Evening Star Newspaper, May 6, 1940, Page 10

- @he Foening St With Sunday Morning Edition. THEODORE W. NOYES, Editor. WASHINGTON, D. C. —_— The Evening Star Newspaper Company. Main Office: 11th St. and Pennsylvania Ave. New York Office: 110 East 42nd St. Chicogo Office: North Michigan Ave, Delivered by Carrier—City and Suburban. e ot oms. or 1% per wee ening and Sunday.75¢ per mo. vening Star 450 ber mo. oF 10¢ per weel o Bunday Btar - 10¢ per copy Nisht Final_Edi Final and Sundsy Star R5¢ per month ient Final Star - os 60¢ per manth " S :ge per II\OI\B,I Evening Star__ ¢ Per mon! fi: Sunday Star - 10¢ per copy’ Collection made at the end of each month or ch week. Orders may be sent by mail or tele- lone National 5000. Rate by Mail—Payable in Advance. % Ffly and Sunday ¥ inday only. Entered as second-class matter post office, ‘Washington. D. C. Member of the Assoclated Press. ' The Associated Press is exclusively entitled to ., the use for republication of all news dispatches eredited to it or not otherwise credited in this Baper and also the local news published hercin, Al Dents of oublication of sveclal dispatches erein also are reserved. — 1 yr., 1 yr. Aegean Tension German success in establishing control over all Norway south of Namsos, leaving only Narvik con- tested, permits Berlin to concentrate {ts attention elsewhere, and of the three possible diréctions in which * the Nazis now may strike—through the Low Countries, directly against the Maginot Line, or into South- .- eastern Europe—recent allied and Italian naval and military moves in the Eastern Mediterranean bring the - Balkans into sharpest focus. Although the Mediterranean and the Balkans may appear to be two distinct spheres of action, the one -concerning mainly Italy, the other Germany, in reality they are one, and any stimulus within one would cause immediate reaction in the other. That is to say, Italian preparation to fight in the Mediterranean easily might be a symptom of German plans to move into Rumania, and reported reinforcement of British _naval forces in the Aegean Sea might .be evidence of allied intention to en- - ter the Black Sea, either to lend military aid to Rumania—in line with Prime Minister Chamberlain’s recent admonition to Bucharest not to delay calling for help—or to sever the lines through which Germ: is receiving Russian oil. Whoever controls the Aegean can guard the Dardanelles. ecanese Islands are reported to have been reinforced with warships, planes and between fifty thousand and fifty-five thousand troops, thus partly lifting the veil as to the whereabouts of Italy’s fleet, which several weeks ago began spring ma- neuvers. Mr. Chamberlain’s announcement last Thursday that an allied battle neeb—includlng, according to Italian reports, seven battleships, was being diverted to the Mediterranean— probably was prompted by news of this Italian move. Meanwhile, re- ports from Salonika, Greece, of rein- * forced British forces in the Aegean are but new evidence of allied prepa- rations to hold the sea route to the | Dardanelles. ‘Whether the war spreads to Italy’s . “Mare Nostrum” rests with Adolf Hitler and not with Benito Musso- Uni. Der Fuehrer’s decision to attack ‘Rumania would force Mussolini to throw his military, air and naval < forces into the balance to keep the allies out of the Black Sea, a step “which would bring Italy into the war. The significance of Italy’s naval movements, in anticipation of having #0 join Germany, cannot be ignored. . By reinforcing her islands off Turkey - Jtaly takes three precautions: She prepares to challenge an allied in- _ eursion into the Black Sea; she pro- vides herself with the strength to assault the allied Near East Army in Syria, and she equips herself with the weapons to intimidate ° Turkey. But the Italian leader, in his blustering mood, may overlook one * wital point. Whereas in Scandinavia . Britain was fighting out of her ele- ment, on land, a Mediterranean war would be in her element, the sea. Before Italy attempts to underwrite & German invasion of the Balkans . close attention should be paid to British naval power. Timely Discussion It is a healthy sign, this current growth —both quantitatively and qualitatively—of intelligent public discussion of what the war in Europe means to the United States. The - need for realizing that, no matter how hard we try, we cannot isolate ourselves from the war’s indirect but nevertheless destructive effects, is being driven home to all of us from all sides. This realization leads to the conviction that this country will be immeasurably better off from & coldly practical standpoint if Great Britain and France rather than Ger- many should win the war. Thinking " of the Nation along these lines was stimulated by a