there seems no doubt that they include certaln important concessions as to ofl ex- ploitation in Mosul. These concessions are, of course, provisional, depending on the settle- ment of the political status of Mosul—whether it shall revert to Turkey or shall remain a part of the Kingdom of Irak under British mandate. It will be a great joke if the con- tention of some should be bofne out; namely, that there isn't much ofl in Mosul, after all. Some of our brightest quidnuncs assure us that “a diplomatic Incident of the first order will result,” should our government give diplo- matic support to the Chester concessions. But there s no occasion to get “het up” Jjust at present. Our government is not called on to Intervene, unless there has been discrimina- tion against its nationals, and as to such dis- crimination—au contraire, it seems. No_doubt Angora thought by ratification of the Chester concessions to enlist our government's support in the renewed negotlations at Lausanne., But those gentlemen at Angora, for all their lslamic virtues and their very effective brand of old-world diplomacy, seem utterly unable to grasp the American concept of disinterest- edness in government. When one notes how the United States government maintained its attitude of superb disinterestedness when the tates of the Armenian nation and the Ana- tollan Greeks were in the balance, it is absurd to expect it gratiously to intervene on behalf of a parcel of American concessionairies. And then, you know, there are those Mosul conces- sions which as'a result of the famous Colby note Standard Ofl obtained from the British, the which concessions might be thought to conflict with the Chester concessions in Mosul. As between the American-Turkish Dovelop- ment Company and Standard Oil, Mr. Hughes may well be thinking: “how happy could I be with efther were the other dear charmer away."” The Lausanne will be resumed on the 23d. * % % K Miscellaneous—The tonnage of French for- eign trade in 1922 was substantially greater than it was in 1913, Princess Yolanda and Count Calvi di Bergolo of Italy were married on April 9. The prin- cess is one of the most beautiful women in Europe and the count one of the most accom- plished horsemen, besides having an excellent war record. There have been disturbances in the city of Mamel, due to objection of the Germans, who constitute the majority of the population of the city, to incorporation of Memalland in Lithuania. The American delegation at the Pan-Ameri~ can conference has made proposals looking to reorganization of the Pan-American Union on a broader basls. The Brazllian government seems to be grad- ually supressing the revolution in the province of Rio Grande do Sul. 'he smoothed away when King Gus- tave comes to Copenhagen to meet his two fellow kings who are very §§°'§” related to him by tles of ood. s ok % Of course these efforts on the part of Germany to bring Denmark with- 1in her sphere and under her political and economic domination have been influenced to a considerable degree by the treatment which Denmark re- ceived at the hands of the peace con- Ilhe!e and many other things enter | Into the question, but’we are so Ilrl thing the District should take note with just pride. Our general admin- istrative expense is low and appears to be decreasing. In other words, we do more work in proportion to our overhead personnel than is done in any other of the cities mentioned. In 1916 our total expenditures were the lowest of all, about $13,401,000, as against about $13,910,000. $17.600.- 000, $13,851,000 and $23.799,000 for Buffalo, Pittsburgh, Newark and San Francisco, respectively, and the total per capita expenses were $33.58 for the District and $29.19, $30.41, $35.49 and $46.77 for the other cities, re- spectively. In 1916, therefore, our cost of government in the Distriot seems to have been very reasonable. In 1921 all five citles show the ef- fect of .the war superimposed upon normal growith. The total cost of government has grown, being about $22,979,000 for the District and about $26.,694,000, $30,109,000, $22.486,000 and $35,577.000, _respectively, for Buffalo, Pittsburgh, Newark and San Fran- clsco, with corresponding per capita costs of $52.20, $51.19, $49.99, 352.89 and $62.37 for the five cities of our group. Washington is with Newark by far the lowest in total expendi- tures, and it is in the middle of the group as to per capita cost. Comparison Is Challenged. It has already been pointed out that area and density of population have much to do with the cost of city administration, .the one factor tending to increase costs, the other to diminish them per unit of popula- tion served. The two cities that show a lower per capita cost than the District—Buffalo and Pittsburgh —are much less in area. and appre- clably greater in population. That these differences would readily ac- count for a greater increase in cost than the 2 to 4 per cent actually