The New York Herald Newspaper, November 8, 1851, Page 2

AFFAIRS IN SOUTH AMERICA. Pacific CorFespemdence. VaLraraiso, CntLi, Sept. 25, 1851. Revcluion in Chili—Inauguration of Monit as Pre sudeni— Celebration of their ‘* Diez y Ocho” —Redwc. ion of Duty on Flour—Sale of two English Steam- ers—Arrival of Sloops of War Faemouth and St. Marys— Sale of American Ships —Commercia _Antdligence, §c. Since the sailing of the last mail steamer, we have bad quite an exciting time here in the way of yevelutions and the like. Those of your readers at al) familiar with the passing political events of this Our So so-called republic, will remember that in June last Premesed free importation their election of President “came off,” and that | ‘ste the country of wheat and Ee, bran, ct Sr. Don Manuel Monts, the government candidate, wae declared to have been elected, ever Gen. Cruz, tbe people’s candidate. Bargain, intrigue, corrap- eevee cltpete charters have been closed at 350. and i . i i s. 6d, to oir t the tion, aad other things, too numerous to mention, pee Ayo ne enee si Sams, soe ootine were then openly charged on the government by up any verncls,and are entirely Oat of the market, Some tbe defeated party, which led to revols and riot, 8 bave been closed to land guano in the bay, to and the loss of several hundred lives, at Santiago” call for orders at £2, 3s., but with very long lay days for the capital. This outbreak, however, was soon “aie Goantity ‘of tonnage in the bay is excessive, and quelled, and the affairs of state resumed their | Witheu ypoot employment whatever; many ea tranquillity, with the exception of frequent bt EN, antes vine here, in ballast, before rumors reaching us of disaffection among the people i ering, veasels aoe Lene. sold by action i ie ef the interior, and threats to revolutionize the | ¢2525; pth k Alpha, gh Re bark ecustry, rather than that Montt should assume the | Ralph Cross, i —— bark Larch, $3,000 ; Ame- cbair of state and take the belm of government.— eee 78 Pgs a ven orders ‘The events of the past three weeks have demon- ated that these rumors_were not as idle as many supposed. On the day appointed, the 30th of August last, a itutional Jmajority of the Senators and De- convened at the capital, and deslared Mcntt culy elected President of the republic for the next five years, and proclamation weat forth tbat the pomp and ceremony of his iuauguration would take place on their great ‘* Diez y ocho,” tho t being the anniversary day of Chilian inde- e 5 As the time approashed for the inauguration, cvcerces of increased disaffection aad rev lution ame more evident; aad on the 0th, intelligence ed kere that twoof the proviness, to the north and scuth of us, bad in mass, declared against the government, and in favor of (seneral Cruz; also, bat a portion of the army, sent to quell the iasar gents, had revolted and gone over to the revolu- tionists. About the same time, a large amount of sumurition and arms were found cogcealed here; and a> organized plot timely discovered for burning ard sacking city, and taking posseasion of the (Custom House and ite treasures, in the event of a gereral outbreak. The feeling of discontent and revolution seems also to have spread, to a conaider- able eatent, amepg rural messes of the interior, d would doubtlees have ended in much blood | ed, if not a total overthrow of the government, d their agitators and leaders proved themsely of true courage, daring, adventure, and but the whole affair, like many other had ‘more tail than bead.” Martial law claimed—the leaders showed the white | e deserted their comrades at any others were captu goverpment triumphed—Mon: inaugurated—the “ Ihez y ocho ali the loyal republicans—high mass jai:aful—and Chili is kh | | | | ipprisoned—the was a 4 ed by d by all ‘he devout j,in spite of earthquakes and rev c the former, from the specimens which | have had, tkeking the republic, ly politic, and all, more efectually than the latver. A ceerce has been issued reducing the duty on fereign wheat and flour coming into this port, to twenty-five’ per cent on its market value; and when { Chili four reaches @4 for 100 trz., sadmizted free of duty. The ports | vaiso been opened to ali foreign flour, r i rifle duty formerly of nd fifty cei rt barrel. The English steamer ador, which was wr a short time ago on a reef of rocks ne: € was sold recently for $5,000; also thi steamer Peru, lost ina severe “north pert, bas been sold for g0. Her engines, formed, is alone worth $20,000; but there are no facilit ere (or raising and repairing such vessels. These steamers were insured fer $70,000 eac 2's office in L-ngland ere is no commercial news of importance to note. The stock of goods in the marke is large and well adapted to the wants and trade ef cue country, but business, in its various departmeate, has almost been cusperded f D account ofthe unsettled state of the holidays, &e. The sloop of war Falmouth, homeward bound, srrived here on the 2!st, direct from California; and on the gga og the St. Marye arrived from Taleahuara, baving made the passage to the latter } Jace from tbe Feejee Islands, a distance of six thou- and miles, in the unprecedented short time of twenty-nine days—oflicers and crew all well, Com. McCauley’s flagship, the Kar tan, is daily expected, having sailed from Callao some days ago tor this port. Therewith send you a list ef the American ships mow at anchor in this harbor; also a carefully pre- a list of all the American bottoms whict have m sold here since the first of January last, for the benefit of underwriters and whom it may me. Many of these vessels were bid off for than half their actual value; and, for the fature, | would advise the insurance offices of your @ity, taking risks in the Pasific, to establish an cy here for their protection in more respects oy one. [The lists will te found under the ma- yine kead in this morning's Heracp } Sayriae) C « * it t | Prom the Panama and Valparaiso Papers | On Sun ht, the 10th ult, the steamer New Gra- wada. in Joy, with thirty passengers. and $800,000 m, arrived at Panawa from Valparaiso and ports. having sailed from the former on the Sith September. Our former advices were of the 6th ul: has sanctioned the law relative to the San- this steamer $50.00 in ment of the interest of the Anglo.Chilean loan. EXPORTATIONS AND IMPQRMTATIONS OF CHILE, DURING THE commercial statistice for the last six months, that 2 45. the e: att beep made to deprive Chile of peace, and to destroy