Evening Star Newspaper, November 3, 1936, Page 8

. THE EVENING STAR With Sunday Morning Edition. HINGTON, D. WAS . C. TUESDAY. November 3, 1936 THEODORE W. NOYES. pmmhdnbdmiii AR A A The Evening Star Newspaper Company. Business Oflltfl.'m. - i 11th 8. anc Pennsylvania Ave European Office: 14 Regent St. London. England. Rate by Carrier Within the City. —-45¢ per month ".--UOG ‘per month 9 --65¢ per month ---bC Der copy The Evening S The Evening and Sun ight Pinal and Sunday St ight ‘Final Star. Collection made a Orders may be sent tional 5000. Rate by Mail—Payable in Advance. Maryland afd Virginia. Daily and Sunday-. Daily only_ Sunday onl: 1 mo.. &8¢ All Other States and Canada. day..1 yr.. $12.00; 1 mo.. $1.00 R.00: 1 mo. " F5¢ $5.00; 1 mo.. 50c Member of the Associated Press. ‘The Associated Press 15 exclusively entitled to the use for republication of all news dispatches credited to 1t or not otherwise Credited in this paper and also the local news published herein. Il rights of publication of special dispatches erein are also reserved. ; Finale. The campaign of 1936 is over. Its final curtain fell at one o'clock this morning. And the audience, scattered in cities and fowns and villages from coast to coast, now is passing judgment on the performance. But before the verdict is rendered, Jet it be noted that, regardless of the immediate result, it was, in sober truth, a magnificent and a memorable show. For sheer drama it never has been sur- passed within the experience of living men and women. The principal participants were stars of indubitable genius. President Roose- velt, fighting almost alone, proved him- sclf again the great protagonist of his special brand of social reform. He lived up to the uttermost limits of his role as thechief exponent of the New Deal con- cept of progress. Not for a single in- stant did he waver in his faith in his doctrine of constructive change. He con- ceded nothing, fought on to the end without surrendering the least fragment of his dream. But Governor Landon likewise demon- strated immense powers of attraction. A newcomer in the national scene, he has won for himself a creditable place among the leading expositors of popular ideals of practical self-government. His skill in delivery improved from day to day, and his conclusive utterance last night was a masterpiece which is not apt to be forgotten. The electorate should be grateful to him for the lofty standard of debate which he set and to which he was consistently loyal through- out the contest. Herbert Hoover also provided addi- tional proof of his skill as a political philosopher. He reaffirmed the tradi- tional republicanism of the founding fathers with effect enough to stir the ap- plause of many who formerly counted themselves among his foes. The Jef- fersonians—Alfred E. Smith, James A. Reed, Joseph B. Ely, Henry Breckenridge and especially Bainbridge Colby—con- tributed an element of sustained in- tensity of interest which was thrilling to witnes Even Father Coughlin, ex- travagant and mistaken as he often is, deserves acknowledgement for the fine spirit of his valedictory. But it would be an unpardonable error to think of the campaign merely as en- tertainment. The soul of America and the fate of its people were the themes of the contest, and those are values about which no observer can be casual. In- deed, the quality which made the struggle &0 poignant in its appeal was that of its compelling reality. This, in any case, may be suggested: The world at large must realize that the United States is not a dying community. The vitality of a vigorous people was manifest in the events of the weeks that have elapsed since the Republicans met in Cleveland and the Democrats in Phil- adelphia. One hundred and thirty mil- lion human souls have been educated into a new comprehension of the mean- ng of patriotism, a new reverence for in- dividual responsibility in a government of the people, by the people, for the people. The advantage is a gain for which mankind everywhere should be thankful. Mussolini Defies John Bull. Just when Europe is felicitating itself upon having escaped a general conflict growing out of the Spanish crisis, Mus- £olini indulges ir: some disquieting saber- rattling. In a week end speech at Milan Il Duce breathed contempt for the League of Nations and for the “Wilson- 1an ideology” of collective security. The outburst follows his recent warning that “eight million Italian bayonets” lurk behind Italy’s “olive branch” and the announcement that Italian naval per- sonnel is to be increased. It also comes on the heels of the Italo-German under- standing, which only thinly veils the purposes of the Rome and Berlin dicta- tors to bring about a mutual augmen- tation of power. The Milanese fulmina- tion is thus poorly designed to bolster the shaky edifice known as European peace, to which Mussolini professes so passionately to be devoted. It is at Great Britain that Mussolini eims his deadliest shafts, though couched in the guise of overtures for an accord with both the British and the French. After