Evening Star Newspaper, July 9, 1922, Page 27

i sun ORI Ve LR R . The erated BY TACNA-ARICA DISPUTE § Arbitration by the United States Might Result in Her Gaining an Outlet . to the Sea. : BY BEN McKELWAY. HE time i# near,for a disposal, one way or the other, of what many consider to be about the most important of the many questions which complicate the Tacna- Arica dispute. Peru and Chile are nearly ready to heave mighty .sighs of rellef and pass the responsibility for settling their troubles on to the shoulders of the eventual arbitrator. In so doing they rot only relleve themselves of their own burden but bring to an lissue the interesting questlon, How about Bolivia? _Bolivia, ‘with her pleas for a sea- Port of her own, was shut out in the cold in no uncertain terms when she was informed by Chilean and Peru- vian delegates at the opening of the conforence that she was not a signer of the Ancon treaty and therefore had nothing to do with the present dis- pute hetween the signatory over the disposal of Tacna and Arica. Since then she has diplomatically re- frained from further efforts to plead her cause, biding her time until the question comes up for final solution by arbitration. As stated above, the time is near. Bolivia’s Hope in Arbitration. Bolivia does not consider her cause lost through the refusal of Chile and Peru to give her a hearing. From the beginning she has put her faith in arbitration of the Tacna-Arica dis- pute by the United States. This writer is informed, on good authority, that Bolivia “still considers herself a | party to the adjustment of the owner- ship of Tacna-Arica, and as vet the United States has not declared its policy on this subject one way or the other. So the issue is yet to be dis- posed of. In the formula for arbitration as understood to have been outlined by Secretary Hughes and agreed to in principle by Chile and Peru there 1S no mention of Bolivia, but friends of Bolivia and her cause see in the formula a hope that Bolivia will be included in the final disposition of the question by arbitration. Roughly outlined, the formula for arbitration provides (1) that the arbi- trator will decide whether or not a plebiscite shall determine the nation- is to be a plebiscite, the arbitrator shall determine the conditions under which it is to be hetd; and (3) in the svent there is to be no plebiscite, Chile and Peru must settle the dis- position of the disputed territories between themselves by some other method. Opposition to Plebiseite. There are many who hold that a plebiscite in the territories of Tacna and Arica is not foasible. Chile has maintained garrisons in the area for many years and the few industrial activities carried on in this section have been mainly Chilean. One ot the reasons Peru has held out against a plebiscite under present conditions is that Chile: completely dominates the area and a plebiscite would, she maintains, be a very one-sided affair in favor of Chile. A plebiscite would be a complicated proposition. at any rate. and the arbitrator would have a ality of Tacna and Arica: (2) if therel powers | difficult situation-to face in guaran- teeing its proper conduct. The sim- pler methods, it is argued, would be to get rid of the bothersome-question of & plebiscite at the outset by elimi- nating it as a method of settling the issue. This would put the question up to Peru and’ Chile again, but minus the | Dleblscite, which has’ proved such & stumbling block to an agreement all along. In this case Chile and Peru have [:rreed. dccording to the Associated Press, ‘to ask ‘the good offices™ of the United States. 7 Way to a Settiement. Certainly the most-expeditious way out of the difficulty would be for the arbitrator to suggest, after dlspos- ing of the plebiscite question, “some iway for Chile and Peru to reach an agreement. And it is the hope that the arbitrator will consider Bolivia as a happy solution to the difficulty that has'led her to put her faith In Arbitration by the United States. There may be others, but it is @~ cult to see how a better and more lasting settlement of this difficulty could be achieved than by consider- ing Bolivia in the settlement. -Here the territories of Tacna and Arica, virtually a desert waste, lie between Chile and Feru, valueless from a com- mercial standpoint to either. Lying !to the east, shut off from the sea. i3 jBolivia, to 'whom the territo: prove a lasting boon by providing her with a natural outlet to the sea. Peru could find little use for the area, yet she feels her national honor demands that Chile be dispossesscd ot it. Chile has found the territories a burden on her treasury, yet she feels, as a matter of principle, that it should not go to Peru. Forty years.has shown the difficulty of disposing of the problem as between Chile and Peru. Why can't the issue be settled once and for all by satisfying Bo- livia'’s just_claims to an outlet on the sea” and at the same time .guard against the danger of further trouble over the ownership of the territory | between Chile and Peru? Bollvia Ready to Pay. Of course, Peru and Chile cannot be expected to drops their claims on the territory and hand it over to Bolivia merely for the sake of good will. Belivia, however, stands ready to offer adequate compensition, -which could be divided proportionately be- tween Peru and Chile. The purchase of the territory by Bolivia would give Chile and Peru a just compensation for their loss of the land and give Bolivia a legal possession which would be safe against further claims of_ownership. This may not be the solution of the Tacna-Arica problem. There may be better ways of satistying Peru and Chile. But unless Bollvia is taken into consideration the *“question of the Pacific” will be aggravated, not settled, by the 'present confererce. Popular sentiment in Chile and Peru may be against Bollvia's claims at prosent, but should the United States. as arbitrator, point the way to a just settlement of the three-cornered dis pute by including Bolivia the po- litical fear of this popular sentiment which exists