speech delivered at = the United States Chamber of Com- merce meeting here last week by Lewis E. Douglas, former budget di- rector, and another made by Joseph + ‘B. Davies, special assistant to the Becretary of State, at the University of Wisconsin last night. A warning that strict isolationism - means ultimate establishment of a * totalitarian state here at home came from Mr. Douglas, who said our destiny is linked to the lands of Rousseau and Burke. And from Mr. Davies came a warning that eco- romic effects of the war possibly might bring about a depression here that would make the 1930 depression look like prosperity. Mr. Davies could not afford, in his official posi- Italy’s Dod- ¢ tion, to mention Germany by name. But he spoke of the destructive effects on American trade and in- dustry of wider establishment of the system of barter and controlled ex- change, such as that ppacticed by Germany. Regardless of who wins the war or when/ he is convinced, the effect on our ‘daily lives “will be enormous,” As innocent bystznders in the war, we can protect our- selves against any armed invasion but not as easily against the indirect effects of the conflict on world economy. As Mr. Davies said, it is “prudent and wise” that we should appreciate “and foresee the forces now existing in the world which affect us, the consequences of which we may have to confront. We can glard_against threatening dangers much more effectively if we understand and move to avert them, than if we imi- tate the ostrich by burying our heads in the sands of isolationism. — Philippine Immigration The Philippine National Assembly took an important step toward future orderly and independent develop- ment of the island commonwealth last week by passing a bill to limit immigration to 500 persons of any one nationality annually. The meas- ure will become law only when ap- proved by President Roosevelt. There is every reason for its approval .despite Japanese and Chinese pro- tests of unfairness. It is entirely non-discriminatory. The Filipinos feel they need to regulate and re- strict their immigration, and our Congress has indicated clearly its intention that they should have the right to enact such a law. The bill makes no distinction be- tween immigrants from any country, including the United States, after the Philippines becomé fully inde- pendent in 1946, although China and Japan will feel its effects most heavily. Chinese immigration has averaged a net of 2,000 annually over the past forty years; Japanese, 930 annually for the past fifteen years. Japan has protested most vigorously against the new limitation of 500, but may be satisfied with exemptions granted for such tem- porary visitors as tourists, students and traders and certain other special classes. Filipinos feel some immigration restriction is necessary to keep themselves from being swamped by refugees from China and other dis- turbed areas and to préserve the remaining undeveléped portions of their islands for colonization by their own people. Population of the Philippines has doubled in the past generation, jumping from 7,635,426 in 1903 to 16,000,303 in 1938. Density of population has increased from sixty-eight to 140 per square mile, | with a concentration of 625 per square mile in the Manila area. Japanese and Chinese have a virtual monopoly on retail trade in some places. The new law would supplant the antiquated United States Immigra- tion Act of 1917, which has been superseded in this country by the 1924 act, but which still applies in the Philippines. Mr. Roosevelt's ap- proval of the new measure would give the commonwealth its first im- migration quotas and set up its first adequate machinery for regulating immigration at all. Hinciley and the C. A. A. Transfer of Assistant Secretary of Commerce J. Monroe Johnson to the Interstate Commerce Commission and the announcement from Hyde Park that Chairman Robert H. Hinckley of the Civil Aeronautics Authority may be designated to fill the vacancy appears to be timed as a diversion in the face of op- position to the President’s’ reor- ganization order which would shift the C. A. A. into the Commerce De- partment. ‘When analyzed, these proposed moves actually do nothing to guar- antee the independence of the C. A A Congress should reject the reor- ganization order. Opponents of the reorganization plan are being told that the appointment of Mr. Hinck- ley to the assistant secretaryship will guarantee that the Civil Aero- nautics Authority will continue to function under «its present leader- ship and that, obviously, Mr. Hinck- ley, knowing as he does the prob- lems and aims of the C. A. A, will do nothing to hinder the authority in its work. Such an implied guarantee, of course, is worth little. The office of Assistant