Evening Star Newspaper, July 31, 1921, Page 63

. . : THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C., JULY 31, -1921—PART %4 — v wwresswemoovp oomrmceneere "5 Seventy-Nine Heroes of World War Awarded the Congressional Medal N the summer of 1782 Gen. George Washington issued an order from his headquarters at Newburgh, N. Y., authorizing the enlisted men ©of his army to wear upon the left breast “the figure of & heart in purple cloth or silk, edged with narrow lace or bind- ing. whenever those men performed any “singularly meritorious action.” This simple purple heart, the first American decoration and the first by any country to have genera] applica- tion to enlisted men, was the forerunner of the congressional medal of honor, the highest distinction which can be bestowed for valor in the United States. This madal has teen awarded to 1.854 persons since its institution on March 3, 1863, and of the thousands of heroic deeds performed during the world war, only seventy-nine were deemed worthy of this jealously guarded recognition. The citations of the 1854 men: who have been awarded the congressional medal since its inception furnish & story of steadfast devotion to duty, cool heroism and almost :;\I;Ielilehvllz:l);.{u;:- less daring before which the - mantic ts I'el of medieval chivalry pale into insignificance. A cursory exam- ination of the records reveals a kaleldo- scopic picture of a young and virile na- tion struggling through terrible diffi- culties to greatness, her valorous sons, smoke-begrimed and bieeding, always in the vanguard, leading their forces on v victory. * ok ok * J;VERY soldier has a marshal's baton in his knapeack,” sald Na- poleon. There could be no clearer ex- emplification of the truth of the “Lit- tle Corporal's” cbservation than is con- tained in the records of these exploits. Perhaps the scene is laid on one of the baulef‘l:lds of the civil war at Weldon Railroad, Va., in 1864. From the noise and smoke of the conflict emerges the blue-clad figure of Sergt. Ovila Cayer of the 14th United States Infantry. All the officers of the regiment are gone. dead or wounded, and the men, left without their leaders, are on the verge of panic. Realising that the situation calls for “something above and beyond the call of duty,” Sergt. Cayer assumes command of the regiment, rallies the wavering mdnb and wi llh.:;;e ‘mo.l ireg:; 1 ravery, les m in e mich ~ chatges defeat ' into victory. Perhaps it is Antietam which flashes into the foreground of the picture. A battery on one of the federal flanks is forced to bear the brunt of a flerce Confederate onslaught in a turning movement which, if successful, may affect the course of the whole battle. 7The Confederates. kndwing the impor- tance of dislodging the battery, pour a deadly fire into the ravine where it is located. Many of the Yankee artillery. men are casualties and there are scarcely men enough for the guns. Then a mere boy appears—John Cook, fifteen-year-old bugler of the 4th United States Artillery. Casting aside his trumpet, he leaps to a gun and serves it like & veteran until the attack is re- ulsed. P The figure of the dashing cavalryman abounds, and we see the flash of his glistening_saber in that most spectacu- far of all forms of human combat. Lieut. Col. Charles M. Betts of the 15th Pennsylvania Cavairy, with a detach- ment of seventy-five men, surrounds an entire battalion of the enemy near Greensboro, S. C.. in 1865, and after flerce fighting compels their surrender. ‘Sometimes the deed is nmot so spec- tacular—t! he! takes a part which the “leading man" of the movie would be last to select—but the gction is none the less heroic. It may be Sergt. Charles Breyer, at Rappahannock Station, in 1862, who picks up an unexploded shell fallen among his comrades, s it, the fuse still burning, to stream. Or again, it may be onri Lefevre Brown of the 72d t. %eer: York Infantry, who, at the battle of the Wildarness, “voluntarily and un- uder a heavy fire from the enemy,” three ‘times crosses the fleld of battle with cad of ummunition in a bignket on his ck, “thus supplying the Federal rces, whose ammunition had nearly all been expended, and enabli them to hold their position until reinforcements agrived, when the enemy was driven faom Its position.” * kX% THE scene shifts to the Philippine: and we have a picture of flerce hand-to-hand fighting in the jungle, of surprise and treachery, to the accom- pankment of the flashing bolo. Col. J. Franklin Bell, afterward major general and chief of staff, charges seven in- surgents with his pistol, compelling the ‘surrender of three. all under close fire from other insurgents concealed in & ket. D i Col. Frederick Funaton of n it the famous 20th Kansas Infantry, crossing the Pampanga river on a raft and “by his skill and daring enabling the gemeral commandi: to carry the enemy's Intrenched position and drh'ol him fram an important strategic posi- tion.” 