Evening Star Newspaper, October 31, 1937, Page 36

THE EVENING STAR With Sunday Morning Edition THEODORE W. NOYES, Editor WASHINGTON, D. C. SUNDAY._.__.__________October 31, 1937 The Evening Star Newspaper Company Main OfMice: 11th St. and Pennsylvania Ave. New York Office: 110 East 4ind Bt Chicago Office: ¢35 North Michigan Ave. Delivered by Carrler—City and Suburban Regular Edition Evening and Sunday, 650 per mo. or 15¢ per week The Evening Star.. ¢5¢ ber mo. or 106 per week The Sunday Star _--bo per copy Night Final Edition Night Final and Sunday Star.._-70c per month Night Final Star. . : - b0 per month Collection made at the end of each month or each week, Orders may be sent by mail or tele- phone National 5000. Rate by Mail—Payable in Advance Maryland and Virginia Daily and Sunday_. 1 yr. $10.00; 1 mo., 850 Dally only e LN Sunday only.._.__. 1 yr., All Other States and Canads Daily and Sunday- 1 yr. $12.00; 1 mo.. $1.00 Daily only 1 yr. $8.00: 1 mo. The Sunday only _____ 1 yr., $5.00; 1 mo. Member of the Associated Press The Associated Press s exclusively entitled to the use for republication of all news dispatches credited to it or not otherwise credited in this paper and also the local news published nerein. All rights of publication of special dispatches herein also eserved. Reciprocal Trade Benefits. Reported plans of Senator Capper of Kansas to conduct a “grass-roots cam- paign” against the reciprocal trade agreements program has given Mr. Hull, spearhead of the American policy of economic peace, occasion to rush to the defense of the project so near to the Secretary of State’s heart. Since its in- ception, in 1934, reciprocal agreements have been concluded with sixteen na- tions, ten of them in this hemisphere— Cuba, Haiti, Brazil, Canada, Honduras, Colombia, Guatemala, Nicaragua, EI Balvador and Costa Rica. The six other pacts were made with Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden, Finland, France and Switzerland. Negotiations are pend- ing with Czechoslovakia and Great Britain. The previously rapid rate of progress achieved in the conclusion of these give< and-take tariff bargains slowed up not- ably during the past year, for obvious reasons. A presidential campaign, which habitually halts constructive effort in foreign relations, intervened. It was not until last June that the administration’s new reciprocal powers were renewed for an additional three years. Since then the State Department has resumed its endeavors to promote the policy which is designed not only to safeguard Amer- fca's foreign trade under conditions promising the maximum of stability, but also offers the only solid foundation for peace. Because Senator Capper denounced the trade agreements program as a dis- guised method of “selling out the farmer for the benefit of Eastern manufac- turers,” Secretary Hull, in his spirited rejoinder, concentrates on refutation of that charge. Convincing facts and figures are ad- duced to demonstrate that the $699,000,- 000 increase in value of agricultural im- | ports from 1934 to 1937, or 83 per cent,” assumes far less ominous aspect when broken down into its basic causes. Of the amount in question, $252,000,000 is represented by products not grown in the United States or substituted for domestic farm products. A sum of $141,- 000,000 applies to products the imports of which were affected by the great droughts of 193¢ and 1936. Sugar ac- counted for $45,000,000. To the extent of $178,000,000 the agricultural import increase covered products normally im- ported in large quantities because we cannot produce enough of them at rea- sonable prices to supply our needs. Only $83,000,000 of the gross increase remains as a residual of small items distributed through =ll of the above categories ex- cept sugar. “The assumption that large importis of agricultural produce denote distress to American farmers is not warranted,” Secretary Hull asserts. He points out that such imports exceeded $2.000,000,000 every year from 1925 to 1929, while in none of those years was domestic pro- duction curtailed by drought to anything like the 1936 extent. While American agricultural tariff concessions granted to foreign countries have been'unimpor- tant to our farmers, Mr. Hull contends, the value of kindred concessions obtained by us is considerable. The latter repre- sent about a third of our 1925 farm exports to the nations with which agree- ments were concluded. Agricultural duties applicable to almost another third of imports have been pegged against in- creases during the life of the agreements, thus bringing up to some 60 per cent the value of all agricultural products favorably affected. Not the least clinching argument in the Hull retort to the distinguished Kansas farm leader is the reminder that direct foreign concessions on our farm exports by no means exhaust trade agreement benefits to agriculture. “What 1s altogether too commonly ignored,” Mr. Hull emphasizes, “is that when increased foreign outlets are secured for our in- dustrial exports, that inevitably results in expansion of economic activity and . employment in our cities, and hence a better market at home for American farm products.” A Privilege. Theoretically, there may be advan- tage in leaving to the Federal Govern- ment the business of fighting poverty, disease, ignorance and crime. But no skilled student of human experience ever can be convinced that such a doc- trine is meritorious. It ought to be self- evident