Secretary of Commerce is a political office. It is filled by political appointment. There is no guarantee that Mr. Hinckley’s suc- cessors will carry out any policy fa- vorable to the integrity or inde- pendence of the C. A. A, Mr. Hinckley’s appointment, to be sure, might insure some protection for the C. A. A. from Commerce De- partment interference so long as he is in office. But how long will Mr. Hinckley remain in office? The very suggestion of Mr. Hinckley’s appoint- ment seems evidence of the fact that the transfer of the authority to the Commerce Department is fraught with danger to the future well-being of the organization which affects the future of American civil avia- tion. Why, otherwise, would so much be made of the fact that the appoint- ment of a man like Mr. Hinckley to this office will mean that the C. A. A. will be able to continue after the transfer to operate as at present? Must the C. A. A. have a champion on high in the Commerce Depart- ment to guarantee its security? If 80, it certainly would appear to be & grave mistake to put it under juris- "THE : EVENING : STAR; diction of the department, For there 1s no assurance at Al that it will continue to have such a champion. These maneuverings to dispel the doubts and fears of the sincere critics of the C. A. A change are, in themselves, cause for even more serious doubts than have been raised thus far. Opponents of the transfer should not relax their vigilance for & moment because of the proposal to put Mr. Hinckley in the office of As- sistant Secretary, well-intentioned and able though Mr, Hinckley may be. Reorganization Plan No. IV should be stopped by Congress, — Use and Beauty Proposals to remove the bicycle rental agency from the shore of the Tidal Basin near the John Paul Jones memorial to a more convenient loca- tion are decidedly in the public in- terest. It is planned to re-estab- lish the cycle “stand” at the old Army Engineer Building near the railway embankment at the exit from Hains Point. ¢ This plan, linked with the eventual demolition of the old Tidal Basin Boathouse, will greatly improve the beauty of the area south of the Re- flecting Pool and make way for one of the finest vistas of a beantiful Capital when the Jefferson Memo- rial is completed across the basin from the foot of Seventeenth street. But even aside from the esthetic aspect, removal of the stand to the terminus of the seawall promenade will provide a greater measure of utility for those who enjoy the use of Potomac Park. This new location, a much shorter distance from public transportation, also has the advan- tage of opening a safe, motor-free route for cyclists who now are forced to ride a comparatively short distance on an inadequate cinder path or mingle with other traffic which grows heavier yearly. Washington is becoming, after a lapse of several years, increasingly conscious of the value of its parks for recreation as well as beauty. Of inestimable benefit to the indi- vidual citizen are increases in pro- vision for games, cycling, horseback riding, walking”and other forms of recreation. To be able to provide these facilities in proper surround- ings is an asset that should be con- sistently developed. F. B. I. Exonerated Attorney General Jackson’s report absolving the Federal Bureau of In- vestigation of misconduct in the much-publicized arrests of eleven persons indicted in Detroit for Spanish Loyalist recruiting activities is thoroughgoing and convincing. The report, submitted to Senator Norris of Nebraska, who had been disturbed by vociferous charges of “third-degree” tactics made by self- styled defenders of civil liberty, should dispel all doubts from ths | mind of the Senator as to the way the F. B. I. handled the disputed cases. As Senator Norris had said that he would be content to have the investigation made by the Civil Liberties Unit of the Department of Justice, rather than by a congres- sional committee, it may be assumed that the findings of Henry A. Schweinhaut, head of the unit, will close this unfortunate matter—from an official standpoint. But it may be assumed safely, at the same time, that certain Com- munistic groups which have shouted loudest about the alleged “brutality” of J. Edgar Hoover’s G-men will not be quieted by.facts.” It is too much to expect that these radical agitators will drop their apparently planned campaign to “smear” an organiza- tion which is making it increasingly difficult for foreign agents, including those supported by Moscow, to violate American neutrality, espionage, sabo- tage and sedition laws. These ele- ments would seek to make a guockery of civil liberties by using them to cloak subversive and criminal activi- ties of “Trojan horse” character. It is but natural that these