'And scattered all through the historic file are scenes from the countless In- dian wars, Gen. Miles, “Capt.”” Law- ton and “Assistant Surgeon™ Leonard Vood are seen pursuing Geronln‘lio. lh!e wily Apache of the southwestern desert; Cu‘.lytor at _the battle of the Little Big Horn and' dozens of other heroes, a proper account of the achievements of any one of whom would furnish mate- rial for a book. With the world war the setting changes again. Here the fighting Is of a dlflemnt character, but even more terrible, for it is complicated by the artillery barrage, the high explosive and the machine-gun nest. Read the citation of Private Michael J. Perkins of South Boston: «Michael J. Perkins, private first oclass, Company D, 101st Infantry. For conspicuous_ gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty in action with the enemy at Belleau Bols, France, Qctober 27, 1918. He volu tarily and alone crawled to a Ge man ‘pillbox’ machine-gun emplacement, rom which grenades were being thrown t his platoon. Awaiting his oppor- nity, when the door was again ned and another grenade thrown, threw a bomb inside, bursting the r open; and then, drawing his nch knife, rushed into the emplace- or wounded several of the occu- ts and captured about twenty-five ners, at the same time silencing ral machine guns." ‘As Col. Robert E. Wyllle, in his au- thoritative work on ‘“‘Orders and Dec- orations,” says, In speaking of Per- kins' citation: “This is shorter than some of the others, but equally eloquent; ‘voluntarily and alone’ he carried out his plan, In the course of which he was severely wounded, but he refused to leave and continued the action, when a second ! wound completely disabled him, and while he was being evacuated to the rear a shell destroyed the ambulan killing our hero. A short tale, but a very mo one, which deserves to live in the memory of his country.” * % % & A ley. private, first class, Company K, 4th Infantry. For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty in action with the enemy near Cunel, France, October 7, 1918. Private Barkley, who was stationed in an observation post half a kilometer from the German line, on his own ini- tiative repaired a captured enemy ma- chine fl" and mounted it in a dis- nch tank near his post. She :arward, when the ememy launched a counter attack against our forces, Pri- vate Barkley got into the tank, waited ‘und the hostile until the enemy line was abreast of and then ed fire, completely breaking up the ‘open: ©01 counter attack and killing and wounding | o ¢eristics of every true soldier, such a badge of distinction as the ETe8- sional medal is not expected uomo re- ward of conduct that does not clearly Whoas braves and gallantry bave been whose bravery and gallan 7 proved in battle.” 1% 3ave besn a large number of the ememy. Five minutes later an enemy Seventy-geven- millimeter opened fire on the tank int bl One shell struck ' the iver’s wheel of the tank, but this sol- dier nevertheless remained in the tank and after the barrage c e uj a second enemy counter attack. thereby our to gain and hold As amended by the act of July 9, 1918, the congressional medal of honor ‘be awarded to “any person who, an officer or enlisted man of the , shall hereafter. in action fnvolv- ‘with an-enemy,-dis- army and a free coun hostilities. Co :lnedll of honor, but nt. In a hand-to-hand struggle h-lhutnde. umlll'g tinguish himself conspicuously by gal- lantry and intrepidity at the risk of tue life above and beyond the call of duty.” Of the seventy-nine congressional med- als awarded as a result of the world war, twenty-four were posthumous, a fact which speaks eloquently of the bazardous nature of the service ren- dered by the medal of honor man. Fifty-eight of the medals went to en- listed men, seventeen to junior officers and four to fleld officers. ~ No officer of higher rank than a lieutenant colonel appears in the list. In 1861 Congress authorized a decora- tion for the first time in its history. ‘That decoration, however, applied only to enlisted men in the Navy. though the law was amended in the foilowing year to include enlisted men of the!Army, and in March, 1863, it was still further xtended to include officers of the Army. The act of 1861 did not limit the be- stowal of the congressional medal to deeds of heroism, but provided it should be given to such men of the Navy as “shall most distinguish themselves by their gallantry in action and other sea- manlike qualities during the present war.” The act of the following year, which extended the honor to enlisted men of the Army, likewise contemplated the award of the medal for readons other than gallantry in action, inasmych as it included a provision for nting the distinction to those who demonstrated herolsm in battle “and other soldler- iike qualities in the present insurrec- tion.” It will be noted, however, that both acts limited the decoratien to the civil war, and if the legialation had not been amended the congressional ‘medal of honor would have passed out of t uf existence with the termination of tha ‘war. *x x % I.V this connectlon, it may be ob- served that the “purple heart” au- thorised by George Washington also was to be awarded for services which did not ngcessarily involve deeds of bravery. The general's order, issued from Newburgh, read: ““The general, ever desirous to cherish a virtuous ambition in his soldiers, as well as to foster and encourage every species of military merit, directs that