that politics inevitably inter- feres. The example of Russia may be cited. In that unhappy country one man—the dictator, Stalin—rules every- thing. He should be efficient, just, equitable, merciful. But is he? The answer comes in the form of the echo from a firing squad. Similarly, in Italy and in Germany no individual is burdened with any respon- sibility for his neighbor. Mussolini and Hitler have abolished fraternity of mind A THE. SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. O, OCTOBER 31, 1937—PART TWO. and heart. All that they require of their subjects is unreasoning conformity. In their exercise of untrammeled authority they have spared nothing else. Their victims are helots who dare not call their souls their own. But in America the people still are free. Anatole France, in a bitter mood, sought to challenge, their use of their traditional liberty when he said: “In a democracy, the rich as well as the poor are entitled to sleep under bridges, to starve and to beg for bread.” The great French novelist, however, was prejudiced. Otherwise, he would have appreciated the difference between society regi- mented under tyrants and society privi- leged to resent homelessness, famine and mendicancy. He missed the essential distinction—namely, the power which all classes in the United States possess to make fellowship a reality. The Community Chest provides & method. Every resident of Washington may contribute to its support. It is exempt from partisan interference. Wise, sane, systematically generous, it repre- sents the impulse of a city to demon- strate brotherhood. It is a bulwark, then, against those forces which frankly seek to destroy government by pervert- ing its purposes. To give to it is an act of patriotism; to fail to give is an error which helps the campaign for the de- struction of the basic institutions of civilization. o A Pundit Proclaims. Herbert George Wells—who is perhaps better known by his initials, * S—is Britain’s most prolific writer. He has written so much that his condensed biographical sketch in “Who's Who" occupies more than a column, which is a very large space indeed for that work. He has written on almost every subject under the sun, and some that pertain to the limitless universe beyond the orbit of that comparatively small sphere. He has discussed sociology, international af- fairs, domestic questions, peace, war and economics. Thus he qualifies as a philos- opher and thinker without limitations. It is therefore not surprising that he is just now dabbling—not to use the word unpleasantly—in American political matters, speaking with the voice of wis- dom and even venfuring in a some- what cryptic manner upon the delicate ground of prophecy. The other day he was interviewed in Philadelphia, shortly after he had lunched with President Roosevelt, and in answer to a question relating to the matter of & third term for the Presi- dent he declined to make a prediction. That was wise. For the question is one that only the President can answer, ac- cording to some of his American sup- porters. Mr. Wells, indeed, put the mat- ter rather more broadly. He said: “That is a matter for Mr. Roosevelt and yourselves to answer.” Then he added these somewhat cryptic words: not see the preparation at present of any alternative to it.” Just what Mr. Wells meant by “prep- aration” is not explained. Does it mean the advancement of a candidacy that will unite the opponents of the New Deal in a majority vote for another than the incumbent? Does it mean the groom- ing of a successor as the Democratic candidate of 1940? The word “alterna- tive” has its significance. Does it mean that in Mr. Wells' judgment there is no Democrat big enough to succeed Mr. Roosevelt upon the completion of his present term of office and to carry on the administration on New Deal lines? Or does it mean that the Republicans have no man in prospect big enough to carry the country, if pledged to a re- vision of national policies along anti- New Deal lines? Then Mr. Wells dropped into a mood of comparison. He said: Suppose the President died tomorrow, what have you ready? The thing that held the Roman Empire together, the thing that is holding England, is the existence of civil service. Even if some- body did put some dynamite under 10 Downing street and even if we do change a king en passant, these things do not change England very much, but compar- able happenings might have a great ef- fect on America. One might suggest that Mr. Wells ought to have remembered, as respects his hypothesis of the passing “tomor- row” of the President, that the United States boasts of such an executive under- study as a Vice President, an office not titularly existent in England, though on a certain recent occasion when the monarch was, in effect, deposed, there was ready a successor to the crown, whose accession was effected without difficulty or delay, as Mr. Wells notes. Admirers of Mr. Wells will be prone to wish that he would not venture into the fleld of American politics and eco- nomics. There are enough American muddlers in this fleld, without the im- portation of even so learned and uni- versally competent a philosopher as the scholarly author of that great work which is known as “The War That Will End War,” a reference to the four-year skirmish that has been fol- lowed by fighting in well nigh every part of the world, save America, ever since. Morning. Tinkerting was weary. He watched the sun come up