Evening Star Newspaper, October 25, 1936, Page 34

D—4 THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C., OCTOBER 25, 1936—PART TWO. SWEEPING G. O. P. LEAD IS DISAPPEARING IN NEW JERSEY @ ROOSEVELT GAINS IN SOUTHERN AREA Hague May Bring Demo- crats Sufficient Margin in Hudson County. BY EDWARD M. GILROY, Special Correspondent of The Star. TRENTON, Oct. 24—New Jersey's presidential vote appeared close today in place of the Republican sweep indi- cated three weeks ago. The tide ap- pears to be flowing toward the Demo- crats, particularly in the normally Re- publican counties in South Jersey. President Roosevelt began to gain in South Jersey about the time he began to make his campaign radio speeches. Gov. Landon is regarded by most State politicians as having an | edge on Roosevelt, but the Democrats | believe now they have a chance to win. A month ago Mayor Frank Hague of Jersey City, Democratic State leader, had little hope of carrying the State, but recently he informed county lead- ers to put on pressure. Two Elements Responsible. Two elements are responsible for the change from the State's voting history. First the Hague machine appears certain of producing a plurality in excess of 100,000 for Roosevelt in Hudson County. Second, several coun- ties considered safely Republican, such as the South Jersey counties of Cam- den and Atlantic, are unlikely to pile up the Republican pluralities recorded there in the past. In most presidential elections the Republicans have succeeded in hold- ing down the Hudson margin. Unless they do so next month a close elec- tion is in prospect. W. P. A. expenditures and a gen- eral breakdown of old-line Repub- lican bosses in South Jersey is responsible for the other side of the Democratic trend. Atlantic County formerly piled up from 15,000 to 18,000 Republican plurality but this year there are 6,000 W. P. A. workers on the Democratic pay rolls. Many of them are Negroes, who constitute 40 per cent of the vote, and who have been predominantly Republican in the past. Atlantic City W. P. A. projects have included painting and repairing the Boardwalk, street paving, eonstruction of a new water main and other projects the bankrupt city could not have undertaken on its own. Small Margin Due in Camden. Camden, once good for 35,000 to 40,000 Republican pluralities, is con- sidered likely to return a small mar- gin instead, due chiefly to 9.000‘ W. P. A. jobs and a rejuvenated | Democratic machine. Morris, Pas- saic, Bergen and Monmouth Counties appear certain of producing their old- time Republican majorities, but Essex, largest county in the State, is an unknown quantity. A bitter resent- | ment against the President is evident in the suburban communities, but the Democrats in the city of Newark are better organized than ever. Registration is higher all over the Btate and a record vote is expected. MONTANA-BREAKS WITH DEMOCRATS Copper Mining, State’s Principal Industry Booming—Heavy Registrations. BY L. M. THAYER, Special Correspondent of The Star. HELENA, Mont., October 24.—The 7 ALL HE WANTS IS TO PLAY IN HIS OWN BACK YARD/ 431 T t= =\ OFHI0 STRAW VOTES FAVOR ROOSEVELT State Otherwise Inscrut-| able, However, as Race Nears Finish. BY L. R. CONNOR, Special Correspondent of The Star. COLUMBUS, Ohio, October 24.—As the last few days of the campaign | draw to a close and the candidates skip hither and yon over the country | to present their views, make their | charges and give their pledges, Ohio | Temains inscrutable. | The Literary Digest poll continues ! to give Gov. Landon a comfortable margin in Ohio. The Gallup poll | tends to make it safer and safer for Roosevelt. What the real answer is to the question of how Ohio will vote no one knows for certain. Gov. Davey, who seems to be hope- lessly beaten by every straw vote be- ing taken in Ohio, now counts on a freak break to give him victory. He | believes, or so some of the people close to him say he believes, that with the indicated extensive scratche ing of ballots in Ohio he may re able to pull through by hanging onto President Roosevelt's coattails. Failed to Mention Davey. It was significant, however, that on President Roosevelt's campaign trip | through this State that, despite the | hundreds and even thousands of re- quests made by telegram and letter that he mention Gov. Davey once or twice in his many platform appear- ances, he never once spoke the Gov- |ernor's name. The Governor ap- | peared in several news photos with the President, smiling broadly and with every indication of friendliness, but it was obvious that the President, knowing how close the vote probably would be in Ohio, didn't feel it worth the price to risk an open indorsement | of Ohio’s widely criticized Governor. | The reaction to Gov. Landon's | travels through the Buckeye State has been