Whenever any singularly meritorious ac- tion is performed the author of it shall be permitted to wear on his facings, over his left breast, the figure of & heart in purple cloth or silk, edged with narrow lace or binding. Not only in stances of unusual gallantry, but also of extraordinary fidelity and essential service in any way, shall meet with a due reward. Before this favor can be conferred on any map the particular fact or facts. on which it is to be grounded must be set forth to the com- mander-in-chief, accompanied with cer- tificates from the commanding officers of the regiment and brigade to which the candidate for reward belonged, or other inconteatible proof; and, upon and regiment of tion so certified, bool re ‘which will be kept at the orderly office. Men who have merited this dtstinction to be suffered to pass all guards and sentinels which icers are permitted to do. The road to flor{ in a patriot ry is thus opened to all. This order is and to be considered as a permanent one.” Under the congressional acts of 1861 and 1862, as under the ‘“purple heart’” order of Gen. Washington, distinction ‘was accorded to many men for services which had nothing to do with actual On March 3, 1863, however, ngress passed a third act, which not only remsyved the time limitation on the s well as enlisted men, the text the act reading, “such officers, non- commissioned officers and privates as have most distinguished or who may hereafter most distinguish themselves in action.” Bven under this more definite state- ment of the law there was considerable to the interpre- ‘most distinguish,” I tation of the words and during the civil war it frequentl Pappencd that & muh would be aWaraed the medal for capturing an enemy 3 Ry e AR s S0 Y standard of the congressional medal of Eonor, and evergtruunx of the War De- partmegt has view. n Army board considering rec- ommendations for the medal of honor for men who participated in the Cus- en with that end in ter massacre at the Little Big Horn in 1876 laid down the rule * t the conduct which deserves such recogni- tion should not be the simple discharge of duty, but such acts beyond this that If omitted or refused to be done should not justly subject the person to censure for shortcoming or failure.” Again, in 1897, the War Department h regard to crystallized. its policy wit! the medal of honor in the following ex- ecutive erder: “In order that the congressional medal of honor may be deserved, service must have been performed in action of such a_conspicuous character as to clearly distinguish the man for gallantry and intrepidity above his comrades— ce that involves extreme jeopardy of life or the performance of extraor- dinarily hasardous duty. Recommenda. tions for the decoration will be judged Sra” inconteatinle. proof of petfarmance an estible of the service mn”b?emud.m 5 “Soldiers of the Union have ever dis- played bravery in battle, else victories could not’ have been gained; but. as o and seif-sacrifice are the char- LI THE distinguished service cross and the distinguished ervice medal, established in January, 1915, also did much to raige the standard of the con- gressional medal by providing recogni- tion-for services~which, though of un- th ’ rega l in ngcfl!'l the capture. The consistent tendency has been, however, constantly to increase the ] GHEST Distinction Bestowed*for Valor in War Has Been Awarded to 1.854 Persons Since Its Institution—Twenty-four of the World War Awards Were Posthumous, Which Speaks for the Hazardous Service Rendered by the Medal of Honor Men—Citations for Bravery—When Gen. George Washington Authorized His Men to Wear the Figure of a Heart in Purple Cloth—History of the Congres- sional Medal of Honor. doubted merit, did not quite come up to | torious service to the government in |tries Board. that prescribed for the premier decora- H Idll tion of the United States. decorations rank next to the medal of honor, the distinguished service medal taking precedence over the cross. The distinguished service cross is purely an Army decoration and Is given for acts of herolsm in conn flitary operations against an is_not necessary e act. of heroism be performed in actual conflict with the enemy, but only “in connection” with military operations an armed enemy. distinguished service medal can be awarded to “any person who while serving in any capacity with the Army of the United States, shall distinguish himself or herself by specially meri- AMERICANS DETERIORATING, SAYS EDISON stinct and a fair memory, which usually “I learned all this through ques- tionnaires and without costly experi- The man with many facts almost surely will shave the ones you need in him, while every fact he has will be of use to an em) even though it may apparent! 