over the Eastern hills just as his custom was on ordinary mornings; he heard the same birds, saw from his window the same trees and the same gardens. But something more than the customary effort was needed for the business of tossing. off the covers and rising to his feet. He realized that usu- ally in the past he had awakened with | less resistance. And then, curiously, it flashed through his mind that he had won a tremendous victory. Doubtless the comfortable warmth of his bath contributed to the mysterious happiness he suddenly felt. Yet he appreciated the fact that there was a basic psychological explanation for it. Today he was fifty years old! He sat in the tub smiling at himself in & supercilious fashion. Crazy idea, he confessed. But, nonetheless, it did de- s serve notice. Not everybody survived half a century of living. Those who managed such a triumph were entitled to modest self-congratulation. Tinkerting shaved and dressed with special care. His wife had' his coffee ready when he came downstairs. Five minutes later he was on the bus en route to the city. Three of his neighbors occupied adjacent seats, and he ac- knowledged their greeting. But he pre- ferred not to talk. Instead, it suited his mood to ponder the miracle of human existenee. He knew, of course, that he was merely an average citizen, possessed of no particular genius, no peculiar tal- ents, His career had been undistin- guished, possibly because he was nat- urally timid, not courageous. It had been his choice not to take chances ad- venturously; and it followed, normally enough, that he had missed celebrity, great wealth, the applause and the mingled respect and envy of his con- temporaries. But Tinkerting was not discontented. It pleased him to remember that it had been part of the “schema” of his youth to avoid wilful offense. Certainly, he had had differences with people he had known, people moving in the same orbit. Yet he honestly felt that he had escaped hating and being hated. If he also had failed to be loved by many, he dis- covered compensation for the loss in recalling that he had been comfortably married for nearly three decades and was not conspicuously detested by his children. He left the bus in the haze of a dream. When he had reached his desk, he still was thoughtfully engrossed with the commonplace marvel of his fate. Rightly viewed, it was wonderful. He settled to his work with a sense of joy that he had not ceased to be privileged to earn his bread. The scrapheap, he supposed, would claim him eventually. His sunrise probably was really a sunset. Each suc- cessive dawn would be a trifle less bright; the start of each remaining day would find him a little more weary. Meanwhile, paraphrasing Farragut at ‘Mobile Bay, “Full speed ahead, and damn the tor- pedoes!” e A judge must be a patient as well as a learned man claiming credit in public esteem for things he knew all about but did not find it expedient to express in popular form. A jurist may be the greater because he does not mistake himself for a leader in current forms of popular ex- pression. oo The stock market has a persistent way of indicating that it discusses values that are permanent without being able to pre- vent traders from assuming to subject them to whimsical variation. There are sudden shifts in price but never in sincere value. e i China and Japan still place a degree “I do | of confidence in the nations of the West- ern Hemisphere that are expected to maintain proper aloofness from fighting and yet understand clearly what it is about when it takes place. e There are strange drugs to be studied, and the scientific world still has its tasks that call for the efforts of the student rather than those of the expert in pub- Heity. —————————— Ships must go down to the sea, but the question of whose hands they fall into | calls for advancing standards of critical | discernment. ety e it Mapy a radio listener wishes that the delicate Oriental fancies could have been considered in advance of the war guns, Shooting Stars. BY PHILANDER JOHNSON. We Never Do. We think to greet some radiant day That brings once more the past to view And clears resentments all away. ‘We never do. We dream that all intentions good ‘Will easily shine forth anew, That we may make them understood. ‘We never do. ‘We fondly hope some day to learn ‘To change the pathway we pursue, And from misapprehensions turn. We never do. B Safety. . “Are you going to try to save the country?” “The country is safe enough,” an- swered Senator Sorghum. “The need of salvation is for some people who have been endeavoring to run various affairs.” Jud Tunkins says it's all right to smile; only a man who laughs at every- thing encounters moments that make him look kind o' foolish. Music of the Night. She sang a lullaby so low, All for the baby’s sake. She now turns on the radio And keeps the kid awake. Consideration. “What we want,” said Farmer Corn- tossel, “is more consideration for the tiller of the sofl.” “From the capitalists?” “No. From the farmhands.” “We are 4l beggars at heart,” said Hi Ho, the sage of Chinatown. “Those of us who have no need to beg from men beg from the gods.” ¥ Halloween Masquerade. How modest human nature seems Since one of its more cherished dreams From childhood onward is to go In garb grotesque to help the show! No one & scepter sought to wave To make his fellow man behave; ‘We merrily disguised ourselves As clowns and goblins, imps and elves. “Some folks seem