favorable. His supporters here believe that he made a deep | | impression upon the electorate and that he added considerably to his | strength in this, the so-called third of the country's doubtful States. The State Republican campaign head- | | quarters are keeping unusually quiet | during these last days, figuring, ap- | Political Pulse of the Nation BY J. A. O'LEARY. NDICATIONS of a Demoacratic trend in the battle for New York's 47 electoral votes marks latest dispatches from a corps of political corre- spondents throughout the country, as both major parties prepared for the final week of intensive campaigning in all parts of the Nation. If Roosevelt carricd New York and retained the other States pre- viously regarded by these observers as leaning in his direction, he would cross the finish line with slightly more than the required 266 majority of electoral votes. But the struggle for the Empire State is not over. In fact, the climax will be reached during the coming week, not only there, but in such other pivotal States as Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Towa and Minnesota. As election day draws near forecasters in nearly every section outside of the Democratic solid South find several unusual factors to be weighed in attempting to ascertain the line-up of the electoral vote of the Nation this year. The registration of thousands of new voters, the campaigning of Jeffersonian Democrats in support of Landon and the effort both major parties are making to win the support of the colored voters are among the conditions adding interest to the finish of the campaign. They also are factors that might well produce upsets and surprises in the final tabu- lation. Many Questions Facing Analysts. How many new voters are turning out to support the New Deal, and how many to protest against it? How many voters will the Jeffersonian leaders draw away from the Democratic column Wil the Lemke-O'Brien third-party ticket prove an important factor in States where the race is close between Roosevelt and Landon? These are some of the questions the political analysts on the side-lines are seeking to answer in the clos- ing days of the campaign. The reports of a Democratic trend in New York are based on estimates of Roosevelt plurality in New York City too large for the Republicans to overcome up-State. Observers, however, are waiting to gauge the effect of Gov. Landon's visit to the Metropolis Thursday, to deliver one of the major speeches of the campaign. Two days later President Roosevelt will invade the big city for a speech on Saturday night. On the same evening Alfred E. Smith, former Democratic standard bearer, now supporting Landon, will speak at Albany, where he served so long as democratic governor. In addition to the fight they are making for New York, Ohio, Illinois and Indiana. the Republicans also must combat a determined Democratic campaign this year in normally Republican Pennsylvania. Accordingly, nod FOR KOOs» >N\ 1@5 N FOR P Sfl/‘b\\\\ ; = LANDQ Re 7 A — STick O & TDEN CEFERSON Y SRACY 11 8 \ \ 1 WANNA HEAR THE BEDTIME STORIES RIGHT TURN § ONY, Boys! 5l How They Stand Today Possible Line-Up of the States’ Electoral Votes, Based on Star's Political Correspondence. Electoral Vote Sure Repub- lican Sure Demo- cratic Leaning to Republican Leaning to Democratic Doubtful Alabama 1 | 11 { Arizona 5t} Arkansas 9 1 California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho 1llinois ) 0 eof 0| = ! 0| -3l e 1 [ S > Delaware G.O.P. Hopes Dwindle In Registration Democrats Make Last Minute Flurry in Listing. BY CHARLES E. GRAY, Bpecial Correspondent of The Btar. | WILMINGTON, Del., October 24.— ! Delaware, long Republican, has joined the doubtfuls. | “Until the last day of registration | last Saturday, it looked as if Repub- licans might have a chance despite the split in their ranks. The Demo- crate seemed hopelessly behind in getting their potential voters to qual- ify. On Saturday, however, the Dem= ocratic workers fairly swarmed to the offices with strings of men and women to register. Republicans, taken by surprise, ad- mit there was a chance the national and State ticket might be defeated. They insist, however, that even if the Test of the ticket is defeated United, States Senator Daniel O. Hastings can pull through. G. O. P. leaders hope for a last- minute miracle to elect the ticket. With the normal Republican majority of around 3,000 in the State the Inde- pendent Republican party will be re- sponsible for the overturn if the Democrats win. The insurgents claim they will poll upwards of 10,000 votes. Conservative estimates give them not more than 5,000, but this will be more than enough to defeat the Republicans unless many Democrats desert the | Roosevelt standard on election day. PRESIDENTIAL RACE CLOSEINCOLORADD oth Parties Claim Victory. State Fight Holds Spotlight. BY J. J. MULLEN, 8pecial Correspondent of The Star. DENVER, October 24 —The politi- cal pendulum in Colorado continued to hang in midair this week as both Republicans and Democrats claimed the State for their respective national and State tickets. . | POLTCALBARRAGE COVERS NEBRAS Cornhusker State Bedlam of Oratory in Fight Over Norris. BY GEORGE F. FISHER, Bpecial Correspondent of The Star. OMAHA, Nebr., October 24.