1 am convinced that all industry will have to choose its men eventually upon the basia of questionnaire, ‘worked out in some All will find, at least, that only men with facts can make executives. When a good man opinion he probably employs in the t a hundred times as himself would This is very notably At least 80 per cent | of the men whom we have classified ‘A’ have good business instinct. “But here it is important to explain that such memories as, I refer to should not be expected of men far ‘The man of, say, for- ty-five to sixty. has specialized. frésh from the schools and without flne memories, are start- ing life with brain machinery either bad at the beginning or damaged by our educational processes. our penalty for making our schools Out of school the unimportant is made interesting; {f the-important is not interesting in school, then the unimportant will win the attentlon of the young. Our youth stores its mind with that which it finds most b It will be noted that the [ the world wa: enlisted me! and lieutenan 72 per cent going to 2 per cent to captains ts and 6 per cent to The infantry cent of the crosses. Medical air service, § !nl-hed service medal, which was intended to correspond to the French legion of honor, may also be awarded and during the war it was actually awarded to Miss Jane A. Delano for her work as director of the depart- ment of nursing, American Red Cross. distinguished _service uring the world 22 per cent went to persons who saw no service overseas, while 78 per cent of the awards were for services rendered in the A. E. F. to the commanders and staff officers who planned and executed the different cam) Only 1 per cent of were made to grades below major. Approximately 5200 distinguished service crosses were awarded during a duty of great responsibility.” ‘These two | it appears that both the distinguished service medal and the cross may b and that the dis- “specially meritorious service,” does not involve the question of herolsm. Among the high ranking officers to receive the distinguished service .medal Marshal Joftre, King Albert of Belgium and Gen. Di American generals to receive the honor were March, Goethals, awarded to civil tinguished servi r : 3 per cent; the remaining 2 per cen! being scattered. Capt. backer of the air service. led in cita- en oakleaf clusters. E. V. Ricken- Field Marshal igns and battles. the actual awards awards of distinguished service uch. viate the: pressure on the cong: of honor and thus to Among the civilians to be granted the % standard ef that decoration -being distinguished service medal was Bernard M. Baruch. chairman of the War Indus- the early mental atrophy which cer- tainly now threatens us. facts—the facts of tl ex! Having denied the general misconception that I have condemned college education, manufacturers and merchants will do tigate the worth of h:r(hheralrllnlnz before condemning it “My regret is that in the' United States each year the colleges turn out only 185000 graduates, far too fow to furnish one-twelfth of t required each year to fill ind positions calling for mentally trainedi rhaps most. of all ek professional ca- ge of the trained among our industries woyld be tragic if all trained men were well that the man upon the street in the United States, not to say the college man, would make a record of about in any tests so simple. 1 have no ddubt (Continued from Fourth Page.) spoiled long before they get to col- whether or not the colleges would do well with them if they went to them as good material. know the way -out of this tragic dif-: If I did I'd do my best to get ich we need may 95 per cent How wrong I was! that those who qualified as ‘A-men’ could have answered not only the few simple queries which we put, but tens of thousands more. the good mind, rightly handled, is re- The inertia of the other| s astonishing. Only three or four attempted to reply to ‘What is the value of gold per Troy ounce?— and all were college men. well if they in it generally adopted. The capacity of “Perhaps that wh lie along the lines of visual educa- Experience with the tests seems to favor a theory which T experiment- ed with when I firat-became interested in motion plctures; I thought the film would be the most effective in- strument of education. on a complete set of «ducational flims, but fire destroyed tHem and I never took up the task again. government may have to make such filma before we really learn how to The' atrophy, ,the paralysis of curiosity, the ending of power to observ between the ages of eleven and fif- f a boy can be kept terial is now deteriarating, won't become a victim. reaches an 1 began work these graduat reers. The shor! system for obtaining good important places my business is the same which gave me the material for the filament of the incandescent light—that of elim- found the sub- stance which I finally adopted I had tested many thousands. into a like process of elimination among men the more I am astonished by process at le: many facts as he think possible. true in business. Perhaps the here is far more reason for | the possession of many there ever was before. tinuaily becomes more complicated. The schools must change, leges must chang all, home life and parental relation- ships with children certainly must change, or serious national harm in- evitably will result ple's busine: today canno the public needs, their production is in the hands of the incompetent, who alone aré now available for factory work. Many a good invention, perfected to the work- able machine stage, has been denied en a reasonably fair show by sheer on the part of found to do the teach our youth. Industry con- seems to begin past_maturity. 