proclaiming that. “peace with all, near and afar, but armed peace” is Italy’s watchword for the new year of fascism, he proposes outright abandonment of post-war ideals like organized security and disarmament, including the League of Nations. That organization, he asserts, “must either be renovated or perish.” I1 Duce warns Britain that she must admit the vital interest of the Italian people in the Mediterranean or come into conflict with them. If any one is really thinking of “suflocatlng". the Italians by attack- ing their “life line,” thq\nation “would spring to its feet like one man, ready for combat.” Mussolini makes no less significant references to a regrouping of forces on the Continent. He hints at a Central European block of which Italy and Ger- many would be the axis. The Roman dictator offers friendship and under- standing to Yugoslavia, which the Fas- cist powers are keen to wean away from French affiliations, and indirectly sug- gests support of Hungary, that “great but mutilated European nation,” in its cravings to recover territory of which it was denuded by the World War. After passage of the Ethiopian crisis, it was supposed that danger of an Anglo- Italian clash was largely dissipated. It is now disclosed that Mussolini still has an account to settle with “perfidious Albion” and is prepared to see it through with force., ?His talk of “suffocation” has an ominous resemblance to the “encir- clement” slogan whereby the German war party justified 1914. Britons deny that they seek to “strangle” Italy. They disclaim any purpose other than to maintain the Mediterranean as an open highway of international traffic and hold that no agreement could add any- thing to the rights Italy now enjoys in the great sea that stretches between Gibraltar and Suez. Il Duce has different ideas. His current ebullitions indicate that they will not be reconciled with the British conception without another pe- riod of European tension and alarm. R Time for the Big Stick. As soon as the election is out of the way, regardless of the result, the President may be forced to take a hand in the shipping strike, already assuming dangerous proportions. The situation requires firm handling and the use of whatever “big stick” the Government may have available, For this is no ordinary battle of wits or brawn between one class of employers and their employes. The undisciplined behavior of the strikers and their “out- law” sympathizers on the East Coast affects American shipping, which means the transportation of the mails and the movement of commerce. Millions of persons in no way concerned in the long-drawn-out dispute on the West Coast over union recognition and union rights stand to suffer through continu- ance or spread of the strike. Regardless of the merits of maritime labor’s contentions on the West .Coast, the strike at this time is unreasonable and inexcusable. The demonstration in sympathy which has tied up or prom- ises to paralyze shipping on the East Coast is even more to be deplored, in- dicating more impulsive hot-headedness than any reasoned course of action. ‘What makes these demonstrations un- reasonable and inexcusable at this time is the fact that enactment of the new merchant marine-ship subsidy law at the past session of Congress, and the Presi- dent’s appointment of the provisional Maritime Commission within the past month, marked the beginning of an entirely new and promising chapter in development, through Government aid in ship building and ship operation, of an American merchant marine. Fair treatment of labor, including payment of adequate wages and compulsory com- pliance by operators with already high standards established for American sea- men, are integral parts of the new merchant marine policy. Under a strict law, administered by a carefully selected maritime commission, American mari- time labor had little to fear and much to gain. The new Maritime Commission should have been given all possible co-operation by operators and the disgruntled ele- ments on the West Coast. Instead, we have the picture of a rapidly spreading strike, joined by men who do not share the grievances of their brethren and acting in defiance of their own leaders and in violation of agreements. The opening of conciliatory hearings in San Francisco by the Maritime Commission is marked by refusal of the striking Sailors’ Union even to participate, de- spite the courteous assurances by Ad- miral Hamlet of fair consideration. One of the reasons for the decline of the American merchant marine has been the disproportionate cost of building and operating American ships with high- priced American labor. The funda- mental basis for ship subsidies, paid by the taxpayers, under the new merchant marine act is the differential between building and operating costs of Amer- ican and foreign vessels. And before even the machinery is organized for making that act effective, the bill- footing American public is treated to a demonstration easily capable of under- mining respect and confidence in the men who sail American ships