—Not since free silver days, when Nebraska | sent William Jennings Bryan to bate | tle “privilege,” has there been such |interest in a political campalgn in | the State. A constant stream of national | speakers for both parties has been | bombarding the voters for two weeks. | During the week just closed the bare rage was intensified For the Republicans Col. Frank iKm:m. nominee for Vice President; | Everett Sanders, former Republican national chairman, and a host of minor figures spoke, aside from the State candidates. For the Democrats, Representative Wall Dexey, Democrat, of Mississippi; Senator Robert M. La Follette of Wis- consin, and Mrs. Minnie Oleson of Minnesota, have been here and Mayor F. H. La Guardia of New York is | scheduled soon. The hustings have become & bed- lam. Speakers of opposite parties | often follow each other over the air | from the same stations, speaking in- | dependently, but replying to each | other’s arguments, No Hall Available for Ickes. Secretary Harold L. Ickes was to | have spoken in Omaha this week, but | no hall was available and his speech | was canceled. Owners of the Ak-Sre | Ben Coliseum, where President Rooses velt addressed his Omaha audience, would not permit a political address. They had given way to the Chief Ex- ecutive because of his office. Peculiarly, there is almost as much interest, if not just a little more, in | the outcome of the senatorial fight as in the presidential contest. Aroused by the interest of the Democratic high command, in Senator Norris’ fate, the Republicans are leaving no stone une turned to defeat him. If the three- cornered battle in which he is involved | should leave him in the discard in his final race, it may be attributed to his defection from party lines. Presen~ 'n Nebraska of Senator La Folie.. , championing the Norris cause and with it non-partisanship, probably has harmed the Senator as much as it has helped him. In all | [ 's““““'m for Gov. Alf M. Landon previous political campaigns, Norris as aroused anew as he paid a brief haq kept up a nominal party afflia- visit to the southern tip of the State ' tjon, It was conceded by his own en route to California early in the party supporters that he'mxght be week. Although his stop in Trinidad = progressive, but still he was a Re= had not been publicized, hundreds of | publican and they went down the citizens gathered at the station. The | Governor gave a brief talk, during which he expressed confidence of the lresun of the presidential election. “We | are going into the home stretch in high,” he said. Presidential Race Overshadowed. The presidential campaign in the State has been overshadowed recently by the hectic exchanges between can- didates for State office, but both Gov. Johnson and Ray L. Sauter, Demo- cratic and Republican senatorial can- didates, respectively, have kept na- tional issues alive. | ties claim Colorado for their complete tickets. The vote for President, how- ever, forecast on the basis of numer- ous public and private polls, will be close, with Democrats conceding that the 60,000 Roosevelt majority of 1932 | will be materially reduced. Landon- Knox headquarters assert Landon will win the Colorado electoral vote by a | substantial- margin. Betting odds Political headquarters of both par- | line for him. But this year, Nebraskans are in different mood. Reports indicate that old-time Norris supporters in great numbers are voting for his Repube lican opponent as a rebuke for this attitude. One-House Legislators Up Now. ‘They resented, but could not stop, ‘, the Norris theory that led to the adope [tion of the one-House Legislature, non-partisan members of which will be elected November 3 for the first | time. Then they saw Norris holding | back his filing as a Republican and submitted to an independent race, but backed by the Democratic machine. It did not set well when Senator La Follette arrived this week and said that a definite break-up of established party lines into definite liberal and conservative groups is accepted as an almost certain trend in American politics. Sponsored by the Labor None partisan League, Senator La Follette gave Norris and the elder La Follette both Landon and Roosevelt will return to the Keystone State this week. The Kansas Governor is scheduled to speak in Philadelphia tomorrow night, ahd in Pittsburgh Tuesday night, with his running mate, Col. Frank