v we gi at in Valparaiso, to remit by Mexican va cewg ae a ll LAST SIX MONTHS. Chile's prosperity is stili advancing as is proved by the have just beem published. During this time, the value of $6 542,795 bas been imported; and the exportation of na- Senatnotees has ascended to $0,126,345 To this amount of exportation must be joined the sum of $897,459, value of foreign merchandise exported from Chile e with England has been the most active, 0 om that nation amounting to $1.941,- rtation to $2 504 605. After Ergiaod follows California value of $999.952 been exported to that part world. The im- it amounts to $ ‘rance, in impor tion, and the United n, $471,- 952; ex- 0; exporte! ted States, $3 e trafic has also been cerried on with Ger ch imported in Chile § and exported e maritime movement has been greater during the est six months than it was during a whole year, two ears ego; 1.491 vessels, tonnage of which amounted to tous, There have arrived at the porte of Uhile £70 vessels, tonnage 406.648 tons, have sailed. The coasting trade has also been active, and the value of $2.809,528 has beem tramsported from one part of tbe re- public to another. [From the Velparaiso Reporter of Sept. 25 ] The time when the sword only, and civil war, could produce revolutions, and change the constitution of na tions. bas pessed by long since. Almost #il the nations of the earth have learned, from xperience cf past c fe advan: tate, and plunge: ry Few, however, iways found, in every Ty etate, who ct their actions into a amd think to gain a cause by means gained much easic: by their owa talents elie 5 of the people, particularly the uneducated and cannot perceive that they are few, who will fing thea ned ; This spirit to oppose power and establish government, n order to sebieve greater power, breaks out afreth now and then, and circulates in the world like an epi- demic but grows fainter and falater every time it re FP When on the 20th of April, ducing the military riot in Santiago, the people of Chile most energetically proved hat theirrespect for the law and their patriotiem, are 00 deeply rooted to allow the count to tall into anar- by, thea we thought it the last outrage that would be ced; but we bave witnessed, with feelings of re Pp gret, thet ancther wider spread, bat similar attempt, has its ocial and commercial prosperity ‘The government, however, is acting with energy, and we hope to report in our next number, that the few who bave caused these disturbances hare even the folly of the step they have taken If the government is in fault and requires reforma- jon. (and what government does not!) let, these men employ the proper means to force them to dcyulesee in ch reformation as time and ¢ ¢ have already pictured © a ers, a8 the most civilized. the moat advanced, and the most prosperous republic in South America, How much, then, must it grieve ue, that a few are trying to upset the favorable cpimton the world has formed of this cOuBl, It ie Tortunate, however, that the government is strong stances require to our Buropean rea: enough ia iteelt, and has the assistance and good will of the greater part of that ne » rious conseq ¢ population om their side, 60 nee can be apprehended. Hoth Santiago and Valparaiso. the two strong pillars of the republic, have shown a desided opposition towards eny disturbances of the peace, and the insurrection is niirely confined to Conception and Coyuimbo, and will ch Gisappeer and be forgotten + vem there. In Santiago, @ voluntary company of a great number of respectable citierns hae been formed. to oppose vio~ ence and psotect property; the same was proposed in rairo, but found uns certary. ‘ive Our transatiantic ‘ers a brief review of the incidents of this ireurrection. and we doubt mot that by we DeXt mail we shall be able to inform those who take spy interest in this country, that peace and tram uillity have agein been restored ‘The gcvernment has issued the following decree :-— One on the third of September, 1851, authorizing the establiebment of a society of ladies. called “Society of | France . Christian Charity physical and moral condition of the poor. whose object is ameliorating the RAILROADS IN THE WORLD. Comparative Synopsis of Railway Traus- port in the United States and Elsewhere, (From the London Times, Sept, 27.) Having briefly sketched the railway communica- tions executed and in progress in different coun- tries whero that species of locomotion has been tiago Kailroad. Two engineers will rurvey the two lines | adopted, we shall now bring into juxta-position the proposed for it. taking into consideration the expenses, | principal results of our calculations, and show the the advanteges and facilities which esch of tuem affords comparative progress which diferent nations have poor pons at abe eee proneatdl ef shares, in favor of | Dade in this important art. In making such a com- posed ‘of the republic ie instructed to invite the inhabitants of the country to form « company for the construction of the railroad, and is authorized to take shares for the govetmmect to the amount of two milions of do'lars. If no company be formed. the President is author! to reise o loan in the country, to the aforesaid amou net paying more than eight per cent interest (overn- went eball receive the money in dividends, accorilus wo the wante and progress of the raiiroad. A decree was published on the 25th of Au erring the offices of Administrator of the cause at Valparairo, and the two officers vader not required under the new Ovrtom Louse | place will be fifled by the treasurer and sccoun: Forty-two thousand dollars hae ber to the item of unforeseen exp Exche,uer's be dget. wr General Castilla, whieh arrived xt lst August, hee been bought by & 060 who was about to retire from hie post ge Dumber of ta office: and akes will be acceded ] tants o rally suppo-ed ta lewd and continual | piewher. being f the indepen- The General wa ebeering at the th the second dey dence cf Chile The pew President. General Mont ministry. consisting ft Don Antonio Varas, M greeted re om the 10th € commemoration bad formed a new tlemen nveriog and of Foreign Relations vss Wine THE PORCLATION AND TRRAITORY bon J. bance iin RELATION, Ix TH ‘ eratKs Den Fernewde Laseanc J Als flack BPRS nets je Instruction. i P Dew Jove Franeieco Gera, Minister of W. Pope 7 r Charles Bab fm. kas been Synere ine covernment a# Coneal ia Chile. for bis United Kingdom... .98.000.000 121 15k +f Bweden and Norway, Béward Beyeraoh. b Germanic