agitators should resent the inquisitiveness of Mr. Hoover’s G-men. That the ef- fort to undermine public confidence in the F. B. I. will be continued along other fronts is taken for granted. The general public will not be de- ceived by this smoke screen of base- less allegations and abuse which Communists and bundsmen alike are endeavoring to throw up between themselves and the F. B. I. The record of the G-men is the best answer to such attacks. As Mr. Jack-~ son pointed out in his letter to Senator Norris, not one F. B. I. case has been reversed by an appellate court because of “third degree” or other improper treatment of prison- ers. The Attorney General is con- vinced that the F. B. I. is a stancX: protector of civil rights. As such, the bureau should be given every encouragement in its important work. And, incidentally, it would seem wholly unnecessary to create any superagency, such as the pro- posed Neutrality Laws Unit, to super- vise a job that is being done fairly and fearlessly under the existing setup. For a force that, according to news based on authentic allied *informa- tion, was doomed from the very be- ginning, that little German con- tingent up at Narvik seems to be doing pretty well, thank you. Alice wants Bob. Teddy wants Al- bert. But a lot of people are under the impression that they may have to continue to put up with Cousin Franklin. e —— Eton College is five hundred years old this year, but will not celebrate “till this cruel war is over.” There will be quite a lot of “old school ties” bought and worn out by then. b ) WASHINGTON, D: C., MONDAY, MAY 6, '1940. THIS AND THAT Colombia Celebrates Santander Centenary Reviews Career of Latin American Soldier And Statesman To the Editor of The' Star: The Republic of Colombis celebrated yesterday the 100th anniversary of the death of Prancisco de Paula Santander, |, her national hero and one of the most remarkable figures in the history of Latin America. Soldier and statesman, Santander, like George Washington, was “first in war, first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen.” He is not, of course, the only one of the great figures pro- duced by the South American wars for independence of whom this may be said. But he does stand alone as the only one who was successful both in war and peace. San Martin, the Argentine hero, for example, was a brilliant strategist, but as a statesman he was unable to prevent internal friction among the peoples he had liberated and retired to Europe utterly disillusioned. O'Higgins, the lib- erator of Chile and its first ruler, proved unwise in his choice of advisers and was forced to spend the last 20 years of his life in exile. Iturbide, who freed Mexico from Spain and set himself up as Emperor of the Aztec nation, had to pay the penalty of death by the firing squad for his imperialistic ambitions. And even the great Bolivar, considered the out- standing figure of Latin America, who never once admitted defeat on the field of battle, was forced to surrender to the uncontrollable discontent produced by his administration. Santander, on the other hand, was the only one of the great leaders of that time who, having once held the reins of government, was spontaneously re- called by his people to head their gov- ernment a second time. Francisco de Paula Santander was born on April 12, 1792. His family was of aristocratic stock and his father at one time occupied the post of provincial governor. Santander was educated at Cucuta, the city of his birth, and at Bogota, the capital. He had just fin- ished his legal studies in 1810 when the first movement for independence took place. Santander immediately embraced the revolutionary cause and enlisted in the patriot army, in which he fought for nine years, always with distinction and on several occasions with heroic bravery. Promoted to the rank of gen- eral in 1817, when only 25 years old, Santander already had occupied several important military posts. He then became chief of staff of Bolivar, the patriot generalissimo, and was sent to the region of Casanare, in Eastern Venezuela, to recruit and train the force with which the latter planned to carry out the liberation of Colombia. Santander carried out this most diffi- cult assignment with such skill that he was dubbed “the Organizer of Victory.” Two years later the army was ready and, after crossing the mighty barrier of the Andes, began the campaign that ended with the victory of Boyaca. The Colombians made Bolivar head of the newly freed nation and Santander Vice President. But Bolivar departed imme- diately to continue the war for libera- tion in the other Spanish colonies and left Santander in charge of the govern- ment. The year 1819, therefore, marks the end of Santander's military service