in both countries need no longer be felt. And, in the end, popular sentiment usually supports what is just and fair. Strength of the Ties Which Bind American States Into a Union To the Editor of The Star. In your issue of June 29 Mr. James P. B. Hyndman discusses American history and the supposed destiny of the United States and offers certain conclusions constituting a remark- able collection of errors, political and historical. But his erroneous conclu- sions follow naturally, perhaps, from his faulty premise, in which he holds “in thought that our nation, America, is, under her fundamental documents, a single idea,” etc., etc. Now, the Declaration of Independ- ence is entitled “The unanimous declaration of the thirteen United States of America, in Congress as- sembled”; i. e, thirteen separate states or nations co-operating through their respective representatives or agents for certain common ends. (See definition of “state” in Web- ster's Dictionary, as “a nation.”) These colonies, states or nations had been |. acting together in a sort of loose association since May, 1775. The somewhat more compact unlon or confederacy of 1781 followed. From this union of 1781 eleven of the states, each for itself, seceded or withdrew in a very years, in order to form a new Union or con- federacy under the federal Constitu- tion of 1789, North Carolina and Rhode Island corhing in later, each for itself, after Washington had been inaugurated President of the eleven United States. We should note that the union o(l 1781 was declared, in the articles of, contederation. to be “perpetual”; but that, despite this solemn assertion, eleven of the constituent states, as just noted, very shortly seceded in order to form the “more perfect! union” of 1789, which the Constitu- tion very wisely nowhere declares to | be perpétual or permanent. In so doing they but exercised- that right | of “self-determination” preached by { the United States and the allies Inl the world war and practiced by the smerican _colonies In 1776 and ma' southern states In 1860-61. Th one of his conclusions Mr. .| gives a strongly centralist conetrue- | tion to. the phrase. “We, the people of the United States,” in the preamble | to the federal Constitution of 1789.! ‘But article VII of the same Instru- ment provides that the Constitution xhall _be established “between the states” (nine or more of the origi- pal, thirteen) ratifying it esch for self. United States a * lic") has been aptly likened to the right of expatriation, or change of citizenship and allegiance, by an In- dividual; this right of expatriation was long denled, but is now very generally recognized among the most enlightened nations. Mr. Hyndman thinks that Mr. Davis “chose to assume the place of presi- dent of a confederacy which had no existence.” Wrong—doubly wrong. Against his own desires, Jefferson Davis was chosen president by the people of a confederacy which had such very real and lusty existence that it took four years of desperate war to overthrow it—just as many and many another nation of confed- eracy, strong or weak, has flourished, but finally been overthrown, tempor- arily or permanently, in the ever-re- curring rise and fall of nations and governments. > It is noted that Mr. Hyndman, in his political conclusions speaks con- fidently for both himself and God. So did Mr. Hohenzollern, sometime Ein- peror of Germany. YD T. EVERETT. p A Berlin’s Long List 2 Of Police “Dont’s” By the Associated Press. = BERLIN, - July 8.—Berliners are finding the flmfl!ll' “verboten” of war and pre-war days more irksome and omnipotent than ever under the re- publican regime. v When Richard Enright, New York city police commissioner, who is here to ‘study police methods and regula- tions, together with’ the Bertillon sys- tem, called on the authgrities he was own the city's awe-inspiring list.of ‘dont’s,” ranging in -categorical shades of law-breaking all thé way from keeping off the grass to assas- sination. Fach change of season, each yew fad, each successive rise in prices ap- pears to bring in its wake a-fresh variety of offenders for addition to the metropolitan police blotter. Tetal of 337 Arrests Daily. The monthly statistics show that an average of more than 327 person: were arrested daily. A young man’ fancy may lightly turn to ‘thoughts of love in Berlin's springtime, as well as anywhere else, but if. there is ob- A fundamental rule of docu-|Jjection to kissing' in the park, he.and mentary construction is to construe %" inamorata are liable to: arrest. text context. 'he last month saw 234 arrests for THe foregoing is sufficient to show, | this and similar misdemeanors tend- briefly. how our documentary history to lower the standard of public proves exactly the opposite of that|morals. supposed by our fealous friend. We can readily fill columns with addi-|liquofs, there were tional quotations from the documents | drunkenness and in_question - in further proof. (For |“dead bea Despite the high prices of algoholic 847 arrests for there ' were 165 ts” arrested for trying to instance, at least three states—Vir- | sneak out of bars without paying. New York, Rhode mland—in sinia, their formal accessions to the Con- Ir the new Union as they had already done from that of 1781, the meaning becoming plain by comstruing tl text of their reservations with con- text.) .. H._quotes the words of the Apostle Paul - at I Corinthians, 13. 20-25, as against “schism.” But tions speak louder than words.” - I commend to him the actions of Paul (Acts, 15.39) when “departed other” because “the contention was 20 sharp between them” . that they could no longer peaceably, co-operate. Soe, aleo, the like worthy example of Abraham, in the twentieth century B. C., when he ‘“se) " fr (Genesin, 13.7-11) in order that strife might cease as between these “breth- tion of 1789, expressly reserve |, the right to, withdraw or secede from | ownerless do nd !lmlb‘: murder. Inereaséd Tax en Doks. Dogs are being -Increasingly taxed, this resulted dn throwing 163 on the streets di g;dm:v;tg vlm']'l-( 665 fell m;"&? 