Ftates. in Majesty the King of the Sand ic cluding Denmack & r, Ken , Comsul for bie Majesty Heuiand ere Upited Stater toutieh agaia. Many of | France iu a bad rondition ‘are | Belgium hussia. . respering age dy i hopeful and gay parison, it is e however, to be forgotten, that even in adopting this test, regard must be had to the relative cost of lend, material, and labor, in different localiti been constructed :— cially necessary to consider, not merely the length of railway, but the capital whish bas been invested in ite coustruction—for two lines of communication receiving the common denomina- tion of * rail may differ frem each other ex- tremely in their utility and value. Such a line of communication, for example, as that which cen- ec's, or lately connected, Portsmouth, ia the State of Virginia, with Weldon, in the State of North Carolina, and that which connects London and Bir- mingham, both receive the common name of rail- way, nearly in the same manner as the log cabin of Missouri cettler and Bleabeim palace re the mon designation of dweiling howe. 1 ect measure of the relative utility or eflici two lines of railway is, therefore, coat ey of it is not 3 nm, and the The extent of railway communi: expenes of ite construction, may be compared with fe.e rerver, or to the territorial extent of the cou nee ¢ the population whose commeree it sud- ry hrengh which it is carried In the following table, taken, with some modit- one, from the work already noticed, are given, gto the most recently published returns, ation and territory, ana the ratio b em, for the several States in which railw is expected that Some town will sounbe | italy 152 09 ra the with the railway stetion iter had be in the town, to the falue | Totals and averages 1.08 in adaits thote given im compensation It appears from the rps that the total apo le the day elected suid om thi port. At that time, it is be treck will be laid her are yielding more rich re for openiog a. . wi Bome of ibe + carne to The opiap to the authorities. for n the approne: i han $oia” SPPteching holidays remain tran 1: t in Gon Th National Alo # bill the hank 9 ing bark ee death of the bishop of that dioceses te reporte: stenmer Kovador. a4 she ties wader water wae sold at auction for the sum of $7000. Mr. Wheetwright was the purchaser said that she way ve raised without very greet diff Cr expense Versone were ed recovering the cengo of the Bri hb bark Molly Maen. lost om the rocks aear the mouth f the hatbor ef Cequimbo. It consisted of copper in ‘worth ret far from fifty thousand mployed go down in diving dresee which are pre 4 to receive ait supplied from abe threugh tuber, It ie supposed that most, if not all in- deed. of the cargo will be recovered. The Aranco. intely the Vulean, arrited on the 7th erly, fromthe couth She brought a latge mumber of pasteogers: 17 from Chios, 4 from Valdivia, 25 from Te! eebuano, 1 from fcme, and from Constituciom—in ail, 40 wy al vemaized quiet, Wheat had been sold coma ME LO the ccaperpomdence of the Mercw dom on the last day of Is0 was 6.421 mi onstruction, consisting of exte: lines, branches or new fines, is a a tecision, but was certainly under 1,000 miles the present year ngth of r aited Niag- ere distributed as follows: — England and Wales Sootiend, “ 4... ly Total length... ’ ges The length of railway at that date in progress ot existing th sourse, been completed and ¢ since the commence . 1 025 miles of new Tatof Januaey, 150, amount which the commissioners deducted as rop- iy ASE us we shall assume that the railways 0) Allowing a ortional amount ef capital for the 1, 000 Smile opened since that date, we shall find that the 7,000 miles of railway now open will total capital of 250,000,000/. result, combined with the calculations and returns given in Dr. Lardner’s work, (Railway Economy, p. 496), supplies data from which the following table has beea computed :— TADLELSHOWING THE RXTENT OF RAILWAYS UNDER TRAFFIC, AND THE AMOUNT OF CAPITAL INVESTED IN THEM, 19 THE SEVERAL @OUNTRING IN WHICH RalLWays HAVE PEEN CON@TRUCTER = Reiiwoys Cost of com — eruct’n and 8 equipment. United Kingdom £150,000,000 Gerwanic States 66,775,000 66,651,000 447,786,000 lt must be admitted that we have hero sublime results of human industry and enterprise, if sub- limity can be applied with propriety to such a class of phenomena. ‘ithim the brief period of twenty years the pepwiation of the above named parts of the world, amounting, in aggregate number, to about 210,- 000,000 of souls, have censtructed and brought into operation a lesgth of railway which, if continuously laid, would exactly surround this planet, and have expended in the accomplishment of tais work an awount of capital of nearly 445,000,000/. sterling. It appears, also, that there is still in progress a length amounting to about sixty per cent of that which has actually been executed; se that, when the whole shall have been completed, wo shall have an entire extent of about 410,000 miles of rail- ways upon which a malta of 700,000,000/. sterling will have been expended. Bia The gross expenditure made within twenty years being 448,000,000/., is at the average annual rave of 22,400,000/.; but as the chief part of this has been ip ope within the last thirteen or fourteen years, the actual annual expenditure in this period could net have been short of from 27,000,000/. to 28,060, 0002. i ‘The most remarkable feature about this astound- ing phenomenon, is the proportion in which the ex- penditure of this enormous capital is distributed among the different countries above named. It ap- pears from the abeve resul:s tha: r eent of tae whole amount is expended in the United ios hem while only 15 per cent of it has been expended in the German States, an equal amount in the United States, and 10 per cent im France, insignificant frac- tions being appropriated to the other States. But it must be remembered that the expenditure of British capital in shese enterprises has not been | confined to the United <ingdom. No incoasider. able share of the capital absorbed in foreign rail- ways, not excepting those of the United States, | has been derived from this county, and we shall | certainly not exaggerate its amount if we assume that 70 per cent of the total capital expended upon the railways of the world have been supplied from the accumulations of British industry. Thus it | er that within twenty years England | nid £25),000,000 sterling for the con- | struction o: Ler own railways, but has