80 to have retro- spect to the earliest stages of the war.l youngaters, the quality avail- I now have made up my mind that when a man, present system, It is the peo- Thousands of things et to the public—things 1 mean—because €@ HATEVER may be the remedy, the situation Is one to shock the pride of an American. my possession proofs of this; T have the proofs, but find my national spirlt in revolt against their truth. come for us to stop, not started right, reaches the age of twenty-one he's Atrophy of his intelligence has started. Appareptly, as a mat- ter of fact, it may begin earlier, at. Atrophy means age, withering due to lack of proper and there are no correc- tive processes. “The young man whose mind has been allowed to atrophy through lack continuous hard work ibilities or none. He's through before time surely h: look and listen. “Those who sneer at our experi- ments do not understand the sort of citisenship we are getting: they do not realize that our American ma- terial is now deteriorating, they understand that if we would re- tain supremacy in modern manufac- turing_ we must have fewer goats, more sheep and some process of elimi- gouts_before they get into the We've got to raise our Nowadays, in an organiza- tlon such as ours, it Costs probably as much as a thousand dollars each to try men out, determining fitness or unfitness. My plan has worked better and is far less expensive. “Of the 718 men questioned only 57 could be marked even "fair.’ Present- icants but 38 were wiped these 32 have been glven jobs and are with us still, which means that they have-really made good. Thirty-two out of 718! “Upon examination of the answered questionnaires we by letters from A down the alphabet, precisely as a school teacher grades ‘We encounter other things n lack of knowledge. marked ‘good’ one said he hated work which would get dirt upon his hands. ‘All right I said, ‘get.out of the A class’ That wag-as |Qn~Amerlcln as tacturer the important fact is that our experiment is costing jcally no overhead.: spoiling no matérial whatev. chines, reduced quantities to a B yantities, more. since have made absolutely good. Practical men will see the profit in this “And even that does not fully indi- cate the advantage lying in determin- ng, to some degree, a man's possibili- ties before hiring him. hirty-two whom lack of intell “Why did nineteen college grad- uates without the slightest hesita- name the race horse while not one of them could name the wife of Napoleon III for The latter they might have learned in a dull they actually had learned in an in- teresting news; said Marie Loulse, work of making it. “The situation is slarming. America today does not produce ability in un. limited quantities, developin cordance with the ogportun ‘There is far more op- portunity than there is ability—and that means bad things for America. of definite, has few po! time is passed. nation offers. Most of them “Two chaps start even. instead of Ku- and one does not feel interested in life, the difference between them al- ways being due, if they really start- to training at home or interested one, ill-equipped to start with, intelligence, Y real feeling with regard to colleges is that while they do not deserve ail the condemnation I have been credited with” heaping on them, yet they measurably fail. Care- ful thought convinces me that this is because the men who run them never have been out in the great world of Professors, usually, men untried in any sort of competi- tion comparable with that which their students eventually must face. their fathers and grandfathers have been tested. ally, such men cannot impart the right to the boys, for they themselves I do not know, and “The trouble is in education, in the American mind. children are all right. I tried some out by having made a special film worked out partly in a kitchen and in_a laboratory by a little their procedure can acquire other, though elsewise far more for- be helpless, his brain _will Nothing" new will stick to him. Of this I have made sure through wide Thousands of the boy and little girl, actually comprising a brief but not too simple lesso: mothers of my little guests agreed to write out for me what the little ones reported after they reached home. was amazed by their reports. ‘The experiment fully the child from elght to ten years old may be made by visual instruction to understand quite complicated scien- tific phenomena which certainly the printed word and the recited lesson never could make clear to them. One shows something being done, other tells in strings of words how be atrophied. /in chemistry. experimentation. atrophied cumber American One 1 know of, for he is my has an eye as good as vet cannot see. around with me in a department of our factory and wholly failed to see the many discs that had stopped showed that grade applicants peaking gener- are ignorant. therefore wiil not -positively g but I believe that the boys who made A in_our examinations did not heir klowledge from the col- though all were college grad- have done well “At another time a foreman's tour around at night with an inspector led them past two men sleeping in The foreman did not mention them. The inspector steered the.course so that they passed them for a second time. man did not mention them. the inspector pointed to the sleep- the fareman naturally went On the other trips he had seen onmly that for which he d been looking. 