5 e law for gos min A i oug! scarcity of co, Z tinues, there were 210 cases c!u v!?l:- tion of the restrictive lighting: orders: y. W . In_all, the monthl; these in From the Richmond Times-Dispateh. . .. . - As s motoriat, we desire to volce om Lot | the indignation of all other motorists and to say that if these pedestrians don’t quit walking into our cars and ren,” in this showing himself wiser!bending the bumpers all.up, we'll than. that other Abraham of the nine- teenth century of the Christian era. right of secession a confed- = by state (Washington called the !ye}, but we feel. start a national movement It & misdel g eanor to cross the. stree Personally, we haven’t-hit guy ..'; would + " by their indiscriminate firing, "~ The St Y HENRY W.BUNN, . HE following is & brief summary. of the most important mews of the world for the seven days ended July 8:°° N The British Empire—Their citadel, the Four Courts, destroyed, the Irish irregulars seized a sectian of Dublin, Including & number of strong bulldings, barricaded doors and win- _dows, established underground communica- tions d mined the cellarage. The pro- visional government delayed operations to re- diice these petty fortresses while the arch- bishop and lord mayor of Dublin and the chairman of the labor party tried to persuade the irregular leadérs to surrender them and 20 avert bloodshed and destruction of prop- erty, which could avall them nothing. The die-hards turning a deaf ear, the na- tional troops proceeded to thoot and smoke them (using rifles, machine guns, eighteen- pounders and smoke bombs) out of one strong- hold after another, until on July 5 the last ‘of their strongholds was captured and with it the redoubtable Charles Burgess, one time dail minister of defense. Burgess would not surrender and it was necessery to shoot him before he could be made prisoner (he has died of his wounds). Upward of five hundred were captured in the recent operations, but many escaped. including De Valera. One cannot be certain, but it seems unlikely that the remnant of desperate irreconcilables still In Dublin will give much more trouble. Reports from the province are encouraging to the provisional government, but. wisely, Collins is taking no chances. On July 6 he issued a proclamation inviting veluntary en- listments iA tae national army. The response was immediate and more than adequate. Collina evidently intends complete pacification of the country and disarming of irregulars. The opinion ir general that the irregulars have completely discredited their cause. The Irish people have noted the contrast between the humane methods of the national troops in the Dublin fighting and the ferocious methods of the irregulars—the latter. for example, ar- ranging mines to explode after thelr de- parture from buildings vacated by them (even ter their surrender under a white flag), and killing _more civilians than national troops. Hardly lesa than the bloodshed. the Irish people will resent the tactics which made necessary the destruc- tion of a very considerable portion of the finest buildings of handsome Dublin. After all. of course. considering the great issues in- volved. the destruction of life has not been very considerable—less than one hundred. Of these very few, indeed, were irregulars. In contrast to the action of the lords not long ago, the British commons on July. 4. by 292 to 35. voted approval of the Palestine man- date In its present form, and of the Rutenberg concession (which includes the right to harness the waters of the Jordan and other streams). b It the American ship subsidy bill is passed and American forelgn policy in general con- tinues to develop along its present lines and the Furopean scene continues one of bicker- ing., confusion and insolvency, Great Britain may go in for ‘“pan-Britishism"—concentra- tion_on colonial development and imperial solidarity. Who might be the leader of such a_movement? Winston Churchill? Why not Lloyd George himself? Why not? * X % X Germany.—Berlin had its demonstration. One hundred thousand so- cialists / of various hue and communists marched and sang for the republic. The se- curity police kept out of sight. The marching discipline was perfect. There was no discord. But though there was no disorder or blood- shed in Berlin, elsewhere in Germany there was, especlally in Saxony. Maximilian Harden, the Berlin editor, was stabbed and blackjacked near his home in Berlin on July 3. He received filve wounds in the head, but will probably survive. His as- sailants were captured. One of them had a membership card of the ‘“Association of Na- ;itlvlr\!l-mlnded Soldiers.” Harden is a brave ellow. * k x ok, Fourth of July orythe "We'ek Has Told quelled quickly—quite , péssibly ~they were much magnified in the telling. At any rate, for ‘weeks after those reports the press had. little to say of Silesian ‘disorders. Very re- contly there has been & resurgence of dais- order, though on a smaller scale, the almost inevitable protest, one might say, of & few die-hards. T administrative transfers r quired by the German-Polish treaty concer! 1 per Silesia began on June 17 and that completed tomorrow, July interall commission and at operation s to b 10, whereupon th the allied troops will lei ne control commissions, headed by 1 e of nations rep- resentatives will set up shop. * % ¥ % Russia—Several weeks ago Col. Hankell, head of the American Relief Administration in Russia, made the following declaration; “We have conquered the Volga. famine. Speaking generally, I can say that no one will die of. hunger any more in the whole Volga area. We are distributing American food (outside the Volga famine area) to the Kal- muck tribes beyond the Siberian border, to Stavropol in the Caucasus, to the Don Cos- sacks, to many affected areas in the Ukraine, to Transcaucasia and to the Crimea.” The total mortality from the famine is es- ;lmlted by American observers as about 00,000. It will be recalled that at Genoa the Musco- vites demanded a billion-dollar loan. At The Hague they are