ex- perienced seems hardly worth argu ing, and would leave out of consid eration also the one really vital mat- ter, namely, the relative quality of governmental service actually fir- nished to the residents of these cities. It would be arrogant to clalm su- perfority for the District, but it is certainly within the bounds of” pro- priety to assert positively that, knowing something of the cities herein discussed, 1.feel that the Dis- trict may, without fear of the ver- dict, safely challenge comparison either as to the character and effici- ency of its governmental institutions and services or as to the attractive- ness and high quality of the final result, namely, the city as it appears to an intelligent and open-minded stranger. While much room for im- provement mo doubt stfll exists, taken as a whole Americans gener- ally have ample reason for the pride they take in their National Capital. Regardless of differences, great or small, and of the presence or absence of, certain details, we have here am- ple basis for declding whether the District of Columbla is governed well or badly, economically or otherwis Let the nation judge. . “ Honesty’s Reward. From the Boston Christian Register. “Yessuh, I's done proved dat hon- esty is de best'policy after all.” “How?” demanded his friend. “You remembers dat dawg dat I took?”* hore, 1 remembers.” ‘Well, suh, I tries fo' two whole days to sell dat dawg and noboby of- fers moren & dollah, S0, like an hon. 50 him’an’'she gives me $3.50. de 1ady dat owned America have conclusively shown by the choice of their own form of government that they prefer the republican system of rule to that of a monarchy, and have viewed with a certain degree of ap- iproval the conversion of Czecho- Slovakia, of Austria, of Poland, of Finland, of Lativia, and of Lithuania; indeed, of all Germany, Into common- wealths, it does not by any means fol- low that they would like to see the disappearance of thrones everywhere abroad. Indeed, there are a number of countries where any revolutionary change of the present regime would be regarded here with regret as prob- ably detrimental to the best interests of the United States. Thus there is no doubt that the lat-, ter would Infinitely prefer the 'con- tinuance of the present forms of gov- ernment at Christiania, Stockholm and Copenhagen than the establish- ment there of republics. For repub- licanism in Scandinavia, as also in other of the Baltic states, is of the distinctly socialist, and therefore un- American brand, but In close sym pathy with German socialism, which has been particularly active during the last few years in Sweden, Nor- way, and especially in Denmark, where it has established a very strong_hold upon not merely the urban, but also upon the rural classes of the population. Just as during the reat war Teuton sociallsm subor- inated all its principles and doc- trines of Internationallsm to Ger- many’s ambitions of territorial con- quest and of ecnomic world domina- tion, so is her sinister and insidious propaganda in Scandinavia and her profession of universal brotherhood actuated by economio and political motives. | ok k¥ Aithough the Hohenzollern mon- archy has disappeared from the scene—at any rate for the time be- ing—yet the Germans have never abandoned their dream of converting the entire Baltic, with all its bound- less possibilities of trade and com- merce, into a great and exclusively Teuton Inland sea, from which all other natlons would be barred by a protective tariff of the nature of the old-time Zollverein. Former Em: peror Willlam was never tired of in- triguing in this direction, ahd strove with all his might and main to bring Scandinavia within the German eco- nomic and political sphere. He was bitterly disappointed when after having fermented the differ- ences. between Sweden and Norway, untll these two sister kingdoms parted from one another, that Norway should have decided—by a narrow majority, it Is true—to revive her former monarchy in favor of Edward VII's Danish son-in-law, and of his own daughter, Maud, instead of proclaim- ing a republic which would have been far more amenable to his own views. ‘He spent his time-in -alter- nately cajoling and “threatening. the Danish dynasty and government and in inciting the Danish people to an- tagonism against their rulers, while in Sweden, despite the fact that he was 8o closely related and apparently 50 devoted to the German born Queen Victoria, he was quietly fostering all the time the soclalist propaganda against the monarchy. * %k % The kaiser has ceased to be a fac- out any interruption by the govern- ment of Berlin, by the great indus- trial magnates.who play so great a role -there and by the leaders of the socialist masses. King Gustave of Sweden has for sometime past been alive to this Teuton peril, the realiza- tion of which came to him in the nature of a surprise, although his father, King Oscar, was wholly awake to its ‘existence. It is appreciated to the full by King Haakon and by his brother, King Christian. It is clear to all three of them that the only means by which ‘the German menace can be combatted is through union and co- operation. At the time when, during the great war, the former Kaiser | threatened each of the three mon- | archs in turn to invade their do- minions unless, they threw in their lot with the central powers, each of them felt that they would not be able ‘to fer any very setious’ or last- ing resistance singly—all the more as Great Britaih and France had their hands full at the time and the United States had not then entered into the fray. So they held a memorable meeting In 1916 at which they de- cided to stand together against Ger- many_fn the defense of their neutral- ity. This proved effective at the time. | Germany could not afford to fight or invade all thres Scandinavian nations. * %% Now, after the lapse of seven years, the three kings are once more, and for the first time since then, coming together to discuss their joint in- terests, and above all, thelr joint de- fense. They are seizing the occasion of the celebration of the silver wed- ding of the king and queen of Den- mark to hold “their convention at Copenhagen, and that is why the im- pending festival in Denmark in the! latter part of this month must be r!-l garded as somethipg more than a mere family gathering, due to mere tles of affection and near kinsman- ship, but as a very important politi- cal convention, and one, which in view of its object and of the perils which it Is seeking to avert, is en- titled to be regarded with the sym- pathy and the good will of the Ameri- can people. It is all the more necessary that the three kings should meet. For differences, carefully fermented by forelgn agencles, have arisen be- tween their respective government, and the relations of the latter with one another are by no means as cor- dial as they should.be for the sake of their joint safety and defense, Un- fortunately, these differences have been reflected in the newspapers and in the legislatures of the three coun- tries concerned, and exploited by politiclans either for the sake of personal notoriety or in order to fur- ther forelgn designs. Thus, one would imagine from the ravings of the newspapers of Christlania and Copenhagen, ‘and from the violent ut- terances of their shallow politicians, that Denmark and Norway were on the eve of war with one another in cannection with their conflicting in- terests in Greenland and in Spits- bergen. There is no doubt that in the face of the vastly more importan issues at stake, those difference: could be easily settled by King Haakon and King -Christian when they-meet at Copenhagen this month the more so as they are brothers. There have been likewise causes of friction between Sweden and Den- mark, which though trivial in their inception, have been the oause of mo little ill-feeling- which doubtless will gress of Versailles. At first it was proposed and advocated by the powers of the entente assembled there that the whole of Schleswig and of Holstein—that is to say, the two rich provinces of which Denmark was robbed at the time of the Austro- Prussian invasion of 1864—should be restored to her, and that, too, so as to include the possession and the con- trol of the Kiel canal, which the allies were unwilling to leave in the hands of the defeated enemy. But spacious arguments were advanced to the effect that it would be impos- ing too great a burden upon so-small 2 nation as to expect her to under- take to defend and to hold the canal against Germany which would be cer- tain in the event of recovering her strength to seek once more to secure possession thereof. Indeed. the Ger- man press made no secret at the time of their resolve to prevent at all conts the canal from becoming alien- ated, and if alienated, from remain- ing in foreign hands. So violent, indeed, were their threats of revenge against Denmark in the event of her accepting the canal at the hands of the, allles as- sembled at the congress of Versailles, that her people grew doubtful about the wisdom of recelving a present frought with such a burden of Teuton resentment and hatred. The great powers were bent upon devising a peace of a permanent character, and they soon began to appreciate that by ‘turning over the canal to Den- mark they fwere sowing the seeds of another and early war—this time be- tween Germany and Denmark. There is. no doubt that Germany brought every influence to bear upon the statesmen assembled at Versailles to emphasize this apprehension, and it took so great a hold upon the con- gress that not only did the powers decide upon leaving the Kiel water- ‘way under German management and control, though internationalizing it on “a scrap of paper.” but that they also resolved to leave the entire duchy of Holstein to the German reich, and to have the fate of the wmouthern, half of the