contributed somewhere about £50,000,000 to the construction of railways elsewhere. The net profits realized by the rem may be taken at the average amount of 34 per cent onthe cost of construction and equipment. It fol- lows, therefore, that supposing these annual profits to be re-invested with equal advantage as they be- come receivable, the capital sunk in the railways of the world, prodigious as it is in amount, and small as is the net profit realized upon it, would be re- produced in the short period of ngno § years, and even without such re-investment, and withou: the influence of compound interest, it would be replaced by the mere passive accumulation of dividends in thirty years. On comparing the distribution of railway capita with that of popalation, it appears that for every 100 individuals of the population, the capital ex- i as follows: sin general | 6 that in proportion to its xpended on railways in t! opulation, the capita! e: Jnited Kingdom is more than three times the mount expended in the United States, and about | five times the amount expended in Belgium By a comparison of the length of railway open with the population, we find the following resuits:— Lesotn or Ranway ren Mittios or Porvcatios t United Stater.... ited Kingdem Germanic States Belgium 423 miles. 200 | Russia Italy . . 7 It will be observed that while the total length of | railway in operation in the United States exceeds | the length open in the United jom inthe a of 103 to 70, the capital | railways exceeds that invested the railways of | the United States in the ratio of 125 to 33 The comparative cost of construction and stock er tile in couttries where railways to any consi- | I ble extent have been established, is ax fol- | lo | ost ren Mite ror tios amy Brock | United Ki ++ £BI00 | France oO | Belgium 18000 12,600 Germauic States... : 6.500 ppears that the average cost per mile of the British railways, bas been one-third more than the French, twice thet of Belgium, three times that of the Germanic, and nearly six times that of the American. Owing to the want of reliable general data, wo are unable to supply my { one ate estimate of the average receipts on the American railways. The following table exhibits approximately the average length of railways under traflic, the gross receipts, and the receipts per mile, during Is0v, in the countries of Europe in which this system of locomotion bas been, to any considerable extent, established — Miles under Tu Receipts Trafhe ip United Kingdom... 640 2 2109) Germanic States... 5.543 1.100 Fran 3.130 Beigicm 0 by comparing these receipts with the average re- ceipts of past years, it ap that, sinoe ISS, the feceipts per mile © railways bave de- eosed trom A2744¢ hile the receipte | ed | mely | arged ¢ aad an railways ther to modify our | ions we have ex- | ome lines are solidly estucates, pressed copetructe ys yiel or 12 per | @cnt divi | 0 We come to spread 4 over 10,00) miles is greatly modified. It e report obtained oy Ur. Lardaer, $ of the most active and pro the net prolt ont a large proportion of | the railroads dividend at all, while & greet nember of t made small dividends. Utar ve ‘= ) it may, perhap therefore 6 t the Awmerican line t yield a net profit that produced by the 1,10) i of which are given by he beigian and French amounted the receipts that time the re on the Belgiao lines we been stationary, but the Frenek by | of sufficient strength te insure isteetaire’ shall ‘that the i Meer al cent of the receipts in per cent in » 60 per cent in Frasce, 40 per cent in the Germanic from the States. By com; the profits ‘4 on pokey ote arog f of con- uipment Per mile, we shall obtain of the average profits and co Per Cent of Capital.—- mi'eage are ar) struction the following capital :— Germanic : The estimate here manic lines will be Fes ten our former article, which referred to are e . Sinee writing that article wo ve Bases ye of the the traffic to the eommence- ment of the present year, which show the large in- crease above stated. m the onee ae the Lpree States ae earned mate D received as a v: rol approxima- tion, which, however, we consider met tbe under the truth. ‘of the It appears from the above table that th rofite on capital inveeved in the raili Jnited Kingdom are lower than in any other coun- try where railways have been constructed and brought into operation. The following are the average tariffs exacted per wenger per mile :— United Kingdom, 54d. United Stavet 147d. Belgian 0.804. France. +. 1031, Germanic States ,. + 0.98. It appears that of the actual number of passen- gers booked, 47 per cent are third-elass passengers in England, 65 per cent in Belgium, 63 per cent in France, and 7. cent in Germanic States, while 14 percent of the prmwass are first-class in the United Kingdom, 11 per cent in Belgium, 7 percent in France, and 34 per cent in the Germa- nic States. ‘There is no distinction of classes in the United States. The number of engines which upon an average ass daily over every mile of railway is—in Eng- jand 20, in Belgium IS, and in France 1. The average distance travelled by each passenger becked is—in Mngland, 153 miles; in the United Stateg, 19 1-5 wiles; in Belgium, 22 6-10 miles, in France, 25 miles, and in the Germanic States, 196-10 wiles. It appears from the preceding calculations that during the past year twenty-three millions aad one-third sterling, have been expended on locomo- tion by railway in these countries, of which more than the half has been expended withia the small compass of our own islands. Of this amount, about 60 per cent has been ex- pended on personal locomotion, and 40 per cent on the transport of goods of every denomination. ‘The movement of the Joeomotive engine in oxe- cuting this trafiia has been as follows :— Mites run by a Kingdem.. Germanic State France .. Belgian, Total distance trav epgines in 1850........ i. 78 316.0c0 ‘The engine therefore moved over 73,000,000 miles ithin the year, being at the average rate of 215,- 540 miles per day, of more than half of which pro- digous amount of locomotion this kingdom was the theatre. In the performance of this work, the total quantity of coal consumed was a million and three-quar- tere of tons—a quantity whose cubiral bulk would = & space greater by one-half than the Crystal Palace. This movement being chared between paseengers and goods in the ratio above indic the distances moved goods trains respectively, were i— Miles. Distance travelled by paseenger trains... 