and the beginning of his civil career. For the next nine years Santander governed Colombia in exemplary fashion, though the problems he faced were vast enough to test the mettle of the world's greatest statesmen. He organized the fiscal system, established schools and courts of justice, formulated foreign policies, trained and supplied armies and stimulated the development of national industries. At a time when the idea of republican government was still in its infancy, Santander made the people realize the importance of establishing a government of laws and not of men. So sincere was his democratic zeal that he came to be known as “the Champion of Legality.” Santander’s administration as acting chief of state ended in 1827, when Bolivar returned to Bogota gnd took over the executive power, but he remained in the government as Vice President. Possessing vast administrative ability as well as military skill, Santander had given Bolivar extremely able assistance throughout the wars for independence and many were the vital though unspec- tacular jobs accomplished by him in both fields of endeavor. It was he who organized the armies that Bolivar led to victory at Juin and Ayacucho. It was hg who held the reins of government at Bogota while Bolivar was finishing the task of liberation. To employ a sports simile, Santander’s work might be com- pared to that done by the linesman on the football team who makes possible the touchdown of the quarterback. But early in 1828 Santander broke with Bolivar when the latter proclaimed himself dictator of Colombia. A few months later occurred an attempted as- sassination of the Great Liberator and Santander was accused of being impli- cated in the conspiracy. He was tried and condemned to death, but Bolivar commuted his sentence to exile. San- tander accordingly spent the next three Ylears in Europe and the United States, After the death of Bolivar he returned to Colombia and in 1832 was elected President for a five-year term. Once more the republic enjoyed the benefits of his wise rule and after 1837, when his period came to an end, he continued to serve his country in the National Con- gress until his death, May 5, 1840. ROGELIO E. ALFARO, Counselor’s Office, Pan« May 6. American Union. Deplores Proposal To Kidnap Hitler. To the Editor of The Star: : When I read the words on Lincoln’s Memorial, “With Malice Toward None, With Charity for AlL” I'was wishing that Mr. S. H. Church, president, the Carnegie Institution, might also read these fine American words. Would he or his son or the men behind him want $1,000,000 paid to any one who would kidnap them? Why cannot they leave Chancellor Hitler and the fine German people alone? CHICAGOAN. May 3. 5 ¥ e ot % By Charles E. !’r;u'ma. & “ELLICOTT STREET. “Dear Sir: * “Your column is the first part of The 8tar I turn to when reading the paper. “In the paper the other day I was immensely amused at what L. V. M. had to say about the Chevy Chase mqcking- birds being ‘gentlemen.’ “The mocker that lives in my garden is definitely not a gentleman, but & rowdy and & roughneck. However, this may be because he lives on the ‘wrong ‘side of the tracks.’ “In our garden no other bird has any rights whatever, either to bathe in his pool or to feed at his food bar, nor may they walk about over the grass or in the flower borders. *xx. “To fly across the garden is an insult and a challenge, causing frequent bat- tles and rough pommelings. This is in the winter time and not in the nesting period, showing it is his nature to lord it over all comers. “No sentry on duty in wartime was ever more watching than ‘our’ mocker. “His song is something to hear—and remember—delivered with energy and efficiency; a challenge itself, and a vig- orous one, daring any other bird to do as well. “No, our mocker is not a gentleman; far from it. “When he comes to his food bar in my window, he puts his foot on the rail, cocks an eye at me as if to say, ‘Well, here I am, buddy, whadda you know?’ “Sincerely, A. W.F.” % That, folks, is the usual way of the mockingbird. It isn‘t & question of location, but solely of bird temperament. As stated here upon several occasions, birds are where and how you find them, but that home owner is fortunate who has a really gentlemanly mockingbird. Mostly they are roughnecks, as our correspondent says. Perhaps this in no whit detracts from a really magnificent bird, but many gar- deners will think otherwise, especially if the specimen happens to chase all other species away. mocker, there is no room for the little chickadees, the titmice, the cardinals, the bluejays, even. There is no room for anything but the mockingbird. %o Now, as fine as he is, he is not the whole bird show, by any means, and the bird watcher begins to