now demanding credits to the value of $1,600,000,000, or, rather, that is their tentative minimum figure. They won't accept less—they may demand more. Ninety-ftve and one-half per cent of the cost of running the soviet’ government is (in a. manner of speaking) met by the printing Presses. Eleven of the persons tried by the Petro- grad revolutionary tribunal for alleged inter- ference with requisition by the soviet au- thorities of church treasures have been con- demned to death, fifty-three have been sen- tenced to imprisonment and twenty-two were :clqe:lttad, Patriarch Tikhon has not yet been ried. Is, or isn’t, Lenin at death’s door? Finland, the Baltic states and Poland have rejected the Moscow government's proposal of a disarmament conference between repre- sentatives of those states and Russia. Moscow. of .course, says that France s responsible for the rejection. Tt Is reported that Trotsky has massed about 200,000 troops on the Polish and Rumanian frontiers of Russia, upward of 200,000 of these being combatant troops well supplied with ar- tillery. It is suggested that Trotsky, that deep student of the capitalist psychology, has so acted for moral effect at The Hague. Paris has information to the effect that a “German naval mission” has arrived in Kronstadt, “where It has taken over direc- tion of the Russian' arsenals and is believed to be preparing a scheme” for the rehabilita- tion of the Russian navy. The total tonnage of the vessels which might profitably be over- hauled and put in commission is reported to be about 300,000. They are said to include four battle cruisers of 32,5600 tons each of the vintage of 1916, four dreadnaughts of 26,000 tons each. two battleships of 18,000 tons each, one cruiser of 17,000 tons, two light crulsers, sixty-eight destroyers and fifteen submarines. A large proportion of these ships are somewhat old and the more important armament is lacking or Incomplete. * ¥ ¥ X China.—President Li Yuan-Hung announces that the majority of the Canton parliament has sent him assurance of its support of the Peking government. Gen. Chen Kwang-Ming handsomely pro- posed to Sun Yat-Sen that the latter head a delegation from "the southern provinces to negotiate with Peking. But Sun refused unless Chen should restore Sun to' the presi- dency, should admit that he had done wrong in deposing Sun, and should punish the offi- cers who had assisted in deposing Sun. “If Chen will do those things I will pardon him.” says Sun. “Otherwise, I shall endeavor to eliminate all opposition.” * * X X . TUnited States of America.—Representatives \ them to “devise an agency for effecting & so- lution of their difficulties” ¢ * ¢ “Mean- while, operations ought to be resumed. * * * The government, however, “has no desire .to participate in & merely temporary make- shift. ® ¢ ¢ If they cannot reach a satis- factory solution with reasonable promptness by themselves, “the servants of the American people will be called to the task.” The President’s guests separated Into bituminous and anthracite groups for the con- ference, Secretaries Hoover and Davis joining the former group and Secretary Fall the latter. After conferring during three days without (so ‘tis said) getting anywhere, the bituminous conferees adjourned to July 10. The anthracite conferees continued to confer, but, it is understood, with little more success. The American people, sweltering in the July heat, gaze at.their radiators and shiver a little. It is understood that the conferees will be called on within a day or two to report success or failure and that, in case of failure, “the servants of the American people will be called to the task” with advice as to the manner of its performance. The Railroad Labor Board summoned to a hearing before itself on June 30 Mr. Jewell, head of the federation of railroad shopcrafts; the chief executives of the several shopcrafts unions and of other unions affected by the recent wage decisions of the board, and rep- resentatives of those rallroad managements which had farmed out shop work against de- cisions of the board. Mr. Jewell and the chief executives of the shopcrafts unions failed to appear in answer to telegraphic summons and Mr. Jewell evaded service of a subpoena, but he sent a statement denouncing the board's Tecent decisions and defending the strike order calling out the shopcrafts workers. One of the main purpo: of the hearing was, of course, defeatedi—namely, to cause revocation or suspension of the strike order calling out the shopmen on July 1, but one important result was accomplished. The man- agmeent representatives formally announced 1 under- Mr. Grable, prerident of the Brotherhood of Main- the offending managements, ‘were represented). Moreover, tenance-of-Way Workers, declared that a strike order would not be issued to his men before a meeting of the executive council of his brotherhood on July 3. That executive council met at Detroit on July 3. It would appear that the referendum vote of the brotherhood was overwhelmingly for a strike. While the council was debating Mr. Hooper_ invited it by telephone to a con- ference at Chicago on July 4. The council ac- cepted and the upshot of the conference was an order issued by Mr. Grable to the 400.000 maintenance-of-way workers “to continue work under the present wage decision of the Labor Board under protest, pending efforts to obtain a satisfactory adjustment.” The Labor Board has since been making vigorous efforts to persuade the union executives (of the sig- nalmen, etc.), who are still debating whether or not to issue strike orders, to follow the lead of the maintenance-of-way chiefs. Meantime the strike of the shopmen began at 10 a.m. July 1. The response to_the strike order was not 100 per cent, as Mr. Jewell claims, but it was large. On the other hand, the failure of co-operation from the main- tenance men. the fact that the railroads can carry cn without them and fill their places, these and other aspects of their situation, even though not effective to seduce the shop- men from lovalty to their union. may, it is widely thought, cause overwhelming pres- sure on their executives to seek a quick ac- commodation. Perhaps it is not fantastic to attribute a_tendency to violence.already dis- played at the strikers to despair of success. On June 30 the House of Representatives adjourned to August 15. * % % % Miseellaneous.