47,400,600 ce travelled by goods trains... 31,000,000 nee each passenger train transported on an average 70 passengers, and each goods train 6U tons, it follows that the locomotion of pene witbio the Jear was equivalent to 3, 1,000 persons ca tied one mile, and the transport of goods to 1,500,- 000,000 tons transported one mile. More than one- half cf this vaet social and commercial movement was limited to the area of the United Kingdom. ‘The number of locomotive engines employed in ex- ecuting this movement was abou! 5,000, of which 2,496 were employed on the British al and | about 3,700 were constructed in Polltical Affairs ta {Vrom the London Times. | va For the last two years, the aspect of public aflairs fn Fiance has been the standing riddle of poli- ticians. It bas proved an amusement, an anxiety, an excercise of the intellect. ording to the tei- r, the character, the inte: of the observer. jut the moment bas well nigh arrived when the enigma must, in some fashion or other, resive a practical solution. It is impossible that the most | vital questions which can affect the destinies of great nation skould be adjourned from year to year without any definite security for tae present, or any probability of settlement in the future. Tho fomt at issue amounts to nothing less than this—she!l any sovereign power exist in France, Pear tranquillity at home,and that degree of influence beyond the frontier lines, to which eo great 4 country is equitably evtitied! As matters stand at pre- sent, the action of the governmen: is so com- pictely paralyzed, so frittered away in internicine feuds ge mg — — the le; ight ywers, that for ractical purposes it might Bimoet as well have no existence at all. It is per- fectly true that since the memorable outbreak of June, when the life blood of France fluwed freely along the gutters of the Parisian streets, a kind of dubieus pause has taken the place of active hostilities. Poa been tolerated rather than songet. ‘The explanation of this phenomenon is obvious enough. kind of arrangement had been hit upon which enabled all to give up, their pretensions. rties to adjourn, not A breathing space | Was £0 absolutely necessary to every faction, that it or a few brief was certain ali would combine wmonths,to maintain public order. ‘There wase President, without any real power but the influence of @ traditional name. There was an Assembly, powerful to cnact decrees, but powerlers to enforce | them in the face of a government which could play | off the sympathies of the n of its representatives. ‘I i the attainment of their ends am! nd the great buik of the na’ peace at any price. itis far cascr to enumerate the difficultice of the case than to point out any tingle feature of hope. Even that last chance of individual grcatrcss, upon which some reliance may be placed when ail suber calculations break dew, has been denied to our neighbors, amidst ir recent political vicissitudes. If there be a ingle great man in France—any individul whose character and talents inspire confidence in the minds of his country men—what is hie name! where ishe to be feund! The revolution of bot precuced pable of guiding the destinies of bi through the perils of the approaching hour. against the wishes was an army, de- y. There were uld on’, politi rived of the watchword of loyal erce political factions, which co leadisg politicians of Louis Philippe’s time have | turk into merited contempt; but the place flied fa the public eye has not been younger men Can there be a mere strik feotive nature of the pres igence published “y ncoupied by % illustrat’ the n of lection remodel and ec previons declars tert which bas eo long been waged bi vapeleon ard tbe majority ofthe A ultimate acvantage was with his oppo: active measure were catried out on either side. t was for his interest, as it lay in bis character, to ourh apy overt step until ac the porsibility” Whe could teli what hostilities sa not b sarmed, of What adherents gained, mon er month passed by? ‘The mau who dui nothing profits by every rg Bowe F commit, Still, as far as ti the mom arrive wh this cautio iey atd venture upon w measures ik. alternative that at the expire tion of bisterm of © he should abandon his Lon e,asa Lord M on house for his Stamford hill per of apsrtment at the L don quits the man: dence at Clapham o the fortunes nor the wit ofsuchar at length given evidem ower at all bar of 0 p Hut noither Napoleon aa- be question, and he has cage utT to retain iis da. As tho majority of have formally expressed their dater- fuse anything like @ rovision of the resident conceive: last chance rupture with (he present order of thirgs at tohim that he cannot shake the decisicn of the representatives— he the suppart of thore vaet mares of to be ina ere brought ut in 1950, we shal } created about ft whick had beer cluded from power b the truth if we sesame that si the | fore, that the pre aw He woul v of the present year, between 3390 | contin rr more have been completed. Tais | what diminishe give @ totel length of railway of 7,990 miles ntbe ‘icimasic bh averag ow complete and in operation | we stated in ovr recen, article on this » st, they cannot be brough by the retaros af the Kailway (Commissioners it | peared from tetures obtvived from 4,000 intles of | effect in hie favor again t Preare tbat on the Ist day of 15%) the total amount | railway under trafic, to acount to IS percent of | Areembly, and, accord gly, he is pared to ap i which ba ended on the eaik | the receipts. * the ¢ of the r na to | peal to a more fiery constituency ivore, His th ple Pus thit sum in- | which we then referred, the r ceipts per mile have | ministers cannot be induced to cor to the neces crept ogchy ‘ vant ausorbad by | incrcared from A7*S to £1,100, being nearly 50 per | sary arrangements; they rosigh, avd thove resigna he railwase then in progress, commie | cent, not standing the greatiy augment | tions are accepted. The I'rosi no doubt, hopes sionert roughly estimated at 20,000,006 This, | length of railway opea. ‘This hag had, of course, | to find more tubservient or lets scrapulous agents with wtber email ded ion, lefe 197 50.0000 | a mogt favorable effect on the profits, pod We | for We hear of ccsc!ations © bold that Adds 1a, ane a wc | jgiy soon iBak © omsiNablneasngn hb" Wish ofa Poligans wight bare means ated, we find that | over by the passengers and | last moment of | boldiy bida for | first fet of May. The < of May. con- Constituent Assembly te revids the entire constitution. sone