Knox, slated to address an audience in Scranton on Wednesday. The final stretch of the Montana campaign | parently, that the dogs of controversy finds the leading candidates active in | ré now asleep and that to arouse many sections. United States Senator them might do more harm than good. B. K. Wheeler, who has been appearing | _ The line-up, on the face of the Indiana | credit for “breaking” the Teapot Dome scandal of the Harding administration. He boasted that Progressives were re- il s 00| =t slightly favor Roosevelt this week. Democrats Fight Armstrong. | © elsewhere for the Democratic ticket, 15 to return and make & tour of prin- cipal cities with United States Senator James E. Murray, who is seeking re- election. The Republicans obtained David W Davis, former Governor of Idaho, as one of their big guns for the final drive, The interest aroused in this State is indicated by the unusually heavy registration which seems general. All counties report an increase over four years ago. At 8 Democratic rally in Helena recently 20 representative Negroes assured the Democratic leaders that their race largely would vote the Democratic ticket, national and State. Helena has a considerable Negro population, which until 1932 was over- whelmingly Republican. ‘The four minor parties represented | in the State—Union, Socialist, Com- munist and Prohibition—will poll too few votes to be worth counting. It is not a wild prediction that of the four, the Prohibition will come nearest to making an appreciable showing. The battle will be between the Democrats and the Republicans, with little hope for the latter. The chief break—for the Democrats =is that Montana is coming back at an astonishing pace, with her principal industry, copper mining, booming. ROOSEVELT INCREASING UTAH LEAD CONSTANTLY Representatives Abe Murdock and Robinson Also Maintaining Lead for Re-election. BY FRANK P. STEWART, Special Correspondent of The Star. SALT LAKE CITY, Utah, October 24—Roosevelt now has better than & two-and-a-half-to-one lead in Utah, according to all indications available, and is daily gaining. Both Repre- sentatives Abe Murdock of the first and J. W. Robinson of the second district, both Democrats, also are leading their rivals by wide margins. Apparently the national ticket will enjoy & landslide in Utah even greater than that of four years ago. Gov. Blood and the State ticket does not have this great lead, but their chances are improving. Ray Dillman, Republican nominee, and Harmon Peery, independent, made a brilliant start, but their support seems to be falling away from them. The general belief seems to be that the great lead of President Roosevelt will pull the entire Democratic ticket to half-dozen or more straw vote polls, | still Temains the same. According to | most of these figures, the victories will | 80 to Roosevelt and Bricker. But the | undercurrent figuring hasn't subsided | by any means, 1 Urban Counties for Roosevelt. | Ohio has eight strictly urban coun- ties and 80 practically rural counties. The voting population is almost | evenly divided. The urban counties | will go almost solidly for President | Roosevelt. Of the rural counties, 27 | are normally Democratic. The experts | hereabouts are saying that if the | President can carry seven of these by | small margins he will be lucky. With { that division, the plurality of the win- | mer is apt to fall to a mere 50,000 or !less in a total of almost 3,000,000 votes. And so the forecasters are| wary. They're not saying. The same situation holds with re- gard to the Negro vote. Negro lead- ers who see their race courted for its political weight and nothing else by traditionally prejudiced Southerners are working frantically to line up the vote for the Republican party, argu- ing the while that after the election, if Roosevelt wins, the colored man will be immediately drupl)!d as a conces- sion to the demand of the Demo- cratic powers of the Southland. But it is difficult to convince the Negro who has been befriended with a job and relief by the New Deal that the Republican ~party means anything more to him than a mere academic so it is pretty certain that this year for the first time since the Negro had a vote he will split almost evenly between Democratic and Republican choices. ROOSEVELT’S MAJORITY SPLITS VIRGINIA OPINION Total Greater Than in 1932 is In- dieated by Polls and Tours of State. BY R. L. C. BARRET, Special Correspondent of The Star. RICHMOND, Va., October 24— Opinion in Virginia is divided on the majority Roosevelt is expected to re- ceive in the State this year. It hardly seems likely that his record-breaking majority of 114,341 in 1932 will be exceeded, but polls as well as reports on tours of the State point to such an occurrence. “Most old-time Democratic leaders, however, privately express