at sea. Edward F. McGrady, Assistant Secre- tary of Labor, who has worked tirelessly in a futile effort to avoid the present strike, very correctly points out that “when any group * * * takes action endangering the welfare of the Nation they are assuming a position that the Government must challenge.” This strike, he points out, may “involve, di- rectly or indirectly, the lives of the citizens of the whole Nation and its insular possessions.” When election is over and realities take the place of campaign speeches, the big stick—operation of ships by the Navy if necessary—should be brought out of the corner. The Second-Term Record. On the day of the election speculation arises as to the chances of the return of President Roosevelt to office, in the light of the record of history. Mathe- matically they would seem to be in his favor. Nine of the Presidents have been chosen to succeed themselves in office, while seven have been defeated for imme- diate re-election. Eight of the Presi- dents have been denied renomination. Six of them have died in office, two of them in their second terms. Two of the “succession” Presidents, taking office upon the deaths of Presidents, have been re-elected, while four of them have not beenllmlnl.nflr. One President re- r gained the office by election after defeat for a second term. ‘The Presidents who have been imme- diately re-elected to office after serving a term have been Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Jackson, Lincoln, Grant, McKinley and Wilson, Two of these, Lincoln and McKinley, died dur- ing their second terms, both being assassinated. The Presidents who have been nominated and defeated for an immediate second term have been John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Van Buren, Cleveland, Harrison, Taft and Hoover. Eight Presidents, four of them “suc- cessors,” have been denied renomina- tion, Tyler, Polk, Fillmore; Pierce, Bu- chanan, Johnson, Hayes and Arthur. Six Presidents have died in office, William Henry Harrison, Taylor, Lincoln, Gar- field, McKinley and Harding. Thus it is to be seen that there is a slight preponderance of immediate re- elections to office to give Mr. Roose- velt a marginal advantage on a purely mathematical basis. Five of the nine immediately re-elected — second-term— Presidents were chosen during the first forty years of the record of the office, the only breaks in the direct-succession sequence being the two members of the Adams family, father and son. In the past seventy-six years only four Presi- dents have been elected twice in imme- diate succession to themselves, while the same number have been defeated for immediate re-election. From this record, however, no positive deductions can be made. The conditions of today are greatly different from those of the early years of the Government. Elections are conducted on a totally dif- ferent basis and scale. The “horse and buggy days” of the first half of the period have been transformed into an intensely mechanized era, with the entire country acutely conscious of almost every word spoken in debate and campaigning. Whether this change affects the chances of an incumbent for immediate succes- sion may not be determined. Today, however, the answer will be given, o Rapid communication and transporta- tion have made the world seem so much smaller that the Mediterranean Sea, once regarded as a vast body, is now the sub- Jject of controversy as to whether it can be used as a private lake. —_———— If Selassie were to venture a candid expression, he might say that as a community Madrid is not enjoying much more luck than Addis Ababa. o ‘When Hitler says “the time has come to end communism,” a large number of persons, not previously sympathetic, may be tempted to say “Heil!” o Enough people are on strike to prevent a “Happy Days” chorus from creating certain impressions of discord. Shooting Stars. BY PHILANDER JOHNSON. T. T. T. We're Three Tailors of Tooley street. Our wise opinions you'll often meet. We called ourselves with a solemn frown, “We, the People of London Town.” There’s a Tooley street where e’er you go; In Kankakee and in Kokomo, In Cleveland, Ohio, and in old Saint Loo— A Tooley street you will surely view. One of the Tailors, ill at ease, Says, “The meeting will come to order, please!” One will roar while another rants Of the price that's proper for pressing pants, Their voice expands into many lands. There's a Rue de Tooley which still com- mands Attention close. Not far away A Tooley Strasse is on display. Such is the power of human pride, There's never a question we can't decide If we wait until they have time to meet— ‘Those grand old Tailors of Tooley street. Supplementary Plank. “I suppose you have said things you would like to take back.” “No,” answered Senator Sorghum. “If there weren't an implied supplementary plank to every platform reading ‘forgive and forget,’ politics couldn't reasonably be expected to go on.” This and Thus. Election day is here once more. Wel celebrate it as before And then retire with feelings vexed And wonder