—Thirty thousand Hungarian children assembled at a Budapest pier on July 1 to bid farewell to Capt. James A. Pedlow. Ameriean Red Cross commissioner in Hungary, and the remaining members of his staff on their departure from Hungary, their mission complete. The Japanese garrison has evacuated Han- kow, Chiaa. Dr. Serge Voronoff is hampered in his work | and tratle in ‘e Upper Silesia.—Several weeks ago press re- ports declared that very serious orders had broken out in Upper Silesia. Pre- sumably these disorders subsided or were field: of operators and miners in the union coal both bituminous and anthracite. met of transplanting chimpanzee glands to human bodies by lack of enough chimpanzees. ‘The is the only animal that can be Chimpanzee farms ietemin - | UNICle Sam Has an Open Hand And States Get Generous Aid NCLE SAM is a pretty benig- nant old gentleman when it l comes to digging down into | his jeans and shelling out the money that talks. His “pater- nalistic” spirit is costing the federal Treasury a right smart amount an- nually, though this is occasionally lost sight of by those in Congress and out who spasmodically arise to defend “states’ rights.” Here are some official figures to illustrate how the money has liter- ally rolled off Uncle Sam’s “helping hand”: The Department of the Interior has disbursed to colleges for agriculturg and mechanic arts, under acts of July 2,1 August 30, 1890, and March 4, 1907, $3,500,000 in 1921, approixmately the same amount.during the fiscal year just closed, and identical appro- priations have been made for the fis- cal year starting. The Interior Department during the fiscal year Just closed le payments to states from receipts ler the oil leasing act of February 25, 1920, of $1,659,308 during the fiscal year 1922, and the estimated expenditures for the pres- ent year are to be approxi- mately’ the same. Aild to the gtates through the Interior Department of “five, threée and two per cent funds to states (lands)” under the act of June 27,” 19 amourited to $138,193 in 1921, is estimated -at $60,000 for 1922 and $50,000 for 1923. Cash for Many Purposes. The Department of Agriculture administers quite & number of fed- eral ald funds, which include: X . Payments to states and territori from the national forest fund, acts of*March 4, 1907; May 23, 1908, March 1, 1811, and June 30, 1914, totaled $1,180,063 in 1921, $1,107,600 in 1922, and will be “approxim: y 'I.NO.WOI during the present fiscal year. Payments to school funds, Arizona and New Mexico forest funds, act of June 20, 1910, amounted ‘to $73,229.75 in 1921, and are estimated at about $70,000 for emch of the, fiscal years 1922 and 1923. = The general expenses of the States Relation Service, under that portion | these diseases during 1921. idea In Europe that agriculture is a Rural Automobiles Searce. He observed scarcely any ‘mutomo- mobiles in the country sections of Germany and not many anywhere else on farms in the European countries. tresh dis- the President, by /inyitation, st the Wihite . mwenkse.ls fhe only House on July 1. The President admonished’ mjght be a paying proposition. Agriculture in Eur e About ope: Back to Pre-War Normal ing this fiscal year approximately RICULTURE i tern Eu- $170,000,000 on account of appropria- R hroushout. tne | woman's work. tions previously made. Do S world, especially in Germany, Roads TAroush | Foresis.: is rapidly being re-estab- Expenditures for federal forest road | lished on a normal basis, according to construction, under the postal act of | Nat C. Murray, crop statistician of February 28, 1919, amounted 1o lthe United States Department of Agri- $3,821,409 in 1921, approximately Practically all $2,000,000 during the fiscal year 1922. The post office appropriation act for 1923 carried $50,000,000 for carrying out the provisions of the federal high- way act of 1921. Forest road development, under the act of November 9, 1921, cost $2,500,- 000 during the fscal year just closed, and $3,000,000 has been appropriated for the current fiacal year. Forest highways, under the act of November 9, 1921, cost $2,600,000 dur- ing the fiscal year, and $7,000,000 has been appropriated for the fiscal year Just starting. The federal board for vocational education makes sizable disburse- ments of federal funds along four broad line: Co-operative vocational education in _agriculture, $1,071,814 in 1921, $1,362,600 in 1922, and the appropria tion for the current fiscal year is $1,761,000. 3 Co-operative vocational education in trades and industries cost Uncle Sam $1,037,711 in 1921, $1,372,600 in 1923, and the current appropriation is $1,772,000. Co-operative vocational education, teachers, etc., under the act of Feb- ruary 23, 1917, cost $798,888 in 1921 and $981,000 in 1922, while the appro- priation for the current fiscal year is $1,090,000. For Disabled in Industry. Co-operative vocational rehabilita- tion of persons disabled in industry, under the act of June 2, 1920, ran up a bill of $469,819 i 1921, $768,000 in the year just passed, and $1,034,000 has been appropriated for the pres- ent fiscal yi The interdepartmental social hygi- | ene board disbursed $393,115 in aid to states in protection of military a naval forces against social d in 1921 and $200,000 during the last year. It made paymints to states of an additional $223,676 for prevention of .social diseases in 1921, and paid $75,840 to universities for research in Besides of the appropriation that provides for | this, it pald $153,490 to universities agricultural -e: connection .wi n 5 1887; March . March. 