'Such men, of course, cannot see right or wrons. their chairs. uates. They woul without the college education; that had it did not m: fail. “But outside of coll not find one-half of 'E HUNDRED per cent func- Woning is not impossible to hu- man beings. Don’t let any one make you believe it is. reaus in our government do not func- tion with efficiency, but one—the bu- reau of standards—functions 100 per who is at its head, has never atrophied. No ques: tionnaire would feaze him. His gov- ernment bureau is the only case of that sort known. The man is first class and emplo: class—all ‘A-men.’ and that bureau might be charge of government manufacture of educational films. They would be Still the fore- T em fail. ge men we did | b, 1 per cent who So the thing argues for the college at one end by colle; because I asked only col- c e m:n“l'o apply for the executive jons. College men are the best ds I have said, I ht be Detter. application of the uestionnaire plan might be a go for the country. Explorations outside the group of job-seekers pro- lence. Many SR S even as distingui , woul ow three-hundred-word questionnaire.” ““Could you trace_effects of race among these failures? I inquired. arman, Froack 1eai- can, English, German, French, Spanish, Swiss in the first group em- ployed as ::: résult of compete nt an- wild with wrath. Most of the bu- whether work They make bad foremen. ean! doubtless, but entirely hopeless. I 5 atrophy—atrophy of the connection between the eye and the brain. The eyes perceive, but the brain does not get a message from them.” we have, although, Seventeen of the question- lected for us as A-men now are running departments and actually to my entire satisfactioh, a_ proportion of successes inconceiv- able as a result of hap! That the results prove up and accepted with full confidenee is shown act that when we ran out of (who had answered 90 per cent or more correctly) and took some ‘B-men’ (who had answefed 70 per cent correctly), the 'B-men’ entirely uns: This showed our gradings to have been t “Phey ware & shock to me, & disap- pointment. 1 had earnestly-believed but the firgt 1 wish that man Juce mk.‘d"m‘ T this juncture a bright-looking Sven za chap came into the room, alert, plainly thinkiAg hard, and stepped up to Mr. Edison with a query of It was replied to with an evident satisfaction and the man p badly after and very simpl and the states distribute them among the achools and elsewhere. bureau of standards in charge of ple would t good educational. films. “But I have no theories to advan: c& ith regard to the means of eduea- wi i <P “!“.‘ 5(0.1!?%-!-1‘4-,_»"-&&. 2 o b bbbt M ekl B LA SRRSO S AN AN A2 B Rid i S o S LA TEB S s Al a A AR ba b S A B SRS b s S enal s i bl o ° Scandina variably an i and Jews were stionnaire ‘A-man,’" with cheer, e is a q Mr. Edlson in charge of & department. executive ability, good business In- i 1 lArmy legislation, so that at present lowered. As in the case of the dis- tinguished service medal, the infantry far exceeded all other branches of the service in the number of con- gressional medals of honor it re- ceived. Of the seventy-nine honor medals awarded, the “dough boys” recelved seventy-three, including five for marines serving with the Army as infantry. Of the remainder, 2 per |cent to the Tank Corps, and 1 each to the engineers, field artillery and alr service. ‘The 30th Division led the list of or- ganizations, with twelve congressional medals; the 3d and 39th followed, with nine each; then came the 2d, with seven; then the 27th and 77th, with six each. No other division received as many as five. Another action by the War Depart- ment, taken prior to the entrance of !| the United States into the world war, did much to raige the congressional medal of honor to its present high place. In 1916 a board was appointed at the direction of Congress to exam- Jine the roster of the congressional or and strike from the ny awards which had not been le in compliance with the law. I. to strike out the name of Maj. Gen. Leonard Wood, who had been award- ed the nredal of honor in April, 1898, for his services in the campaign ainst the Apache Indian Geronimc the summer of 1886. At the time the service was ren- dered Wood was an ass of the United tion reads: patches throug! with Lostile Indians, making a jour- ney of seventy miles in one night and walking thirty miles the next day. Also for several weeks, while in close purauit of Geronimo's band. and con- stantly g an encounter, com- j&d hment of infantry, ough a reglon infested without an officer, and to the of which he was signed Ags own request.” en. A. Miles. under whom Wood had served in the campaign sgainst Geronimo, and who had sional medal, was head of the board. It did not remove the name of Wood from the list, the decision being that his case was well within the meaning of the law. It did find. however, 91 awards had been made in viol of the law, and these names were consequently stricken from the