of viges eanact be denied to resolutions * ey amount to this— Prince Louis Napoleow has resolved to act in open defiance of the restricted franchise which was intro- duced to suit his purposes, and returns to that uni- Yereal suffrage by which he was raised to power. He dismisees that Assembly of whioh, constitu- tionally speaking, he is the mere it. Next, he throws himeelf at one leap into arms of the masees, without any precise ing! into the cha- racter of his adherents. Support at any cost will be welcome, no matter from what faction it may proceed. His “mission”—to adopt the French term—had rather been to curb the turbulence of France—to withdraw power from bands in which it could not be safely trusted—to found the stabilit; of the future upon the errors of the past. In thi course he had exerted all his energies, and had won even the admiration ofhis adversaries for his steady adheronce to conservative pelorinies: The mo- ment has arrived when he declares himself ready to adopt an opposite policy, ifit should happen to be more in consonance with his own interests. is, of course, a simple matter to identify these interests with the general welfare of the country; for when were plausible pretexts ever wanting toa public man? But we mistake the aspect of public affairs in France, or the President 1 find that he has miscalculated the temper and wishes ofthe army and the nation. All persons who have something to lose or something to fear from troublesome times, will be slow to replace power in hands from which it has been so recently wrested with so much difficulty, and at so mani- fest an advadtage to public tranquillity. The ad- hesion of thearmy is dubious; but even were the feeling of the soldiers favorable to the President and to acowpde main, armed masses of mea can- not act without chiefs. The military leaders are averse toso great a risk, orsce in the saccoseful pretensions of the President but the ruia of their own cherished hopes. Why raa go great a danger? To secure a favorable constituency for a2 inelligible man? Still, the recent intelligence from Paris is of the gravest import. Itis scarcely possible to ap- recate the effect that may be exercised on Suropean politics, throughout the next winter, from the sudden regolution of the French President With the France of March, 1548, as an element in our calculations, we cannot look without great ap- prehension to the future. [Condensed from the editorial articles by Eile de Girar- din, in La Presse of October 21 J in order to surmount the political situation of France, it would be necessary that the representa- tives who voted for the lawof the 3lst of May shou'd vote againet it, and that those who voted against should vote for it. The same argument can be used for the revision of the constitution. Ifthe uestion is not settled in this manner, how is it that the imminence of this situation and the evidence of danger are not present to all minds. These mea- sures being rejected, of course the President will not be elected again, and the country redaced to the condition of a civilwar. Then, who can foresee what a civil war iid anne M. Girardin knows it is the only chance for the traditional monarchy, or the consututional monarchy, or the consulate, or the hal adi politica. ale pacar 6 It appears certain that M. Pillault could ni a ministry. [t was thought that, after the di of MM. Faucher and baroche, an extra parlia- mentary cabinet was only possible. There are but three ways of forming a cabinet; as in Russia, asin England, er as in America. If the form of the French government is to resemble the American form, the United States ought to be imitated. With an extra Parliamentagy ministry, all difficul- | ties which, to-day, are insoluble and insurmount- ab) ill be reeolved. eM the hostility of La Sidcle and La Nationa it is easy to conceive how M. Billault bas considered proper to abstain. If violently attacked by the right, he could rot count upon a support from the lett. Theconsequence of all that is, the President of the republic. If he is not decided to form an extra Parliamentary cabinet, he has only a resolu- tion to take—bow before M ucher, and pray the the ministry to remain in office till the 9th of May, 3s52. ‘Then it will be ecen if the revised ministry, and the rallied majority, propose to themselves, under the pressure of public opinion, and before the manifestations of the popular wish, to establish again universal suffrage. ‘The Siécle avd the Jvaticnal roust rab their hands, for M. Leon Faucher removes his fears and keeps bis friends near him, in saying thet the President ‘will reflect and give way.” | | | | | Califo: t. 32) weak side of ronment. {t iv ciety and Lynch La (From the Londen Tim ‘The executive is undoudtedly the ultra democratic theory of ge s very well to tell us that the people are the only ate power, and that all fuccti wus, only source of leg’ —legielative, judici ,» and executive,—ar celegetions to individuals of the inherent mi, the body politic. This resolution of all questions of government into the relation of principal and agent works pretty well so long as the matters in «queetion are complicated, and such as the masses, though claiming the right, have not the power tu manage for themselves. ‘Bat in the si of popular sovereignty, there is alway: the ruling demoergey thould sweep gater, aad exercise the powers of government in its | own person. This we presume to be the theory upow which the acts of Lynch law, now so unfor- tunately associated with the name of California, are defenced by the thousands who gg their presence and approval! to their perpetration. Some such fedative to the conscience there must be, for it is impoesible to conceive that thousands of persons who bave been instructed, however imperfeetly, in their duties as citizens and Christians, should ap- plaud the perpetration of a gross ingult to popular sovereignty aad a wilful and deliberate murder, did they view the matter in that light. Yet what sophirm can be more transparent! [he people who wake the law and appoint the executive are the whole population of the State, legally convened and solemnly deliberating. ‘Lhe people who sct aside the executive, and take the law into their own bande, or rather abrogate it al:ogether, are a mul | titude casually collected, led on, as all multitudes | are, by a few persons actuated by furious passions, end gratifying the love of vengeance and tne thirst for blood, under the abused fo;ms and hollow