the bellel the national ticket will receive only a normal Democratic majority, running status of freedom from slavery. And|. President will make his final plea to Pennsylvania voters on Thursday. The Republicans still hold a lead of 600,000, the registration figures show, and latest reports are that the G. O. P. vote In the eastern and central parts of the State will overcome Democratic strength in and around Pittsburgh, thereby carrying Pennsylvania for Landon. Michigan Also Important Spot. Normally Republican Michigan is another important spot on the political map where Democrats are putting up a strong fight to retain the foothold they gained in 1932. In New Jersey Gov. Landon is still regarded as holding the edge, but reports during the past week told of a gain in Democratic strength that will make for a closer finish than lppeu:ed likely several weeks ago. New England, where the trend has favored the Republicans during this campaign, was invaded by President Roosevelt last week. And, although he drew large crowds along the route, political observers have found in the past that the size of the crowd that turns out for a candi- date is not always a safe index of the result on election day. The President’s tour probably improved his prospects in Massachusetts more than in other New England States. The question of how many of Father Coughlin’s supporters cast their votes for the Lemke-O'Brien ticket may prove an important factor in the Bay State. A substantial vote for the third party ticket would help Landon carry the State. Henry Cabot Lodge, jr., Republican, is reported to be leading Gov. Curley, Democrat, in the Senate race. Out in the West, Jowa and Minnesota, with 11 electoral votes each, are still proving puzzies to the forecasters. In Iowa, the G. O. P. leaders feel that if they can hold Roosevelt to a small lead in the agricultural areas, they will be able to overcome it in the cities. In Minnesota some observers are inclined to believe the coalition between the New Deal leaders and the State Farmer-Laborites will be too big an obstacle for the Republicans to overcome, but they are reluctant to make definite predictions until the campaign closes. They are wondering how many Democratic voters will register opposition to the side-tracking of the Democratic candidates for major State offices. Borah Still Regarded as Safe. Reports favorable to Roosevelt, continue to come from Utah, Nevada, Montana and Idaho, but in the.last-mentioned State Senator Borah, Re- publican, s still regarded as safely ahead of his Democratic opponent. Colorado appears close. Gov. Landon’s recent trip to California has encouraged Republican campaigners there, but the State registration figures stand almost 3 to 2 in favor of the Democrats. Much may depend on how many Townsend followers vote for Landon. A trend :t'.t;: wnlfl'v:fl:‘n "i:. thlngtu.o: State is helping the Landon cause, outcom president vote is doubtful. It is difficult to tell which presidential candidate will draw most from the 300,000 qualified voters who did not take part in the licans a fight on their hands to hold Dela- blican moorings this year. West Virginia still homsmthedmwmoflmflmmhmmwflummm- dence of victory. -l 3 u‘ »uozz'::mt 3| EIFEE 26 wl e 133 120 g This tabulation of electoral votes for and sgainst Roosevelt and Landon is based on reports of special correspondents of The Star in every State. The table will be changed as the crystallization of po- 1itical sentiment is'more fully revealed. The table today shows a total of 283 electoral votes “sure” and “leaning” toward Roosevelt; a total of 128 electoral votes “sure” and “leaning” toward Landon, and a total of 120 electoral votes that are still considered “doubtful.” A majority, or 266, is necessary for election. ments, the trend was to Landon for & time, but aside from his opposition to the trade agreements, his speeches have inspired little confidence in agri- ROOSEVELT MAINTAINS SMALL MARGIN IN IDAHO Trend to Landon Is Discontinued the aggressive attacks of Charles M. Armstrong, Republican gubernatorial on the latter's defeat. Armstrong is the only Republican State officeholder to succumb two Democratic landslides. also witness an extensive campaign for and against the nine constitu- tional amendments that will appear on the ballot. Except for a State old- age pension providing $45 monthly, the amendments largely cover taxa- tion. DEMOCRATS SUFFER NEVADA DEFECTION Question Is Whether Swing Will Be Enough to Outweigh Relief Beneficiaries. BY EDGAR REINHART, Special Correspondent of The Star. RENO, Nev., October 24.