list A majority of these awards were made to the 27th Maine Infantry in Janu- ary, 1865, for no other reason than that the regiment remained in service after its period of enlistment had ex- pired. The names of a number of sol- diers who had been awarded the deco- ration for their services in acting as ort to the body of President Lin- In when it was conveyed back to Springfleld. Il1l., were also stricken from the list. The invest moved the name of Col. William F. Cody, “Buffalo ‘Bill.” who had been awarded a congressional medal i 1872 for “gallantry in action” in an engagement with the Indians at Platte river, Nebraska. The.famous plains- man’s name was not removed because of any doubt as to the heroism of his service, but merely becauge he was a civilian when the honor was accorded him and hence the action could not be considered legal. The Army congressional medal of honor and the Navy congressional medal of honor are different decora- ating board alco re- .| tions, governed by different acts of Congress. The original act of 1861 affecting the Navy was changed the following year bestow the them nary heroism in the line of their thus eliminating the award for “seamanlike qualities,” but not necessarily limiting it to heroism in action. The limitation of the medal 0 “seamen” was removed by amend- ments of 1901 and 1918, which extend- ed the honor to the Marine Corps and to officers as well as men. The law of 1919 adopts the language of the 1ves in battle or for extraordi- the two medals are exactly on the same footing. * * ¥ *x HE award of either the Afmy or Navy medal more than once to the same person is prohibited under the present law. Owing to the word- ing of the previous laws, however, there have been three duplications In the Army and two in the Navy. The former instances were in the cases of Gen. F. D. Baldwin, Col. T. W. Custer and Sergt. Henry Hogan, 6th United States Infs two congre The medal awarded to the two offi- cers, it should be noticed, were given when they were junior officers. Two Navy medals of honor have 1 of whom received n ler and to Sergt. Dan Daly, both of the Marine Corps. A bronze oak leaf cluster is bestowed by the Army un- der the present law for a second act al of onor. The Navy hi ot yet ected a device to Indicate a second awar Both the Army and Navy hi changed the design of their mead: The originals, designed by A. C. quet, consisted of a five-pointed star with a large medallion in the center, on which Minerva was represented as warding off Discord, typifying the clvil war, The Navy medal was s pended from a bar by an anchor at- tached Detween the upper rays of the star, while in the Army medal these were replaced by a trophy of arms surmounted by an eagle. warranting an award of a adopted by the of A new Army in 1904. It bears the head Minerva, the goddess of wisdom, and the star 1s surmounted by an eagic standing on & bar on which is the word “Valor." On the reverse of the bar is “The ss to,” and rank and organization of the reciplent llnngln‘. Tiffany & Co. of New York of 1 llnhntry 33d Division, 4350 Sout! - . = _.._______ distinguishing the present. Navy medal in 1919, It is and K‘ reverse is “Awarded to,” together with the data, similar to that of the Army medal. The original ribbon was.the same for both services, consisting of thirteen vertical stripes of | red and white with a narrow band of blue across the top. 1In the early seve ‘les and again in 1904 this ribbon was changed by the A.my, the present de- sign being a_flelu of light blue with white stars. The I avy adotéd this rib- bon 1n 1913. 3 Originally the medal of honor was worn on the but when other medals were authorized the place of wearing was changed in order to give it a place of greater honor. Accordingly, the premier medal is now worn at the Following 1» a list of awards of the Army congressional medal of honor dur- ing the world war, arranged by states. ®indicates that the award was post- humous : Alabama—Sidney E, Manning, cor- poral, Company Division ; residence, Flomaton, Ala. Arizo *Frank Luke, Jr. second lieutenant, 1st Pursuit Group, 27th Aero. Air Service, Phoenix, Aris.; *John H Pruitt, corporal, 7sth Company, 6th. Regiment, U. 8. M. C, 2d ‘Dlvh*'m Pl’:‘oe;!llx‘ Ariz. California—Phtlip C. Katz, sergeant, Company C, 363d Infantry, 91st Division, 71 Parker avenue. San Francisce : *Oscar F. Milier, major, 361st Infantry, Division, 1727 West 5lst street, Los Angeles: Patrick Regan, second lieutenant, 115th Infantry, 29th Division. 2834 Gleason avenue. Los Angeles: *Harold W. Roberts, corporal, Company A, 344th Battalion, Tank Corps, Em- porium, 5th and Market streets, San Francisco; Lloyd M. Selbert, sergeant. Company 'F, 364th Infantry. 91st DIi- vision, Balinas; Chester H. West. first | sergeant, Company D, 363d Infantry. 91st Division, Los Banons; Neison M Holderman, captain, 38 Inta 77th Division, Santa An; Colorado—*Marcelius H. Chiles, 356th Infantry, 89th Division, 2815 West 37th avenue, Denver; e N. Funk. pri- vate, 364th Infantry. 89th Division. Calhan; Harold 1. Johnston, sergeant, 356 Infantry, 89th Division, 1148 Speer boulevard, Denver: *J. Hunter Wick- ersham, second lieutenant. 3634 In- fantry.” 