mas- querade of justice trampled under foot by proceedings which, how- 3 | evi it be t 303 ahh domed | ever great may be the number of accomplises in their guilt, can never attain the solemuity cr authority of the acts by which it is sanctioned — The practice of this model republic presents a cu- rious application of the favorite principle of compe- tition. In order effectively life and property, two rival executives are into existence, and eet to in hostile oppesition to each other. escapeth the sword of Jehu shall might be adopted as the mo’ Vigilance Commit:ee. 1 that glean the refuse of t ‘word thet cleans the refu a crime bay been committed the law punishes all that it can, and the Vigilance Committee, the an' type of the inw, wreaks its vengeance on the r maindr. ‘This competisive anc diction is a new feature in the dreary ann. Draconic code of Lynch. Formerly we were tomed to consider Ly i q be justified on the ty: Ned tat rather the utes Waen timi: law bt 4) heh ars tot ce of the atry somewhat the rts of equity to their sister tri- mon law. it taite the ordinary i ) d ro long ast ing to ite wiekis; and only b 9 res tocoricettueir errcrs or to cupply their 4 ewch of thes jurisdiction our late accounte froin Ca ‘ora striking and terrib instanees. a Francisco, the Vigilance Vom- ttee had obtained possession of the persor wo criminels, ord was about to execute justice upon them alter its own summary fashion. The government fellinto the errer of considering that such matters were rot exeluy the Vigilacce Committee whe teecued the prisoners, and placed them in the jail of the city. They speedily found cut their x take. In the open , With everwhelming force, criminals were reca: d bung with every eir- cvmnstance of y ulic @ presence of the whole population of the city he coroner immedaitoly held his inquest on the bodies, and the jury found @ veroiet h clearly implied that the lawagainst | murder t application whon life is taken away at the bidding of @ multitude. There was tolera- bly britk comy etition between the two executives; the popular icuand for blood excecded the regular eupply, andthe \ igilance Committee undertook to meke up whet was wanting. The second case was at Facrom Where three persons having beea condemn. cath, the Governor respited one and leit the law to take its course as to the other t ever it chose to aet- Sheritl, that oficial withdrew, and left his to Le occupied by the self-appointed ministers popu ar vengeance, and in the same placo, on ame gibber, the criminal whom law aad respited * whem lawless force condemned, met the same Let those who wish that accept the | If it be true that no power | | lees than that which founded a constitution caa | ri abrogate it, the sovereignty of the people itself is | to prevent dangers to | k independently of and | ely the province of | | len EES S: i se glist es ze $ unrelentingly of statutes of Sbich itis iteelf the most and icuous violator. is remarkable that the tyrant’s plea of necessity does not apply to either of these cases, which have, as we have before said, much more the air of a race in cruelty between the lawful and the unlawful executive, than of stern and deliberate justice forced from unwilling by an overpemerite apprehension for the eis safety. Inthe first case the men were recaptured by the Vigilance Committee before it could possibly be known what fate awaited them at the hands of the regular judicial and executive pow and in the second a crime, for the ¢: tion of which two lives were sacrificed, could gi no color for ille- gal violence in order to augment the number of Viclime. In this the republican inquisition is only following in the eteps of al! bodies which have contrived to raise themeclves to a similar pitch of arbitary and uncontrolable power. The necessity on which the assumption ef that power was founded is scon lost sight of, and gradual encroachments are made, till tyranny and cruelty become their own precedent. The country where such things can be done, and done with impunity, may be rich, but has co claim to the title of free. That hardy plant will not flourish on its golden soil. What matters it ander what name the tyranny is disguised? The man whose life can be taken from him at avy moment by a stretch of arbitrary power, is a slave, whether his serfdom be concealed under the name of citizen of a republic, or paraded under the badge of tho subject of an autocrat. I+ will be vain to look for order or to hope for tranquillity in a sosioty where every mind is full of the spectacle of such wild and frightful excesses. The same code of pablic mo- rality which sanctions the He pag, ta the halter in public, will find no great culty in reconiling it- self to the use of the knife or the pistol in private. Human natzre, to use the words of Thucydides, having conquered, the law will eegerly show that she is intemperate in arger, and an enemy of superiors. if no other consideration could restrain. these fearful oatbreaks of vindictive p: in, it cught to have occurred to those who tous create and stimulate a popular taste for sights of blood and scenes whose attractions consist in hoinin euf> fering and the fierce passions by which it is suc- rounded, to consider how easily such a craving for the stimulus of horror is created, and now con- staptly it must require fresh victims. The elegant and philosopbicul Roman foucd no sight so viuriog ag the deadly combat of gladiators. Tho lovely ghters of Spain could smile and flirt over the horrors of an culo da fé, just as their fair ants do now over the sanguivary brutati: buil-fight. Man, the paragon of aature, has lurk- ing abou: him something of the tiger, and wo to that State and that people where this deeply: seated instinct is stimulated and enecuragod, inztuad of being repressed and subdued. The Russia Asin. (From the Pritish Army Despatch, Ost. 29 | We have seen it somewhere said, that one of the indispensable conditions of the maintenance lasting friendship (hollow as it may be) > England ard Russia, is the impossible 9. avoidance of all contu:t and friction in Vea: Whoever studies the map of our present the East, end traces with the eye the far « ng boundaries of the new so-called western frontier, the statistics, topography, and military value of which form the subject of Major Edwardes’ work, will be induced, like ourselves, to combise mentu! with the various accounts which have re during the past summer from the shorse Caspian, Persia and Herat, and believe in « possibility