what will happen next. Again we’ll say, “If Thus be True, Then This must be revised anew.” If of our choice we should complain, We'll wait four years and guess again. Bigness. “Are you going to get politics out of politics?” “We'll have to,” said Mr. Dustin Stax. “When politics figures into billions, I don’t know of any busin€ss that can find space for it.” “We feel that we benefit humanity when we punish our enemies,” said Hi Ho, the sage of Chinatown. “Our ene- mies feel similarly about punishing us and so peace suffers a series of indefinite postponements.” Human Interest. We're asked “to battle for the right” Whenever some one starts a fight, And does so, oft (alas ’tis true!), For want of better things to do! Poets are poor and painters fail. ‘The beauty contests can’t avail To cheer the orator’s dull chat— Let’s fight and let it go at that! “Good advice,” said Uncle Eben, “is mighty precious, but so few folks is able and willin’ to give it dat you might as well wobble along and try to do your THE EVENING STAR, WASHINGTO. D. C., TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 3, 1936. e IR o b e R S e PR e B e A e D A e e e e e A e S A THIS AND THAT BY CHARLES E. TRACEWELL. Office of People’s Counsel Should Not Be Abolished To the Editor of The Star: Ref to news items announcing that Washington civic associations are passing resolutions opposing abolition of the position of people’s counsel, I respectfully submit the following quoted excerpts from the Congressional Commit- tee reports on the bill, H. R. 11119, which became the act of Congress of December 15, 1926, mandatorily directing the Presi- dent to appoint an attorney as people’s counsel to represent the civic associa- tions and public utility customers of w-:nn;wn in public utility contro- versies: House report, No. 967: “Believing that the corporation counsel of the District, who is the legal adviser of the District Commissioners, should not be called upon to present rate-making cases be- fore either the Public Utilities Commis- sion or the courts, and that his duties are such that he is unable to give the proper time to coping with gquestions of fate-making and valuation and to op- pose the array of talent representing the corporations and public utilities, your committee has provided for the appoint- ment of a people’s counsel to present rate-making cases and other complaints of the people before the commission and in the courts. “The officer to be appointed under the provisions of this bill will be called upon to negotiate proceedings looking to im- proved service and lower rates of fare and also lower rates of service, and your committee believes that he will be of material assistance to the public.” Senate report, No. 1024: “The value of the properties of the local utilities is estimated variously at about $150,000,000; their annual revenue is nearly $30,000,- 000, derived mainly from the people of the District of Columbia. * * * Further- more, not only have practically all local civic associations strongly indorsed for many years the proposal to reorganize the personnel of the Public Utilities Commission, but the principal business organizations of Washington have given like indorsement and have even held mass meetings to urge upon Congress the necessity for such action as is con- templated by the bill hereby reported. “* * * Without disparagement it may be stated that the corporation counsel of the District, who is now by law re- quired to serve also as counsel for the Public Utilities Commission, is so fully occupied with the legal duties incident to every municipal government, includ- ing condemnation proceedings, Police Court prosecutions, tax suits, damage cases, etc, that he cannot give utilities cases the attention they should have. No other class of litigation probably in- volves more highly technical evidence, more careful preparation, briefing and presentation both originally and on ap- peal to the higher courts. It is for these reasons that the provisions for a people's counsel have been made. “Your committee considers this the most important legislation affecting the District of Columbia to be presented dur- ing the present session of Congress and urge enactment as a measure of justice to both the people and the public utilities of the District.” Please let me, as a member of the Washington bar who has followed our local public utility controversies for some 12 years, commend those who are oppos- ing abolition of the position of people’s counsel. JAMES WILLIAM SOMERVILLE. Stockholders Entitled to Know State of Business ‘To the Editor of The Star: Whether {0 publish or withhold in secrecy names of those on relief again comes to the surface. There are strong arguments pro and con. But it does seem to be the policy of the present administration to keep dark any detail of Government expenditures. In a general way the public reads of millions appropriated for this and bil- lions appropriated for that and Congress gave the administration, without strings, permission to spend the taxpayers’ money in any way that