wish that he would go away. But there he remains, day after day, keeping other birds from food, even when he does not want it himself. Those home owners who have nice mockers may not be able to understand that there really are these hard-boiled birds in other people’s yards, making prime nuisances of themselves, playing dog in the manger for all they are worth. In this sport, as in all others, there are exceptions and variations. No greater mistake could be made than to think that all the individuals of & given species are exactly alike. ‘While in the main they share the same characteristics, they differ even as you and I % % ‘With all his faults, the grand fellow. _ What a song he has, to be sure, de- livered with what vehemence! It is this vim which, no doubt, en- dears him to all persons who admire vigor. And who does not? The ad- miration is sincere, even if one must depreciate the use to which the vim and vigor are put. Few birds in our gardens—and it must be remembered that some mockers stay with us the year around—have more sheer “pep” than this one. It hurls it- self at the enemy, whether other bird or animal, like a feathered bullet. No one can help but applaud when it chases an animal many times its size from the yard over which it claims do- minion, This happens more often at nesting time, of course. Then it is no unusual thing to see the flash of white in its wings as it flies low across the yard after some wholly unsuspecting cat. * x x % Cats really have & great many more things to do than to catch birds. ‘There is the whole outdoors for them to explore, all the mysteries which lurk in strange odors, the blooming flowers, the very “feel” of the air. Friends of cats, of course, understand this. They have watched their four- legged friends gently tap the great globe of an oriental poppy, just to see it move. They will swear that at times old Tom and Tabby exhibit such interest in flowers that they must be regarded as real flower lovers. A bird, except to a hungry cat, is only incidental. It may catch one, but mockingbird is ' | shucks, mostly it is too much trouble. If one happens to draw this sort of k% % Our friend, the mockingbird, does not believe this. Especially our friend, the roughneck specimen, which is the type many of us have out here in Chevy Chase. - This type of mocker regards every moving thing as its enemy. It chases dogs with as much good will as cats, and is not at all averse to making a slanting fiight at any hu- man who comes into the garden. A rowdy, glorious fellow, indeed, whose song remains his best point, al- though there are those to say that the inoffensive catbird really outshines him at his own game of song. Letters to Stresses Need for Curb On Bureaucratic Agencies. To the Editor of The Star: .8 Please allow me to make s few ob- servations regarding the pending Lo- gan-Walter bill in the present Congress, a bill giving the people the right to appeal from the rulings of an irrespon- sible bureaucracy. This bill is right in principle. Of course, it is an instance of legislative pioneering which never should have been necessary. ‘The Logan-Walter bill sounds like a second Bill of Rights, seeking to restore the rights of the people as guaranteed by the first 10 amendments of our Con- stitution. The ninth amendment spe- cifically reserves every right not spe- cifically surrendered to the Federal Gov- ernment, to the States and the people, thus retaining every right guaranteed to free men by Magna Carta. Neither the Congress nor the Federal courts have any constitutional authority to destroy or strike down these consti- tutional guarantees of our citizens. The people should understand their rights as guaranteed under the ninth amend- ment, which says: “The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.” Our citizens have never once sur- rendered their right of lppell_ to the courts from any tyrannical bureaucratic ruling, and not until recent years has the Congress of the United States ever attempted to overthrow the constitu- tional rights he people, this trouble having had its origin in the Supreme Court of the United States and not the Congress. Our Supreme Court has agreed to the immunity doctrine as proclaimed by our Court of Appeals to the effect that a citizen cannot hold a b ucratic offi- cial liable in damages for the unlawful and wrongful destruction of his property, an invasion of Article I, section 6, of our Constitution, which restricts im- munity to Senators and Representatives for debate only in their respective houses. From what source does our Su- preme Court derive its authority to grant immunity to any class of our citi- zens or our officials? Without the right of appeal the citizen is utterly helpless and at the mercy of a Federal