of the condition above advortsd The Indian government, for major politi sons, could have much wished, had it beea p to admit ef h State and territory ret. | ace limited character of eignty. both Ruseia and Ergland tave an equal that some countries between the Caspian India should remain free from «i unmed: sort of indepen- partition grvand % the pressure i cinun indeed, pean rule, and exist in an ab cence, forming as it were a neu between the two giant em of circumstances is stronger 4 and more powerful than tbe mig! monarchies. Both the Kuss and Ang’ forced. onward by unfereseen euch as brought abou: the Sikh w: to extend their Asiatic porsessioas in all directions. Since the annexation of the Puojaub to our In- dian empire, the British arms have deen pushed far beyond Pesbawur. We have, fo to es ak, « forti- fied camp at the entrance of the Khyber l’aes; ail external access to Hindostan from Cabool may be raid to be clored by our bayou: ud weare Work~ ing in c fleet at the opening of pew commer roads thrcugh Cathivere and 2 to li, and Keschgor. We would absorb to ooreelves the exclusive supply of all the warkets of Central ila Commerce fs the guiding ttar of oar Its rests require Jet the subjugation t taineers of Afighawistan and cu Alredces, and these will yet inevitably fullow. Shey hav: only | teen deferred by circum ces Walch can rcarcely e-oceur. Ifthe rulers of Hind tao eud 1 can, of Peshawur and Cashuere, would | their great Asiatic empire fr« external enemy, like the Grea. cays of their power, they mu. tain dominion over the yet untr ry land Afighan. ‘Then will the fiuss and the Briton come | in contact in the fields of Persia, and there, where | their interests bave already le coe Jed for mas- | tery, on the outworks of Asia, taey will join battle. ‘Then, asin the days of antiquity, so may it occur in our time, and the plains of Mesopotamia and of the Khorasan way become the battle fields ou which the empire of the West will be decided. We have been led to these reflections from sve ng, | the eubjoined in the columns of the /imes news- paper of the 2th ult , and therein we saw also the | evidence of the much clearer notion entertained of | the aspect of Indian affairs by foreigners, than by | those whom most it concerns. Our readers may | be of the same opinion: — : “The Geman Constiucional Gasdte contains the | following article on the complications of which Central Asia is at this moment the theatre:— | “Twelve years ago the Porsian army, ted by agents of liussia, was repulsed under the walis of t, and England undertoc k the fatal expedition to Cabool. led either by ambition, or by a desire to i Russian influeace on the frontiers | of India. Russia accepted the challenge, apd marched an expedition against Khiva. ‘Tbe two ccordingly gave each other a re desvousin. 28 of Lactriana, for, had the English suc- ceeded in establishing themselves at Cabool, and | the Russians in Khiva, the puiks of the Baskire “and Cossacks would have Poon come to blows with. our native Indian irregular cavalyy. Bat bott | expeditions failed, and when Legland had avenged | the honor of her arms wf & uew expedition, and vigorously chastised the \fighons, che definitively withdrew her armies from the country to achieve more easy and useful conquests ia Scinde andthe Pan- jaub. Itussia alone did not renounce her plane, and. waitcd an opportunity to cxecute them. The tirst ob- ject ofthe cabinetof >t. ie’ urg Was to subjsct to | her dom!nationthe eagte: ot the Caspian Sea, | in order to obtain a point d'appui for future operar tions, and secure supplics, reinforcemente, and « meats of retreat ia case of reverse. With that view, Nuseia erected forte on different poiate, and placed garrisons in them. She then opened negoe tiations with the Lurkomans. The Khergives reas vo recognise the white Czar for their y Smilar mapwuvies, pursued with pore o during eevera! Radetaa doa tion extended to Li Aral, the Siedarje, and ntiers of Turkistin. Russia thus acquired for e important undertakiogs, woen a portunity should offer iteeif. Now the jas arrived, and she is preparing to profi: The death of the ivhan of Herat gave the signal of a war of succession, in which Persia hae goged, and @ill, in all probability, as sho d.d in invoke once more the assistance of Nussia. e meantinae, the |! jana, under the pretext cf an incursion of the Turkomans, landed « body 0! troops on the southern const of the C an Sea, Which is now marching towards Herat. General | Peroweki, who, notwithstanding the fatal result of the expedition to Khiva, is considet one of the ablest generals of Nursia, has resumed the chief command of the Russian forces in the government ot Orenburg. Should he march alone, or in con- junetion with @ Versian army, towards Herat, it will | be ewsy for him, if provided with a sufficient artil- lory, to reduce that fortress, where he will not meet this time a Pottinger. Will England remain an | impaseive spectator of events which threaten to shake, atno distant period, her empire in India? We co not believe it, and we are convinced that ere we shall hear measures adopted by the British government. Tur Voor in Panis.—The Administration of Tublic Assistance bas just published # statistical ac- count of the indigent population of Paris fur 150. According to this accouxt, the number of poor fa- wilies in that year was 25,724, numbering 63,138 pezene In 1820, the number was (2,700; 1832, 06; IS35, 62,699; 1841, 66,487; Is44, 06,48; 147, 75.906. In order to form @ just estimate of theeo nutmbere, it is necessary to give the amountoft the population at each corresponding period. As the new census of 1951 bh ‘ot been yet made, the eee remains oflici in 1850 wha: it “47, viz,. 1,084,096. For the other peri bis companions. Thus, in this eo called free | mority has eriven an arbitrary power engrossing | eject the vindietive end terrible, unrolieved by any of ihe mida conciliatory attributes of roy- | ality. Law, the protection of the weak against the strong, of th idoal against the m of the | obrexious against the popular, of the minoricy | Paes Web my, gales only in California ae fcllowe-—In 1820, 816,840; in 1892, 71,2 771,288; 138, 880,315: D4, SA4,798; In D811, 992,- 988; and in 1S47, i (M6 ‘The average number of indigent, ae compared with the to.al popniation, will therefore be in 182%, | in 18.0; in 102, Lia 1835, 111; in 1835, Lin 15 3; on 1541, Din U4; in Dt b in 13.7; in D807, Din 1-9; and in 1850, 1 in 16.3.<< Gatenants Moconger