suited the ad- ministration. All that the taxpayers know about it is that their money dis- appears and more must come. Take those large hydro-electric proj- ects. All the taxpayer knows is that so many millions were appropriated for construction. Every citizen is a stock- holder in the Government to the amount of one share (fully paid but not non- assessable) and is entitled to a detailed statement of cost of the profect and what they get for their money. Had those projects been built by a private individual or private corporation the engineer in charge would submit a detailed statement—maybe every 30 days —and that statement would show to the owners a classified detail of all ma- terial moved in construction, itemized cost, material and machinery installed, pay rolls classified anll, as a final, the kilowatts of energy generated with the actual amount sold and the selling price. There would be a further number of minor details but with this knowledge or information, which the taxpayer is rightfully entitled to, the taxpayer can see where his money has gone. ‘W. J. DERMOTT, Inaccuracies in Story of John Brooks Corrected To the Bditor of The Star: That was an excellent presentation of John Brooks, dining car waiter, under- heading of “The President’s Waiter,” done in The Star of October 31 by one of your feature writers. A simple, ac- curate narrative, not the least overdrawn and, in so far as quotation of Brooks went, was as much like him as the life- like cut that appeared with it. May I, nevertheless, call attention to an unintentional inaccuracy—the lines in which Mr. Brooks is described as “Pullman car waiter?” Like all cooks and waiters on the Southern Railway, and on all other lines, Brooks is an employe of the railway company, en- tirely dissociated from Pullman’s men on sleeping, buffet, cafe, private cars. In- cidentally, with respect to the statement that “the company has doubled his in- come since he went to work for them 22 years ago,” the fact is his basic rate of pay was increased more than 100 per cent in virtue of a contract in effect that was negotiated, and is held, by the Brotherhood of Dining Car Em- ployes in May 1925—and twice changed by mutual agreement of the company and the cooks-waiters’ union, of which Brooks is & member. RIENZI B. LEMUS, Grand President, Brotherhood of Dining Car Employes. Proposes a Memorial To Anne Sullivan Macy To the Editor of The Star: There should be a memorial at Gal- laudet College to Mrs. Anne Sullivan Macy, teacher of Helen Keller, costing not less than $100,000. ‘This memorial should be the gift of the American people to perpetuate the memory of a really great American woman. . At Gallaudet College such a memorial would be an inspiration to the students during coming generations. ZACK -’fl. ‘Templeton Jones had cut his finger- nails for a lifetime, without once think- ing about it, but the other day he came across the following old rhyme: A man had better ne’cr been born, ‘Than have his nails cn a Sunday shorn; Cut them on Monday, cut them for health; Cut them on Tuesday, cut them for wealth; Cut them on Wednesday, cut them for news; Cut them on Thursday for a new pair of shoes; Cut them on Friday, cut them for SOITOW; Cut them on Saturday, see your sweet- heart tomorrow. A “A silly rhyme,” said Temp Jones, who vowed he was not superstitious. He realized that he had been trimming his nails for many years on Friday morning. Just why he had picked Friday he could not recall. What difference did it make, anyway? In his youthful days, Jones had played a mandolin. That accounted for his short nails, and the fact he liked to keep them well trimmed. Playing the fretted instruments re- quires ‘em short, in so far as the left hand is concerned, for it is with the fingers of that hand that the wire strings are pressed down. Nothing is more natural, then, than that the nails of the left hand be kept good and short, and in time it seems perfectly proper that those of the right be kept similarly trimmed, * K ok K Although he said nothing about it, he found few things more disconcerting to his soul than excessively long finger- nails. ‘They reminded him of claws. And when a large portion of them was stained red, the effect was terrible. Jones wondered why the feminine por- tion of humanity, in civilization, should be so addicted to this fad. They wore earrings, relics of savagery; used mil- lions of animal pelts in their dress, painted their cheeks, stained their nails and used bird feathers in their hats. The kindest, gentlest portion of hu- manity; yet for them alone the steel trap existed. and little birds they went into rhapsodies over fell in snares, * x k% %A silly rhyme,” said Templeton Jones, looking .it over again. It was curious how a man could go along for years without bothering and then be brought up short by an es- sentially absurd bit of verse. ‘What did it say for Friday? “Cut them on Friday, cut them for sorrow?” “Baloney,” grunted Jones. “He just Which, probably, was the case. “Health” had to rhyme with “wealth,” “news” with “shoes,” and