light-hearted,” said Uncle Even, “when dey is only light- minded.” ’ 7 Business Recession Has Become a Grave Problem BY OWEN L. SCOTT. Mr. Roosevelt iz being forced right now to do some fast thinking. He has been told, on the basis of latest and still confidential official figures, that the re- cession under way in business is gener- ating a momentum that can become in- creasingly-serious. The President’s predicament in the face of this situation is anything but comfortable. A business upset is at hand when the Federal Government budget still is un- balanced on a bookkeeping basis. The acuteness of the upset was wholly unex- pected at the White House and was not charted in existing plans. A warning of its approach, given by Leon Henderson, one of the Government’s principal eco- nomic advisers, went unheeded.. As a matter of fact, 25 of the country's lead- ing big-business employers, meeting less than two months ago as the Business Advisory Council of the Department of Commerce, agreed unanimously in the privacy of their room that this fall and winter would see a boom in business activity. They were as wrong as the President in their judgment. * ok K % More than that: Unemployment fis rising and pay rolls are declining just at a time when the Government has made up its mind to cut down on relief. This reversal of trend has developed at a time when the President is assuring the coun- try of returned prosperity. Deflation— rather than the long-touted credit infla- tion—has finally flowed from New Deal policies as they worked out in practice. Those policies have not provided an an- swer to the problem of the business cycle. As a consequence, some hurried choices today confront the President. Those choices now are before him in the form of memoranda from his advisers. They involve a variety of shifts in direction. First, there is always the opportunity for letting nature take its course, doing nothing until a more clear indication of the outlook is to be had. But this course does not fit into the presidential mood. The first signs of trouble in agriculture are bringing Congress back to Washing- ton to take action. Mr. Roosevelt is pledged to produce recovery. Rising un- employment provides the danger signal that always in the past has galvanized him into action. The parade of impor- tant figures in business, finance and government, passing quietly through President Roosevelt's Hyde Park study, provides a clue that something is up. * ok K ok . If a drifting policy is to be set aside, then, next, there is the opportunity of- fered by continued large-scale spending of borrowed money in vast new ventures into pump-priming. This was the tech- nique of the first four New Deal years. It produced results. But the national debt now is up to $37,000,000,000. Gov- ernment cannot forever borrow and spend without producing & runaway sit- uation. The people are sold on the need for ending deficits. Also, Mr. Roosevelt is pledged to a balance of the budget and has set this as his main immediate goal. The trouble is, however, that a new farm program is going to cost more money and Treasury experts already are admitting quietly that they need to make another downward revision of prospective Gov- ernment income, owing to lower than expected business profits. Just a drive for a balanced budget in itself will not automatically bring recov- ery. In fact, the rapid contraction of pump-priming is one major cause of the present slowing in business. Private bor- rowing on a large scale to finance con- struction and plant improvement has failed thus far to take over where the Government left off. * * So this suggests a third way that Mr. Roosevelt might turn. He could make up his mind that this is the time to try again to get together with the country’s more forward-looking business leaders in the search for agreement on some funda- mentals of government and business policy. It is this course that the President is being urged more strongly to take. The urging comes not alone from the more conservative wing of the New Deal, but from the left wing as well. Even those who in the past have favored an uncom- promising attitude in dealing with busi= ness now say that there are many points at which Government policy might be modified in return for agreement on the part of business leaders to alter their own attitude and agree to co-operate. For instance: Mr. Roosevelt could make an important concession by agree- ing to urge Congress to modify or repeal the new surtax on the part of corpora- tion earnings not paid out in the form of dividends, and to modify the tax on gains from the sale of stocks and bonds and real estate. Business and finance— whether rightly or wrongly—blame these taxes for many of their troubles. * K, K K Again, the President could agree to a very mild return venture into the fleld of Government control over minimum wages and maximum hours, if there must be a return for political purposes. He might use his influence to restrain John L. Lewis and Willlam Green in their enthusiasm for continued wage- raise demands. Also, he could let the electric utility industry know How far he intends to go in fostering Government competition. This industry, more than any other, is in immediate need of vast new plant. In return for concessions In these fields, the President could demand co- operation from banks and business men in a vast program of home financing and home building in the lower price field. This would involve