83th Division, 3416 Solfax boulevard. Denver. 1ddaho—Thomas C. Nelbaur, pri nfantry, 424 Divisi City, Idaho, g Tilinols—Jake Allex, corporal, 131st o Ashland ' avenue, Chicago; Johannes 8. Anderson, first wergeant. 1324 In- fantry, 33 Division, 4516 West Ohio street, Chicago; Michael D. Ellis, ser- geant, 28th Infantry, 1st Division, 412 Winstanely avenue. East St. Louls, TiL; Sidney G. Gumperts, first ser- geant, 132d Infantry, 33d Division, 67 East Van Buren street. Chicago: Ralyn Hill. corporal, 129th Infantry, 33d_Division, Oregon, I1l.; John Jo- seph Kelly, ‘private, 7§th Company. 6th Regiment, U. 8. M. C., 2d Division, 6358 Ellis_avenue, Chicago: Bergen Loman, private, 1324 Infantry, 33d Division, 1826 North Spaulding street, Chicago; Thomas A. Pope. corporal, 1318t Infantry. 33d Division, 6946 Overhill avenue. Chicago. Towa—*Emery J. Pike. lieutenant colonel, machine gun officer, 82d Di- vision, '1806 10ih street, Des Moines. Kansas—Georg: S. Robb, first lieu- tenunt, 369th Infantry, 93d Division, 308 South 12th strest. Salina, Ka Kentucky—Willie Sandlin, serg 132d Infantry. 334 Division. Shoal Ky.; Bamuel Woodfil. firat lieutenant, 60th Infantry, Sth Division, Thom. as, Ky. Maryland—*Henry G. Costin, pri- vate, 115th Infantry, 29th Division, 1041 Myrite Baltimore. 0! street, South Boston; Charles W. Whittiesey. major. 308th Infamtry, 77th Divi n. Pittsfield, Mass. Michigap—Harold A. Furlong. first liéutenant, 353d Infantry, §9th Divi- sion, 2950 West Grand boulevard, De- trolt —Louis Cukela, first lieu. Marines, 2d Division, Min- PO! Minn.; George H. Malon, captain, 1324 Infantry, 33d Divjsion, Minneapolis. Minn. Misyouri—Charles. D. Barger, pri- vate, . 354th Infantry. §9th Division, Stotts City. Mg, John L. Barkley. private, “4th Infantry, 3d Division Blairstown, Mo.; Arthur J. Ferr sergeant. “354th Infantry, $9th Divi sion, 112 South Maple street, Hann bal. Mo.; M. Waldo Hatler, sergean 356th lnftnlry, 89th_Division, Neo sho, Mo.; Alexaider R. Skinker. cap- tain, 133th Infantry, 35th Division. 416 Walnut street, St. Louis. New Jersey—Frank J. Bart, private, Sth Infantry, 2d Division, 262 Wash ington street, Newark, N. J.; Al Louis Eggers, sergeant, 107th Infi try, 37tH Division, 152 Summit nue, Bummit, N. 'J.; Latham. sergeant, 27th Divigion, 171 Montross avenue. Rutherfo! L. Wardlaw Miles, cap- tain, 308th Infantry. 77th Divi Princeton, N. J.; *Thomas E. O'Shea, corporal, machine gun company. 107th Infantry, 27th Divisi B87 anrh\‘» fleld avenue, Summ J.; *William Sawelson, sergeant, 312th’ Infantry, 78th Division, 315 North bth stree: Harwison. N.'J.; Ladiovous Van I rael. sergeant, 9th Infantry, 2d Di- vision. Glen Rock, N. J. New York—bounld M. Call, second lirutenant, T Manor, N. Y.; nt,” 1st E Helen avenue, South Ozone. L. I.; Frank Gaffney. private, 108th In fantry, 27th Division, ¥31 Plerce ave- nue. Niagara Falls, N. Y.: Charles Hoftman, gunnery sergeant, 5th M rines, 2d Division, 174 Monltor street, Brooklyn; Benjamin Kaufman, first sergeant. 308th Infantry, 77th Di- vision, 2113 Pitkin avenue, Brooklyn; *Matej Kocak, sergeant. 5th R ment, 5th Mai hamton, N. Y.; George G. McMurtry, captain, 308th Infantry, 77th Di- vision, 22 West 70th ~ street, New York: Archie A. Peck, private. 307th Infantry, 77th Divi 445 Divislon street, Hornell, N. Y 'Willlam Brad- ford Turn fi lieutenant, 108th Infantry, 27th Division. 92 4th Garden City, L. 1., d Re ler, sergeant, 105 Machine talion, 27th Division, 104 Wi street, New York. North Carolina—Robert L. _Black- well, private, 119th Infantry, 30th Di- vision. Hurdle Miils, N. C. North Dakot: Fred E. Smith, lieutenant colonel, 308th Inf: 77th Division, 646 E 60th stry Portland, entered service from North Dakota, ‘and *Nels Wold, privat 138th Infantry, 35th Division, Minn wauk: L D, Oklahoma—George Price Hi first_lieutenant, 10th Field Artillery, 3d Division. entered service from Oklahoma; Samuel M. Sampler, ser- geant, 142d Infantry, 36th Division, Mangum, Okla.. and Harold L. Tur- ner, oorporal, 142d Infantry, 26th Di- vision Seminole, Okla. Oregon—FEdward C. Allworth, cap- tain, 60th Infantry, 5th Division, en- terea military jce from Oregon. Pennsyl da- ames I vitch, sergeant, 11th Infantry, {)lvll‘:on. 702 Cedar avenue, Pitts- urgh. - South Carolina—James C. Dosier, first lieutenant, 118th Infantry, 30th Division, Rock Hill, 8 C.; Carey vans Foster. sergeant, 118th In- fantry, 3th Division, Inman, 8. C. *Thomas Le anlntr{ geant, 118th Infantry, Westville, . C. »and Viston, John C. Cille- corporal, lllfilh Infantry; 30th L, . eé—Jo sergeant. 115th Infantry, sion, Atoka, Tenn.; James E. Kearnes, sergeant, 117th lnluntr! 30th Divi- sion, Knoxville, Tenn.; o Lemart, first sergeant, 119th Infantry, 30th Blinte, Sl T B ‘alley, Sergeant, nfantry, 30th Division, Russellville, Tenn. Calvin John Ward, private. 117th In lantry, 30th Division, Morr! ., ‘Teun.; Alvin C. York, corporal, 388t ‘!l!lfln!r]. d Division, Pall Mall, ‘enn. P 2 Texas—*David B. Barkeley, privatt 366th Infantry, 89th Division. 11 East Quincy street, Antonlo, Tex. 8- ; Gnng. sere Sh nt, 116th Infantry, 39th Division, ase Cit; Virgini ha Va. Wisoonsthe-Clayton K. Slack, pri- vate. 12¢th Machine Gun 334 Division, Medisot, wum“‘n"' ’