so on. The whole thing was without reason. No doubt it was the production of an age when any sort of work whatever on Sunday was regarded as totally wrong. Jones wondered how they managed to eat. Friday, the other day under poetic ban, has always been regarded as a bad day for going on a journey. | The versifier was just keeping up an old superstition. * K ok ok ‘When Friday came around, Templeton Jones got cut his scissors, his two pairs, in fact, one for the left hand and the other for the right. He found it impossible to make one pair serve for both. So, being a man of action, he had two pair, or pairs, as one chooses. Being right-handed, Jones found a small pair sufficient for the left hand, but a larger and heavier one necessary for the right. ‘The silly rhyme kept occurring to him. “Cut them for sorrow——" Tommyrot! Here he had been clipping his nails for years—on Friday, too—without any particular sorrow, and now was he going to permit the chance reading of an absurd bit of verse to stop him? * o x He was not a bit superstitious, he told himself. The only thing he didn't like to do was to walk under a ladder. Several times he had walked around the block to get out of this. Hadn't he broke himself of the life- long habit of “tapping on wood?” For years he had tapped on wood with the best of them, but one day he realized it was nothing but gross su- perstition and had stopped it at once and completely. Was he to give over his victory just because some old poetizer couldn't think of anything to rhyme with “tomorrow” except “sorrow?” * % ok ok It would be easy enough to put it off until Saturday, of course. Jones surveyed his fingers critically. Yes, those nails could run along a few more days, without a doubt. Really, there was no rush about it. Saturday or Sunday or Monday would do nicely. One really shouldn't become hide- bound in anything, Habit is bad—once it fastens on you—even a good habit if you become & slave to it. Perhaps it would be just as well to select an entirely new fingernail cutting day, just to show himself that he was no slave. Sunday was a busy day anyway, with all the big papers to read; Jones thought he might as well put it off until Monday. If one were going to select a new day any day would do, it didn’t make much difference. What did the silly old rhyme say: “Monday for health——" Well, health is a pretty nice thing to have. Life is mysterious, at best, and if doing so simple a thing as cutting one’s fingernails would help keep a fellow healthy— But how about Tuesday: “Cut them for wealth.” Wealth, too, is pretty nice. Money may be the root of aill evil, but one couldn't help sympathize with the new clerk in Wall Street who solemnly asked a banker “how to become one of those robber barons he had read about.” ‘Well, Wednesday would give him news. There was plenty of that anyway. Thurs- day a new pair of shoes. Jones didn't need a pair of shoes every week, thank you. All in all, thinking the offerings over, he decided he would cut 'em on Monday for health. Silly old rhyme, eh, what? STARS, MEN AND ATOMS Notebook of Science Progress in Field, Laboratory and Study. BY THOMAS R. HENRY. The brain of the orang-utan, original | of the oran cortex. He studied 35 brains “wild man of Borneo,” may contain the first rudiments of the cerebral structure of speech. Dr. Cornelius J. Connolly, professor of physical anthropology at the Catholic University of America, has just com- pleted an inteénsive study of the cortical patterns of approximately 50 species of primates from lemur to man represented in the collection assembled by Dr. Ales Hrdlicka at the Smithsonian Institution. In the cortex of the big and grotesque red ape of Borneo and Sumatra he finds what appears to be an outstanding de- velopment in the progress of the species. Actual speech, so far as is known, is an exclusive accomplishment of human beings. It requires not only the ability to make finely differentiated sounds, but also the ability to associate them in the memory with objects, ideas and emotions. A part of the cortex known as Broca's area is believed by most neurologists to be the brain center of this associative process. It is found in both right and left frontal lobes of the brain, in regions marked off from the rest of the cortex by depressions known to anatomists as the “inferior frontal sulci.” Depressions which can be identified with these sulci appear for the first time in the entire primate series, Dr. Connolly finds, in the cortex of the orang. There is no evidence of such a separation in the gibbons, It appears, even more netably, in the gorilla and chimpanzee. None of these higher apes has the gift of speech as the term is understood when applied to human beings, and they never will have. Dr. Connolly stresses that his finding must not be interpreted to mean that the anthropoids themselves are in the process of evolving into speaking animals. In man appears another sulcus, fur- ther subdividing the inferior frontal re- gion and inclosing a V or Y shaped re- gion which is part of Broca’s area. This