promises on the part of business leaders and bankers that they would discourage price-kiting of the kind that has just put a knife into one recov- ery movement. * ok ko - There are strong indications that the President may be ready now to move in this direction. As one of his left-wing advisers expressed it privately during this past week: “The time has come for crow-eating on both sides. The President should recog- nize mistakes that he may have made and should be willing to forgive busi- ness leaders for some of the unwarranted opposition and attacks directed at him. Business leaders—those possessing suffi- clent perspective to see the forces at work in the world—should recognize their mistakes and forgive the President for some of the things he has done under provocation. “A meeting of minds, once bygones are allowed to be bygones, could result in very tangible gains and in ‘positive chances of real progress. Without a meeting at this stage, the outlook is not 50 _good.” For if the struggle between the Gov- ernment and business is to go on, Mr. Roosevelt may be forced to a fourth course. This alternative to drifting or pump- priming or co-operation lies in the field of control. The President might demand of Congress strong wage and hour con- trols. He probably will get the basis for strong control ih agriculture. He could ask for new. authority to drive against big units in business and could set out on & new campaign designed to force business and labor to do the things that . IN STRANGE ENVIRONMENTS BY THE RIGHT REV. JAMES E. FREEMAN, DD, LL.D, D.C. L, BISHOP OF WASHINGTON. In an ancient poem there is the story of a people carried away captive by their enemies to & strange and foreign coun- try. The narrative tells of an incident where their captors required of them mirth, saying: “Sing us one of the songs of Zion.” Their answer was: “How shall we sing the Lord's song in a strange 1and?” In an enslaved condition and in a strange country they could not sing their devotional songs. New environments and new living con- ditions have a strong influence, not only upon our emotions, but upon the com- mon habits of life itself. These ancient people would not give expression to their deeper religious feelings in & land that was wholly alien to their ideals and wor- ship. They must reserve their convic- tions and their faith for conditions more favorable to their expression. An uncon- genial atmosphere and unsympathetic people seemed as insuperable barriers to their devotional spirit, they could not sing the Lord’s song in a strange land. To their minds, patriotic fervor and re- ligious devotion were alien to them in an alien country. There is a striking contrast between the attitude of these captives in a strange land and a later soldier of the cross, St. Paul. Alone and unfriended, cruel Nero's prisoner and certain of exe- cution, we find him so active in pressing the claims of the new Gospel that he makes converts by his testimony and example, and even in the royal palace of Caesar, he affirms: “None of these things move’ me.” Neither dungeons nor the deepened shadows of an impending doom could stay him in his couyse. En- vironing conditions could not affect his faith or check his loyalty to Him to whom he had committed his life. Prison walls were made as a temple of praise and from them the triumphant message went forth creating a new and whole- some atmosphere in the face of condi- tions that were foul and repellant. Re- peatedly, the greatest advance the Christian cause has made has been in spite of adverse conditions. Singing the Lord’s song in a strange land may have its trials, but it gathers strength and momentum as it gives ex- pression to its assurance, and gains new courage as it raises its voice in devotion to Him who survived and triumphed over the scorn and hatred of His enemies. Loyally to a person or to an ideal makes no reckoning of adverse or unfavorable conditions, it rises superior to them. Examples of this are conspicuous in our modern life. On the great Reredos of Washington Cathedral stands carved in stone the figure of a Chinese evangelist, Feng Mei Tsen. But a few years ago he found himself suddenly and without warning confronted by a band of ma- rauders bent upon destruction of his life and the little mission in which he exer- cised his ministry. While being held captive he was told that if he would re- nounce his Christian faith and allegiance to Christ, his freedom would be assured. ‘The incident happened in Holy Week, and when on Good Friday the final op- portunity was given him to abandon his faith and the Christian cause, he bravely responded that on this of all days that, brought to memory the supreme sacri- fice of Him who hung upon the cross, he could not deny Him whe had given His life for man’s salvation. ‘The story of this man’s martyrdom is one of the epics of this later age. It is men of this heroic type and others like David Livingston, who gave his life for his religious convictions in a strange land, who advance the cause of the Christian faith. It may be that we have fallen upon a time where the standards of Christianity must be carried forward by those whose depth of conviction and courage know no faltering. From a pas- sive faith we are being called today to an active and heroic faith. Adverse con- ditions and opposition should but serve to deepen the religious convictions of those who recognize in Christ the su- preme hope for an ultimate world salva- tion. No matter what the environing conditions may be, no matter how great the forces that contend against Him we must declare in the language of an an- cient people: “If I forget thee, O Jeru- sslen'_l, let my right hand forget her cunning.” Fifty Years Ago In The Star “The Senate special committee on Washington’s street railways and rail- The Public and the g";fs";f“&t&: Railroad Routes. 