Evening Star Newspaper, December 11, 1921, Page 67

ARE DESCRIBED IN DETAIL Study of Various Units in Automobile Motor—What They Do and How They Function in Smooth-Running Car. BY ALBERT N. ATKINSON. Copvright, 1921, by Albert N. Atkinson.) We shall now make a special study of the important parts of the engine: The Cylinders.—These are usually made of cast iron, although steel cyl- aluminum They casting may be inders set in an are sometimes used. cast singly three or more are called a block. The s inders depends on the location of the valves. If they are all on one side it fs called “L" head: if on opposite sides, * head: if all the valves are in the head. “1” head; if one set of valves is in the head and the others on one side it is called “F.” or “L" and “I" head Inside of the cylinders we find the| piston, made of cast iron or alumi- num, which has four purpose: 1. To draw in_ the explosive mix- ture on the suction stroke. g the mixture on the! » receive the force of the e ;n on the power stroke and td o the moving parts of the exhaust Around the hed ngs of very serve to make tight fit in the cylinder. This prevents the force of the explo- sion from working down past the pis ton and so becoming lost. The piston rings also prevent the oil from work- ing up into the combustion space and forming carbon. i “The wrist pin is a hollow steel pin which _passes from side to side through the piston and makes a hinge for the connecting rod. The Connecting Rod.—This con- nects the piston to the crank shaft and so transmits the power from one to the other during the power stroke. On_the other strokes the connecting rod moves the piston up and down as the crank shaft revolves. The crank shaft extends the whole length of the engine, being connected igas from the to each piston by its connecting rod to receive the power from each vlinder. At the front end is the starting handle, at the other the fly- wheel. Valves. The type of valve used on automo- bile engines is called a “poppet” valve. This is an imitation of the noise it makes when It opens suddenly under pressure. The safety valve of a steam boller is of this type. It is used in both cases because it gives a very quick opening with very little move- ment. The valves are operated by the half- time gears, the cam shaft, the push rods and the valve springs. Timing Gears. The half-time or 2-to-1 gears are made with the number of teeth in the ratlo of two to one, the larger gear heing placed on the cam shaft and the smaller on the crank shaff. This causes the cam shaft to turn at one- half the speed of the crank shaft be- cause each valve must open once only in_two revoiutions of the crank shaft. The cam shaft carries an assembly j . called cams, one being ve. As the shaft me up one by one They do not all revolves the cams and open the valve: come up together, as the different cylinders are never performing the same operations at the same time, al- though some of the strokes may over- lap slightly. Push Rods. The valve tappets (also called valve lifters or push rods) are small bi of metal which are moved by the cams and push up the valves. In present practice the cams do not bear directly on the valves, the push rods being a connecting link between the two. One t¥pe of push rod carries a roller, which rolls over the cam, but a simpler type is flat on the bottom. and so simply | slides over it. ‘As this receives very little wear. The valve springs valve stems and s is hardened it surround the rve merely to close L 2 2 2 % Christmas Speed s e THE TREW Telephone U020.12000202020200 2025200000 g I uN il L7 the valves. 1n present high-speed en- gines the springs are made quite strong, so as to close the valves promptly. The Fly Wheel. The purpose of the flywheel on one, two or four cylinder engines is pri- marily to keep the parts moving dur- ing the intervals between power strokes. But on six, eight and twelve cylinder engines the power is con- tinuous, so that a flywheel is not so necessary. But it is of extreme im- portance in smoothing down the ac- tion of the engine. The power starts with an explosion. which dies away almost immediately. Then comes an- other explosion, and so on. This jerky action would be bad for the mechan. ism and unpleasant for the passen- so the flywhevl smoothes it It absorbs the shock when the explosion starts, holding back on it and so reducing its suddenness. But this sets the flywheel in motion and gives power to the crankshaft when the explosion is weak. In other words, the flywheel smooths down the strong part of the stroke and speeds up the