province of Schleswig, including the important seaport of Flensburg, decided by means of a plebiscite. But Versallles took no timely precaution to prevent this pleblscite from being a fraudu- lent one. Indeed, instead of being undertaken at once, many months were dllowed to elapse, and of course Germany, with her customary methods, availed herself of the op- portunity to pour thousands of her nationals into the plebiscite zone, and not content with crowding out the Schleswig Danes, terrorized those who showed an inclination to remain in such a fashion that when the time for voting came the plebiscite was overwhelmingly in favor of Germany and the Danish flag had to disappear from Flensburg. * ok ok X ‘When King Christian, aware of the means by which the vote in favor of Germany had been obtained, and in deference to the entreaties of the Danes of Flensburg and of southern Schieswig, not to abandon them to a continuation of Prussian tyranny, proposed to resist the Teuton occu- pation of southern Schleswig by force of arms, until at any rate he had se- oured a reconsideration of the Issue by the congress of Versailles, the Zahle cablnet,-then In power,: and a PROPAGANDISTS BERATE “IMPERIALISM” OF U. S. Attacks' From Many Sources Are Di- rected Against Present Latin American Policy. BY BEN McKELWAY. ICTURE your Uncle Sam poorly disguised as a benevolent big brother, but known to all as a scheming . thief out to steal Latin America, bit by bit, and plant the American flag on top of the Andes; and at the same time imagine the State Department, backed by countless bloodthirsty marines, con- trolled by a group of Shylocks, other- wise known as Wall street bankers, and you have an idea of the “im- perialistic Latin American policy of the United States,” as described by a propaganda which is growing more active every day. The indoor sport of taking pen In hand to issue grave and welghty warnings against the “Yankee peril” and other bugaboos grows more Popullh ‘The five officers and 118 en- isted men of the marines, who com- pose the legation guard in Nicaragua, are cited throughout this country and Latin America as an evidence of the determination of the United States to pave the way for its “southward advance.” Haiti and Santo Domingo are pictured as ideal but helpless republics making a mighty struggle for thelr independence against the selfish, grabbing greed of bankers| who have the State Department at their beck and call. Some of this propaganda would be amusing if it were not a studious attempt to poison the name and ideals of the United States, It would be ridiculous were it not for the grave results which show themselves now and then with Increasing frequency. Says Flag Follows Capital. A few weeks ago Louis Gannett, an editor of the Nation, was quoted in the newspapers as portraying to the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom the United States 28 “the world's greatest imperialistic power, working in a quiet and un- obtrusive manner,” particularly for the financial control of Latin America. “Our capital is invading all-Latin America,” he is quoted as saying. “And it usually happens that where capital goes the flag and the marines follow. Every day American citizens are hardly aware of the campalgns in these Latin American republics, but they have to pay the taxes for the maintenance of the marines. “That is the modern form of im- |perialism. ~And when the - Latins revolt against it there will be a great cry for ‘protection of American property rights’ and appeals for the marines. If the history of the past decade s any guide our empire will grow rapidly.” Berates U. §. Mediation. Arturo Torres Rioseco, discussing the “Latin American Union” In the Buenos Afres Political and Literary Review, decries the tendency of “false Americans who solicit inter- vention from the north to promote their selfish political fortunes at home; or as do others, equally 8- loyal to our ideals, who resort to Yankee arbitration to settls our ter- ritorial rivalries.”” The sinister dan- ger of soliciting help from the United States Is described by Mr. Rloseco, a |Chilean, as follows: “Wae Chileans and Peruvians, with incomprehensible lack of judgment, have invited the President of the United States to set- tle our controversy over Tacna and Arica. Our statesmen have declared in the presence of European diplo- mats that -North America must lead our nations into_the paths of peace. Well and good. But if at some future time we find foreigners in possession of our customs houses, and alien troops occupying our fortresses, we have only ourselves to blame. We invoke Yankee ald in Peru, in Cuba in Panama, and compensate ourselver with wordy _ proclamations . and pamphlets—vain tokens of our own incapacity—accusing Yankee troops of unspeakable outrages in Santo Do- mingo. The Cat at the Mice Meeting. The Spanish paper La Libertad of Madrid had this to say in advance of the fifth Pan-American Congress, now meeting in Santiago: “A great congress of American na- { tions will convene under protection of the United States. The gathering will be an assembly of mice presided over by a cat. In the meantime Latin American nations keep on singing ro- mantic duos on cordial relations and muttering nonsensical poems on Co- lumbus day, whereas the only pr: caliway to celebrate this day would be to form an Ibero-American federa- tion opposed to the southward advance of the United States.” A contributor to Le Correspondent, Paris, writes the following: “We are familiar_with the anclent English dictum, ‘trade follows the flag.’ But when we consider’ the operation of the republican regime and note its iden- tic methods in all places where its| works appear and when we see the effects of these methods in Latin | America and consider their economic imperialism, so often protected and maintained by bayonets of the ma- rines, and finally when we begin lo observe the first cxtension of this fm- perialism toward Europe, We are formula means the inversion of that saying Into ‘the flag follows trade.’ Shows Just How It Is Donme. The same writer then procseds to analyze the steps in carrying out this imperialistic policy: “Always a group of financiers and big banks of New York launch the first offensive. The Department of State ignores their doings officially, but also officially keeps itself well informed of all de- velopments and chances of success. If the matter does not seem likely to work out the department remains in the background and is not compro- mised. Nevertheless, it gives it to be generally understood that it is ready to intervene either to protect the interests of its nationals or to help and defend them. At the first signe of local agitation, of riots or a popu- lar uprising, which might imperil these interests, the Department of State does interfere. Marines are sent and take the place of the local po- lice and, without hesitation, use the strong arm. Later and for the pur- pose of anticipating a revolutionary condition ‘hurtful to the destinies of the country,’ and to assure the ‘peace of the land which is necessary to the development of its well being,’ Amer- ican functionaries arrive at once and take charge of the customs and the public services. Their expenses and salaries naturally are charged to the country which 18 being administered In all cases the motive or the pretex for the Intervention takes place order to settle conditions and help country that is weak and momen- tarily upset.” All Charges About the Same. Such charges, often repeated and, as noted from those given above, virtually identical in form, show their greatest weakness in a fallure to specify concrete evidence of this al- leged !imperialism or to prove an ulterior motive in cases where the United States has seen fit to &tep in and take charge of things generally. Haitl, Santo Domingo and Nicaragua are held up as examples of “Yankee imperfalism.” But the point over- looked by critics of this country's policy in the Caribbean is whether it 1s best for the United States to in- terfere or to passively witness such interference by a European powe The United States went into Hait! when Port au Prince had virtually been sold to Germany. Since the oc- cupation of Haiti and Santo Domingo order has been established where revolution and’ bloodshed, graft and suppression existed before. Today the Haitian and the Dominican are being taught what they could never learn fo "do before—govern themselves When their lesson is learned the TUnited States will withdraw, gradually, and let them try it by themselves. Roads and schools are being built on these islands where neither existed before. Their financial systems, in charge of ‘“imperialistic” Americans are paying debts, instead of piling them up. Thelr taxes have been re- duced, and applied to the republic's welfare instead of to the support of revolutions and grafting politicians. Either U. S. or Great Britain. The United States went into Nica gua when a British gunboat was about to do the same thing. New Yor bankers advanced a loan, at the in- stance of Secretary Knox, which pre- vented British intervention. A coun- try which before had known only revo- lution has been restored to temporary peace, which {s made more permanent by the presence of a small legation guard of marines. A commission of “imperialistic” financial experts from the United States has brought about a reform in customs and currency sys- tems which enabled Nicaragua to keep its money at par during and after the war, when the currency of every other Latin American country sank below the horizon. Nicaragua is better off today in every way than she has ever been before. thanks to Yankee “Im perfalism.” and the marines, who con stitute the fly In the ointment, will be when Nicaragua camr get along without them. _It Is a question in the minds of many if it is not bet- ter for Nicaragua, under