3, 6, 1908, dand riment stations in |for research in educational measures colleges established |in such diseases, under the act of 1 states, acts of March 2, | june b, 1920, The act of February: 17, 1922, pro- 1921, amounted. to. $1,440,000 in 1921, |vides that of $400,000 appropriated and 'the same.amount i the fiscal years 1922 and 1923. Of Bemefit to Farmers. . / Co-operative agricultural extension work, under the sets of May 8, 1914, and_March 3, 1921,-cost Uncle Sam 95, propriations have 'been made -of $4,880,000 for the present fiscal year. Co-operative construction of roads national forests, der the act of June 11, 1916, cost 31770000 Gurine, the. R and $1,000,000 has been pD: for this fiséal year. post. 'm’mn‘l" ' the acts ot Jaly 11 1916, and November 9, 1931, cont $57. In 1931 and 355000300 during by et un-{of cigars is the | latest statistics. estimated for | $225,000-is to be allotted to states for ¢co-gperative work in preventlon and control of social disease. : 'F!ENCI:I TAKE TO PIPES. ,000 during | Cigar Gonsumption Has Fallen Off Since War Times. PARIS, Jyly 8.—More tobacco ls going up in” smoke than ever-before in France, although the consumption ‘decreasi: rdi ng, according to French smokers who acquired the e habit during the war d -it drew better than the ordinary - tight-rolled French clgar, and are -stiil sticking to the rural|pipe, withh the result that there is not conditions and conferences with the official representatives of fifty nations at the International Institute of Agriculture in Rome. The estimates are that the field crops in western Europe and Eng- land will be a little less than last year, s0 that there is no material apprehension one way or another, either of serious shortage or supesr- abundance. This means ¢ the American farmer‘will find the Buro- pean market jyst a little stronger in its calls upon him for food supplies than last year, which federal experts say ing is a very healthy and encourag- prospect. Agriculture in Germany. culture, who has just returned from an investigation of European crop The excellent condition of agricul- ture In Germany particularly ‘im- pressed Mr Murray, who- made day trips through that country, which he particularly studied. He found that “farm lands in Germany are well tilled, and there Is little or no un- cultivated land. The farmhouses are neat and the surroundings attrac- tive.” g In Germany he found prices and the general cost of living very low, due in large part to the depreciation of exchange values. For example, | he trayeled all day in a railroad train from Bremen to Frankfort for the equivalent of $1.30, which was one of the first revelations he had of the reduced cost of living in Germany as compared with the United States. He paid $1.30 for a room in & hotel, which he could not get here for $3. The prices displayed in the shop windows gave testimony that all wearing ap- parel was decidedly cheaper than in this country—Yor example, shoes were about $2, which cost 35 and $6 in the United States. All of this showed that the exchange value of the mark had depreciated more than its pur- chasing power in_Germany itself. Stopping over in Bremen, Hanover and Frankfort, he found no -vldenee-l loyment. o N owastated part of morthern Frl';lee Mr. Murray found that the land.has been brought back to a nor- mal state of cuitivation. Farming Not Modernived. “wrhe American farmer visiting western Europe,” he says, “is im- pressed by the small size -but high llu. of cultivation of . fields, the lary rtion of hand labor as con- targs poccton ot Mnd bt s can-farms, the large use of women as laborers in the flelds, and the use of of horses as work ani- Two-wheeled carts instead the four-wheeled wagons are univer- maily used, and few automobiles are seen In the farming districta” - In the handsome structure hous- ing the International Institute of Agriculture in Rome, which was the Bift of the King of Italy, eight large mural -paintings illustrating- the de- of the automobiles were in cities, and thdse mostly pub- lic conveyances or driven by chauf- feurs. But he saw a great many bi- cycles. which he translated as mean- ing that the class who can afford automobiles in this country are using bicycles in Europe. In England Mr. Murray was struck by the remarkably high prices brought at an auction sale of 100 pure-bred Fresian cattle from South Africa. The average price for the lot was $5,000 a head. One cow brought about $20,000, and a bull calf dropped the day preceding the sale brought more than $700. In England he was told by some of the large fruit importers that it ‘was expected in England that there would be a good demand for apples from the United States next fall. ‘The tree fruit crop in England is not up to average this season The customs officers In Germany were very strict regarding what they would aliow to go out of the country, in contrast with other countries, where they are particularly strict as to what they allow to come in. Germans Busy and Contented. Regarding political conditions in Germany, Mr. Murray stated that “the people In German cities appeared to be busier and more contented than those in other countries.” Although the affairs of the Interna- tional Institute of Agriculture, which he attended as official representative of the United Stat are in a pre- carious condition, he reports im- provements in its services to the American agricultural interests. This institute is an organization of more than fifty countries throughout the world, established by treaty ar- rangements and supported by these various countries. It is remarkable that this. institute has survived and continued to operate during the world war, Inasmuch as it is supported by the natiohs which have been in con. flict. It Is, at the present time, pass ing through a difficult financial co dition, because its income has not in- creased in proportion to the decrease in the purchasing power of money. ‘Therefore, it has ‘been necessay to exercide rigid economy in its con- duct. Its total income for the pres- ent year amounts to only $130,000 in our mopey. It is, however, proceed- ing along conservative lines and de- veloping and improving the quality of its service. Yearbook Is Valuable. The International Institute of Agri- culture has recently issued a year- book of fllml!