—Notwith- standing a noticeable swing of Demo- crats to Landon, this State continues in the Democratic column. The Democratic defection is among men and women who heretofore were active in party work, but who have taken no part in the campaign this year. A few of them even have ccme out openly for Landon. The question is whether this defection will be large enough to overcome Roosevelt senti- ment among those who have benefited from Federal relief activities, :1.d the huge Democratic machine. There is lack of co-operation within the Democratic ranks, and former leaders are inactive. In fact, some of them have been seen wearing Landon buttons. Indications are Nevada will cast the largest vote in its history. This forecast is based on regisjrations, which exceed those of 1934 by about 2,000. The battle for the lone seat in G. Scrugham, Democratic incumbent, defending himself against charges by the Republican State Central Com- mittee. The independent candidate, Harry H. Austin, is expected to cut into the Scrugham vote. Republicans are said to be plan- Democratic State leaders, piqued by | candidate, have centered their efforts | Last-minute activities in Colorado | ROOSEVELT BENEFITTED BY MISSISSIPPI G. 0. P. Announcement of Black and Tan Ticket for House to Draw Democrats to Polls. ident Roosevelt will be increased by the recent announcement of the Black and Tan Republican ticket for the United States House of Representa- tives. The Republican entries will bring more than the expected number of Democrats to the polls. United States Senator Pat Harrison, re-nominated overwhelmingly by the Democrats over former Gov. Mike Con- ner during 8 primary in which the New Deal was partially an issue, has as Speeches Fail to Rouse State’s Confidence. BY JAMES R. STOTTS, Special Correspondent of The r. BOISE, Idaho, October 2¢.—With election little over a week away, Whirlwind campaigning by leaders ning to challenge many votes of of both parties is in full swing. Con- | C. C. C. and P. W. A. workers, who servative estimates give Roosevelt the | were registered by the truckload seve State by a majority of from 7,500 to | eral weeks ago. 10,000 votes. cm:n ptz voting "fi very section and ballots % 3 5 ifi".&"é.:”.m of Western political | Savior of Peking Penniless. 3 “Golden Flower” Shuai, 70, former There remairis some chance for the | sing-song girl who reputedly saved s defeat of D. Worth Clark, Representa- | large part of Peking from destruction district, expeditionary sponsible for the amendment to the Constitution permitting graduated in- come tax legisiation. Then a little later, Senator Norris, | continuing his anti-monopoly talks at meetings over Nebfaska, indorsed the candidacy of Senator William E. Borah in Idaho, his first utterance about the | “silent Demosthenes” of the Repub- lican forces during this national cam- paign. Regular Republicans have witnessed this situation with growing bitterness. ‘Terry Carpenter, regular Democratic nominee for Senator, has continued his attacks upon Norris. He received the commendation this week of Frank Arbuckle, Long Beach, Calif, “key man,” among a long list of congres- sional candidates backed by the na- tional Townsend organization. Car- penter, himself, denied that he had the Townsend indorsement. When Senator Norris spoke in Care penter's own town of Scottsbluff, he read a letter from Carpenter, written before the primaries, to him. stating that he (Carpenter) planned to fils and that if Norris filed later, he would withdraw and support the Senator. Norris has had good crowds wherever he has gone. Simmons Avoids Personalities. Herbert G. Simmons, Republican senatorial candidate, has avoided pere sonalities. He has kept clear of the Norris-Carpenter imbroglio and his friends are hoping he may win, though it is beginning to look as if the impressiveness of the Norris name, coupled with the backing of the ade ministration, will be difficult to over- come. However, Norris is making the battle of his life. He never before has covered all sections of Nebraska as closely as this year. His opponents see in this fear of the outcome. Observers who have surveyed Ne- braska in the national battle almost unitedly put the State down close, but seem inclined to give the edge to Landon. They are inclined to overe look the 158,000 majority Roosevelt obtained in 1932. Interest was keener 50 far as the total vote was concerned in 1934, when 578,764 persons went to the polls. Registration in Omaha at this time is at a new high record of 114,000 and similar highs are re- ported in cities over the State, with Democrats mainly in the lead in num- bers. The big Democratic majority in Douglas County (Omaha) has decided previous recent State races. Demo- crats count on it to pull them out in November should the contest prove close. —e Snails Pump Water. A species of snail, found in lime- stone waters around Americus, Ga., can rise to the top of a pond or sink to the bottom by pumping water into or out of an air chamber. This is the same principle used by underwater boats. . »