is probably the one exclusively and con- stantly human physical feature of the brain. It is found in all human beings from birth. Not the slightest indica- tion of it ever is found in the cortices of any of the anthropoids. Eminent anatomists, however, have found evi- dence of it in the supposed manlike pre- cursors of modern man—such as the pithecanthropus erectus of Java and the widely dispersed Neanderthalers. But it is a further differentiation of the cortex which started, Dr. Connolly’s findings show, at the stage of brain de- velopment now represented by the orang. ‘The cortex of this creature and that of the other apes contained the partially differentiated cortical material which goes to make up the human speech cen- ter. The exclusive cerebral V, it may be, is the area wherein take place the fine associations between sounds and objects and ideas which make word symbolism, infinitely complex in even the most primitive of humans, possible. The orang and the two higher apes apparently have stopped just on the threshold of the crudest, simplest im- aginable kind of speech, in so far as the surface pattern of the brain is concerned. They have the cortical material prob- ably necessary for voluntary larynx and tongue movements, but the issuing sounds are not hooked up and sys- tematized with memories. The finding, Dr. Connolly emphasizes, applies only to the superficial pattern of fissures which localize various regions of the cortex. It leaves untouched the cellular differentiation of the speech area. A second significant point uncovered by Dr. Connolly variability | this respect below man alone. of these apes, from animals of both sexes and various ages. Primate brain studies in the past have been made on two or three specimens of each species, with the result that individual differ- ences, constituting one of the most sig- nificant factors in physical evolution, have remained hidden. The orang-utan is the least “man- like” of the three big anthropoids. It looks least like a human being and normally its behavior is much less “hu- man”—although it probably was the original “wild man of Borneo.” Dr. Connolly found, as have other zoologists, that the orang-utan brain diverged markedly from those of the other two apes in pattern. First, it has high frontal lobes, relative to the brains of its fellow anthropoids. The oran is the “high brow” of the apes, rating in This is compensated for, however, by lack of mass in other parts of the brain. It long was thought that the human frontal lobe was the chief seat of the reasoning faculty, for it is here that the human brain shows its greatest diver- gence from the big ape brains. This thesis, however, no longer is maintained by neurologists, although it still is com- monly held that the frontal region is an important association area. The ex- ceptional development of the front part of the oran’s brain in itself might have little significance, except as a fixed char- acter of the species. Close study of the 35 orang brains showed, as was to have been expected, that the principle sulci were present in all from birth and that certain standard ones developed during the lives of the individuals. They are characteristic of the orang brain, just as very similar pat- terns are characteristic of the gorilla, chimpanzee and human brains. But aside from these there are minor sulci which differ from brain to brain and the orang seems to have more individual variability in the pattern of these sec- ondary channels than does the cortex of either of the other apes. Now, generally speaking, the sulei divide functional areas of the cortex. This is well established, at least, for the principal fissures—such as the prominent central sulcus which divides the sensory from the motor area, and the fissure of Sylvius, the most prominent landmark of the brain, which forms one border of the temporal lobe, the brain center for hearing. So little is known as to the specific functions of the smaller cortical areas that this cannot be stated posi- tively for the smaller depressions. But, whatever their purpose, the fact of considerable individual variability in this particular genus may be taken to mean that the orang brain has not quite found itself. It still is somewhat plastic in the mold, representing a stage through which the brains of other mem- bers of the group may have passed millions of years ago. The orang brain is, it is possible, not quite so specialized and have further, although slight, possi- bilities of development. ‘This finding is not to be interpreted, Dr. Connolly stresses, as evidence of any ancestral connection between the orang and the higher apes pr man. The three apes are members of collateral lines which have followed about the same roads—and the orang still has a little way to go. Salad. From the Ohle Daily Ne *"Salad should be eaten a lttle gingerly Row that the strikers are using dynamite in the lettuceyfields. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS BY FREDERIC J. HASKIN. A reader can get the answer to any question of fact by writing The Evening Star Information Bureau, Frederic J. Haskin, Director, Washington, D. C. Please inclose stamp for reply. Q. At what price are the most men's neckties sold in this country?—L. L. A. The most are sold for 25 cents. The second most popular price is 50 cents, Q. When men are employed on W. P. A. projects, are they paid when kept from work by illness?>—M. H. A. They are not. Workers are docked when absent for any reason, also when late, Q. Who originated the expression, brain trust?—C. R. A. The phrase was invented in the Summer of 1932 by James M. Kieran of the New York Times. Q. Did John Randolph of Roanoke free his slaves?—G. H. A. Not during his lifetime. By his will he emancipated 318 slaves, and provided for their support. Q. What is isinglass made of?—C. R. A. Isinglass is a very pure form of gelatin obtained from the air bladders of sturgeon and other fish, Q. At what age did Admiral Farragut enter the Navy?—J. H. A. He entered the Navy at 9 years of age and first saw action when he was 13. Q. Did the early settlers in New Eng- land plant com?—J. R. W. A. An Indian named Squanto taught the early settlers to plant con. The earth was exposed to the sun by girdling the trees and burning the branches and underbrush. Four grains of corn were then dropped at four-foot intervals into openings and a fish was placed in each hill as fertilizer, Q. Is there a green rose?—M. H. A. One has been developed by L. C. Bobbink of Rutherford, N. J. Q. What was the name of the column Eugene Field conducted on a Chicago paper?>—H. M. P. A. The poet edited the “Sharps and Flats” column of the Chicago Daily News. Q. What does the word “depose” mean on a manufactured article?—L. G. T. A. The word is French and means that the trade mark has been registered. Q. Who owns the animals that per- form in the rodeo at Madison Square Garden?—W. J. A. Most of them are brought from the Southwestern ranches of Col. William T. Johnson of Texas, who is conducting the rodeo. Q. Does the hemophilia taint in the former Spanish royal family come from - the Bourbon or the Windsor side of the family?—N. N. A. From neither. Hemophilia is in- herited by the sons from the mothers, who in turn inherit it from their fathers without actually suffering from the dis- ease themselves. Former Queen Vic- toria of Spain transmitted the disease to her sons, having acquired it from her father, the late Prince Henry of Bat- tenberg. It is therefore the Battenberg family which is the author of the disease in Alfonso's family. Q. How many anesthetics are there? —W. R. A. There are more than 200, including soporifics, sedatives, analgesics, hypnote ics, local and general anesthetics. Q. How was a flip made?—C. B. A. This was a drink served in a very large glass. It was much used in Eng- land and America before tea and coffee became common. It consisted of ale, eggs, nutmeg, sugar, ginger and brandy or rum. It was heated by use of a loggerhead. Q. Who is president of Hadassah? P H A. Mrs. Edward Jacobs is the national president of Hadassah, the Women's Zionist Organization of America. Q. What was the age Dr. William Osler said was the time all men should be chloroformed?—J. McD. A. The statement made by Sir William Osler, the physician, has many times been misquoted. In an address made when leaving this country, mentioning the comparative uselessness of men over 40, Dr. Osler said: “Take the sum of human achievement in action, in science, in art, in literature, subtract the work of the men over 40—we should prac- tically be where we are today.” Q. What are some of the character- istics of furniture designed by the Adam brothers?—E. W. A. The Adam brothers designed grace- ful, very delicate furniture in a manner which was inspired by the classic deco- ration of Pompeii. The backs of Adam chairs were narrow and rather low, the legs were straight and tapered or round and fluted. Wedgwood plaques were used as inserts and raised ornaments of plas- ter composition were applied. Orna- mental details included the urn, vase, lyre and acanthus, together with rosettes, festoons and delicate fluting. Q. How wide is Broad street in Phila- delphia?—F. J. A. Tt is 113 feet wide. Correct Caroling Coaches. From the Topeka Capital. Some foot ball coaches, who have been singing gloomy songs, have awakened to find that they were right and not just trying to fool the opposition. ——— Not Quite Forgotten. Prom the Manchester Union, A contemporary believes the pedes= trian to be the forgotten man, He somes= times wishes he were, A Rhyme at Twilight B Gertrude Brooke Hamilton Sanctuary. Hi over the city a quiet room Where at dusk soft firelight, routing gloom, Sends a glow to the depths of an easy chair, Saggy and slumbrous, the worse for wear; Pla¥s on mellow bindings of many books, That in dark wood cases fill all the nooks; \ Brings o;xlt choice prints that adorn the wall, And the rich old tints of a Paisley shawl Flung over a couch with pillows so deep They invite repose in a dreamless sleep. In a room like this, care pushed away, Man cguld find asylum at end of day.