\lrfl statistics which itaelf § the existence of institute. Hitherto its lh’;htl:‘l ';:e ports have n_prin French. ‘Therefore, they have been of little value to A lcan ers. But in this yearbook the statistiés are pub- lished in both French and English {(duplicate text), which increases its value to Americans and all English- speaking peoples. It ‘l'fl.ln 'll.he comxnu;el 8 acreage | production of ‘various countries of the. world for & geries res on enough. work for the cigar-makers|velopment of agriculture attracted|of years, and also shows the effect in the government ¥ es. Mr. #'s attention. In seven out}of the changed boundary lines in Eu- High- _llq(,u-n.n ‘however, are | of the eight women only were ict- | rope upon population, areas, etc, still find &' good because of | ed as workers .in the flelds, in | which is of very great Importance at. the demand “ War” the other one ‘both men and | this time in mak! studies of the ~ g’ BRITAIN’S ZIONIST POLICY ~ NOW LIKELY TO PREVAIL Equal Opportunity for All Creeds Be- lieved Made Certain By Action of Parliament. BY A. G. GARDINER, Britain’s Greatest Liberal Editor. By Cable to The Star. LONDON, July 8—Great Britain's policy of equal opportunity for all creeds.in Palestine will prevail. The action of the house of commons in crushing the opposition to the Ruten- berg concessions dismisses the likeli- hood that there will be any serious departure from the present plans. The formidable attack in the lords and the commons upon Zionism has ended in fiasco. s During the war Balfour committed England to the undertaking that the Jewish return to Palestine would be its policy when hostilities ended. In accordance with that promise Eng- land, in assuming the Palestine man- date, adopted a scheme to promote that end. The object was not to es- tablish a Jewish state. That was Impossible in view of the predomi- nance of the Arab population .and also because of the fact that Pales- tine contains the holy place of three competing religions, Christian, Jew- ish and Mohammedan. In the cir- cumstances the mandatory power was aimed, not at giving Jews pref- erence, but in establishing a just, impartial state where Jews, equally with Arabs and Christians, would find a secure home. The first governor was a distin- guished Jewish statesman, Herbert Samuels, a man of the highest char- acter and ability, who filled the office with conspicuous wisdom and justice. Undercurrent of Opposition. There has been a sirong undercur- rent of opposition in England, of anti-Semitism abroad and of anti- British influence among certain Cath- olic powers. It was alleged that dur- ing the war the allies promised the Arabs self-government. This was only conditional on their support of the allies and the Palestine Arabs did not support their cause. On the other hand, the undertaking to the Jews was absolutely specific. The fulfill- ment has not injured the Arabs. It has given them equal rights with Jews and Christians. It has been al- leged, however, that the Samuels ad- ministration favored the Jews, in regard to concessions and land poli- cies. There is no evidence that this criticism is_justified. The assault focused on a concession to M. Rutenberg, a Russian develop electricity through m‘.'z'.a‘:r resources of Palestine. The fact that he is a Jew was seized upon with sreat indignation. The fact that he was a Russian Jew was shocking. There came a furious attack in the house of lords. Efforts were made to overthrow the concession, but Balfour's defense prevailed, although every vulgar prejudice was exploited. The fight was transferred (o the house of commons, and there the anti-Zionists met their Waterloao, Proposal Scrutinized. Replying to the attack, Winston ’Church showed that the colonial | office had closely scrutinized the pro- posal. Under it the Palestine gov- ernment controlled prices and limited profits. Rutenberg himself is a man of genius and high character. No one, denies the necessity for the develop- ment of the water power of Palestine. No one thinks the Arabs are capable of such development. They reap the advantage with the rest from the enterprise. It was suggested that a Jew should not have been favored with the. concession and that the business should belong to England. Such a selfish suggestion destroyed the bona fides of the case and the temper of parliament showed little sympathy with the anti-Semite spirit. This is remarkable in a house so re- actionary as the present. The divi- sion was almost sensational in its emphasis, only 35 supporting the at- tack with 292 favoring the govern- ment. The result was the most crushing of defeats for the anti- Zionist movement. There is no doubt mistakes have been made under the mandate, but it is clear that the Arabs have no real grievance unless equality of treat- ment be a grievance. On the con- trary, they stand to benefit from the development of the country and the social order introduced. So far as the Jews are concerned their claim to national rights in Palestine is in- disputable. The experience of the new regime on the whole has been ’enlirely gratifying. and the view strongly is heard in England that a national home for the Jews will tend ultimately to lessen the grounds for hostility now widespread. Palesting itself cannot fail to prosper under an administration which for the first time provides security of life and equal laws under a capable, enter- prising government. Any attempt to upset the system would be a crime not only against the Jews, but against Palestine and the best inter- Iesu of the whole world (Copyright, 19 iFrance Now Seen Confronted By Serious Economic Upheaval BY ANDRE TARDIET, Former High Commissioner to the United States. By Cable to The Star. PARIS, July 8.