25, 1887, “will meet next month and the Commissioners do well to make a special study of improved motors for street cars as a foundation for their report to that committee, which must soon be submitted. The satisfactory solution of the question of less objec- tionable railroad routes and a union depot in Washington is beset with diffi- culties, of which the action of the South- east Washington Association last night gives warning. They commit themselves to opposition to the entrance into the city of the Baltimore & Ohio road by Eleventh street east, either on the sur- face or by tunnel. If every man in the city under whose property it is proposed even to tunnel fights uncompromisingly the change of routes the roads will prob- ably remain where they are. It is per- fectly proper at this time to suggest and argue as to the best method of disposing of the roads, but after a plan shall have been adopted as best suited to the inter- ests of the District as a whole all should stand by it, even though concessions may need to be made. If the forces in opposition are divided the railroads will probably continue to do precisely as they please.” * X X X The anarchists who were found guilty of complicity in the fatal Haymarke; . ..y riot in Chicago appeale Anarchists’ rom the judgment of the Attorneys. court in Chicago to the United States Supreme Court fifty years ago. The Star of Octo- ber 26, 1887, says: “Where all the money comes from to pay the expenses of the condemned anarchists in their judicial struggle it is hard to guess. General Butler alone de- mands a small fortune for his services and Mr, Pryor, Captain Black, Mr. Salo- mon and the rest of the counsel are known as high-priced lawyers. Even if all the court fees were omitted on the ground of the poverty of the defendants, the bills of these advocates have to be settled and the relief meetings held un- der the red flag in various cities melt away so fast when the hat is passed that the collections barely do more than pay for the hall and the gas. Where does the money come from? Or doesn't it come at all, and will the lawyers be treated to a taste of what anarchism means in its relation to business obli- gations?” —— ————— may be necessary to produce a controlled recovery. But even if President Roose- velt wanted to g0 in that direction, he would bump against the temper of the country and against new constitutional troubles. The real key to the immediate future for business lies in the field of horhe building. The home construction industry had been depended upon to take over the recovery movement when the Federal Government stepped out from under by bringing an end to its pump-priming expenditures. Higher taxes and reduc- tions in cash expenditures have brought about a virtual end to Government bol- stering of purchasing power, hut home building, instead of following through, has actually started to contract. Back of this contraction is the fact that the cost of home construction has increased nearly 18 per cent during the last few months. Government could prime the business pump, but it lacked the power to control those industrial pricing policies that were to determine whether a shift could be made from Gov- ernment support to a normally operating business recovery. Higher labor costs were an important factor in this situa- tion. * ok K X Today the Government’s principal planners are wrestling with.a multitude of ideas for breaking the construction log jam. Almost certainly there will be changes in interest rates on Government guaran- teed mortgage loans. Mortgage insur- ance charges are likely to be reduced. There are likely to be ambitious plans for opening up the field of home build- ing in the $5,000 class and under. These plans would involve & Government guarantee on loans up to 90 per cent of the construction cost. Something re- sembling the old N. R. A. Blue Eagle drive is under consideration as a means of stirring interest in home construction. But unless business and finance co-oper- ate, progress would be slow and difficult. The point is that the President’s planned recovery has jumped its blue- prints and is in the mud. Mr. Roose- velt will have to think hard and move fast to ge'. recovery back on the road again. He has promised the people that he can do it. T (Copyrisht, 1037.) ’” W Capital Sidelights BY WILL P. KENNEDY, One of the most historic rooms in the Capitol is now-occupied by Col. Chesley W. Jurney, sergeant at arms of the Sen- ate—an ante-room of the vacated Su- preme Court chamber, which is being “restored” to be preserved as a museum and show room, modernized with air- conditioning. This room directly over- looks the historic east portico where the Presidents take their oath of office. In fact, President Roosevelt waited in this room while the stage was set for him to be escorted out to take the oath. Col. Jurney is a native Texan, graduate of Georgetown Law School, and has been directly connected with Congress for 40 vears. He served as private secretary to some famous members, including Rep- resentative Robert