the guldance of the United States, to provide a safe investment for New York bankers while she learns the art of self-gov- ernment, than to become bankrupt sup- porting political malcontents who gain power through revolution and use only to satisfy personal greed. Monroe Established Principle. If the United States has any in- tention of extending its empire souti- ward, it is contrary to principles and traditions held very dear by its cit- izens, and a more, convincing argu- ment than the fact that marines hav Interfered now and then in revolu- tionary movements in Central Amer- fca—when American lives and prop- erty were endangered—Iis necessary to prove it. The Monroe dootrine very frankly established and pro- claimed the policy of the United States In regard to its younger and less experienced neighbors to the southward. Those who give the United States a black eye for carry- ing out the Monroe doctrine should at the same time outline a better procedure for dealing with a trouble- some and delicate problem—a prob- lem which will cease to exist only withdrawn t ted to believe that since 1920 the Americanization of the old British ngly soclalist and pro-German in ?t(;oleinylnga, announced its Intentlon of abiding by the result of the pleb- isolte, and of yielding to the Germans. he dlsmissed it from office. Zehle and his colleagues thereupon took the ex- treme course of appealing to Danish soclalism and labor, charging the monarch with reactionary policies and military plans. In fact, grave disturbances were provoked by Zahle and his German socialist friends in Copenhagen and clamor for the procla- streets of the Danish capital. Ultimately the popular outbreak and"the disturbances were settled by means of a compromise. True, the Zahle administration remained dis- missed and a oolorless business ad- ministration was formed. But the king had to yleld. in the matter of attempting to oppose Germany's pos- session of Flensburg and of southern Schleswig and to permit the Berlin overnment to benefit by its fraudu- ent methods of organizing plebi- scites. ¥ ok ok R Still the Germans are not satisfied. They are bent on getting back the northern part of Schleswig and| eventually of bringing all the re- mainder of Denmark under their domination. There are many in Den- mark, who convinced that this ulti- mate fate 18 in store for their native land, ask themselves whether it would not be more politic to resign themselves at once to the process of Germanization instead of seeking to resist it, and thereby incurring the resentmént of a revengeful peop e who ‘they feel are ‘destined in the long_run to become their masters. For Denmark, as 1 pointed out above, is necessary to the satifaction of Ger- many’s . political and economic am- bitions. and _proportionately as she recovers her atrength and her former power, which is a foregone conclusion, the sense of security of the Danes will diminish. * % % “There is one redeeming point_ in with the future development of the Americas. —-— e the situation—that is to say, from the point of view of the people of America and most of the other powers of the entente who prefer the present regime to the prospect of Denmark becoming Germanized through socialism—and that is the personal good will and affection of the people for the king and queen, aside from all political issue. It is mation of a republic was loud in lhet!mnosslble to help liking the kindly, cheery, good-natured glant of a king, so ready with his smile for all his subjects, even the most lowly, while the queen is In the eyes of the Danes not a German in spite of her being a sister of a former relgning sov- ereign In Germany. but a Vend or Vaandal by birth as well as by mar- riage. For her titles include that of Queen of Iceland, and of Queen of the Vandals and of the Goths. Perhaps the title by which she is best known is that of the “Lady of the Elephant.” She figures in the Almanec De Gotha and in other offi- clal publications as “La Dame de L/Elephant.” This is because she is the only woman to possess the his- toric Order of the Elephant, which is in Denmark what the Order of the Garter is in England and the Order of the Annunzlation in Italy. The principal feature of this great Dan- ish order, founded in 1462, is the Jjeweled elephant which, according to the statutes of the order, has been chosen as the symbol of the organi- 3ation In consequence of the reput tion which this pachyderm enjoys for strength, cagacity and, above all, pro- priety—three virtues which appeared to the founder of the order to surpass all others in_Importance. % Just why King Christian T of Den- mark.should have regarded the ele- phant as the prude of the animal world, I am unable to say. But the fact remains that either the monarch was laboring under an illusion or else that the moral character of the elephant has like so many other things become injuriously affected by modern progress and enlightenment.