—Little ground for optimism is afforded by the events of the past week,The mark continues to fall so fast that previous financial solutions proposed seem futile. The {consequent rise in prices threaten i serious economic disturbances. Meanwhile in Germany, and out- side, the campaign started by Prince Max of Baden last year to liberate Germany from her war responsibili- ties and throw the onus on the allles, particularly France, continues. This campaign finally has reached the French chamber through the kind of- fices of the French communist party and, by a curious coincidence, was dealt with in some of the speeches of the American Chamber of Com- merce's Independence Day dinner. The French communists, who ac- knowledge allegiance to Moscow, adopt as their slogan, ‘“Down with Poincare and war!” They accuse Poincare, in defiance of history, and solemn treaty, of having aided the outbreak of the war by his policy and of having prolonged it unneces- sarily. It is the same old story” daily repeated in the German press, al- though immediately after the armi- stice the German press acknowledged the responsibility of Germany and the kaiser for the 1914 policy. Responsibility Undoubted. At the Independence dinner Messrs. Beck and Hill insisted there was no doubt in the United States of the re- sponsibility for the war and insisted that the conscience of the world had proclaimed Germany's guilt. Tt necessary that such a principle should be loudly proclaimed because in the German minds the opposite propaganda idea is destined to serve as a basis of a demand for revision of the terms of peace. Prince Max has not concealed this, 1f Germany could get the legend of her non-re- sponsibility accepted she would be ready for that war of revenge which her nationalists preach. If Germany was not responsible she can jusily reclaim Alsace-Lor- raine, Silesia and everything the war took from her. She can readily claim that she owes nothing for what was destroyed, but that she has the right to reconquer what she lost The whole basis of peace, territorial as well as the financial ] brought into question. Moral Force Put First. James M. Beck affirmed a truth. which I announced in the chamber on May 23, namely, that moral force precedes physical. Nations not led by an ideal risk anarchy. During the war we all followed an ideal—that of saving popular liberty from Ger- man militarism. Our soldlers felt they were strugg!ing for a just cause and therefore they conquered. What will become of us in peace if we al- low it to be sald that Germany was not responsible for the war she de- clared. That is why these discus- sions seem to be so regrettable. For two and one-half years many as- saults have been made on France's rights. Today the whole basis of these rizhts is put In question. In this critical moment of the world's history the French are glad to see that Americans believe the United States has not changed its mind about the responsibility for the terrible crime that almost ruined the aspect, world. So long as we agree about that passing disagreements do not matter. (Copyright, 1822.) Spread of Paris Population Revives Question of Expansion By the Associated Press. ‘PARIS, July $;—Banks, moviesand ministerial annekes have encroached upon the living quarters of Paris until the overflowing population has begun to crowd into the suburbs, raising again the oft-mooted question of enlarging the city. Transporta- tion facilities must be extended to accommodate the people thus elbowed out of town, and it is argued that for various reasons the city limits must be extended correspondingly. Boulogne, which will be the first suburb o be connected with the center of the city by subway, is ex- pected to be the firat to be taken Into The fold, although Boulogne is show- Ing no cagerness to become a part of the ‘most expensive capital in the orld. 'Ths demolition of the wall around the French capital, now well under way, to permit these extensions is also working other important trans- formations. When finished, & twenty- ar boulevard will mark a new stage in the evolution of Paris, as did the other boulevard systems, which illustrate the growth of the city in the same way as rings mark the age of an oak. The first wide streets in the center of the city were built on the site of the wall of Phillippe August 1. The ring of boulevards mow called the “grand boulevards” took the place of the wall of Louis XIV, and the system of “exterior boulevar which are now far in the interior of the city limits, skirting the foot of Mont- martre, superseded the wall of Louis The old Latin quarter also gets another, and probably fatal, blow in these improvements. The university city, to be built along the new boule- vards, is expected to take students away from the St. Michel and Mont- parnasse neighborhoods. American boys coming to Paris to study will find there up-to-date homes such as the Latin quarter never afforded. As for the old Latin quarter life, the little of it that still survived was buried the other day with “last of the Bohemians"—Biart. Degherardine. mile, circt Textbooks Lauding Ex-Kaisers May Be Expurgated By Germans . BERLIN, July §—In connec- tion with the “campalgn for the defense Of the republic,” patriots of mew Germany are—demanding the abridging of school text books in which the virtues and -glories of the Hohensollerns - are ex- tolled, from Frederick the Great on down. A measure now before the Prussian diet urges the central minister of education to; lose no time in_ consigning scrap T all text—books do not conform to- the ideas the con- stitution. 3 L3 ,. - The _ 2. Foreign . Minister Rathenau has done muche to accelerate the growing demand for uprooting from the schools all activities -tending directly or in- directly to Inspire the rising generation with reverence for the monarchist days of old. Radical factions are taking matters into thelr own hands, independent of the government, in ridding_ public places of such vestiges of Hohen- zollern days as statues and paint- ing In many places these are being tumbled out onto the pave- ments, despite the fact that the Berlin _city council rejected, the proposal of the radical councilmen to purge all municipal buildings of such works of art, including the ikeneases of Ludendorff and Voa enburg. 3