bu- reaucracy, very properly described by the Hon. Hatton W. Sumners, chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, in the Congressional Record.of Thursday, April 18, 1940, as “a type of government in many respects the least efficient, the most expensive, the most susceptible of corruption and tyranny of any of the known systems of government. ‘Nobody can deny that.” Not only has our Supreme Court done violence to our Constitution in annihi- lating the rights of our people under the ninth amendment, as already explained, but it has disregarded the common law of England on the same subject matter. Subsequent to the signing of Magna Carta by King John 600 years ago, the King of England could not lawfully do ‘an injury to a subject. Says Cooley’s Blackstone (4th ed., 1899, Vol. I, p. 239): “The King hath & prerogative in all things that are not injurious to the subject; for in them all it must be re- membered that the King’s prercgative stretcheth not to the doing of an in- Jury.” In “Outlines of Constitutional Liw,” by Ohalmers and Asquith (ith ed, L i the Editor Letters to the Editor must bear the name and address of the writer, although the use of a pseudonym for publication is permissible. Please be brief! Sweet and Maxwell, Ltd., London, 1930, footnote of p. 282) it is said: - “The Crown, that is to say the gov- ernment, cannot itself be proceeded against either by petition of right or otherwise for any alleged tort upon the | part of the servants. The remedy for such wrong is against the individual ! wrongdoer (Rogers vs. Dutt, 13, Moo, ‘ outstanding examples in this country. P.C.C, 209). But in practice the Crown often pays any damages which may be caused by its servants’ wrongful acts committed in the course of their em- ployment.” And at page 285 this same author says: “Where, however, a spublic official is personally guilty of a breach of legal duty, he incurs civil liability in event of an action, as & rule.” . In England acts of Parliament con- trary to natural law or natural justice are void (Day vs. Savage, I Hob. 87). It is the common law of all civilized na- tions that private property cannot be taken by an act of the state without individual consent or judicial umpirage (Vanhorn vs. Dorrance, 2, Dall. 314). Cooley’s Blackstone (1883) p. 243, con- cludes a discussion of remedies for an invasion by the Crown with this state- ment: “® ¢ ¢ Since it would be a great weak- ness and absurdity in any system of positive law to define any possible wrong without a possible remedy.” It is necessary that we not only bal- ance our budget but that we regain and restore our lost constitutional rights if our Government is to continue to func- tion as intended by its founders in the protection of the rights and liberties of the people and not as a bureaucratic system of oppression, tyranny and de- struction. WADE H. COOPER. May 2. A Limit to Tolerance Held Necessary. To the Editor of The Star: Mr. Bertrand Russell in a recent letter to the New York Times defended his position and gave reasons why he did not withdraw from his appointment to the College of the City of New York “as soon as its harmful effects became evident,” a3 had been suggested in an editorial in the Times. In his letter he says: “It is an essen- tial part of democracy that ‘substantial groups, even majorities, shall extend toleration to dissentient groups, however small and however much of their senti- menis may be outraged. In a democracy It is necessary that people shall learn to endure having their sentiments out- raged. If it is once admitted that there are opinions toward which such tolera- tion need not extend, then the whole of toleration is destroyed.” % ‘We are in accord with the learned gen- tleman, provided these sentiments of his are intended by him to be restricted in the exercise of tolerance toward differ- ences of opinion that do not involve great moral principles that are the bases and cohesive power of family life and Christian civilization. But the only in- ference from his statements, especially when considered in connection with his moral and social concepts as expressed in his writings, is that we must be toler- ant toward every opinion regardless of how vicious or subversive it may be of decency and social welfare. It is a fair inference from his statements that we ¢ Answers To Questions By Frederic J. lum.' A reader can get the answer to any question of fact by writing The Eve- ning Star Information Buregu, Frede - eric J. Haskin, director, Washington, D, C. Please inclose stamp for reply. Q. What are the lines by Rupert Brooke which Lynn Fontanne quotes in Robert Sherwood’s play, “There Shall Be No Night”"?