L. Henry, Senator Charles A. Culbertson and Senator Royal 8. Copeland, and was for six years clerk to the Senate Judiciary Committee. * K K K ‘The United States Supreme Court met in this office, with their backs to a fire- place which is vet there and working, from 1801 to 1811. When the Govern- ment moved to Washington as its per- manent seat, the local authorities real- ized with chagrin that no provision had been made for housing the third branch of Government, the Supreme Court. Hastily this space intended for a com- mittee room for the Senate, then occu- pying the chamber which was later turned over to the court, was prepared. And in that room one of the most famous cases in American jurisprudence—Mar- bury versus Madison—was decided, Feb- ruary 24, 1803, with the opinion written by Chief Justice John Marshall, which declared as a collateral issue (for the first time) the right of the Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional. EE I Among those who sat on the Supreme Court bench while it occupied this room were: ' William Patterson, 1793-1806; Samuel Chase, 1796-1811; Bushrod Washington, 1798-1829; Alfred Moore, 1799-1804; William Johnson, 1804-1834; Brockholst Livingston, 1806 - 1823; Thomas Todd, 1807-1826; Gabriel Duvall, 1811-1836, and Joseph Story, 1811-1845. ‘The room was later used as the office of the marshal of the court. The Senate moved out of the chamber later occupied for 77 years by the Su- preme Court on January 4, 1859, There will be preserved in this Capitol museum a picture as it was when the Senate met there, with a surrounding collonade, and also, a diagram of how the Senators were seated. Two Presidents sat in that chamber as Senators—Franklin Pierce and James Buchanan, both in the same Twenty-sixth Congress, 1840. Others of note were Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, John C. Calhoun, who sat side by side with Jefferson Davis, Stephen Douglas, S. P. Chase, William H. Seward, Hanni- bal Hamlin and Lewis Cass. Before coming to that chamber thé Congress of the Revolution had convened “fugitively as the chances of war required,” in Phil- adelphia, Baltimore, Lancaster, Annapo- lis and Yorktown. After the conclusion of peace and up to the present Govern- ment it met in Princeton, Annapolis, Trenton and New York. * kK % The Government moved to the new Federal City on November 17, 1800, quit- ting the luxury of Philadelphia “to go to the Indian place with the long name, in the woods on the Potomac"—which has since developed into the most beautiful city in all the world. After the British burned the Capitol, August 24, 1814, the Congress was temporarily quartered in Blodget's Hotel and then in “the Old Brick Capitol” erected by public citizens for that purpose while the Capitol wings were being rebuilt. The, Senate assem- bled for the first time in what was later the Supreme Court chamber on Decem- ber 6, 1819—which became the theater of their deliberations for more than 39 years. There were 62 members of the Senate when they moved into the pres- ent Senate chamber for the first session of the Thirty-fifth Cdngress. On March 3, 1789, when the Government was or- ganized under the Constitution the Sen- ate was composed of the representatives of 11 States, containing three millions of people. On December 6, 1819, when it met for the first time in what was later the Supreme Court chamber, it was composed of the representatives of 21 States, containing nine millions of people. When it moved into the present Senate chamber it was composed of rep- resentatives of .32 States, containing more than 28,000,000 people. Trailer Laundry. Prom the Christian Science Moniior. Hanging out the family wash to dry 1s a simple problem to the trailer house- wife. If it rains they move over into the next county. 5 4 Prehistoric Inhabitants of the United States BY FREDERIC J. HASKIN. That at one time gigantic monsters ruled Wyoming, horned toads larger than elephants roamed Montana, and glant turtles lived in Alabama, is only 2 part of the story told by fossils recently discovered in this country. In no other part of the known world is there a better hunting ground for the big game of prehistoric times. These dinosaurs or terrible lizards became extinct about 60,000,000 years ago, and many were nearly 100 feet long and weighed several tons. The largest of all flesh-eating ani- mals, the Tyrant Dinosaur, has left its footprints in the sandstone of the Paint- ed Desert of Arizona. This great lizard took a stride of ten feet and traveled as fast as a racing automobile. Nine great dinosaur fossils have been found in the wastelands of Montana. Scient- ists place the age of these monsters at 80,000,000 years. The world’s largest animal trap, a swamplike pool of black, sticky sub- stance near Los Angeles, Calif, has yielded many bones of animals which roamed this country before the coming of man. Unearthed from this snare have beeh skeletons of cats four feet high, giant bears and mammoths much larger than the elephant of today. In this same territory was found the skull of an ancient tiger, probably enticed into the mire when hunting for some smaller animal. Not all of the prehistoric animals were of gigantic size. One of the most un- usual fossil discoveries of modern times was an animal about the size of a sheep, known as an Oreodon. With it were found unborn twins. The fossils were found in South Dakota in the Badlands reglos. The Oreodon has been extinct for millions of