weak part. ‘The Manifold. There are several large pipes, called manifolds, used on an engine. The inlet manifold leads the fresh gas from the carbureter to the inlet valves. The exhaust leads the burned exhaust valves to the mutfler. The water manifolds con- nect the water jackets to the pump . {and radiator. The cylinders are set on a part call- ed the crank case, which is usually made of aluminum. The lower half is usually removable. It serves to in- glose the working parts, keeping out irt. called the oil base. Many Other Parts. There are a large number of other |of several leaves instead of a solid |- bar is so that they or|one another. which will be described when we have | apart grease two or three times a year, but this is too long a job for the patience of most motorists. thing is to Jack up the frame of the car $o as to take the weight off the | py I have a four-cylinder car and it|springs and then spread the leaves|valve, a short circuit. takes a few seconds or sometimes a|apart by parts, such as the spark plug, com- ion relief valves, etc., the names hich will explain their use, occasion to refer to them. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. To the Automobile Editor: minute before it gets up speed. It also serves as an ofl reser-|of a car can be improved 50 per cent, | voir. and for that reason is usually|if the spring leaves are lubricated. Is | passengers. T. K. | this true? LK. The reason the springs are made up | TO the Automobile D. C, DECEMBER 1, [ very conservative rating. but is the | FAIR MOTORISTS OF MANY CITIES ARE ADOPTING THIS COSTUME FOR TRIPS. Will may slide over | They should be taken | | to and covered with graphite' The next best means of a cold chisel. | ing. on a new carbureter and have tested |table knife or oil is squirted in. A !sions, 4 n the gasoline line and the magneto. It|rusty spring is stifft and unyielding |out of the Pleage tellcithe|| ot S —THE QUESTION--- WHAT SHALL WE GIVE FATHER FOR CHRISTMAS? Service Card No-,.42,_7.‘. AMERICAN MOTOR SERVICE 1612.1622 U ST. N. W., WASHINGTON, D.C. Is entitled to the 12 Features of does not miss fire. trouble in the next issue. L. D. E. First see if there is good compres- sion and lubrication by cranking the engine slowly by hand. These should be remedled, if defective. Then start the engine and adjust the low speed adjustment of the carbureter to best idling speed. Then flash the throttle open and closed & few times and ad- just the air valve to give more air until it causes popping back in the inlet manifold. Then make the mix- ture richer until the popping stops. If this does not remedy your trouble you have an old-style carbureter and manifold, which are not adapted to the present grade of gasoline. A hot- air pipe and stove should be fitted to the air inlet and possibly the inlet manifold will have to be shortened. If this raises the carbureter too high to receive gasoline from the tank a vacuum or pressure system will be needed. To the Automobile Editor: ‘Will you kindly settle a dispute by stating in your column to motorists which is correct? “A" says that while grinding a valve in a gas engine it is proper to keep going the same way, while “B” says that unless the valve is worked back and forth on the seat vou do not get a true and tight seat. Thanking you in advance. M. L. G. The valve is worked back and forth several times and then raised clear of the seat, turned a quarter turn, and then worked back and forth, raised and turned again, and so on. If it is turned continually in one direction the emery will make deep grooves in | the valve and seat. In the effort to grind these out they are made deeper. The process described above is the one used in automobile factories. To the Automobile Editor: I am told that the riding qualities fri i | i [ ”g’i@{‘lfil Hi il Make your deliveries quicker and cheaper by using a Reo Wagon. Over 60,000 satisfied users. MOTOR CO. 14th Street at P Main 4173 i . Phone North 10400 ‘THIS GIFT will be appreciated ever: 1922. NOT ONLY will you give Father the peace of mind that comes from the sure knowl- edge that all the trouble he may encounter with his car on the road will be taken off his hands, but you will enable him to save money every mile his car runs. LET US TELL YOU what the 12-FEATURE SERVICE means to motorists. vou imeant by backfiring? |part of the car. apply to explosions in the inlet mani- | | fold. which pass out of and are heard | at .the carburetor. a lean The (for the car listed below) unj ditor kindly explain_ what is L DAL The term is sometimes loosely used | indicate a mufler explosion be- | cause the noise comes from the back of an encine Properly it should These_are caused mixture, a leaky inlet or wrong wi : : ! A muffler explosion is due to 1put|Grease is then put in by means of aione or more cylinders missing explo- unburned gas is pushed nder into the exhau y one of the Three Hundred and Sixty-five days of WE WILL KEEP YOUR SECRET CALL, PHONE OR WRITE AMERICAN MOTOR SERVICE 1612-1622 You St. N.W. Notice--Automobile Qwners Do you ever stop to think how important it is to buy good, clean gasoline and oil for your automobile? Buy filtered gasoline for your motor and get away from that annoying trouble caused by dirt and water. We positively haul and filter all the gasoline we sell at our station. By doing this we can guarantée pure, clean gasoline to our customers, and we do not let dirt and water get into_our tanks. It doesn’t cost any more to buy filtered gasoline at the Capitol Gasoline Station, which is the best equipped station in Washington. We handle Standard and Texas gasoline; also Super Motor Fuel. QUICK SERVICE No waiting; large cement driveways. 10 visible oil and gasoline pumps which show you amoynt and quality of oil and gas you buy. * OUR FREE SERVICE . Air boys who will fill your tires and batteries free of charge. No charge for changing oil in motors. We carry a full line of Mobil oils, Polarine, Veed: Oils. Also Quaker State Oil, recommended for Franklin auto- mobiles. " Transmissions and rear axles filled while you wait. Complete line of accessories. Try Our Service CAPITOL GASOLIN Foot of Capitol Grounds First and Maryland Ave. S. W. f t'l.nhecAmefim llumSerms ol, Havoline and Texas and so makes hard riding for the|manifold on the exhaust stroke. The Inext eylinder to fire sends a flame into the manifold which sets fire to | the unburned and so an explosion lin produced which comes out through | the muffier To the Automobile Editor: is figured for purposes of licensing. gl I o Many states graduate the license fee for a car according to its horse- ! power. The rating adopted by | manufacturer is always used. If that is not known it may be figured if one knows the bore (diameter of the cylinder). Multiply the bore by it and then multiply that by the Phone North 10-400 ] L L T T T I STATION. Open Every Evening Until 11 O’clock Please tell me how the horsepower ! the { I 1921—PART 3 ]'mlmber of cylinders. Divide the re sult by 2.5 and the product will be the horsepower. For stance, f{our-cylinder engine of 4-inch b soud, newre_out: it e ozl ASK Your Garage Man for Ebonite one accepted by the state. In actual | tests present engines will develop tw )r three times the rated horsepower. Wire Wheel Service Repairing, Truing, Enameling All Makes—All Parts W. S. Kenworthy & Co 1621 14th St. Phone North 44: B you want to know the real joy of driving a car, get your garageman tc pump the transmission case full of Ebonite. Ebonite stands up better than any libricant you ever saw. One fiiling of a tight transmission keeps the gears moving in mesh easily and noiselessly —all friction eliminated—for an entire motoring seajon. EBONITE For. Transmissions and Differentials H keeps an even consistency under all conditions~-never runs thin in the hottest weather. Don’t have you car just greased — have it Ebonited. Ask your garageman to pump the transmission full today. BAYERSON OIL WORKS, Manufacturers, Erie, Pa. Penusylvania Petroleum Products MAKERS OF AUTOCRAT MOTOR OILS e We Teach AUTO DRIVING AND “ Traffic Regulations 1921 Ford and Gear-Shift Cars. ¥.quipped “Vith Double Contr .\, AMERICAN MOTOR SCHOOL ! ®th & O Sts. N.W. Phone N. 10-400 § | TR 77l ] ~, [ i | Home to Grandma's | In our Xmas NASH HURLEY 4 1522-24 142St. N.W. You can and you should have a Ford this Christmas. ‘The cost is so low, the upkeep so small and the returns in pleasure, convenience and utility so great that it is from every view-point the most economical and satisfactory gift of all. gowordushouldbephmdnmfir&rhm-dofiv«y. Terms Authorized Washington Ford Dealers R. I~ TAYLOR COMPANY, WILL & TIBBITTS, 1840 14th St. N.W. 16th St. & Ohie Ave. N.W. UNIVERSAL AUTO COMPANY (Ise.), PARKWAY NOTOR CONPANY, 1539-31 M St. N.W. 1008-1007 Winconsin Ave. DONOHOE MOTOR CONMPANY, ROBEY MOTOR COMPANY, 215 Pennsylvania Ave. 5.B. 1429 L St. N.W. TRIANGLE MOTOR CO. STROBEL MOTOR COMPANY, N. Y. Ave. at N. Capitol St. . 1438 Irving St. N.W. STEUART'S GARAGE. 141-151 Twelfth St. N.E. Thess Dealers Can Sell Ford Cars, Tractors. Parts, Btc, Anywhere in the United States Immediate Delivery on All Models.