—J. T. A. The quotation from his poem, “The Dead,” is as follows: “Honor has come back, as a king on earth, and paid his subjects with & royal wage; and noble- ness walks in our ways again, and we have come into our heritage.” Q. Should a hostess precede or follow & guest into a room?—W. H. A. Emily Post says: “If entering a room or her house with a guest, & hostess goes first only when necessary to show the way. And then she usually says, ‘Ex- cuse me for going first.’” Q. Has any Catholic besides Gov. Al Smith ever been nominated for the presidency?—J. C. M. A. Charles O'Conor was nominated by a faction of the Democratic party known as the “Straight-Outs,” at Louisville, Ky., on September 3, 1872. Q. What color is an okapi?—M. T. P. A. The animal’s coloration is truly re- markable. The forehead is red, the cheeks are yellowish white, while the neck, shoulders and body range from jet- black to purplish and wine red. The hind quarters and the hind and fore legs are either snowy white or light cream color, touched with orange and transversely barred with purplish black stripes and blotches. These colors serve as an effec= tive natural camouflage and partly exe plain why so large an animal remained 50 long unknown to the scientific world. Q. How long has Henry Burr, the singer, been on the radio?>—H. E. K. A. He made his first radio appearance in Denver in 1921. Q. Who was the first woman athlete to wear pants in public sports events?— 8. H. A. The Encyclopedia of Sports says: “Eleanora Sears emancipated women of the stuffy attire of the gay 80s when she appeared in trousers at the Burlingame Country Club in 1909 and naively asked the gentlemen if she might join them in a game of polo. The British captain was 8o startled at viewing a charming lady garbed in trousers and a mannish shirt that he became speechless. But the manager of the American team rushed to his rescue and ordered Miss Sears and her trousers to scramble right off the field. Resolutions were adopted by wom- en condemning Miss Sears for wearing trousers, but eventually other women | followed her example when competing in sports.” Q. Whose picture is on a $1,000 bill?— C. B. A. Grover Cleveland's portrait appears on the $1,000 bill. Q. How many church members and churches are there in the United States? —S. T.P. A. In 1938, according to the 1939 Year Book of American Churches, there were 52,378,026 church members and 245,867 churches. Q. Where are the finest Gothic tapes- tries in the United States?—E. L. C. A. The 15th century tapestries depict- ing the Hunt of the Unicorn, which hang in the Cloisters, a branch of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, are the Q. Is Anthony ATb; the real name of the author of the detective stories?— J. B. A. This is the pen name of Fulton Oursler. Q. Where is the Gibraltar of the East? =T. P. H. A. Singapore is known as the Gibraltar of the East and provides a haven for half of the British Navy, thus guaran- teeing the lifeline of the empire—the trade route from the British Isles through the Mediterranean to India, Australia and New Zealand. Q. How many expeditions were made by Mrs. Johnson and the late Martin Johnson?—D. W. G. A. Mrs. Johnson and her husband made 12 expeditions in 25 years, cir- cling the earth 6 times. Q. What is Hopcalite?—S. C. W. A. Hopcalite is a mixture of oxides of copper, cobalt, manganese of silver, This material converts carbon monoxide into dioxide. Its normal activity re- quires a dry gas mixture and it is less sensitive to water vapors at higher temperatures. Body to Spirit Impatient spirit, bear with me, I pray, I do the best I can to placate you, I am your willing slave from day to day, Each morning starts my round of tasks anew, I am your instrument and without me You could find no expression on this earth, Abuse me not, for in eternity God planned that you and I should join at birth. Until that day when you and I shall part, You for your freedom, I for well-earned rest, Jet us be friends and with one willing heart Each help the other in the way that's best. It grieves me sorely nof to go your way. Impatient spirit, bear with me, I pray. « ELIZABETH R. CREGLOW. must be tolerant of immorality, of oppo- sition to all standards of righteousness that make livable society possible. Surely there must be some limitations to the exercise of tolerance and justifi- cation for opposing things and opinions that are evil and destructive, and which have been 30 recognized throughout the history of the human race, and without the observance of which human society would disintegrate. Mr. Russell has advocated in his books social relations and practices that shock decency and of civilized society itself. There cannot and should not be any tolerance toward such ideas and prac- tices, or toward the people who advocate them. ~ ALEXANDER 8. LANIER. May 3.