years, yet scientists say that there is some remote connection be- tween it and certain animals of today, probably those of the cud-chewing fam- ily. The most perfect dinosaur fossil ever discovered is that of the armored horned toad found in Montana. This monster is twice the size of a hippopotamus and was found embedded in sandstone. Under- neath the thick skin of this monster was found a series of small bony plates composing a coat of armor for the ani- mal. This armor was located at the neck and other points on the body which might be partially uncovered by move- ment. Scientists believe that the terri- tory in which this reptile was found was the beach of a prehistoric sea. The theory is supported by the discovery of alligator teeth, shells and bits of prime- val rushes in the sandstone underneath the fossil. The giant marine turtle of Alabama was found at a depth of about six feet. This was the most highly specialized and the most ferocious of all the ancient water reptiles. Teeth marks on the bones of this animal show that it prob- ably died in a fight. The head of this turtle measured five feet, and it was equipped with a massive shell covering. x x ¥ x In Kansas was excavated the skeleton of one of the largest fish that ever lived. It was perfectly preserved and measured over fourteen feet in length. It had teeth like a shark and could easily have battled the largest whale of today. In this same State was also found a com- plete skeleton of the first sea serpent. This was & swimming lizard sixty feet long, with a triangular head. It bears a resemblance to the present-day alliga- tors, but is much larger and has longer and sharper teeth. Among the fossil monsters found in Wyoming s the - duckbilled dinosaur, This animal weighed ten tons when alive, scientists believe. Its head was four feet long, and the skeleton weighed five tons. This monster had apparently been trapped in quicksand, for it was found with the front limbs elevated and the head and neck stretched as far as pos- sible, while the hind limbs pointed down- ward in an effort to swim. On one of the Western plains in this country was found the remains of a giant shark. The prehistoric shark was a flesh-eater and measured from forty to fifty feet in length. Its mouth was six feet wide, and had teeth from four to six inches long. The basic contour of the ancient shark is practically the same as that of the modern shark. Another ter- ror of the waters of ancient times was the sea dragon, scientifically known as the Mosasaurus. Specimens have been found in the Kansas chalk deposits and in Alabama. Some thirty feet in length, it possessed a massive jaw, and was able to swallow large fish whole. It had & long, sweeping tail and very much re- sembles the dragons depicted in myths and fairy tales. Texas has yielded a smaller, but un- usually grotesque, form of prehisoric reptile. These fossils show that the ani< mal was about ten feet long, and had & row of spines along its back, some of which were more than four feet high. This formed a kind of elevated fin. It had & short neck and paddle-like feet, which gave it the appearance of a large lizard, but it also had formidable tusks: This species lived partly in the water, and the teeth seem to indicate that fish was a part of its diet. Several of this type and other early reptiles have been found in Texas.” . Remains of the enormous helmeted lizard have been found in North America. These reptiles were thirty-five feet int length and stood seventeen feet high: They lived on the great plants that grew in that age, and had no less than 2,500 teeth. When a tooth fell out, another grew in its place. They lived by lakes and marsh lands, and evidently were very numerous. In Alberta, Canada; parts of 500 individuals were found pree served in one place. Another plant-eate er was the Triceratops, or horned dino= saur. This creature weighed about twen- ty-five tons, but had close relatives which weighed from forty to sixty tons. The Triceratops had a powerful beak, and three horns on its head. Thesd great animals had very small brains. - * ok K % . The American Mastodon was & primi- tive elephant,.and stood about nine feet high at the shoulder. It was a ponderous and bulky animal with a very long and heavy body. The teeth are peculiar, and when first found by earlier settlers of this country they were believed to have belonged to a giant man. They did bear a resemblance to the molar teeth of man, but Thomas Jefferson was among the first to refute this idea. The first complete skeleton of a mastodon was found in New York State. Giant beav- ers, tapirs and mooselike deer once lived in the woods of what is now New Jersey. Several species of fossil bison have also been found. These all greatly exceed their modern repr-sentatives in size, and had massive horns, some six feet acros§ at the tips. It is believed that prehistoric man was familiar with this type of bison. From the Red River in the north to the Mexican border, and from the Mis- souri River to the Eastern foothills of the Sierra Nevada, the United States is filled with fossil evidence to the fact that great monsters once ruled this part of the world. In only one way does any other continent exceed this country in prehistoric remains. Asia has produced more dinosaur eggs than America. Yet scientists believe that they will be found in this country, probably in the petrified sands of the Painted Desert of Arizons, if the search is continued. 4